VIT

UNIVERSITY
OPTOELECTRON
LAB
ICS
MANUAL
School of Advanced Sciences
 OPTOELECTRONICS LABORATORY
(ELS604)

LABORATORY RECORD

Certified that this a bonafide record of work done by

_____________________________ of second year M.Sc.
(ELECTRONICS) during the year 2014-2015 at VIT University,
Vellore – 632 014.

This record is submitted for the practical examination held on

________________.
University Registration No. _________________.

Faculty-in-charge

Internal Examiner

External Examiner
INDEX
S.No. Date Title of the Page Marks Signature
Experiment No.
Ex.No : 01
Date :

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHT EMITTING DIODE

Aim:
To study the optical characteristics of an LED.

Apparatus Required:
LED, Opto-eletronic measurement unit, Photo detector, detector
output measurement unit, optical breadboard etc.

Procedure:
 Place an LED on the cell mount.
 Connect the leads of LED to Opto-electronic measurement unit.
 Switch on the power supply and fix the current.
 Place a photo detector close to the LED to collect almost all the
radiant energy.
 Vary the mille ampere current through LED and note the
varying current.
 Also note the output micro ampere current (µA) at the photo
detector for varying light from LED.
 Plot a graph between LED current (ILED) and photo detector
output current (IP).

Result:
The characteristics of LED is determined by varying the LED light
input current versus photo detector output current and its behaving
linearly.
Block Diagram:

Model Graph:
y
IP(µA)

ILED (µA)
Tabular Column: Characteristics of LED

S.No. LED current (ILED) Photo detector current (IP)

(mA) (µA)

Ex.No : 02
Date :

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR

Aim:
To study the characteristics of LDR using Laser diode.

Apparatus Required:
Light dependent resistor, Diode laser, Translation multiple stage,
Opto-electronic measurement unit, optical breadboard, etc.

Procedure:
 Mount diode laser to the laser mount.
 Detach pinhole photo transistor from its mount (multiple
translation stage) and mount LDR to it.
 Connect the LDR on to the opto-electronic measurement unit.
 Make the laser fall on the LDR.
 Move the LDR in translation stage away from the laser slowly
by noting the output photo detector current.
  Repeats the same for each five rotation and note the output
current.
 Draw the graph between the distance and output current.

Result:
The output detector current decreases as the distance between laser
diode and LDR increases and the graph has been plotted.

Block Diagram:

Model graph:
 y

IP(µA)

Distance (cm)

Tabular column: Characteristics of LED

S.No Distance Photo detector current (IP)

. (cm) (µA)

Ex.No : 03
Date :

DIFFRACTION OF A BEAM A SINGLE SLIT

Aim:
To observe the diffraction pattern and to calculate the slit width.

Apparatus Required:
Diode laser, Translation multiple stage, Opto-electronic measurement
unit, single slit, screen, optical breadboard, etc.

Formula:
The diffraction equation:
mλ
sin V m=
d
where
Vm – angle substended within the central maximum and mth
order minimum (degree).
m – order of the fringe
λ - wavelength of the light (650 nm)
d - width of the single slit (µm)

ym
V m=tan −1
D

ym – distance between the central maxima and first order minima (cm)
D - Distance between slit and screen (nm)

mλ
d=
sin V m

Procedure:
 Mount diode laser in the laser mount.
 Mount single slit cell in the cell mount.
 Switch on laser and align laser beam in such a way that the
beam falls exactly on the slit.
  To determine a width of the slit, the distance D and ym are
measured.

The above experiment can be repeated for various values of D which will
result in the corresponding changes in ym.

Result:
a. The intensity distribution due to diffraction at a single slit was
studied.
b. The width of the single slit is _________ µm.

Block diagram: Fringe pattern:

Tabular column:

S.No. ym Vm Sin(Vm) d
(cm) (µm)
Left:

Right:

Width (d) = __________(µm)

Ex.No : 04
Date :
 DIFFRACTION OF A BEAM A DOUBLE SLIT

Aim:
To observe the diffraction pattern and to calculate the double width.

Apparatus Required:
Diode laser, Translation multiple stage, Opto-electronic measurement
unit, double slit, screen, optical breadboard, etc.

Formula:
The diffraction equation:
mλ
sin V m=
d
where
Vm – angle substended within the central maximum and mth
order maximum (degree).
m – order of the fringe
λ - wavelength of the light (650 nm)
d - width of the single slit (µm)

ym
V m=tan −1
D

ym – distance between the central maxima and first order minima (cm)
D - Distance between slit and screen (nm)

mλ
d=
sin V m

Procedure:
 Mount diode laser in the laser mount.
 Mount double slit cell in the cell mount.
 Switch on laser and align laser beam in such a way that the
beam falls exactly on the slit.
 To determine a width of the slit, the distance D and ym are
measured.
The above experiment can be repeated for various values of D which will
result in the corresponding changes in ym.

Result:

a. The intensity distribution due to diffraction at a double slit was

studied.
b. The width of the double slit is _________ µm.

Block diagram: Fringe pattern:

Tabular column:

S.No ym Vm Sin(Vm) d
. (cm) (µm)
Left:

Right:

Width (d) = __________(µm)

Ex.No : 05
Date :
 DETERMINATION OF NUMERICAL APERTURE AND
ACCEPTANCE ANGLE

Aim:
To determine the Numerical aperture (NA) and acceptance angle (θa)
of the given optical fiber.

Apparatus Required:
Diode laser, Optical fiber cable, acrylic screen – printed plate, etc.

Formula:
W
NA = sin θa=
√( 4 L2 +W 2 )
−1
θa =sin ( NA )
where
W - diameter of the spot (mm)
L - distance between the fiber end and the screen (mm)
θa - acceptance angle (deg).

Procedure:
 Hold the provided acrylic screen-printed plate at a distance L
(say 5 mm) from the fiber end, view the spot and measure its
diameter W.
 Repeat the experiment for different distances L (say 10 mm, 15
mm, 20 mm, 25 mm and 30 mm).
 Note down the diameter W of the corresponding spot.
 Then calculate the NA and θa using the above relation.

Result:
a. The numerical aperture of the given optical fiber is determined to
be _____________
b. The acceptance angle for the given optical fiber is calculated to
be________
Block diagram:
Laser source

fiber

Model:
Fringe pattern

W
θa
Laser source

Tabular column:

S.No. W L NA θa
(mm) (mm) (deg)
 Mean =
Ex.No : 06
Date :

DETERMINATION OF MODE FIELD DIAMETER OF LASER

BEAM WITH AND WITHOUT FIBER

Aim:
To determine the mode field diameter of laser beam without fiber.

Apparatus Required:
Diode laser, detector, output measure unit, optical breadboard, etc.

Procedure:
 Place a laser diode on the diode mount.
 Adjust the photo detector to the laser source such that the emitted
light from the source falls on the detector.
 Note down the maximum current and the corresponding main scale
and pitch.
 Start screw guage, pitch scale clockwise and anticlockwise and write
down the corresponding output current value at regular interval of
rotation.
 Plot the graph between distance from the detector and output
current.
 Measure the point in the graph at which the current is 1/e2 the
maximum current.
 The corresponding distance gives the mode field diameter of the laser
beam.
  The above step is repeated by connecting an optical fiber between the
source and the detector. This gives mode field diameter of the fiber.

Result:
a. The mode field diameter without the fiber is _____________µm.
b. The mode field diameter with the fiber is ____________ µm.

Block diagram: Without Fiber:

With Fiber:

Model graph:
 y
Imax

Imax/2
Current (µA)

Distance (mm)
Tabular column: Without Fiber:

Clockwise Anticlockwise

Distance Current (µA) Distance Current

(mm) (mm) (µA)

Tabular column: With fiber:

 Clockwise Anticlockwise

Distance Current (µA) Distance Current

(mm) (mm) (µA)

Ex.No :07
Date :

DETERMINATION OF BENDING LOSSES IN

OPTICAL FIBER

Aim:
To determine the bending losses that occur in a multimode fiber
when it is bent along various radii.

Apparatus Required:
Diode laser, bending loss apparatus, laser-fiber coupler, fiber chuck
holder, photo detector, fiber sample, output measure unit, optical
breadboard, etc.

Procedure:
 Place a laser diode on the laser mount.
  Mount fiber on the laser-fiber coupler.
 Collimate the laser beam to the fiber.
 Fine adjustments can be done by tilting the fiber positioned.
 Fix the output end of fiber to the fiber chuck holder.
 Place pin-hole detector nearer to the fiber output as on the previous
experiment.
 Find out the maximum intensity region and keep it un altered.
 Place the bending loss apparatus in between laser-fiber coupler and
fiber chuck holder.
 Place fiber on various diameters and take necessary measurements.

Results:
Observed bending losses that occur in a multimode fiber when it is
bent along various radii and found out that loss increases with decreases in
diameter of bend.

Block diagram:

Tabular column:
Maximum current without bending = _________ µA

S.No. Diameter Current

(µm) (µA)