`

Written according to the New Text book (2013-2014) published by the Maharashtra State
Board of Secondary and Higher Secondary Education, Pune.

Std. XII Commerce

Mathematics and Statistics – I

Third Edition: April 2016

Salient Features :
• Precise Theory for every Topic.
• Exhaustive coverage of entire syllabus.
• Topic-wise distribution of all textual questions and practice problems at the
beginning of every chapter.
• Relevant and important formulae wherever required.
• Covers answers to all Textual Questions.
• Practice problems based on Textual Exercises and Board Questions
(March 08  March 16) included for better preparation and self evaluation.
• Multiple Choice Questions at the end of every chapter.
• Two Model Question papers based on the latest paper pattern.
• Includes Board Question Papers of March and October 2014, 2015 and
March 2016.

Printed at: Repro India Ltd., Mumbai

No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, C.D. ROM/Audio Video Cassettes or electronic, mechanical
including photocopying; recording or by any information storage and retrieval system without permission in writing from the Publisher.

P.O. No. 16590

10124_10570_JUP
 Preface

Mathematics is not just a subject that is restricted to the four walls of a classroom. Its philosophy and
applications are to be looked for in the daily course of our life. The knowledge of mathematics is
essential for us, to explore and practice in a variety of fields like business administration, banking, stock
exchange and in science and engineering.
With the same thought in mind, we present to you "Std. XII Commerce: Mathematics and Statistics-I"
a complete and thorough book with a revolutionary fresh approach towards content and thus laying a
platform for an in depth understanding of the subject. This book has been written according to the
revised syllabus and includes two model question papers based on the latest paper pattern.
At the beginning of every chapter, topic-wise distribution of all textual questions including practice
problems have been provided for simpler understanding of various types of questions. Every topic
included in the book is divided into sub-topics, each of which are precisely explained with the associated
theories. We have provided answer keys for all the textual questions and miscellaneous exercises. In
addition to this, we have included practice problems based upon solved exercises which not only aid
students in self evaluation but also provide them with plenty of practice. We've also ensured that each
chapter ends with a set of Multiple Choice Questions so as to prepare students for competitive
examinations.
We are sure this study material will turn out to be a powerful resource for students and facilitate them in
understanding the concepts of Mathematics in the most simple way.
The journey to create a complete book is strewn with triumphs, failures and near misses. If you think
we’ve nearly missed something or want to applaud us for our triumphs, we’d love to hear from you.
Please write to us on: mail@targetpublications.org

Best of luck to all the aspirants!

Yours faithfully
Publisher

BOARD PAPER PATTERN
Time: 3 Hours Total Marks: 80

1. One theory question paper of 80 marks and duration for this paper will be 3 hours.
2. For Mathematics and Statistics, (Commerce) there will be only one question paper and two answer
papers. Question paper will contain two sections viz. Section I and Section II. Students should solve
each section on separate answer books.
 Section – I
Q.1. This Question will have 8 sub-questions, each carring two marks. [12 Marks]
Students will have to attempt any 6 out of the given 8 sub-questions.
Q.2. This Question carries 14 marks and consists of two sub parts (A) and (B) as follows: [14 Marks]
(A) It contains 3 sub-questions of 3 marks each.
Students will have to attempt any 2 out of the given 3 sub-questions.
(B) It contains 3 sub-questions of 4 marks each.
Students will have to attempt any 2 out of the given 3 sub-questions.
Q.3. This Question carries 14 marks and consists of two sub parts (A) and (B) as follows: [14 Marks]
(A) It contains 3 sub-questions of 3 marks each.
Students will have to attempt any 2 out of the given 3 sub-questions
(B) It contains 3 sub-questions of 4 marks each.
Students will have to attempt any 2 out of the given 3 sub-questions.

Section – II
Q.4. This Question will have 8 sub-questions, each carring two marks. [12 Marks]
Students will have to attempt any 6 out of the given 8 sub-questions.
Q.5. This Question carries 14 marks and consists of two sub parts (A) and (B) as follows: [14 Marks]
(A) It contains 3 sub-questions of 3 marks each.
Students will have to attempt any 2 out of the given 3 sub-questions.
(B) It contains 3 sub-questions of 4 marks each.
Students will have to attempt any 2 out of the given 3 sub-questions.
Q.6. This Question carries 14 marks and consists of two sub parts (A) and (B) as follows: [14 Marks]
(A) It contains 3 sub-questions of 3 marks each.
Students will have to attempt any 2 out of the given 3 sub-questions
(B) It contains 3 sub-questions of 4 marks each.
Students will have to attempt any 2 out of the given 3 sub-questions.

Evaluation Scheme for Practical

i. Duration for practical examination for each batch will be one hour.
ii. Total marks : 20

MARKWISE DISTRIBUTION
Unitwise Distribution of Marks
Section - I
Sr.No. Units Marks with Option
1 Mathematical Logic 08
2 Matrices 08
3 Continuity 08
4 Differentiation 08
5 Application of Derivative 10
6 Integration 08
7 Definite Integrals 08
Total 58
 Unitwise Distribution of Marks
Section - II
Sr. No. Units Marks with Option
Commercial Arithmetic:
1. 13
 Ratio, Proportion, Partnership
 Commission, Brokerage, Discount
 Insurance, Annuity
2. Demography 08
3. Bivariate Data Correlation 08
4. Regression Analysis 07
5. Random Variable and Probability Distribution 08
6. Management Mathematics 14
Total 58
Weightage of Objectives
Sr. No. Objectives Marks Marks with Option Percentage
1 Knowledge 08 13 10.00
2 Understanding 22 32 27.50
3 Application 32 45 40.00
4 Skill 18 26 22.50
Total 80 116 100.00
Weightage of Types of Questions
Sr. No. Types of Questions Marks Marks with Option Percentage
1 Objective Type 24 32 30
2 Short Answer 24 36 30
3 Long Answer 32 48 40
Total 80 116 100.00

No. Topic Name Page No.

1 Mathematical Logic 1
2 Matrices 41
3 Continuity 121
4 Differentiation 150
5 Applications of Derivative 188
6 Integration 218
7 Definite Integrals 281
Model Question Paper - I 323
Model Question Paper - II 325
Board Questions Paper – March 2014 327
Board Questions Paper – October 2014 329
Board Questions Paper – March 2015 331
Board Questions Paper – October 2015 333
Board Questions Paper – March 2016 335
03  Continuity Chapter 03: Continuity

Type of Problems Exercise Q. Nos.

3.1 Q.1
Continuity of Standard Function Practice Problems
Q.1
(Based on Exercise 3.1)
3.1 Q.2, 3, 10
Practice Problems
Q.2, 3, 9, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17
Examine the Continuity of a (Based on Exercise 3.1)
Function at a given point Miscellaneous Q.1
Practice Problems
Q.1, 2, 8
(Based on Miscellaneous)
3.1 Q.4
Practice Problems
Types of Discontinuity (Removable Q.4
(Based on Exercise 3.1)
Discontinuity/ Irremovable
Discontinuity) Miscellaneous Q.2, 10
Practice Problems
Q.3
(Based on Miscellaneous)
3.1 Q.5, 7
Practice Problems
Q.5, 7, 10, 24
Find the value of Function if it is (Based on Exercise 3.1)
Continuous at given point Miscellaneous Q.3, 4
Practice Problems
Q.4
(Based on Miscellaneous)
3.1 Q.6, 8, 9
Practice Problems
Find the value of k/a/b if the Q.6, 8, 11, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23, 25, 26
(Based on Exercise 3.1)
Function is Continuous at a given
point/points. Miscellaneous Q.5, 6, 7, 8
Practice Problems
Q.5, 6, 7
(Based on Miscellaneous)
Find the points of Discontinuity for
Miscellaneous Q.9
the given Functions

121
Std. XII : Commerce (Maths ‐ I)

Syllabus:  lim f(x) = lim f(x) = f (4)

3.1 Continuity of a function at a point
3.2 Algebra of continuous functions
3.3 Types of discontinuity
3.4 Continuity of some standard functions
Introduction
Continuity is ‘the state of being continuous’ and
continuous means ‘without any interruption or
disturbance’.
For example, the price of a commodity and its
demand are inversely proportional.
The graph of demand curve of a commodity is a
continuous curve without any breaks or gaps.
Y 1.
Price
x  4 x  4
 f(x) is continuous at x = 4.
Continuity of a function on its domain
Definition: A real valued function f : D  R where
D  R is said to be a continuous function on D, if it
is continuous at every point in the domain D.
eg., Consider the functions,
i. f(x) = 3x4 + x2 + 3x ii. f(x) = sin x
These two functions are continuous on every domain
D, where D  R.
3.2 Algebra of continuous functions
If f and g are two real valued functions defined on
the same domain, which are continuous at x = a, then
the function kf is continuous at x = a, for any
constant k  R.
2. the function f  g is continuous at x = a
3. the function f . g is continuous at x = a
4. the function f is continuous at x = a, when

g
g (a)  0
5. composite functions, f[g(x)] and g[f(x)], if
X X well defined are continuous functions at x = a.
O Demand
3.3 Types of discontinuity
Y
Note: 1. Removable discontinuity: A real valued
A graph consisting of jumps is not a graph of function f is said to have removable
continuous function. discontinuity at x = a in its domain, if
3.1 Continuity of a function at a point lim f(x) exists but lim f(x)  f (a)
xa xa

Definition: i.e. lim f(x) = lim f(x)  f(a)


xa  x a
A function f is said to be continuous at a point x = a
in the domain of f, if This type of discontinuity can be removed by
lim f(x) exists and lim f(x) = f (a). redefining the function f at x = a as
xa xa f (a) = lim f(x).
xa
i.e. if lim f(x) = lim f(x) = f (a)
x a  xa eg., Consider the function,
If any of the above conditions is not satisfied by the 
f(x) = x  5 x  6 , x  2
function, then it is discontinuous at that point. The x2
point is known as point of discontinuity. =2, x=2
eg., Consider the function, x2  5x  6
Here, lim f(x) = lim
f(x) = 2x + 7, x  4 x 2 x 2 x2
= 5x  5, x  4
Since, f(x) has different expressions for the value of x  x  3 x  2 
= lim
 left hand and right hand limits have to be found x 2  x  2
out. = lim x  3
x 2
 lim f(x) = lim (5x  5) = 5  4  5 = 15
x  4 x 4
.... [ x  2,  x  2,  x  2  0]
Also, f (4) = 5 (4)  5 = 15 = 2  3 = 1
and lim f(x) = lim (2x + 7) = 2  4 + 7 = 15  lim f(x) exists
x  4 x 4 x 2

122
 Chapter 03: Continuity
Also, f (2) = 2 …. (given) eg.,
 lim f(x)  f (2) x 2  5x  6
x 2
Consider the function,
 function f is discontinuous at x = 2, x2 9
This discontinuity can be removed by Here, f(x) = x2 + 5x + 6 and g(x) = x2  9
redefining f as follows: Given function is continuous on its domain,
x 2  5x  6 where x2  9  0
f(x) = ,x2 i.e., (x + 3) (x  3)  0
x2
= 1 ,x=2 i.e., x + 3  0, x  3  0
 x = 2 is a point of removable discontinuity. i.e., x  3, x  3
 The function is continuous on its domain
2. Irremovable discontinuity: A real valued except at x = 3, 3.
function f is said to have irremovable 4. Trigonometric function: sin (ax + b) and
discontinuity at x = a, if lim f(x) does not cos (ax + b), where a, b  R are continuous
xa

exist i.e. lim f(x)  lim f(x) or one of the functions for all x  R.
 
xa xa eg.,
limits does not exist. sin (5x + 2), cos (7x  11)  x  R.
Such a function can not be redefined as
continuous function. Note: Tangent, cotangent, secant and cosecant
eg., Consider the function, functions are continuous on their respective
f(x) = x2 + 2x + 3 , x  3 domains.
= x2  1 ,x3 5. Exponential function: f(x) = ax , a > 0, a  1,
Here, lim f(x) = lim x2 + 2x + 3 x  R is an exponential function, which is
x  3 x3 continuous for all x  R.
= (3)2 + 2(3) + 3 = 18 eg.,
and lim f(x) = lim x2  1= (3)2  1 = 8 1
x
 x3
x3 f(x) = 3 , f(x) =   , f(x) = ex  x  R,
x

 lim f(x)  lim f(x) 2

x  3 x  3
where a > 0, a  1.
 limit of the function does not exist. 6. Logarithmic function: f(x) = loga x where
 f has irremovable discontinuity at x = 3 a > 0, a  1 is a logarithmic function which is
continuous for every positive real number i.e.
3.4 Continuity of some standard functions for all x  R+
eg.,
1. Constant function: The constant function
f(x) = loga 7x , f(x) = loga 9x2  x  R, where
f(x) = k (where k  R is a constant). The function
a > 0, a  1.
is continuous for all x belonging to its domain.
eg., Some Important Formulae
f(x) = 10, f(x) = log10 100 , f(x) = e7
2. Polynomial function: The function Algebra of limits:
f(x) = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + …. + anxn, where If f(x) and g(x) are any two functions,
n  N, a0, a1 …. an R is continuous for all x 1. lim [f(x) + g(x)] = lim f(x) + lim g(x)
belonging to domain of x. xa xa xa

eg., 2. lim [f(x)  g(x)] = lim f(x)  lim g(x)

xa xa xa
f(x) = x2 + 5x + 9, f(x) = x3  5x + 9,
3. lim [f(x)g(x)] = lim f(x) lim g(x)
f(x) = x4  16,  x  R. xa xa xa
3. Rational function: If f and g are two
polynomial functions having same domain  f (x)  xlim
a
f ( x)
4. lim   = , where lim g(x)  0
xa  g( x)  lim g( x)
then the rational function f is continuous in its x a
x a
g
5. lim [k.f(x)] = k lim f(x), where k is a constant.
domain at points where g(x)  0. xa xa

123
Std. XII : Commerce (Maths ‐ I)
Limits of Algebraic functions: iv. f(x) = 7x4  5x3  3x + 1
1. lim x = a Solution:
xa
Given, f(x) = 7x4  5x3  3x + 1
2. lim k = k, where k is a constant. It is a polynomial function
x a
 f(x) is continuous on the set of real
lim x  a = nan 1
n n
3. numbers i.e., x  R
xa xa
v. g(x) = sin (4x  3)
Limits of Trigonometric functions: Solution:
1. lim sin x = 1 Given, g(x) = sin (4x  3)
x0 x It is a sine function
2. lim tan x = 1  f(x) is continuous on the set of real
x0 x numbers i.e., x  R
3. lim cos x = 1
x0 5x2 +7x +2
vi. h(x) =
x3 + x2 + x +3
Limits of Exponential functions:
ax 1
Solution:
1. lim = log a, where (a > 0, a  1) 5x2 + 7x  2
x0 x Given, h(x) =
1 x3  x2  x+3
2. lim (1 + x) x = e It is a rational function and is discontinuous if
x0
x3 + x2 + x + 3 = 0
Limits of Logarithmic functions: But,  x  R,
log 1  x  x3 + x2 + x + 3  0
1. lim =1
x0 x  h(x) is continuous on the set of real
numbers, except when x3 + x2 + x + 3 = 0
Exercise 3.1
13x2  16x  19
1. Are the following functions continuous on vii. g(x) =
the set of real numbers? Justify your answers. 2 x2  1
i. f(x) = 7 Solution:
Solution: 13x2  16 x 19
Given, f(x) = 7 Given, g(x) =
2 x 2 1
It is a constant function. It is a rational function and is discontinuous, if
 f(x) is continuous on the set of real 2x2 + 1 = 0
numbers i.e., x  R But  x  R, 2x2 + 1  0
ii. f(x) = e  g (x) is continuous on the set of real
Solution: numbers i.e., x  R
Given, f (x) = e viii. f(x) = 5x
It is a constant function …. [ e = 2.71828] Solution:
Given, f(x) = 5x
 f(x) is continuous on the set of real
It is an exponential function
numbers i.e., x  R.
 It is continuous on the set of real
iii. f (x) = log 19 numbers i.e., x  R
Solution: ix. f(x) = 32x  15x
Given, f(x) = log 19 Solution:
Here, log 19 is a constant Given, f(x) = 32x  15x
 f(x) is a constant function It is the difference of two exponential functions
 f(x) is continuous on the set of real  It is continuous on the set of real
numbers i.e., x  R. numbers i.e., x  R
124
 Chapter 03: Continuity
x. f(x) = e(5x + 7) Solution:
Solution: Consider, x3 + 7x  9 2
Given, f(x) = e(5x + 7) By synthetic division, we get
It is an exponential function
2 1 0 7 9 2
 It is continuous on the set of real
numbers i.e., x  R 2 2 9 2
1 2 9 0
2. Examine the continuity of the following 3 2
functions at the given point.  x + 7x  9 2 = (x  2 ) (x + 2 x+ 9)
(All functions are defined on R  R)  lim f(x) = lim x  2x  2 2x  4
2

i. f(x) = x2 – x + 9, for x  3
= 4x + 3, for x > 3; at x = 3.
x 2 x 2
 x  2  x 2
 2x  9 
[Mar 15]
= lim
 
x x 2 2 2 x 2  
Solution:
2
lim f(x) = lim (x  x + 9)
x 2
 x  2  x  2 x  9 2

x  3 x 3

= (3)2  3 + 9 = 15 …. (i) = lim

 x  2 2  x  2 
and lim f(x) = lim (4x + 3)
 x3 x3
x 2
 x  2  x  2 x  9 
2

= 4(3) + 3 = 15 …. (ii) x2 2

Also, f (3) = (3)2  3 + 9 = 15 …. (iii) = lim
x 2 x  2x  9
2
 lim f(x) = lim f(x) = f(3)
x  3 x  3 [x  2 ,x 2 ,x 2  0]
…. [From (i), (ii) and (iii)]
 f is continuous at x = 3. 2 2 2  2
= =
( 2)  2  2  9 2  2  9
2
x 2  16
ii. f(x) = , for x  4  2
x4  lim f  x   ….(i)
= 8, for x = 4; at x = 4. x 2 13
[Oct 15] 1
Also, f( 2 )= ….(ii)(given)
Solution: 13
x 2 16  lim f(x)  f ( 2 )
lim f(x) = lim x 2
x 4 x 4 x4
….[From (i) and (ii)]
x 2  42  f is discontinuous at x = 2 .
= lim
x 4 x4
sin 5 x
= lim ( x  4) ( x  4) iv. f(x) = , for x  0
x 4 ( x  4) x
= 1, for x = 0; at x = 0.
= lim (x + 4)
x 4 Solution:
….[ x  4,  x  4,  x  4  0] sin5x sin5x
lim f(x) = lim = lim 5
 lim f(x) = 4 + 4 = 8 …. (i)
x0 x
x0 x  0 5x
x 4 sin5x
Also, f (4) = 8 …. (ii)(given) = 5 lim = 5 (1)
x0 5x
 lim f(x) = f (4) …. [From (i) and (ii)] sin x
x 4
.…[ x0, 5x0, lim = 1]
 f is continuous at x = 4. x0 x
 lim f(x) = 5
x2  3 2 x  4 x0
iii. f(x) = , for x  2 Also, f(0) = 1 …. (given)
x3  7 x  9 2
1  lim f(x)  f (0)
x0
= , for x = 2 ; at x = 2
13  f is discontinuous at x = 0.
125
Std. XII : Commerce (Maths ‐ I)

v. f(x) =
3  2x  7  , for x  1  3  2 
   
5  x  1 5  x
2

 
 x  1 = lim 
x 4 
  
5 x  3 5 x 
2

 
2
1 
1 
=– , for x = 1; at x = 1. [Oct 14]
Solution:
3
= lim
 
 9   5  x   1  5  x

1   5  x    3  5  x 
x 4
lim f(x) = lim 3  2 x  7
x 1 x 1 x 1
3  2x  7   3  2x  7   4  x  1  5  x 
= lim
 4  x   3  5  x 
= lim
3  2x  7 
x 4
x 1  x  1

    x  4  1  5  x 
2
(3) 2  2x  7
= lim = lim
 x  1  3  2 x  7 
x 1 x 4
 x  4 3  5  x 
9  2x  7
= lim  1  5  x 
x 1
 x  1  3  2 x  7  = lim
x 4
3 5 x
2 x  2
= lim ....[x  4,  x  4,  x  4  0]
x 1
 x  1  3  2x  7 
 2  x  1 =

 1 5  4  =
 1  1
=
2
= lim
x 1
 x  1  3  2x  7  3 5 4 33 6
1
2  lim f(x) = …. (i)
= lim x 4 3
x 1
3 2x  7
1
…. [x 1,  x  1,  x  1  0] Also, f(4) = …. (ii)(given)
8
2 2 1
= = =  lim f(x)  f(4) …. [From (i) and (ii)]
3 2 1  7 6 3 x 4

1  f is discontinuous at x = 4.
 lim f(x) = …. (i)
x 1 3
vii. f(x) = x2 cos  1  , for x  0
1 x
Also, f(1) =  …. (ii)(given)
3
=0 , for x = 0; at x = 0
 lim f(x) = f(1) ….[From (i) and (ii)]
x 1 [Oct 15]
 f is continuous at x = 1. Solution:

3 5 x lim f(x) = lim x2cos  1 

x0 x0
vi. f(x) = , for x  4 x
1 5  x
cos x  [ 1, 1] for all x  R,
1
= , for x = 4; at x = 4. 1
8 also, when x  0, x  0  cos   exists.
Solution:  x
3 5 x 1
lim f(x) = lim Let cos   = finite number = k (say)
x 4 x 4 1 5  x  x
3 5 x 1 5  x
lim x2 cos   = lim x2k
1
= lim  
x 4 1 5  x 1 5  x x0
 x x0

3 5 x where k  [1, 1]

3 5 x  lim f(x) = 0 …. (i)
x0

126
 Chapter 03: Continuity
Also, f(0) = 0 …. (ii)(given) 2
 x
 sin 
 lim f(x) = f(0) …. [From (i) and (ii)] 1 sin x 1 2
x0  lim  lim  
2 x0 x 4 x0  x 
 f is continuous at x = 0.  2 
= 3
tan x  sin x  sin x 
viii. f(x) = , for x < 0 lim  
sin 3 x  3sin x
x 0
 x 

3 sin 2 x  2 sin  x 2  1 1 2
= , 1  1 1
3x 2
= 2 4 =
1
3
8
for x  0; at x = 0
Solution: x sin x
…[x0, 0, lim = 1]
Consider, 2 x  0 x
tan x  sin x
lim f(x) = lim
x  0 x0 sin 3 x  3 sin x 1
 lim f(x) = …. (i)
x  0 8
tan x  sin x
= lim
x  0 3sin x  4sin 3 x  3sin x
3sin 2 x  2sin  x 2 
…[sin3 = 3sin – 4sin ] 3 Also, lim f(x) = lim
x 0 x0 3x 2
tan x  sin x
= lim  3sin 2 x 2sin  x 2  
x0 4 sin 3 x = lim   
2
x0
 3 x 3x 2 
sin x 
 sin x
= lim cos x
x0 4sin3 x sin 2 x 2 sin  x 2

= lim 2
 lim
x0 x 3 x  0 x2
sin x  sin x cos x
= lim
x0 4sin 3 x sin  x
= lim 
sin x  2
2 2

sin x 1  cos x    lim 2
= lim
x0  x  x 03 x
x0  4 sin 3 x
 x 2
sin x  2sin 2  = (1)2 – (1)
 2  3
= lim
x0 4sin 3 x
sin x
.…[ lim 1]
2x x0 x
…[1 – cos x = 2sin ]
2
x 2
sin x.sin 2 =1–
2 3
1 x3
= lim 1
2 x0 sin 3 x  lim f(x) = …. (ii)
x3 x  0 3

 2 x   lim f(x)  lim f(x) ….[From (i) and (ii)]

1  sin x sin  x  0 x  0
lim   2 2 
2 x0  x x 
 4   f(x) does not exist
=  4 
sin 3 x
lim 3  f is discontinuous at x = 0
x0 x
127
Std. XII : Commerce (Maths ‐ I)

x3  x2  9x  2 1
ix. f(x) = , for x < 2 4x  2
x3  x  6 4x
= lim
 1 4  x0 x2
=  3  , for x > 2
  x  2   x  2 x  
2
= lim
4  x 2
 2  4x   1
x0 x2  4x 
=4 for x = 2; at x = 2
Solution:
4  1
x 2

Consider, = lim
x3  x 2  9 x  2
x0 x2  4x 
lim f(x) = lim
x  2 x 2 x3  x  6  4x  1  1
2

= lim   lim x
 2 + 2  9  2  2
3 2
x0 x x 0 4
=  
2  2
3
  6
1
8 = (log 4)2 .
= 40
0 ax 1
 lim f(x) does not exist. …[ lim  log a ]
x0 x
x  2
2
But f(2) = 4  lim f(x) = (log 4) .... (ii)
x  0
 lim f(x)  f(2)

x2  lim f(x)  lim f(x) .... [From (i) and (ii)]
x  0 x  0
 f is discontinuous at x = 2.
 lim f(x) does not exist
6x  3x  2x  1 x0
x. f(x) = , for x < 0  f is discontinuous at x = 0
x
4 x  4 x  2 3. Discuss the continuity of the following
= , for x > 0
x2 functions.
= 1, for x = 0, at x = 0 a2 x  1
Solution: i. f(x) = , x  0, a  0 & a  1
x
6 x  3x  2 x  1
lim f(x) = lim = 2 log a, x = 0; at x = 0.
x  0 x0 x Solution:
6  3  2x  1  1  1
x x
= lim lim f(x) = lim a  1
2x
x0 x x0 x0 x
6  1  3  1  2x  1
x x
= lim a 1
2x
a 2x  1
x0 x = lim  2 = 2lim
x0 2x x0 2x

6  1  3x 1  2x 1
x
      lim f(x) = 2 log a …. (i)
= lim x0
x0 x
 6x  1 3x  1 2x  1 ax 1
….[x0,2x0, lim = log a]
= lim     x0 x
x0
 x x x 
Also, f(0) = 2 log a …. (ii)(given)
6x  1 3x  1 2x  1
= lim  lim  lim  lim f(x) = f(0) ….[From (i) and (ii)]
x 0 x x0 x x 0 x x0

= log 6 + log 3 – log 2  f is continuous at x = 0

ax 1
…[ lim  log a ] 5x  3x
x0 x ii. f(x) = ,x0
4x  3x
= log  6  3  5
 2  = log , x = 0; at x = 0.
 lim f(x) = log 9 …. (i) 4
x  0 Solution:
x
4 4 2
x
lim f(x) = lim 5 x  3 x
x x
lim f(x) = lim
x  0 x0 x2 x0 x0 4 3

128
 Chapter 03: Continuity

 5x  3x  log 1 + 2 x 
  iv. h(x) = ,x0
= lim  x x x

x0
4  3x  = 2, x = 0; at x = 0.
 x  Solution:

lim
5x  3x
lim
5 x  1  3x  1 lim h(x) = lim log 1  2 x 
x 0 x = x 0 x x0 x0 x
=
4x  3x 4 x  1  3x  1 log 1  2 x 
lim lim = lim 2
x 0 x x 0 x x0 2x
 5 1 3 1 log 1  2 x 
x x
lim    = 2 lim
x0
 x x  x0 2x
=
 4 x  1 3x  1  = 2(1)
lim   
x0
 x x  log 1  x 
....[x0, 2x0, lim 1]
x0 x
5 1x
3 1 x
lim  lim  lim h(x) = 2 …. (i)
=
x0 x x  0 x x0
4x  1 3x  1 Also, h(0) = 2 …. (ii)(given)
lim  lim
x0 x x0 x
 lim h(x) = h(0) ….[From (i) and (ii)]
ax 1 x0
= log 5  log 3 ....[ lim = log a]
log 4  log 3 x0 x  h is continuous at x = 0
 5 23 x  1
log  v. f(x) = , x<0
 3 tan x
 lim f(x) = …. (i)
x0  4 x2
log  = x , x>0
 3 e  e x  2
5 = 2, x = 0 at x = 0.
Also, f (0) = log …. (ii) (given)
4 Solution:
 lim f(x)  f(0)  23 x  1 
x0
2 1 3x   3
 f is discontinuous at x = 0 lim f(x) = lim = lim  3 x 
 tan x 
x  0 x  0 tan x x0
2
 x 
g(x) =  1 
5x x
iii.  ,x0
 2  23 x  1
3lim
= e5/2, x = 0; at x = 0. x 0 3x
=
Solution: tan x
lim
2 x 0 x
lim g(x) = lim 1  5 x 
x

x0 x0 3  log 2 

 2  =
5 1
 2

 5 x  5x ....[x0, 3x0,
= lim 1   

x  0  2   ax 1 tan x
  lim = log a, lim = 1]
x0 x x 0 x
 lim g(x) = e 5
…. (i)
x0  lim f(x) = 3 log 2 …. (i)
1 x  0
....[ x  0, 5x  0 lim 1  x  = e] x
x2
x0
2
lim f(x) = lim
5 x  0 x0 e x  e x  2
Also g(0) = e 2 …. (ii)(given)
x2
 lim g(x)  g(0) ….[From (i) and (ii)] = lim
x0 1
x0
ex  x  2
 g is discontinuous at x = 0 e

129
Std. XII : Commerce (Maths ‐ I)

  x 3  27
  ii. f(x) = , for x < 3
x2 x3
= lim  
 for x  3; at x = 3.
  e   2e  1 
x0 x 2 x = 8x,
  Solution:
ex
x 3  27
  lim f(x) = lim
  x  3 x3 x3
1
= lim  
 = lim
x 3  33
  e  1  1
x0 x 2
 x3 x3
 x 2 
ex  x  3  x 2  3x  9 
1 = lim
= 2
x3
 x  3
 e 1x
1
lim    lim x ....[a3 – b3 = (a – b)(a2 + ab + b2)]
x0
 x  x0 e
= lim (x2 + 3x + 9)
1 x3
=
1 [ x  3,  x  3  x – 3  0]
 log e   0
2

e 2
= (3) + 3(3) + 9
ex  1  lim f(x) = 27 ….(i)
....[ lim = log e]
x0 x x  3

 lim f(x) = 1 .... (ii) and lim f(x) = lim 8x = 8(3)

x  0 x 3 x 3

 lim f(x)  lim f(x) ….[From (i) and (ii)]  lim f(x) = 24 ….(ii)
x  0 x  0 x 3

 f(0) does not exist  lim f(x)  lim f(x) ….[From (i) and (ii)]
x  3 x 3
 f is discontinuous at x = 0
 limit of the function does not exist
 f has irremovable discontinuity at x = 3
4. Discuss the continuity of the following
functions at the points given against them. sin9 x
iii. f(x) = , for x  0
If the function is discontinuous, determine 2x
whether the discontinuity is removable. In 1
that case, redefine the function, so that it = , for x = 0; at x = 0.
2
becomes continuous.
Solution:
i. f(x) = x2 – 2x – 1, for x < 2
= 3x – 1, for x ≥ 2; at x = 2. lim f(x) = lim sin9x
Solution:
x0 x0 2x
1 sin 9 x
lim f(x) = lim (x2 – 2x – 1) = lim 9
x  2 x2 2 x  0 9x
= (2)2 – 2(2) – 1 9 sin 9 x
= lim
=4–4–1=1 2 x0 9 x
 lim f(x) =  1 …. (i) 9
x  2 = 1
2
and lim f(x) = lim (3x – 1)
x  2 x2 sin x
[x0, 9x0,  lim = 1]
= 3(2) – 1 = 6  1 x0 x
 lim f(x) = 5
x  2
…. (ii)  lim f(x) = 9 …. (i)
x0 2
 lim f(x)  lim f(x) ….[From (i) and (ii)] 1
x  2 x  2 Also, f(0) = …. (ii) (given)
 limit of the function does not exist. 2
 f has irremovable discontinuity at x = 2  lim f(x)  f(0) ….[From (i) and (ii)]
x0

130
 Chapter 03: Continuity
 f has removable discontinuity at x = 0 x 34
= lim
This discontinuity can be removed by
redefining the function as:
x 1
 x  1  x 2
 x  1  x32 
sin9x = lim  x  1
f(x) = , for x  0
2x
x 1
 x  1  x 2
 x  1  x32 
9
= , for x = 0 ; at x = 0 1
2 = lim
x 1
x 2
 x  1  x32 
e2 x  1
iv. f(x) = , for x  0 ....[x1, x  1 x–1  0]
5x
= 2, for x = 0; at x = 0 1 1
= =
Solution:
1 2
 1  1  1 3  2  3 2  2
lim f(x) = lim e  1
2x

x0 x0 5x  lim f(x) = 1 …. (i)

1 e2 x  1
x 1 12
= lim 2 Also, f(1) = 5 …. (ii)(given)
5 x0 2 x
2 e2 x  1  lim f(x)  f(1) ….[From (i) and (ii)]
= lim x 1
5 x0 2 x
 f has removable discontinuity at x = 1
2
=  log e  This discontinuity can be removed by
5
redefining the function as:
ex  1
[ x  0,  2x  0, lim  log e ] x32
x0 x f(x) = , for x  1
x3  1
 lim f(x) = 2 …. (i) 1
x0 5 = , for x = 1 ; at x = 1
Also, f(0) = 2 …. (ii)(given) 12
 lim f(x)  f(0) ….[From (i) and (ii)]
x0
5. If f is continuous at x = 0, then find f(0)
 f has removable discontinuity at x = 0
5 x  5 x  2
This discontinuity can be removed by i. f(x) = ,x0
x2
redefining the function as:
Solution:
e2 x  1
f(x) = , for x  0 Given, f is continuous at x = 0
5x
2  f(0) = lim f(x)
= , for x = 0 ; at x = 0 x0
5
1
5x  2
  , for x  1
x
x3 2 5 5 2
x
5x
= lim = lim
v. f(x) = x0 x2 x0 x2
x 3
 1
5  x 2
 2 5x   1 5  1
x 2

= 5, for x = 1; at x = 1 = lim = lim

Solution: x0 5x x2 x0 5x x2
2
lim f(x) = lim x32  5x  1  1
= lim   lim x
x 1 x 1 x3  1 x0 x x 0 5
 

= lim
 
x32  x32
=  log 5  
2 1
x 1x 1 3
 x  3  2
3
5
ax 1
 x  3   2 ....[ lim
2 2
 log a ]
x0 x
= lim
 x  1  x  x  1  x  3  2 
x 1 2
 f(0) = (log 5) 2

131
Std. XII : Commerce (Maths ‐ I)

3 sin x
1 
2
  5x  1 3x  1 
ii. f(x) = ,x0 [Mar 12]  
x log  x  1 = lim  x2 
x0  x tan x 
Solution:  x 2 
 
Given, f is continuous at x = 0
  5 x  1  3x  1  
 f(0) = lim f(x)   
x0 x  x  
= lim  
3  1 x0  tan x 
sin x 2

= lim  x 
x0 x log  x  1  
5x  1 3x  1
3  1  sin 2 x 1
2
sin x
1 lim lim
= lim   =
x 0 x x0 x
x0 sin 2 x x log ( x  1)  x tan x
x lim
x 0 x
  3 sin x  1  2  sin x  2 
    
 log5 log3
sin x   x   =
= lim   1
x0  log 1 + x  
  a x 1 tan x
 x  ….[x  0, x  0, lim = log a, lim = 1]
x0 x x0 x
2 2  f(0) = (log 5) (log 3)
 3sin x  1   sin x 
lim    lim  
x 0
 sin x  x 0
 x  cos 3 x  cos x
= iv. f(x) = ,x0 [Mar 16]
 log(1 + x)  x2
lim  
x 0
 x  Solution:
Given, f is continuous at x = 0
 log3 1
2 2

=  f(0) = lim f(x)

x0
1
cos 3 x  cos x
sin x ax 1 = lim
.... [x0, sinx0, lim =1, lim = loga] x0 x2
x0 x x0 x
4 cos 3 x  3cos x  cos x
= lim
15 x  3 x  5 x  1
x0 x2
iii. f(x) = , x  0 [Mar 15]
x tan x ….[cos3 = 4cos3 – 3cos]
Solution: 4 cos 3 x  4 cos x
= lim
Given, f is continuous at x = 0 x0 x2
 f(0) = lim f(x)
x0 4cos x  cos 2 x  1
= lim
15 x  3 x  5 x  1 x0 x2
= lim
x0 x tan x 4cos x 1  cos2 x
= lim
 5  3
x
 3x  5 x  1 x0 x2
= lim
x0 x tan x 4 cos x sin 2 x
= lim
5 x 3x  3x  5 x  1 x0 x2
= lim 2
x0 x tan x  sin x 
= –4 lim cos x . lim  
3x  5 x  1  1 5 x  1 x0 x0
 x 
= lim
x0 x tan x = –4. cos(0) . (1)2

= lim
5 x
 1 3x  1 ….[ lim
x0
sin x
x
1]
x0 x tan x
 f (0) = –4

132
 Chapter 03: Continuity
6. Find the value of k, if the function 7
= (1)
x 1
12
2
i. g(x) = , for x  1
x 1 tan x
….[x0,7x0, lim = 1]
= k, for x = 1 x0 x
is continuous at x = 1 7
Solution:  k=
2
Given, g is continuous at x = 1 and g(1) = k
 g(1) = lim g(x) iv. h(x) = |x + k|, for x  17
x 1
= 20, for x = 17
x12  1 is continuous at x = 17
 k = lim
x 1 x  1
Solution:
x12  112 Given h is continuous at x = 17, h(17) = 20
= lim
x 1 x 1  h(17) = lim h(x)
=12(1)12–1 x 17

xn  a n = lim | x + k |
.... [ lim  n a n 1 ] x 17
xa xa
= lim  (x + k)
 k = 12 x 17

 h(17) =  (17 + k)
ii. h(x) = x2 + 1, for x < 0
 17 + k = 20 or – (17 + k) = 20
= 5 x 2  1 + k, for x  0  k = 20  17 or  17  k = 20
is continuous at x = 0  k = 3 or k =  20  17
Solution:  k = 3 or k =  37.
Given, h is continuous at x = 0
 lim h(x) = lim h(x) = h (0) ….(i)
x  0 x  0 1  sin x 
7. If f(x) = , for x  , is continuous
  2x
2
Now, 2
lim h(x) = lim x2 + 1 
x  0 x0 at x = , then find f    . [Oct 15]
= (0) + 1 2 2 2
 lim h(x) = 1 Solution:
x  0 
Given, f is continuous at x =
and lim h(x) = lim 5 x  1  k 2
2
x  0 x 0
 1  sin x
=5 0 1  k  f    lim f  x  = lim
x     2x 
2
 lim h(x) = 5 + k  2  x  2 2
x  0

 1=5+k ....[From (i)] Put x = h
2
 k = –4

 h = x
tan 7 x 2
iii. f(x) = , for x  0
2x  
as x  , x   0, h  0
= k, for x = 0 2 2
is continuous at x = 0 [Mar 15]  
Solution: 1  sin   h 
   2 
 f    lim
Given, f is continuous at x = 0 and f (0) = k  2  h0 
2
 
 f(0) = lim f(x)   2  2  h 
x0   
tan7x 1 tan 7 x = lim 1  cos h
 k = lim = lim 7 h0
     2h 
2
x0 2x 2 x  0 7x

7
= lim
tan7x .... [sin      cos  ]
2 x  0 7x 2 

133
Std. XII : Commerce (Maths ‐ I)
1  cos h 1  cos h 7 log 1  7 x 
= lim  = lim
 2h  1  cos h
2
h 0 b x0 7x
7
= lim
1  cos 2 h = 1
b
h 0 4h 2 1  cos h 
log 1  x 
sin2 h .... [ x  0, 7 x  0, lim  1]
= lim 2 x0 x
h  0 4h 1  cosh 
7
2
 lim f(x) = ....(iii)
1  sin h  x  0 b
= lim  1
 lim 2
4 h 0  h  h 0 1  cos h Now, 1 ….[From (i) and (ii)]
a
1 1 sin x
= (1)2  ….[ lim = 1]  a=2
4 1  cos  0 x 0 x
7
1 1 1 1 and  1 ….[From (i) and (iii)]
=  =  b
4 11 4 2  b=7
 f     1  a = 2, b = 7
2 8

9. If f is continuous at x = 0 and
e2x  1
8. If f(x) = for x < 0, a  0
f(x) = 2 x  1 + a, for x < 0
3
ax
=1 for x = 0 = x3 + a + b, for x  0
log  1  7 x 
= for x > 0, b  0 and f(1) = 2, then find a, b.
bx Solution:
is continuous at x = 0, then find a and b.
Given, f is continuous at x = 0
[ Mar 16]
 lim f(x) = lim f(x) …. (i)
Solution: x  0 x  0
Given, f is continuous at x = 0 and f(0) = 1 Now,
 lim f(x) = lim f(x) = f(0)
x  0 x  0
lim f(x) = lim 2 x  1 + a
3

x  0 x0
 lim f(x) = lim f(x) = 1 ….(i)
x  0 x  0
=2 0 1  a
Now,
 lim f(x) = 2 + a
e2 x  1 x  0
lim f(x) = lim
x  0 x0 ax and lim f(x) = lim x3 + a + b
x  0 x0
1 e2 x  1
= lim 2
a x0 2 x =0+a+b
2 e2 x  1  lim f(x) = a + b
= lim x  0
a x0 2 x
2  2 + a = a + b ….[From (i)]
= loge  b=2
a
ax 1 Also, f(x) = x3 + a + b, for x  0 and f(1) = 2
….[ x  0, 2 x  0, lim  log a ]  f(1) = (1)3 + a + b
x0 x
2  2=1+a+b
 lim f(x) = ....(ii)
x  0 a  a+b=1 …. (ii)
log 1  7 x  Substituting b = 2 in (ii) we get
Also, lim f(x) = lim
x  0 x0 bx a+2=1
1 log 1  7 x   a = –1
= lim 7
b x0 7x  a = –1, b = 2
134
 Chapter 03: Continuity
10. Is the function f(x) = x3 + 2x2 – 5 cos x + 3
 = lim
x 2
 4 x  16   x2  9  5 
continuous at x = ? Justify. x 4 x4
2
Solution: [ x  4,  x  4,  x – 4  0]
Given, f(x) = x3 + 2x2 – 5 cos x + 3
 f(x) = (x3 + 2x2 + 3) – 5 cos x =
4 2
 4  4  16   42  9  5  = 48  10
44 8
Let x3 + 2x2 + 3 = p(x)
and 5 cos x = q(x)  lim f(x) = 60 …. (i)
x4
 f(x) = p(x) – q(x) ....(i) Also, f(4) = 10 …. (ii)(given)
Now, p(x) = x3 + 2x2 + 3 lim f(x)  f(4)
 ….[From (i) and (ii)]
 p(x) is a polynomial function x4

 It is continuous at each value of x  f is discontinuous at x = 4

and q(x) = 5 cos x
Here, 5 is constant function and cos x is cosine 2. Examine the continuity of the function
e 
2
function which is continuous. 3x
1
 q(x) is continuous at each value of x f(x) = , for x  0
x log  1  3 x 
 f(x) is a difference of two continuous function
which is always continuous = 10, for x = 0; at x = 0.
 If discontinuous, then state whether the
 f(x) is continuous at x = discontinuity is removable. If so, redefine
2
and make it continuous.
Miscellaneous Exercise – 3 Solution:
  e3 x  12 
1. Discuss the continuity of the function.  
 
2
e3x 1  9 x2 log 1  3x  
x 3  64 lim f(x) = lim = lim  
f(x) = , for x  4 x0 x  0 x log 1  3x  x0 9x
x2  9  5  
 
= 10, for x = 4; at x = 4  
Solution:  
  e 3 x  1
2
x 3  64 1 
lim f(x) = lim = lim   
x 4 x 4
x2  9  5
x0
 9x
2
log 1  3 x  
 
= lim
x 
3
  43  x2  9  5   e3x  1  lim1 2
9x

 x  9  5 
x 4 2
x 2
 9  5 = lim 
x  0  3x 
 1
lim
x 0
log(1  3x)

= lim
 x  4   x 2  4 x  16   x2  9  5  3 x 0
1
3x

=  loge  
2

 
x 4 2
 5 1
2
x 9
2
 1
3

= lim
 x  4   x 2  4 x  16   x2  9  5  
....  x 0,3x  0,lim
 e x 1 
   loge,
x 4
x 2
 9   25 
x 0
 x 

= lim
 x  4   x 2  4 x  16   x2  9  5  lim
x0
log 1 x
x

 1

x 4
x 2
 16 
= 3(1)2
 x  4  x2  4 x  16   x 2  9  5  lim f(x) = 3 …. (i)
x0
= lim
x 4  x  4  x  4 Also, f(0) = 10 …. (ii)(given)
135
Std. XII : Commerce (Maths ‐ I)

 lim f(x)  f(0) ….[From (i) and (ii)] 1 1

 2 5
1
x0

= 5
 f has removable discontinuity at x = 0 1 1
22
1
This discontinuity can be removed by 2
redefining the function as:
xn  a n
e  1 ....[ lim  na n 1 ]
3x 2

f(x) = , for x  0 xa xa

x log(1  3 x ) 1 4

=3, for x = 0 ; at x = 0  2 5
4 1
= 5 2 
1 = 25 2
1
3. The function f is defined as
 2 2 5
2
x 7  128 2
3
f(x) = , for x  2  lim f(x) = (2) 10
x 5  32 x  2 5
x 1/ 5  2 1 / 5  lim f(x)  lim f(x)
= , for x > 2 x  2 x  2
x 1 / 2  21 / 2
f(2) = 3  f(x) does not exist
Examine, if f is continuous at x = 2.  f is discontinuous at x = 2
Solution:
x 7  128 4. The function f defined as
lim f(x) = lim 5
x  2 x  2 x  32
x  8  8x  1
x 7  27 f(x) = , for x  1
= lim 5 5  x  7x  3
x  2 x  25
is continuous at x = 1. Find f(1)
 x7  27  x 7  27 Solution:
 lim
 x2 x  2
= lim  x2  = Given, function is continuous at x = 1
 lim x  2
5 5
x2
 x 5  25
  x2 x  2
x  8  8x  1
x2  f(1) = lim f(x)= lim
x1 x 1 5  x  7x  3
7  2  xn  a n 
7 1

=
5 2
5 1
....  lim
 x a x  a
 na n 1 
 = lim
 x  8  8x  1   5  x  7x  3 
=
7  26 7  2 2
=
x1
 5 x  7x  3   5 x  7x  3 
5  24
28
5

 x  8  8x  1 
 lim f(x) =
x  2 5  x8  8x  1

     
1 1
 x 8
2
8x  1 
2
5  x  7x  3
x 5  25  
and lim f(x) = lim 1 1 = lim
x  2 x2
x1 
 5 x  7x  3   8x  1
2 2
x2  22 x8 
 
 1
 1
x 2   x  8  8 x  1  
5 5
 5  x  7x  3
 x2  = lim
= lim 
x2 1 1  x1
 5  x  7 x  3  x  8  8x  1
 x 2  22 
 
 x2   7 x  7   5  x  7x  3
= lim
 8 x  8  x  8  8x  1
1 1
x1
x 2 5 5
lim
 5  x  7x  3
x2 x  2
= 1 1 7  x  1
x2  22 = lim
lim x1
8  x  1  x  8  8x  1
x2 x2

136
 Chapter 03: Continuity

= lim
 7 5  x  7x  3  
2sin h  2sin 2 
h
 2
8
x1 x 8  8x  1 = lim
h0 8h 3

....[ x1,  x  1  x  1  0] h
sin 2
sin h
=
7 5  1  7 1  3  =
7  2  2
=
28 =
1
2
lim
h  0 h
 2 2
h
4
8 1 8  8 1  1  8  3  3 48 4
2
7  h
 f (1) =  sin
12 1
= lim
sin h
.lim  2

8 h 0 h h 0  h 
5. Find k if the function given below is  2 
 1
= 11
2
continuous at x =
2 8
2cos x  sin 2 x   h sin h 
f(x) = , for x  ….  h  0,  0, lim  1
   2x  2 h 
3 
2 h 0


= k, for x = 6. If the function given below is continuous at
2
x = 2 as well as at x = 4 , then find the values
Solution:
of a and b.

Given, f is continuous at x = f(x) = x2 + ax + b, x  2
2 = 3x + 2, 2x4
 f    = lim f(x) = 2ax + 5b, 4  x [Oct 14]
2 x
2 Solution:
2cos x  sin 2 x Given, f is continuous at x = 2
 k = lim  lim f(x) = lim f(x) ….(i)
   2x
3
x x  2 x  2
2

2cos x  2sin x cos x Now, lim f(x) = lim x2 + ax + b

= lim x  2 x2
   2x 
3
x
2 = (2)2 + a(2) + b
[sin2 = 2sin cos]  lim f(x) = 4 + 2a + b
x  2

2 cos x 1  sin x  and lim f(x) = lim (3x + 2)

= lim x  2 x2
  2x
3
x
2 = 3(2) + 2
  lim f(x) = 8
Put x =  h x  2
2
  4 + 2a + b = 8 ….[From (i)]
 h=x–  2a + b = 4 ….(ii)
2
  Also, f is continuous at x = 4
as x  ,x–  0,  h  0  lim f(x) = lim f(x) ….(iii)
2 2 x  4 x  4
    Now, lim f(x) = lim 3x + 2 = 3(4) + 2
2 cos   h  1  sin   h  
x  4 x4
 h = lim 2  2 
h0
  
3
 lim f(x) = 14
  2  2  h  x  4
  
and lim f(x) = lim 2ax + 5b = 2a(4) + 5b
2 sin h 1  cos h  x  4 x4
= lim
h0
     2h 
3
 lim f(x) = 8a + 5b
x  4

[cos        sin  , sin       cos  ]  14 = 8a + 5b ….[From(iii)]

2  2   8a + 5b = 14 ….(iv)
137
Std. XII : Commerce (Maths ‐ I)
By eq. (iv) – 5  eq. (iii), we get  lim f(x) = – + a ….(ii)
x 1
8a  5b  14
10a  5b  20
1  cos x 
Also lim f(x) = lim   b
 1  x 
2
   x 1 x 1 
2a  6 Put x = 1 + h
 a=3  h=x–1
Substituting a = 3 in eq. (ii), we get as x1, x – 10, h0
23+b=4 1  cos  1  h  
 b=4–6  lim f(x) = lim   b 
  1  1  h  
h 0  2
x 1 
 b = –2 
 a = 3 or b = 2 1  cos   h  
= lim   b
 1 1  h 
2
7. Find a and b if f is continuous at x = 1,
h0

where
= lim  1  cos2  h  b 
f(x) = sin  x + a,
h0
x1  h 
 x  1 ….[cos(+) = –cos]
= 2, x=1
 2 h 
1  cos x  2sin 2 
= 2 + b, x1 = lim   b
 1  x 
 h
h0 2

Solution:  
Given, f is continuous at x = 1 and f (1) = 2 
….[1 – cos = 2sin2 ]
 lim f(x) = lim f(x) = f (1) 2
x 1 x 1
 2 h 
 lim f(x) = lim f(x) = 2 ….(i)  2 sin 2 
x 1 x 1 = lim  2  b 
 h  4 
h0
sin x 
Now, lim f(x) = lim a  4  
x 1 x 1  x  1
 2 h 
Put x = 1 + h  2 sin 2 
= lim   2 2  b 
 h=x–1
4  h
h0

as x1, x  10, h0   4 
 sin  1  h    h 
2
 lim f(x) = lim   a
  sin 2 
 1  h 1
x 1 h0
 = lim    lim b
2 h  0  h h 0
 sin    h   
= lim   a  2 
h0
 h   2
= 1  b
= lim   sin  h  a  2
h0
 h  h sin x
.... [ h  0,  0,lim 1]
….[sin(+) = –sin] 2 x 0 x

= lim   sin  h    a   lim f(x) = b ….(iii)
h0
 h  x 1 2
 – + a = 2 ….[From (i) and (ii)]
= –  lim sin h  lim a 
 h  0 h h0
  a = 2 + 
= –(1) + a  a = 3
sin h 
….[h0, h0, lim 1] and  b  2 ….[From (i) and (iii)]
h0 h 2

138
 Chapter 03: Continuity
 0
ax 1
 b = 2 –  2 = 3 log 9 .... [ lim  log a ]
2 log k x0 x
3 log9
 b=  log k =
2 2
3
 a = 3, b =  log k = log  9
1
2
.... [n log a = log an]
2
 log k = log 3
8. Find k, if the function f is continuous at  k=3
x = 0, where
log  1  3 x 
 e x  1 sin x iii. f(x) = , for x  0
i. f(x) = , for x  0 5x
x2
= k, for x = 0 = k, for x = 0
Solution: Solution:
Given, f is continuous at x = 0 and f(0) = k Given, f is continuous at x = 0 and f(0) = k
 f(0) = lim f(x)  f(0) = lim f(x)
x0 x0

 k = lim
e x
 1 sin x  k = lim
x0
log 1  3 x 
5x
x0 x2
 1 log 1  3 x  
 e x  1 sin x  = lim    3
= lim    3x
5
x0

x0
 x x 

= lim
ex  1
. lim
sin x =
3
lim log 1  3 x 
x0 x x0 x 5 x0 3x
= log e . (1) 3
= 1
ex  1 sin x 5
….[ lim = log e, lim = 1]
x0 x x  0 x log 1  x 
....[ x  0, 3 x  0, lim 1]
 k=1 x0 x
3
 27 
x
 3x k=
ii. f(x) = , for x  0 5
k x
1 
= 2, for x = 0 9. Find the points of discontinuity, if any, for
Solution: the following:
Given, f is continuous at x = 0 and f(0) = 2 x 2  cos x
 f(0) = lim f(x) i. f(x) =
x0 x2  1
Solution:
2 = lim  x = lim 
3  9   3x
x x
27  3 x

x0 k 1 x x0 k 1 x 2  cos x
Given, f(x) =
3x 9 x  3x 3 x  9 x  1 x2  1
= lim = lim
x0 kx 1 x0 kx 1 Let, x2 + cosx = p(x) and x2 + 1 = q(x)
 3 x  9 x  1  Consider, p(x) = x2 + cosx
  Here, x2 is always continuous for all real
= lim  x 
x0  kx 1  values of x and cosine is a continuous function
 
 x   p(x) is a continuous function
9x  1 and q(x) = x2 + 1
lim3x .lim It is a polynonimal function
=
x 0 x 0 x
kx 1  It is continuous for all real values of x
lim
x 0 x  f(x) is a continuous function.
139
Std. XII : Commerce (Maths ‐ I)
5x  4 10. If possible, redefine the function to make it
ii. f(x) = continuous.
x2  4
 1 
Solution: i.
 
f(x) = x  x  1  , for x  1
5x  4 = e2, for x = 1; at x = 1.
Given, f(x) =
x2  4 Solution:
5x  4  1 
 f(x) =  
 x  2  x  2  lim f  x   lim x  x 1 
x 1 x 1

f(x) is a rational function Put x = 1 + h

 f(x) will be discontinuous  h=x–1
if (x + 2) (x – 2) = 0 as x1, x–10, h0
i.e., x + 2 = 0 or x – 2 = 0  lim f(x) =
x 1
i.e., x = –2 or x = 2  1  1

 f(x) is discontinuous at x = –2 and x = 2 lim 1  h  1 h 1  = lim 1  h  h

h0 h0

3x2  4x  9  lim f(x) = e

x 1
iii. f(x) =
x 2  6 x  10 1
....[ lim 1  x  x  e ]....(i)
Solution: x 0

Also, f(1) = e2 …. (ii) (given)

3x2  4 x  9
Given, f(x) = 2  lim f(x)  f(1) ….[From (i) and (ii)]
x  6 x  10 x 1
f(x) is a rational function  f has removable discontinuity at x = 1
 f(x) will be discontinuous if This discontinuity can be removed by
x2 – 6x + 10 = 0 redefining the function as:
 1 
  6    6   4  1 10
2  
f(x) = x  x 1  ,for x  1
i.e., x = = e, for x = 1 ; at x = 1
2
6  36  40 6 tan x  1
= ii. f(x) = , for x  0
2 sin x
6 4 = log 50, for x = 0; at x = 0.
 x
2 Solution:
lim f(x) = lim 6  1
tan x
6  2i
 x x0 x0
2 sin x
Value of x is a complex number 6tan x  1
= lim
x  0 sin x
 f(x) is continuous for all real values of x  cos x
cos x
x2  9 6 tan x  1
iv. f(x) = = lim
sin x  9 x  0 tan x  cos x
Solution: 6 tan x  1 1
x2  9 = lim .lim
x0 tan x  cos x
Given, f(x) = x 0

sin x  9 1
Let x2 – 9 = p(x) and sinx – 9 = q(x) = log 6 
cos  0
Consider, p(x) = x2 – 9
It is a polynomial function a x 1
.... [x0, tanx0,  lim  log a ]
x0
 It is continuous function x
and q(x) = sinx – 9  lim f(x) = log 6
x0
Here, sine is a continuous function and 9
Also, f(0) = log 50 ….(given)
is a constant function
 lim f(x)  f(0)
 q(x) is continuous as –1  sinx  1 x0

 f(x) is continuous function.  f has removable discontinuity at x = 0

140
 Chapter 03: Continuity
This discontinuity can be removed by 1  sin x
redefining the function as: = lim
x 1  sin x  sin 2 x
2
6tan x  1
f(x) = , for x  0  
sin x ….[x sinxsin  sinx1, 1–sinx0]
= log 6, for x = 0 ; at x = 0 2 2

sin 2 5 x 1  sin 11
iii. f(x) = , for x  0 = 2 =
x2
1  1  1
2
 
1  sin  sin 2
= 5, for x = 0; at x = 0. 2 2
[Oct 14]
2
Solution:  lim f ( x) =
2 x
 3
lim f(x) = lim sin 25x 2
x0 x0
x 2  1  sin x
2
sin 5 x and lim f(x) = lim
= lim  25 
x
 x cos 2 x
2
x0 25 x 2 2

2
 sin5x  2  1  sin x 2  1  sin x
= 25 lim   = lim 
x  0  5x  2
x
2
cos x 2  1  sin x
= 25(1)2
 2    1  sin x 
2 2
sin x
[x0, 5x0, lim 1] = lim
x cos x  2  1  sin x 
x0 2
x
2
 lim f(x) = 25
2  1  sin x 
x0

Also, f(0) = 5 …. (given) = lim

 lim f(x)  f(0)
x
2 1  sin x   2
2  1  sin x 
x0

 f has removable discontinuity at x = 0 = lim 1  sin x 

This discontinuity can be removed by x
2 1  sin x 1  sin x   2  1  sin x 
redefining the function as:
1
sin 2 5x = lim
f(x) =
x2
, for x  0 x
2 1  sin x   2  1  sin x 
= 25, for x = 0 ; at x = 0  
….[x sinxsin sinx1, 1–sinx0]
cos 2 x  2 2
iv. f(x) = , for x <
1  sin 3 x 2 1
=
   
= 2  12 sin x , for x > 
1  sin   2  1  sin 
cos x 2  2  2
2  
= , for x = ; at x = . 1 1
3 2 2 = =
Solution: 1  1  2  11  2 2 2 
2
cos x
lim f(x) = lim  lim f ( x ) =
1
 x 1  sin 3 x 
x
2 2 x
4 2
2
1  sin x 2
= lim  lim f ( x )  lim f(x)
x 1  sin 3 x x

x

2
2 2

= lim
1  sin x 1  sin x   limit of the function does not exist
x
2
1  sin x  1  sin x  sin 2 x  
3 3 2 2  f has irremovable discontinuity at x =
....[a – b = (a – b) (a + ab + b )] 2

141
Std. XII : Commerce (Maths ‐ I)

x2  x 2   x  3  4 2  x 1
v. f(x) = , for x  1 = lim   
x 2
1  x 1
  2  x   1 x  3  2 

x32  x  1  2  x 1 
= , for x > 1 = lim
2 x 1 x 1
  x  1  x3 2 
 x  1  
= 1, for x = 1; at x = 1.
2  x 1
Solution: = lim
x2  x  2
x 1
  x  1  x32 
lim f(x) = lim

x 1 x 1
2
x  1   2  x 1 
= lim

= lim
x 2
 1   x 1  x 1
x32
….[x1, x  1 x–10]
x 1 x2  1
 x2  1
= lim  2
x  1
 2 =
  2 1 1   2

x 1
 x 1 x 1  1 3  2 4
1
 x 1 x  1  lim f(x) =
= lim 1  2   x 1 2
x 1
 x 1 x  1  lim f(x)  lim f(x)
x 1 x 1

  
2
x  1
2
 limit of the function does not exist.
= lim 1  
 
x 1 
x2  12  x  1   

 f has irremovable discontinuity at x = 1

x  x 2  x 3  x4  4
  vi. f(x) = , for x  1.
= lim 1 
 x  1   x  1
x 1 

 x  1 x  1  x 1 
  = 5, for x = 1; at x = 1.
Solution:
 
= lim 1 
1  x  x2  x3  x4  4
lim f(x) = lim
x 1 

 x  1  x 1 
  x 1 x 1  x 1
....[x1, x–10]  x  1   x 2  1   x 3  1   x 4  1
= lim
1
x 1
 x  1
= lim 1 + lim
x 1 x 1
 x  1  x 1  = lim 
 x  1 x 2  1 x3  1 x 4  1 
   
x 1
 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 
1 1
=1 + =1+ 1 =1+ x 1 x 2  12 x 3  13
1  1  1 1 2(2) 4 = lim
x  1 x 1
+ lim + lim
x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1
5 x 4  14
 lim f(x) = + lim
x 1 4 x 1 x 1
1–1 2–1
x32 = (1) (1) + (2) (1) + (3) (1) + (4) (1)4–1
3–1

and lim f(x) = lim xn  a n

x 1 x 1 2  x 1 ….[ lim  na n 1 ]
xa xa
 x32 x32 2  x  1 =1+2+3+4
= lim    
 2  x 1 x32 2  x  1
x 1
 lim f(x) = 10 …. (i)
x 1


    2 
2
x3
2 Also, f(1) = 5 …. (ii)(given)
2  x 1
= lim    lim f(x)  f(1)
x 1  x  3  2
 2  x   1
2 2 x 1
 
 f has removable discontinuity at x = 1

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 Chapter 03: Continuity
This discontinuity can be removed by x3  2 x 2  2 x  5
redefining the function as: ix. f(x) = 3 , for x < 1
x  3x2  3x  1
x x  x  x 4
2 3 4
 1 1 
f(x) = , for x  1 =   4 3  , for x  1; at x = 1
 x 1  x 1 x  x 
= 10, for x = 1 ; at x = 1 x32
x. f(x) = , for x  1
x3  1
Additional Problems for Practice 1
= , for x = 1; at x = 1
Based on Exercise 3.1  12

1. Are the following functions continuous on the 3. Discuss the continuity of the following functions:
set of real numbers? Justify your answer. (All a3x  a5x
i. f(x) = , for x  0
functions are defined on R  R) x
i. f(x) = 8x2 + 9 = log a, for x = 0; at x = 0
ii. f(x) = e50 1

f(x) =  1   , for x  0
 23  x x
ii.
iii. f(x) = log    a
 19 
iv. f(x) = 8x5  2x4 + 5x3 + 2x2 + x + 9 1
= ea , for x = 0; at x = 0
v. h(x) = cos(9x + 5)
x2  5x  5 
log 1  x 
vi. g(x) = 4  2  , for x  0
x  29 x  2 iii. g(x) =
vii. g(x) = 3x + 7x x
5
2. Examine the continuity of the following = , for x = 0; at x = 0
funtions at the given point: 2
sin x 5x  e x
iv. f(x) = , for x  0
i. f(x) = + cos x, for x  0 sin 2 x
x
= 2, for x = 0; at x = 0 1
= (log 5 + 1), for x = 0; at x = 0
1 2 2
ii. f(x) = sin x , for x  0
2 sin 2 ax
v. f(x) = , for x  0
= 0, for x = 0; at x = 0 x2
iii. f(x) = (1 + 2x)1/x, for x  0 = 1, for x = 0; at x = 0
= e2, for x = 0; at x = 0 1
x2  x  6 vi. f(x) = x2 sin , for x  0
iv. f(x) = , for x  3 x
x3 = 0, for x = 0; at x = 0
= 7, for x = 3; at x = 3 1  cos x
v. 2
f(x) = x + 6x + 10, for x  4 vii. f(x) = , for x  0
x
= x2  x + 38, for x > 4; at x = 4
= 0, for x = 0; at x = 0
 e2 y  1 .sin y 4 x 2
vi. f(y) = , for y  0 viii. f(x) = , for x ≠ 0
y2 3x
= 4, for y = 0; at y = 0 1
1 = , for x = 0; at x = 0
 4x  x 12
vii. f(x) = 1   , for x  0 [Mar 16]
 5 
4
4. Discuss the continuity of the following
= e ,
5
for x  0 at x = 0 functions at the points given against them. If
1  the function is discontinuous, determine
viii. f(x) = sin (x + 1), for x  0
2 2 whether the discontinuity is removable. In that
tan x  sin x case, redefine the function, so that it becomes
= , for x > 0; at x = 0 continuous.
x3
143
Std. XII : Commerce (Maths ‐ I)

i. f(x) =
1  cos3x
, for x  0 7. If f(x) = 1  cos[7( x 2  )] , for x   is
x tan x 5( x   )
= 9, for x = 0; at x = 0 continuous at x = , find f()
x 5  32
ii. f(x) = , for x < 2 k cos x 
x2 8. If the function f(x) = , for x 
= 16x, for x  2; at x = 2   2x 2
sin x 
iii. f(x) = , for x  0 = 3, for x =
5x 2
5 
= , for x = 0; at x = 0 be continuous at x = , then find k
 2
2 x4 9. Is the function
iv. f(x) = , for x  0
sin 2 x f(x) = 2x3 + 3x2 + 3x  cos x + sin 5x + 3
= 8, for x = 0; at x = 0 
continuous at x = ? Justify
sin( x  x )
2
4
v. f(x) = , for x  0
x
10. If the function f is continuous at x = 1, then
= 2, for x = 0; at x = 0
x 2  3x  2
find f(1). Where f(x) = for x ≠ 1.
5. If f is continuous at x = 0, then find f(0). x 1
4  1
2
sin x
[Mar 14]
i. f(x) = , x0
x log (1  2 x )
11. If the function f is continuous at x = 2, then
log(1  ax )  log(1  bx ) x2  5
ii. f(x) = find ‘k’ where f(x) = , for 1 < x  2
x x 1
log(2  x)  log(2  x) = kx + 1, for x > 2
iii. f(x) =
tan x [Mar 14]
cos x  sin2 x 1
2

iv. f(x) = 12. Discuss the continuity of the function f

x2 1 1 defined as
6. Find the value of k, if the function x8 3
f (x) = , x≠1
i. g(x) = |x  3|, for x  3 x3  1
= k, for x = 3 1
= , x = 1; at x = 1 [Mar 08]
is continuous at x = 3 3
8x  2x
ii. f(x) = x , for x  0 13. Discuss the continuity of the function f
k 1
= 2, for x = 0 defined as:
1
is continuous at x = 0
f (x) =  1   , if x ≠ 0
5x x
log(1  kx)  3 
iii. f(x) = , for x  0
sin x 5
= 5, for x = 0 = e3 , if x = 0; at x = 0 [Oct 08]
is continuous x = 0
iv. f(x) = x2 + k, for x  0 14. Discuss the continuity of f (x) at x = 2, where
2
=  x  k, for x < 0 x2  4
f (x) = , for x ≠ 2
is continuous at x = 0 x2
x2  3x  k = 4, for x = 2 [Mar 09]
v. f(x) = , for x  1
2(x2 1) 15. Discuss the continuity of the function f
5 defined as,
= , for x = 1
4 f(x) = 2x + 3, if  1 ≤ x ≤ 2
is continuous at x = 1 = 6x  1, if 2 < x ≤ 3; at x = 2 [Oct 10]
144
 Chapter 03: Continuity

4 x 2 x2  9
16. If f(x) = , for x ≠ 0 24. Find f(3) if f(x) = , x ≠ 3 is contiuous at
x x 3
1 x = 3. [Oct 11]
= , for x = 0
4 25. If f is continuous at x = 0 where
Discuss the continuity of f(x) at x = 0 e3 x  1
[Mar 11, Oct 11 ] f(x) = , x≠0
ax
17. Discuss the continuity of the following =1, x=0
function: then find a. [Mar 12]
1
26. If f is continuous at x = 0
 f  x   1  3x  x , for x ≠ 0 where f(x) = x2 + a, x0
= e3, for x = 0; at x = 0 [Oct 12]
= 2 x 1 b , x < 0,
2

18. If f is continuous at x = 0, where find a and b. Given that f(1) = 2 [Oct 12]
f (x) = x2 + a, for x ≥ 0
Based on Miscellaneous Exercise ‐ 3 
= 2 x 2  1  b , for x < 0
Find a, b given that f (1) = 2. [Mar 08] 1. Examine the continuity of the following
funtions at the given point:
19. Find k, if the function f defined as: 10 x  7 x  14 x  5 x
2  3  cos k x i. f(x) = , for x  0
f (x) = ,x≠0 1  cos x
x2 10
= 2, x=0 = , for x = 0; at x = 0
7
is continuous at x = 0 [Oct 08] sin3x
ii. f(x) = , for x < 0
20. Find k, if the function tan2x
x 3  64 3
f (x) = , for x ≠ 4 = , for x = 0
x4 2
= k, for x = 4 log(1  3 x)
= , for x > 0
is continuous at x = 4 [Oct 09] e2 x  1
23  4x 1
21. If f(x) is continuous at x = 0 and it is defined as iii. f(x) = , for x ≠ 6
(x  6)
a x  ax
f x  , x≠0 1
x = , for x = 6; at x = 6
= k, x=0 5
find k. [Mar 10] 1  2x  1  2x
iv. f(x) = , for x < 0
x
22. The function f defined as = 2x2 + 3x  2, for x  0; at x = 0
sin px
f(x) = , if x > 0 x  x 16x  20
3 2

x v. f(x) = , for x  2
(x  2)2
= q + 5 x 2  16 , if x ≤ 0 = 7, for x = 2; at x = 2
is continuous at x = 0. Find the values of p and
q, given that f (2) = 3. [Oct 10] 2. Discuss the continuity of the following functions:
2x  5x
i. f(x) = x , for x  0
tan2x 4  3x
23. If f(x) = + a, for x < 0
3x 3
= log , for x = 0; at x = 0
= 1, for x = 0 10
= x + 4  b, for x > 0 (2x  1)2
is continuous at x = 0, then find the values of a ii. f(x) = , for x  0
tan x.log(1  x)
and b. [Mar 11]
= log 4, for x = 0
145
Std. XII : Commerce (Maths ‐ I)
3. Discuss the continuity of the following 1  cos 4 x
functions at the points given against them. If 7. If f(x) = , for x < 0
x2
the function is discontinuous, determine = a, for x = 0
whether the discontinuity is removable. In that
x
case, redefine the function, so that it becomes = , for x > 0
continuous: 16  x   4
4x  ex is continuous at x = 0, then find the value of ‘a’.
i. f(x) = , for x  0
6x  1 8. Discuss the continuity of the function f at
5 x  5 x  2
= log  2  , for x = 0; at x = 0 x = 0, where f(x) = , for x ≠ 0
3  cos 2 x  cos 6 x
1
=  log 5  ,
2
3 x  3 x  2 for x = 0
ii. f(x) = , for x  0 8
x2
[Mar 14]
= 2 log3, for x = 0; at x = 0
1 Multiple Choice Questions
x6 
64 , 1 2 , 0  x 1
iii. f(x) = for x  1. If f(x) =  is continuous at
1 2
x3  c  2 x , 1 x  2
8 x = 1, then c =
1 1 1 (A) 2 (B) 4
= , for x = ; at x = (C) 0 (D) 1
3 2 2
(8 x  1) 2 1 , if x  3
iv. f(x) = , for x  0 
 x 2. If f(x) = ax  b , if 3  x  5 is continuous,
sin x log  1   7
 4  , if 5  x
= 8 log 8, for x = 0; at x = 0 then the value of a and b is
(A) 3, 8 (B) –3, 8
4. If f is continuous at x = 0, then find f(0). (C) 3, –8 (D) –3, –8
4 x  2 x 1  1 3. The sum of two discontinuous functions
i. f(x) = , x0 (A) is always discontinuous.
1  cos x
(B) may be continuous.
e5 x  e 2 x (C) is always continuous.
ii. f(x) =
sin 3 x (D) may be discontinuous.
4. For what value of k the function
5. Find the value of k, if the function
 5x  2  4x  4
3x  , if x  2
sin 2 f(x) =  x2 is
f(x) = 2 , for x  0 
x 2  k ,if x  2
continuous at x = 2?
= k, for x = 0 1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
is continuous at x = 0 4 3 2 3 4 3 2 3

sin 4x log (1  ax)  log (1  bx )

6. If f(x) = + a, for x > 0 5. The function f(x) = is
5x x
= x + 4  b, for x < 0 not defined at x = 0. The value which should
be assigned to f at x = 0 so that it is continuous
= 1, for x = 0 at x = 0, is
is continuous at x = 0, find a and b. (A) a  b (B) a + b
[Mar 09, 10, Oct 09] (C) log a + log b (D) log a  log b

146
 Chapter 03: Continuity
6. In order that the function f(x) = (x + 1) cot x is  x2  1
continuos at x = 0, f(0) must be defined as  , when x  1
13. If f(x) =  x  1 , then
1 2, when x  1
(A) f(0) = (B) f(0) = 0 
e
(A) lim f(x) = –2
(C) f(0) = e (D) None of these x   1

(B) lim f(x) = –2

 sin 3 x x   1
 , x 0
7. If f(x) =  sin x is a continuous (C) f(x) is continuous at x = –1
 k, x 0 (D) All the above are correct

function, then k =  xa
 , when x  a
(A) 1 (B) 3 14. If f(x) =  x  a , then
1 1, when x  a
(C) (D) 0 
3 (A) f(x) is continuous at x = a
8. A function f is continuous at a point x = a in (B) f(x) is discontinuous at x = a
the domain of ‘f’ if lim f(x) = 1
(C) x0
(A) lim f(x) exists (B) lim f(x) = f(a)
xa xa (D) None of these
(C) lim f(x)  f(a) (D) both (A) and (B). 
xa
1  cos 4 x
9. Which of the following function is  , when x < 0
 x2
discontinuous? 15. If f(x) =  a when x = 0,
(A) f(x) = x2 (B) g(x) = tan x 
 x
, when x  0
(C) h(x) = 2
3x
x 1
(D) none of these 
 16   x  4

 k cos x  is continuous at x = 0, then the value of ‘a’

   2 x , when x  2 will be
10. If the function f(x) =  is (A) 8 (B) –8
3, 
when x  (C) 4 (D) None of these
 2
  x4  16
continuous at x =
2
, then k =  , when x  2
16. If f(x) =  x  2 , then
(A) 3 (B) 6  16, when x  2

(C) 12 (D) None of these (A) f(x) is continuous at x = 2
11. The points at which the function (B) f(x) is discountinuous at x = 2
x 1 (C) lim f(x) = 16
x2
f(x) = 2 is discontinuous, are
x  x  12 (D) None of these
(A) –3,4 (B) 3,–4
17. The values of A and B such that the function
(C) –1,–3,4 (D) –1,3,4
 
2sin x, x
2
12. Which of the following statement is true for 
graph f(x) = log x   
f(x) = A sin x  B,  2  x  2 , is continuous
(A) Graph shows that function is continuous 
(B) Graph shows that function is  
 cos x, x
discontinuous  2
(C) Graph finds for negative and positive everywhere are
values of x (A) A = 0, B = 1 (B) A = 1, B = 1
(D) Graph is symmetric along x-axis (C) A = –1, B = 1 (D) A = –1, B = 0

147
Std. XII : Commerce (Maths ‐ I)

 1  kx  1  kx x 2  10 x  25
 ,for 1  x < 0 25. If f(x) = for x  5 and f is
x 2  7 x  10
18. If f(x) =  x , is
2 x 2  3 x  2 continuous at x = 5, then f(5) =
 ,for 0  x  1
(A) 0 (B) 5
continuous at x = 0, then k = (C) 10 (D) 25
(A) –4 (B) –3
(C) –2 (D) –1 Answers to Additional Practice Problems
19. The function f(x) = sin |x| is
Based on Exercise 3.1 
(A) Continuous for all x
(B) Continuous only at certain points 1. i. Polynomial function
(C) Differentiable at all points  continuous
(D) None of these ii. Constant function
1  sin x  cos x
20. The function f(x) = is not  continuous
1  sin x  cos x iii Constant function
defined at x = . The value of f(), so that f(x)  continuous
is continuous at x = , is iv. Polynomial function
1 1
(A)  (B)  continuous
2 2 v. Cosine function
(C) –1 (D) 1  continuous
2 x2  7 vi. Rational function
21. The function f(x) = x 3  3 x 2  x  3 is
 continuous for all x  R, except when
discontinuous for x4 + 29x + 2 = 0
(A) x = 1 only vii. Addition of exponential functions
(B) x = 1 and x = –1 only
 continuous
(C) x = 1, x = –1, x = –3 only
(D) x = 1, x = –1, x = –3 and other values of x 2. i. Continuous ii. Continuous
iii. Continuous iv. Discontinuous
22. The function ' f is defined by f(x) = 2x – 1, if v. Continuous vi. Discontinuous
x > 2, f(x) = k if x = 2 and x2 –1, if x < 2 is vii. Continuous viii. Continuous
continuous, then the value of k is equal to ix. Discontinuous x. Continuous
(A) 2 (B) 3
(C) 4 (D) –3 3. i. Discontinuous ii. Continuous
iii. Continuous iv. Discontinuous
1  cos 4 x
23. Function f(x) = , where x  0 and v. Discontinuous vi. Continuous
8x2 vii. Discontinuous viii. Discontinuous
f(x) = k, where x = 0 is a continous function at
x = 0 then the value of k will be? 4. i. Discontinuous, removable
(A) k = 0 (B) k = 1 ii. Discontinuous, irremovable
(C) k = –1 (D) None of these iii. Discontinuous, removable
iv. Discontinuous, removable
x, when0  x  1/ 2
 v. Discontinuous, removable
24. If f(x) = 1, when x  1/ 2 , then
1 x,when1/ 2  x  1 (log 4) 2
 5. i. ii. a+b
2
(A) lim f(x) = 2
x 1/ 2  iii. 1 iv. 4
(B) lim f(x) = 2 6. i. 0 ii. 2
x 1/ 2 

1 iii. 5 iv. 0
(C) f(x) is continuous at x = v. 4
2
1 49
(D) f(x) is discontinuous at x = 7.
2 10
148
 Chapter 03: Continuity
8. 6
Answers to Multiple Choice Question
9. Addition of continuous functions.
1. (B) 2. (C) 3. (B) 4. (C)
 f(x) is continuous. 5. (B) 6. (C) 7. (B) 8. (D)
10. f(1) = 1 9. (B) 10. (B) 11. (B) 12. (A)
13. (D) 14. (B) 15. (A) 16. (B)
11. k=4 17. (C) 18. (C) 19. (A) 20. (C)
12. Discontinuous 21. (C) 22. (B) 23. (B) 24. (D)
25. (A)
13. Discontinuous
14. Continuous
15. Discontinuous
16. Continuous
17. Discontinuous
18. a = 1, b = 1
19. k=±4
20. k = 48
21. 2 log a
22. p = 1, q = 3
1
23. a= ,b=3
3
24. 6
25. a=3
3
26. a = 1, b =
4

Based on Miscellaneous Exercise ‐ 3 
1. i. Discontinuous ii. Continuous
iii. Discontinuous iv. Continuous
v. Continuous
2. i. Discontinuous ii. Discontinuous
3. i. Discontinuous, removable
ii. Discontinuous, removable
iii. Discontinuous, removable
iv. Discontinuous, removable
4. i. 2(log 2)2 ii. 1
9
5.
4
1
6. a= ,b=3
5
7. 8
8. Discontinuous

149
 Board Question Paper : March 2016

BOARD QUESTION PAPER : MARCH 2016 
Notes:
i. All questions are compulsory.
ii. Figures to the right indicate full marks.
iii. Answer to every question must be written on a new page.
iv. L.P.P. problem should be solved on graph paper.
v. Log table will be provided on request.
vi. Write answers of Section – I and Section – II in one answer book.

Section  I
Q.1. Attempt any SIX of the following: [12]
dy
i. If y = (sin x)x, find . (2)
dx
1 3 2
ii. If A = 
3 1  show that A  2A is a scalar matrix. (2)
 
iii. Write the negation of the following statements:
(a)  y  N, y2 + 3  7
(b) If the lines are parallel then their slopes are equal. (2)
2
iv. The total revenue R = 720x  3x where x is number of items sold. Find x for which total
revenue R is increasing. (2)
sec 2 x
v. Evaluate:  tan 2 x  4 dx (2)

dy
vi. Find , if y = cos1 (sin 5x) (2)
dx
vii. Discuss the continuity of function f at x = 0
4 x 2
Where f (x) = , for x ≠ 0
3x
1
= , for x = 0 (2)
12
viii. State which of the following sentences are statements. In case of statement, write down the
truth value:
(a) Every quadratic equation has only real roots.
(b) 4 is a rational number. (2)

Q.2. (A) Attempt any TWO of the following: [6][14]

i. Solve the following equations by the inversion method:
2x + 3y =  5 and 3x + y = 3 (3)
1
  1 2 0   1 5 2      x 
ii. Find x and y, if 3     2    (3)
  0 1 3  3 4 4    1   y 
 

 tan
1
iii. Evaluate: x dx . (3)

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Std. XII : Commerce (Maths ‐ I)
(B) Attempt any TWO of the following: [8]
i. (a) Express the truth of each of the following statements using Venn diagram.
(1) All teachers are scholars and scholars are teachers.
(2) If a quadrilateral is a rhombus then it is a parallelogram.
(b) Write converse and inverse of the following statement:
“If Ravi is good in logic then Ravi is good in Mathematics.” (4)
ii. Find the area of the region bounded by the lines 2y + x = 8, x = 2 and x = 4. (4)
9 3
12  x
iii. Evaluate:  3 dx (4)
3 x  3 12  x
Q.3. (A) Attempt any TWO of the following: [6][14]
e 1
2x
i. If f (x) = , for x < 0, a ≠ 0
ax
=1 , for x = 0
log (1  7 x )
= , for x > 0, b ≠ 0
bx
Is continuous at x = 0 then find a and b. (3)
ii. If the function f is continuous at x = 0, then find f(0)
cos 3x  cos x
where f (x) = ,x≠0 (3)
x2
iii. If f(x) = 4x3  3x2 + 2x + k and f(0) = 1, f(1) = 4, find f(x). (3)
(B) Attempt any TWO of the following: [8]
i. Find MPC (Marginal Propensity to Consume) and APC (Average Propensity to Consume) if
the expenditure Ec of a person with income I is given as Ec = (0.0003) I2 + (0.075) I when
I = 1000. (4)
 x3 
ii. Cost of assembling x wallclocks is   40 x 2  and labour charges are 500x. Find the number
 3 
of wallclocks to be manufactured for which marginal cost is minimum. (4)
 x2  y2 
iii. If cos1  2 2  = 2k,
x y 
dy
show that y = x tan2 k. (4)
dx

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