Optimized Power Plant and Colling Data Center

Harry Wahyu Ramadhan

Telkom University
Bandung Indonesia
molaremix20@gmail.com

Data Center has been a most discussion, research, study, B. Colling

or analaysis for the last time. And in the coming years it will be
more importance and more of new aspect will be explored.
Keywords—(Data Center,Power Plant,Optimize,colling)
I. INTRODUCTION
For data centers larger than about 5 MW it begins to make
sense to move more of the electrical distribution typically done at
low voltage (LV) to the medium voltage (MV) level while also,
perhaps, making the connection to the utility grid at the high
voltage (HV) transmission level1. Data centers at these large
power capacities have an opportunity to significantly reduce both
capital and operating expenses by optimizing the design of both the
electrical distribution network and how the backup power supply is
connected to that network.
Aside from IT consolidation, the biggest opportunity for
energy savings comes from the cooling plant, which, in
many data centers consumes the same as, or even more than,
the IT loads. The key to reducing cooling plant energy is to
operate in economizer mode whenever possible. When the
system is in economizer mode, high-energy-consuming
mechanical cooling systems such as compressors and
chillers can be turned off, and the outdoor air is used to cool
the data center. There are two ways to use the outdoor air to
cool the data center:
 Take outdoor air directly into the IT space,
often referred to as “fresh air” economiza- tion
 Use the outdoor air to indirectly cool the IT space
Cooling of a data center is paramount to the safe and optimal
performance of a data center (Helsin, n.d.). Computer processors
generate heat which, if not dissipated, can reduce the efficiency of
the processor. Servers are installed in racks that face each other.
Data center are set at cooler temperatures by blowing cool air
through holes in the floor.
C. Tier
Data centers are classified on a four-level Tier system.
These tiers are defined by the Uptime Institute which also
awards companies that meet these standards. These tiers
form the requirements that the data center must be modeled
on to meet the availability requirements (Colocation America
Inc. 2018)
Tier 1 - 99.671% (28.8 hours downtime per year)
Tier 2 - 99.741% (22h downtime/year)
Tier 3 - 99.982% (1.6h downtime/year), and
Tier 4 - 99.995% (0.4h downtime/year) Tier 4 is the least
tolerant of downtime and the architecture, security,
mechanical and telecom services must match in order to
achieve this standard.
III. ARCHITECTURES POWERPLANT AND COLLING DATA
CENTER

This paper will describe about power plant and colling data A. Generator power plant architecture
center.
Tier Basic Impact to
Leve Descr Generator
II. POWER PLANT AND COOLING l iption
A. Power Plant
Tier I Basic capacity,
Traditionally, generators are provided in a 2N configuration to
no redundancy
yield a high level of availability for the backup power supply. But,
this comes at a high cost, both CAPEX and OPEX-wise. And since Redundant One single failure or
these larger data centers are connected either to redundant MV Tier capacity maintenance opera-
distribution feeds or to the HV transmission grid itself, the question II compo- nents tion can lead to
arises as to whether 2N generator plants are required since the (e.g., chiller, UPS, unavailability of the
reliability of the grid at MV and HV is very high. Additionally, Generator) gener- ator power
generator power plants are typically run only periodically for plant.
testing and are not used as the continuous power supply for the
data center. Of course, a highly available grid does not mean that a
reliable backup power supply is not required. But a 2N-based
generator architecture is un- necessary especially in light of its
high cost. As a result, for large data centers,
N+1 (or N+2) generator architectures are becoming the reference
standard design.

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 Redundancy on the B. Colling architecture
emergency generator O
and its electrical
Data Center u
distribution Dropped ceiling t
Tier II + equipment is d
concurrently needed. o
IT IT
Tier maintain- able o
III (each capacity One single failure can
r
component can lead to unavailability of Figure 1 : Cooling approach based on five key
be maintained the generator power design principles
and/or removed plant, but the oper- ator e
without impact to is able to manually The cooling approach of Figure 1 maximizes x
IT) reconfigure the system economizer mode operation by reducing the number of heat h
no matter the fault type. exchanges to one with an air-to-air heat exchanger and by a
incorporating evaporative cooling. Alternatively, this designu
The electrical system principle can be achieved with a fresh air (direct air) system
s
(protection, monitor- which eliminates heat exchanges altogether t
ing, etc.) can be
designed to help the
op- erator manually C. Indoor datacenterairisprotectedfromoutdoor pollutantsand a
reconfigure the system excessive humidity fluctuation i
more quickly in the Because the cooling method of Figure 1 indirectly r
event of a failure cools the air, the outdoor pollutants and rapid swings in A
Tier III + fault temperature and humidity are isolated from the IT space. i
tolerant Alternatively, high quality filters can be implemented in r
The generator power direct (fresh) air systems to protect from outside
(no single point of -
Tier plant is fault tolerant, contaminants and its control system can ensure the plant
failure; auto- matic t
IV without any Single switches to backup cooling modes when dynamic weather
response to any o
Point of Failure changes occur beyond the data center’s limits. Other
failure to ensure -
(SPOF)*. indirect cooling architectures, as described in White Paper
service continuity a
to IT without any 132, Economizer Modes of Data Center Cooling Systems,
can also achieve this design principle, but not typically i
operator action r
needed) while still maintaining economizer mode as its primary
mode of operation
h
Table 1 : Description of the uptime institute’s Tier l And IV. CONCLUSSION e
their implicationon generator power plant architechture For larger data centers with a fully redundant a
architecture, backup power supply systems are often used at t
the MV level, which reduces costs by centralizing
The architectures described in this paper are generators. The main way to optimize costs and simplify e
based on the Uptime Institute’s Tier large power plants is to use N + 1 generator redundancy x
classification system. That classification system instead of 2N, and moreover the electrical architecture must c
is described in Table 1. be well designed to maintain a high level of reliability. This h
* To be considered a “Tier IV equivalent” paper proposes several power generation architectures that a
generator power plant (fault tolerant), it is are optimized based on various Tier levels from the Uptime n
necessary to take into account all operating Institute. This white paper provides a comparison in terms
g
modes when designing the system. For of cost and reliability.
e
Because the electricity distribution network has a high level
example, a pre-existing failure before the r
of reliability, the first step is to study the reliability of the
generators start, a failure during the start- ing
generator set itself including the controller and to determine
sequence, or a failure in normal operation must
an adequate level of generator redundancy (N + 1, N + 2,
all be taken into consideration and accounted
etc.) Per - expected performance. The design of the MV
for when designing the system.
distribution of backup power plants must be chosen based
The Uptime Institute Tier classification on that.
system does not take into account the utility’s To achieve aggressive PUE targets set by management, O
availability for evaluating designs, solely data center managers must adopt a cooling philosophy that u
relying instead on the on-site backup equipment the main mode of operation is with the economizer, and thet
(i.e., emergency back-up generators, water mechanical system is a backup for the economizer when d
storage, etc.). needed. For a large number of climates around the world, an o
indirect evaporative cooling system with air-to-air heat o
exchange is the most effective way to achieve this, withoutr

s
u
p
p
l
exposing IT space to contaminants and outside air [2] James spitaels, The Different Types of AC Power Connectors in North America
,2011
conditions directly.
[3] Kevin Brown , Wendy Torell , Analysis of data center architectures
suporting compute project ocp ,2016
REFERENCES [4] Julien Moreau , Malik Megdiche , Daniel Radu , Optimized mv
generator power plant architectures for large data centers, 2018
[5] Victor Avelar , Martin Zacho , Battery technology for data center:
[1] Wendy Torell ,High Efficiency Indirect Air Economizer-basedCooling forData VRLA vs Li-ion
Centers , 2017