MATH1030 Tutorial 9

Tuesday 4:30 Session (11 Nov)

Theorem 1: Let Let V, W be vector space and T : V → W be a linear transformation.
• T is one-to-one (injective) if and only if N (T ) = {~0} if and only if nullity(T )=0

• T is onto (subjective) if and only if R(T ) = W if and only if rank(T )=dim(W )

Theorem 2: (Dimension Theorem)
Let V, W be vector space and T : V → W be a linear transformation. Suppose V is finite
dimensional, then rank(T )+nullity(T )=dim(V ).

Recall by definition rank(T )=dim(R(T )), nullity(T )=dim(N (T )).

• To determine N (T ), set T (~v ) = ~0 and solve some equations.

• To determine R(T ), a useful fact is R(T ) = span{T (β)}, where β is a basis of V .

Definition: Let T : V → W be a linear transformation. T is called invertible if there
exists a linear transformation U : W → V such that T U = U T = Id.

Theorem 3: T is invertible if and only if T is both one-to-one and onto. (Exercise)

Definition: Two vectors spaces V and W are isomorphic to each other if there exists
a invertible linear transformation map from V to W .

Theorem 4: Suppose V, W are finite dimensional vectors spaces, then V, W are isomor-
phic if and only if dim(V ) = dim(W ).

*Try and hand in 1,2,4,6 before 5:15pm*

Exercise:
1. (Lecture Notes Exercise) Let T : V → W be a linear transformation. Prove the following
statements in lecture notes:

(a) Suppose β = {u1 , ..., um } is a basis of V , then T is injective if and only if

{T (u1 ), ...T (um )} is a linearly independent subset of W .
(b) Let {u1 , ..., um } be a subset of V not necessarily a basis, and T be surjective.
Show that R(T ) = span{T (u1 ), ...T (um )}.
(c) Show that T is invertible (i.e. there exists U : W → V such that T U = U T = Id)
if and only if T is both one-to-one and onto.

2. Let T : V → V be a linear transformation, which is injective. Prove that T k is also

injective by mathematical induction, where T k = T ◦ ... ◦ T denotes the composition
of k copies of T for some positive integer k.

1
3. For the following mapping T in part (a) to (c),

(1) Prove or disprove whether T is a linear transformation or not.

(2) If T is linear, then find basis for both R(T ), N (T ), and verify the dimension
theorem: rank(T )+nullity(T )=dim(V ).
(3) If T is linear, Determine also T is one-one, onto or not.

Notation: F is the scalar field, F = R, C.

(a) T : F2 → F2 , T (a1 , a2 ) = (sin(a1 ), 0)

(b) T : F2 → F2 , T (a1 , a2 ) = (|a1 |, a2 )
(c) T : P2 (R) → P3 (R), T (f (x)) = xf (x) + f 0 (x), f 0 denotes differentiation.

4. (2007 Final Class B Q2)  

1 2 1
Let T : M3×2 (R) → M2×2 (R), T (A) = A
0 1 2
Find a basis for null space (kernel) of T , is it true that T is onto?

5. (2007 Final Class A Q1)

Let T : V → W be a linear transformation between two vector spaces V, W . Suppose
that dim(V ) = dim(W )

(a) Show that T is injective if and only if T is surjective.

(b) Show that if T is injective, then T −1 exists and also being a linear map.

6. (2010 Final Q6) Let V1 , V2 , V3 , V4 be four finite dimensional vectors spaces and T1 :
V1 → V2 , T2 : V2 → V3 , T3 : V3 → V4 . Suppose we have (i) T1 is one-to-one, (ii)
R(T1 ) = N (T2 ),(iii)R(T2 ) = N (T3 ), (iv) T3 is onto.
Show that dim(V1 ) − dim(V2 ) + dim(V3 ) − dim(V4 ) = 0.

7. Let A be an m × n matrix and B be an n × p matrix.

(a) If AB = O, where O denote the zero matrix, prove that rank(A)+rank(B) ≤ n.

(b) If A2 = In , where In is the identity matrix of dimension n,
prove that rank(A + In )+rank(A − In ) ≤ n.