Article

Journal of Intelligent Material Systems

and Structures
0(0) 1–8
Improved strain distribution of Ó The Author(s) 2013
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DOI: 10.1177/1045389X13476150

harvesting devices using H-shaped jim.sagepub.com

proof masses

Qing C Guan1, Bin Ju2, Jia W Xu2, Yong B Liu2 and Zhi H Feng2

Abstract
This article proposes a cantilever piezoelectric energy harvester consisted of an ordinary rectangular beam and an
H-shaped proof mass. The H-shaped proof mass comprises two detached metal blocks that can provide large rotary
inertia. A uniform strain distribution along the composite cantilever could be obtained by selecting an appropriate mass
ratio between the detached metal blocks and vibration mode. We also fabricated a prototype H-shaped energy harvest-
ing device. The result of the experiment done on the device is identical with both the theoretical and finite element
analyses.

Keywords
Energy harvesting, piezoelectric, smart sensors

Introduction rectifier, a power converter for conditioning, and load.

Low-power wireless sensors and portable electronics
have become widely used over the past decades. These
electronics use electrochemical batteries as power
sources. Self-powered supply devices have drawn more
and more interest as the environment has been sub-
jected to unused ambient vibration energy. In addition,
batteries exhibit disadvantages such as limited life span,
limited energy density, and environmental damage
(Anton and Sodano, 2007). Numerous studies on the
use of ambient vibration as power source have been
conducted in recent years.
Mechanical vibrations can be converted into electri-
cal energy by electromagnetic (Arnold, 2007; Poulin
et al., 2004), electrostatic (Mitcheson et al., 2004), and
piezoelectric (Priya, 2007; Sodano et al., 2004; Wood
et al., 2005) energy harvesting. Piezoelectric energy har-
vesting has received the most attention among the
aforementioned methods because of its structural sim-
plicity, high-voltage generation, and potential to oper-
ate without additional electrical power sources (Anton
and Sodano, 2007; Cook-Chennault et al., 2008).
Direct connection between the load and the piezo-
electric material is not recommended in piezoelectric
energy harvesting. An efficient energy harvesting
mechanism consists of a piezoelectric material bonded
to a cantilever beam, a voltage inversion circuitry, a
The cantilever beam has drawn significant interest
because of its simple mechanism in coupling the vibra-
tion source to the piezoelectric material (Cook-
Chennault et al., 2008; Goldschmidtboeing and Woias,
2008; Lee et al., 2009; Roundy et al., 2005; Roundy
and Wright, 2004; Shen et al., 2006; Wood et al., 2005).
The most commonly used geometric configuration in
piezoelectric energy harvesting is the rectangular canti-
lever beam (Figure 1(a)).
However, existing cantilever beam-based schemes do
not produce a uniform strain distribution (with
maximum tolerable strain value) along the beam.
Consequently, these schemes do not use the piezoelec-
tric material to its fullest potential. A simple method to
improve the strain distribution is to employ a nonpie-
zoelectric extension (Shen et al., 2006). In this mechan-
ism, the length of the substrate is longer than that of
the piezoelectric material. Strain in the piezoelectric
1
Beijing Automation Control Equipment Institute, Beijing, China
2
Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation,
University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China
Corresponding author:
Yong B Liu, Department of Precision Machinery and Precision
Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, West
USTC Campus, Huangshan Road, Hefei, 230027, China.
Email: lyb@ustc.edu.cn

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2 Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 0(0)

Figure 1. Diagrams of (a) the classical cantilever and (b) the

curved L-shaped mass structure.
PZT: lead zirconate titanate.

material varies from a maximum value to a minimum

value (which is not zero any more but a rather large
value proportional to the length of the nonpiezoelectric
part). The longer the nonpiezoelectric extension, the
smoother the strain distribution. The strain distribution
becomes uniform only when the extension is infinitely
long.
Several studies focused on uniform strain distribu-
tion by optimizing the geometry of the piezoelectric
beam such as trapezoidal beam (Baker et al., 2005) and
nonconstant thickness beam (Mehraeen et al., 2010).
The strain distribution of the trapezoidal beam struc-
ture has been improved to a certain extent. However,
the tapered beam (nonconstant thickness beam) suffers
from complicated manufacturing and low mechanical–
electrical coupling factor.
Xu et al. (2010) proposed a right-angle piezoelectric
cantilever with which a uniform strain distribution in
piezoelectric element can be obtained. Li et al. (2010)
proposed a method that uses a curved L-shaped mass
to improve power density (Figure 1(b)). This proposal
is anchored on rotary inertia to smoothen strain distri-
bution. However, the structure is not optimal.
This study presents a method of optimizing proof
mass using rotary inertia to attain a uniform strain dis-
tribution on the cantilever piezoelectric energy har-
vester. An H-shaped proof mass can generate a
bending moment at the tip of the cantilever by choos-
ing an appropriate mass ratio between the detached
metal blocks, thus improving significantly the strain
distribution along the cantilever. The proposed struc-
ture, which can be miniaturized, is demonstrated by
theoretical calculation, finite element method (FEM),
and experiments.
Figure 2. (a) Outline, (b) top view, and (c) front view of the
H-shaped mass structure.
PZT: lead zirconate titanate.
Structure evaluation
Figure 2 illustrates an H-shaped mass piezoelectric
energy harvester, which comprises a rectangular com-
posite cantilever and an H-shaped proof mass. The
composite cantilever is formed by bonding a piezoelec-
tric plate to a titanium substrate layer. The H-shaped
proof mass uses two light and thin titanium plates to
link two detached metal blocks. All titanium plates are
characterized by the same thickness hs, and the thick-
ness of the piezoelectric plate is represented by hp. The
H-shaped structure has large rotary inertia for a given
mass. Therefore, the H-shaped proof mass can produce
an alternate bending moment at the tip of the compo-
site cantilever.
Improved performance can be expected when all
piezoelectric elements on the cantilever possess the same
strain. The H-shaped mass piezoelectric energy har-
vester, which is based on the curved L-shaped proof

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Guan et al. 3

mass cantilever structure, is proposed. This H-shaped

structure can achieve a uniform strain distribution. The
optimized shape of the proof mass, which is called the
H-shaped proof mass, applies pure rotary moment at
the end of the cantilever and results in a uniform strain
distribution in the composite cantilever and its piezo-
electric layer.

Modeling and theoretical analysis

This section presents the development of a mathemati-
cal model. The following discussion is based on the fol-
lowing assumptions: (1) The prototype is considered a
composite Euler–Bernoulli beam, (2) the lead zirconate
titanate (PZT) layer is perfectly bonded to the substrate
layer, and (3) the mass of the composite cantilever beam
is disregarded during the theoretical analysis.
Figure 3(a) shows the diagram of the simplified
model. y(x,t) represents the vertical deflection at loca-
tion x and time t in the coordinate system xoz located
on the base. Damping is disregarded to simplify the
analysis. The length of the ideal bar between the two
mass blocks is l2. The masses of the two mass blocks
are denoted as m1 and m2, and the length of the beam
is l1. This model is a two-order system.
According to the vibration theory of the beam, the
vertical deflection y(x,t) can be expressed as (Brissaud
et al., 2003)

yðx, tÞ = Y ð xÞb sinðvt + uÞ ð1Þ

Y ð xÞ = c1 cosðbxÞ + c2 sinðbxÞ
ð2Þ
+ c3 chðbxÞ + c4 shðbxÞ

where Y(x) is the principal mode, and b sin (vt + u) is

a vibration component of time. The constants b, c1, c2,
c3, and c4 are defined in terms of the amplitude of
the response to the excitation; v is the frequency of the
vibration; and u is the phase difference between the Figure 3. Diagrams of (a) the simplified model, (b) the first
vibration mode, and (c) the second mode.
excitation and the vibration response. b is given by
the relation b4 = (m=EIeq )v2 , where m is the mass per
unit length of the composite cantilever beam and EIeq
is the flexural rigidity of the beam. 
∂2 yðx, tÞ 
The boundary conditions at the fixed end of the can- EI
tilever are shown as ∂x2  x = l1
 2  
∂2 yðx, tÞ 2 ∂ ∂yðx, tÞ 
Y ð0Þ = Y 9ð0Þ = 0 ð3Þ = m2 l2 + m2 l2 2  x = l1 ð5Þ
∂t2 ∂t ∂x
The boundary conditions at the other end of the can- where u = ∂y(x, t)=∂x is the angular deflection of the
tilever are expressed as composite cantilever. Substituting equation (1) into
  equations (4) and (5) simplifies the conditions men-
∂ ∂2 yðx, tÞ  tioned earlier as
EI x=l
∂x ∂x2 1
 
2
∂ yðx, tÞ ∂2 ðl2 sin u  yðx, tÞÞ  EIY 90ðl1 Þ =v2 ðm1  lm2 ÞY ðl1 Þ ð6Þ
= m1  m2  x = l1 ð4Þ
∂t2 ∂t2
EIY 0ðl1 Þ = v2 m2 l2 ½Y ðl1 Þ  l2 Y 9ðl1 Þ ð7Þ

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4 Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 0(0)

Table 1. Parameters of the model

l0 (mm) b0 (mm) lbend (mm) lbase (mm) b (mm) lmass (mm) hp (mm) hs (mm) m1 (g) m2 (g)

81 20 45 15 14 8 0.5 0.8 36.9 18.8

where l = (l2 Y 9(l1 )=Y (l1 ))  1. The frequency equation Table 2. Properties of the materials
and the principal mode can be obtained with the
boundary conditions (3), (6), and (7). However, to get PZT Piezoelectric coefficient, e33 14.1 C/m2
Piezoelectric coefficient, e31 –4.1 C/m2
the resolution entails complicated calculations. Thus, Dielectric constant, e33/e0 659.7
only part of the calculation is presented in Appendix 1. Young’s modulus, cE11 7.9 3 1010 N/m2
The frequency of the first mode is calculated by theore- Density, rp 7500 kg/m3
tical analysis for comparison with the result obtained Titanium Young’s modulus, Es 10.24 3 1010 N/m2
using FEM analysis. Poisson ratio, sti 0.3
Density, rti 4500 kg/m3
According to the first vibration mode, the model is Copper Young’s modulus, Ec 11 3 1010 N/m2
further simplified as a cantilever beam with the mass Poisson ratio, sc 0.343
M = m1 + m2 at the end. The model can be treated as Density, rc 8930 kg/m3
a single-degree-of-freedom system, and the frequency
PZT: lead zirconate titanate.
can be calculated by
rffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi The mass of block A was initially 1.55 times larger
1 3EIeq
fn = ð8Þ than the mass of block B according to the parameters
2p l3 M
lmass and lbend. However, a nonuniform strain distribu-
where EIeq and l represent the flexural rigidity of the tion along the piezoelectric plate was observed at this
composite cantilever and the length of the beam, respec- mass ratio. A uniform strain distribution was obtained
tively. The flexural rigidity is expressed as (Erturk and only when the proof mass A was 1.96 times larger than
Inman, 2008) the proof mass B. This design is based on the L-shaped
proof mass structure.
1 The modes of the structure can be obtained based
EIeq = bEs ðh3s  3z0 h2s + 3z0 2 hs Þ
3 on modal analysis. The first mode is the reciprocating
1 rotation motion used to obtain a uniform stress distri-
+ bcE11 ðh3p + 3z0 h2p + 3z0 2 hp Þ ð9Þ
3 bution. The first resonance frequency f1 is 38.9 Hz. A
where b denotes the width of the cantilever; cE11 and Es certain degree of error exists between f1 and the theore-
are the elastic constant of the piezoelectric material and tical result fn because the model was simplified during
Young’s modulus of the substrate, respectively; hp, hs, the theoretical analysis. Figure 4 illustrates the first two
and z0 represent the thickness of the PZT layer, the vibration modes (Figure 3(b) and (c)).
thickness of the substrate layer, and the distance Given acceleration a(t) = am3sin(2pf1t) for the device
between the lower surface of the PZT and the neutral (i.e. am = 0.25 g, f1 = 38.9 Hz in this study), the strain
plane of composite cantilever, respectively (Brissaud and the stress data of the lower surface of the beam can
et al., 2003). The distance z0 can be expressed as be determined. These data are acquired on the surface
opposite to that where the PZT plate is attached.
Es h2s  cE11 h2p Figure 5 illustrates the stress distribution of the
z0 =  ð10Þ structure on one surface of the beam. The trend of
2 Es hs + cE11 hp
stress distribution on the surface of the beam is similar
Substituting the interrelated parameters and proper- to that of the PZT layer. The strain of the H-shaped
ties in Tables 1 and 2 into equations (8) to (10) yields structure from the surface ranges from 76 to 84 me,
fn = 58.72 Hz, EIeq=0.23032 N m2, and Z0 = 4.606 3 excluding the edge effect. The curve in Figure 5 reveals
1024 m, respectively. that the stress distribution of the H-shaped structure
tends to be uniform, which is more efficient than that
of the classical cantilever.
FEM analysis
The model was established and analyzed with ANSYS anal-
Experiment
ysis software. The parameters of the model are outlined in
Table 1. The dimension parameters of the model shown in A prototype of the H-shaped mass piezoelectric energy
Figure 1 are listed in Table 1. The properties of the materials harvester (Figure 6) was manufactured according to the
used in the FEM simulation are shown in Table 2. dimensions specified in Table 1. The dimensions of the

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Guan et al.
Figure 4. First two vibration modes of the proposed H-shaped
structure by simulation.
Figure 5. Stress distribution on one surface of the beam.
Figure 6. Prototype of the H-shaped mass device.
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5
two titanium sheets connecting proof masses A and B
were 81 mm 3 8 mm 3 0.8 mm. Proof masses A and B
were made of copper. The mass of A was 1.96 times
larger than that of B. The PZT and titanium substrate
layers were bonded as a unimorph using DP460 (epoxy
glue) at 60°C for 3 h. The length, width, and thickness
of the PZT plate were 43, 14, and 0.5 mm, respectively.
The experimental setup is schematically shown in
Figure 7.
The H-shaped structure was subjected to sinusoidal
vibration of 0.25g (root mean square (RMS)). The
probe of the oscilloscope Agilent 10076A was used to
obtain the peak-to-peak voltage UPP across the load
resistance. This probe exhibited an internal resistance
of 63 MO and a capacitance of 3 pF, which had negligi-
ble influence on the output of the piezoelectric element.
Frequency response and load resistance
The frequency response curves of the two cases for open
circuit and best-matched load are presented in Figure 8.
The open-circuit voltage was 77.6 V, and the fundamen-
tal frequency was 35.7 Hz when the device was mea-
sured in an open circuit. The load voltage was 32.0 V,
and the fundamental frequency was 35.6 Hz when the
device was connected with a best-matched load.
The frequency drifting from 35.7 to 35.6 Hz resulted
from the additional load. Figure 9 illustrates the power
versus load resistance curve. The power output Wout is
calculated by
2
Vload
Wout = ð11Þ
Rload
where Vload is the amplitude of voltage across Rload.
Subsequently, the matched resistance R is obtained
when the output power is at its maximum. R is 2.3 MO,
as shown in Figure 9.
Strain distribution
A traditional cantilever with a metal block on its tip
was manufactured for comparison. The materials of the
PZT plates and the substrates used in both the tradi-
tional cantilever and the H-shaped structure were the
same. The PZT plates and substrates of the two beams
were of the same size. The proof mass at the tip of the
traditional beam weighed 65.1 g. The fundamental fre-
quency of the traditional beam was 35.8 Hz, which is
very close to that of the proposed cantilever. The fre-
quency of the traditional beam was designed to be equal
to that of the proposed cantilever because the PZT
plates shared almost identical characteristics such as
equivalent resistance and capacitance.
Three metallic foil-type strain gauges were glued and
spaced equally on the lower surface of the beam used in
H-shaped structure (Figure 7). These strain gauges were
6 Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 0(0)

Figure 7. Diagram of the experimental setup.

PZT: lead zirconate titanate.

Figure 9. Output power versus load resistance of the device.

Figure 8. Frequency response of the device.

denoted as 1, 2, and 3 from the clamped side to the tip. Table 3. Strain distributions of the two cantilevers (me)
The output data of the strain gauges were obtained from
the strain amplifier circuit with no loads connected to Position 1 2 3
the piezoelectric element. The strain distribution on the Cantilever with an H-shaped mass 72 72 74
traditional beam was also measured as above-mentioned Traditional cantilever 74 57 37
procedure. The strain data are shown in Table 3. The
two beams were tuned with the same maximum strain
on the surfaces at each resonance frequency.
Conclusion
The phase differences among the three strain gauges
(1, 2, and 3) were approximately zero. Table 3 shows This study proposed a cantilever piezoelectric energy
that the strain distribution of the proposed cantilever harvester with an H-shaped proof mass. This design
tends to be uniform, which is preferable to that of the allows all infinitesimal electroactive elements to exhibit
traditional beam. In general, the result of the experi- equal strains for a given excitation. The proposed struc-
ment is the same as that of the FEM analysis. ture uses the H-shaped proof mass, which comprises two

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Guan et al.
detached metal blocks that can generate large rotary
inertia. The proposed structure can also smoothen the
strain distribution of the beam. A prototype of the H-
shaped mass piezoelectric energy harvester was designed,
manufactured, and tested. When the mass ratio of the
two detached metal blocks in the H-shaped proof mass
reaches a certain value, the proposed device has a uni-
form strain distribution in the direction of its extension.
This result has been verified by FEM analysis and
experimental results. In addition, this structure can be
miniaturized. The proposed method of optimizing proof
mass can effectively improve material utilization and
miniaturize the energy harvesting structure.
Funding
This study was supported by the Fundamental Research
Funds for the Central Universities.
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Appendix 1
The flexural rigidity of the composite cantilever is cal-
culated. The origin of the coordinate is located in the
neutral plane of the composite cantilever. Here, hp, hs,
hpc, hsc, z0, Txp, and Txs represent the thickness of the
PZT layer, the thickness of the substrate layer, the dis-
tance between the neutral planes of the PZT layer and
the composite cantilever, distance between the neutral
planes of the substrate layer and the composite cantile-
ver, the distance between the lower surface of the PZT
and the neutral plane of the composite cantilever, stress
of the PZT layer along the x-axis, and stress of the sub-
strate along the x-axis, respectively. When the electrode
influence is neglected, the equation obtained is
c E hc ð hc + hs Þ
hsc = 11 ð12Þ
2 Es hs + cE11 hc

1 cE11 hp hp + hs
hpc = hp + hs   ð13Þ
2 2 Es hs + cE11 hp
Es h2s  cE11 h2p
z0 =  ð14Þ
2 Es hs + cE11 hp
where cE11 and Es are the elastic constant of the piezo-
electric material and Young’s modulus of the substrate,
respectively. The flexural rigidity of the composite can-
tilever is expressed as (Erturk and Inman, 2008)
8 Journal of Intelligent Material Systems and Structures 0(0)

1  If equation (17) has nonzero solutions for c1 and c2 ,

EIeq = bEs h3s  3z0 h2s + 3z0 2 hs
3 then the coefficient determinant of the equations is
1

+ bcE11 h3p + 3z0 h2p + 3z0 2 hp ð15Þ zero. Subsequently
3  
 v2 m1 l2 B+EIb2 ðl2 bA  DÞ v2 m1 l2 A  EIb2 ðl2 bD+C Þ 
where b denotes the width of the cantilever.  
 v2 m2 l2 ðB+bl2 C Þ+EIb2 D v2 m2 l2 ðA  bl2 BÞ+EIb2 C  =0
First, suppose that
ð18Þ
8
>
> A = sin bl1  shbl1
< The frequency equation can be obtained from equa-
B = cos bl1  chbl1
ð16Þ tion (18)
>
> C = sin bl1  shbl1
:
D = cos bl1  chbl1 
v4 m1 m2bl2 AC + B2  v2 EIb 2
 ½2m1 ðBC  ADÞ2
2 2
Then, from the boundary conditions (3), (6), and (7) + m2 l2 b ðCD  ABÞ + l2 b A + 2BD +C
8 2 + ðBC  ADÞÞ  E2 I 2 b5 AC + D2 = 0 ð19Þ
>
> ½v m1 l2 B + EIb2 ðl2 bA  DÞc1
>
>
< + ½v2 m l A  EIb2 ðl bD + C Þc = 0
1 2 2 2
ð17Þ
>
>
2 2
½v m2 l2 ðB + bl2 C Þ + EIb Dc1
>
>
:
+ ½v2 m2 l2 ðA  bl2 BÞ + EIb2 Cc2 = 0

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