Epidemiology of

communicable disease(2)
Prepared by
Dr,Omaima kamel El-Salamony
Prof. of Public Health
Mail:Omaima_kamel100@yahoo.com
Staff_student_newera@yahoo.com
Animal reservoir

Do you think that

all diseases of
animals could be
transmitted to
man? No
Why? Because of
species
immunity.
 Zoonosis are diseases that primarily infect
and spread in between animals by
different means of transmission, but may
be transmitted to man when exposed to
infection.
 Forms of zoonosis

Strict zoonotic
Non strict zoonotic

No man to man transmission

e.g Brucellosis Animal Man Man
&Q fever e.g yellow fever& salmonellosis
Endemic zoonosis Zoonosis

One animal

International spread
e.g.Influenza & Ebola More than one animal
 Examples of zoonoses
Zoonoses of cattle:
T.B, Brucellosis, Salmonellosis, GITs …..

Zoonoses of poultry:
T.B, Salmonellosis, Avain Flue,GITs…..

 Zoonosis of Dogs:
Rabies, Leptospirosis, GITs
 Examples of zoonoses
 Zoonosisof Rodents:
Rats: plague, Murine Typhus,
Weils disease
Wild rodents: Sylvatic Plague,
Spotted fevers

 Zoonosisof cats:
Rabies, GITs
 Examples of zoonosis
 Pigs: Bruellosis (suis). Salmonellosis,
bovine T.B, T. solium, trachinollosis

 Fish: Hetrophyes hetrophyes,

diphelbothrium. Latum, food poisoning.
 Apes and monkeys: Jungle yellow,
dengue fever. lympocytic
chonomeningitis
 Rabbits: Tularaemia
 Period of communicability
 A case of mumps; child in the third primary school
 Doctor: When did this swelling (parotid gland) appear?
 Mother: Just yesterday,
 Doctor :You have to keep your child home for at least
8 days .
 Mother: oh! It will be difficult to me. I have to go to my
work and no one will care of him .
 Doctor : Try to find a solution . Your child needs rest
.,and he will be infective to others for 9 days after
appearance of swelling ,he should not go to school ……
 Modes of Transmission

Basic Modes
of
Transmission

Droplet Food borne Contact Arthropod

infection infection infection borne
 Occasional modes of transmission

Injection infection Vertical Transmission

 Single mode of transmission

 Respiratory infection:
M- Meningitis
 Ingestion infection:
Cholera, Enterica,DDs
 Arthropode infection:
Yellow fever, Relapsing fever
 Contact infection:
Tetanus,Gas Gangrene
 Multiple modes of transmission
 Respiratory - Ingestion infection:
Poliomyelitis,T.B
 Ingestiontion ,inhalaion ,contact
nfection:
Brucellosis,Anthrax
 Contact,ingestion:
Viral hepatitis
 Droplet infection

Direct Indirect
Air borne Milk
droplet Droplet
 Droplet infection
Droplets means minute residue of water vapor coming
out from nose, and mouth during coughing, sneezing,
spitting, singing, laughing or even talking loudly.
The way of transmission of the infective agent may be
 Direct droplet:
Inhalation of droplets where the host is within the range of
sprayed droplets from the source.
, Direct contact as in kissing
Examples :influenza, meningitis, and measles.
 Indirect droplet infection:
This occur by using the recently contaminated
articles, towels, fomites, and thermometers from discharge of
reservoir.
 Air born infection:

Droplet nuclei :
They are tiny particles of organisms after
evaporation of the fluid material and
carried by air .
Examples: Influenza
 Dust :
Large droplets, which are expelled during
coughing or spitting settle down on the floor or
objects and become part of the dust,

Dust may be released into air carrying

organisms which may be inhaled by susceptibles

Examples: tuberculosis, staphylococci,

pneumococci and Q fever.
 Milk:
If milk is contaminated by respiratory
organisms it can cause respiratory
infection
Milk has the property of thin layer
formation that promotes invasion of
upper respiratory mucosa
Examples :streptococcal infection and
diphtheria.
 Food borne infection
The infectious agents enter the body with food
or drink through:
 Direct faecoral transmission:
Through freshly contaminated hands and fingers
(hand to mouth).
 Vehicle transmission:
Through Ingestion of contaminated water,
Raw vegetables, fruits,
Milk, milk products,
Meat, meat products, eggs and fish.
 Vectors:
House flies and cockroaches can mechanically
transmit food borne infection
Examples: typhoid, gastroenteritis.
 Human fertilization:
Edible crops which may be contaminated
;especially vegetables which eaten raw can
transmit food borne diseases
Examples : typhoid and intestinal parasites.
 Stop and think…..

What is the
difference What about
between infected Autoinfectio
&contaminated n??
food?
 Arthropod borne infection
Arthropodes or insects can transmit
infection by one of the following
methods.
Mechanical transmission:
Where the insect has no role in
multiplication or development of the
infectious agents
Examples: house flies and cockroaches in
intestinal and eye infection.
Biological transmission:
Cyclodevelopmental:
The insect plays an important role in
development of the infectious agent
Example: Mosquitoes in malaria
Cyclopropagative:
The insect plays an important role in
multiplicationof the infectious agent
Example: Fleas in plague
 Role of arthropode
 1-realease organism in the blood of the
host.
 Allow for extrinsic incudation period
 Infect new host
 Vector role:
Transoverial
Long period
 Important arthropods
 Flea: (xenopsylla cheopes), cryptophyllus fasciatus
Transmit plague, murine typhus, hymenoleps-
diminuta.
 Ticks
 Hard ticks: spotted fever, Q fever, boutonnière
fever hemorrhagic fever, tularemia, encephalitis.
 Soft ticks: tick borne relapsing fever.
 Mites sarcopties scabii (scabies) scrub typhus.
 Sand flies leishmaniciasis.
 House flies mechanical transmission of food borne
and eye infections, accidental myasis.
Injection infection
The causative organisms enter the
body with the parentral injection
Examples: viral hepatitis, malaria, HIV
CMV.
Pyogenic infections
 Contact infection
Contact infection (surface infection)
The pathogenic infectious agents enter the
body through invasion of epithelial tissue (skin
and mucous membranes) either intact or
injured.
Contact infections invading intact skin mucous
membrane as schistosomiasis,
Anacylostomiasis, staph .strept. leptospirosis,
syphilis.
Contact infections invading injured skin or
mucous membranes as tetanus, rabies, gas
gangrene, sepsis.
Vertical transmission
The infectious agent can be
transmitted from mother to the baby:
Congenital:
In the first trimester of pregnancy
Tran placental:
In the second and Third trimesters
 Perinatal (During labour ,)
 During breast feeding
GOD with you

Thank you