Verificación de Diseño Estructural Mediante Software

STAAD.
foundation
V8i (SELECTseries 4): Release 5.3
Verification Manual
DAA039050-1/0001
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Verification Manual — i
Table of Contents
Introduction 1
Section 1 Australian Code (AS3600-2001[AMnd
2004]) 3
1.1 General Isolated Foundation 1 3
1.3 General Combined Foundation 1 14
Section 2 British Code (BS8110-1-1997) 23

2.10 Mat Combined Foundation 83
2.11 General Isolated Foundation with Eccentricity 88
Section 3 Canadian Code (CSA A23.3-2004) 99

3.1 CSA General Isolated Foundation 1 99
3.5 CSA Pilecap Foundation 1 115
3.4 CSA General Combined Foundation s1 123
Section 4 Indian Code (IS 456 -2000) 125

4.1 IS General Isolated Foundation 1 125
4.6 IS General Isolated Foundations 6 145
Verification Manual — iii

4.8 IS Toolkit Combined 1 158
4.9 IS Toolkit Combined Foundation 2 164
4.12 IS Pilecap 1 182
4.13 IS Pilecap 2 189
4.14 IS Mat Combined Foundation 1 196
Section 5 United States Code (ACI 318 -2005) 201

5.1 US General Isolated Foundation 1 201
5.8 US General Combined Foundation 1 240
5.12 US Pilecap Foundation 1 264
5.16 US Mat Combined Foundation 1 295
5.17 US General Isolated Foundation with Sliding & Overturning 302
5.18 US General Isolated Foundation with Eccentric Loading 311
Section 6 Deadman Anchors (ACI 318 -2005) 321

6.1 Deadman Guy Anchor US 1 321
Section 7 Drilled Pier Foundations 357

7.1 Drilled Pier Foundation 1 API 357
7.2 Drilled Pier Foundation 2 API 361
iv — STAAD.foundation V8i (SELECTseries 4)

7.3 Drilled Pier Foundation 3 FHWA 366
7.4 Drilled Pier Foundation 4 FHWA 371
7.5 Drilled Pier Foundation 5 VESIC 375
7.6 Drilled Pier Foundation 6 Vesic 380
Section 8 Plant Foundation 385

8.1 Vertical Vessel Foundation 1 385
8.2 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design 394
8.3 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design 403
8.4 Vertical Vessel Seismic Load Generation 1 412
8.13 Vertical Vessel Wind Load Generation 1 421
8.17 Horizontal Vessel Applied Loads 1 426
8.18 Horizontal Vessel Applied Loads 2 430
Section 9 Technical Support 435

Index 437
List of Figures & Tables 439
Figures 439
Tables 443
Verification Manual — v
Introduction
This document is intended to use as a hand calculation reference for STAAD.foundation
V8i (SELECTseries 4) Release 5.3 verification problems. Verification Problems can be found
under Start Page > Example > Verification.
Each section in this manual represents either specific design code (e.g., AS3600-2001) or
particular foundation type (e.g., Dead Man Anchor Guy Foundation). Hand calculation title
(e.g., AS GEN ISO 1) indicates corresponding STAAD.foundation file name.
At end of each hand calculation a comparison table between hand calculations and program
results is provided for various output parameters like bearing pressure, overturning and
sliding factor of safety, shear force, etc.
Verification Manual — 1
Chapter 4
2 — (Undefined variable: Primary.ProductName)

Section 1
Australian Code (AS3600-
2001[AMnd 2004])
1.1 General Isolated Foundation 1
1.1.1 Reference
1.1.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 500 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 450
MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 110 KN/m2.
Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5. Height
of soil above footing=500 mm, GWT is 200 mm from GL.
Surcharge= 10 KN/m2
Chapter — 1
Figure 1-1: Australian code General isolated foundation
1.1.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 500/110 m2 = 4.545 m2
Assuming 2.4 m x 2.4 m x 0.400 m footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 2.4 x 2.4 x 0.400 x 25 KN = 57.6 KN

Weight of above soil = 2.4 x 2.4 x 0.500 x 18 KN = 51.84 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 2.4 x 2.4 x (0.500+0.400-0.200) x
9.81 KN = 39.554 KN
Load due to surcharge = 2.4 x2.4 x 10 KN =57.6 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (500+57.6 +51.84+57.6 -39.554 ) KN
= 627.486 KN
Maximum pressure = 627.486 /(2.4x2.4) = 108.94 KN/ m2
108.94 KN/m2 <110 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
4 — STAAD.foundation V8i (SELECTseries 4)

Section 1 Australian Code (AS3600-2001[AMnd 2004])
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation

Total Service load on foundation = 627.486 KN
Hence Max possible Resisting Sliding force =0.5 x 627.486 = 313.74 KN
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
Hence Max possible Resisting Sliding force =0.5 x 627.486 = 313.74 KN
Hence OK
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for

overturning
WRT Z Direction
Overturning Moment =0
Max Resisting Moment = 0.5 x 2.4 x 627.486 = 752.98 KNm
Hence OK
WRT X Direction
Max Resisting Moment = 0.5 x 2.4 x 627.486 = 752.98 KNm
Hence OK
1.1.4 Comparison
Table 1-1: Australian verification example 1 comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Value of
Result Result ference
Bearing Pressure 108.94 KN/m2 108.63 KN/m2 Negligible
Resisting force for sliding (x) 313.74 KN 312.867 KN Negligible
Resisting Moment for 752.98 KNm 750.87 KNm Negligible
Overturning (z)
Resisting force for sliding (z) 313.74 KN 312.867 KN Negligible
Overturning (x)
Chapter — 1

1.2.1 Reference
1.2.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1500 KN,Mz=50 KNm,Mx=50
KNm, fc = 25 N/m2m, fy = 450 N/m2m, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and
Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding
=1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Figure 1-2: Plan and Elevation
1.2.3 Solution
Tot Moment wrt Z =50 KNm

Tot Moment wrt X =50 KNm

Stress at four corners ( service condition)
σ1 = V/A – Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz

σ2 = V/A – Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz
Tot Vertical Load on soil
Self wt of fdn = 3.935x3.935x0.5x25 = 193.56 KN

Col reaction load = 1500 KN
Tot Vertical load V = 1693.56 KN
Zz = Z.X2/6 = 3.935 x 3.9352/6 =10.156 m3
Zx = Z.X2/6 = 3.935 x 3.9352/6 =10.156 m3
Mx= 50 KNm
Mz = 50 KNm
σ1 = V/A – Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 109.373KN/m2
σ2 = V/A – Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 99.53 KN/m2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 109.373 KN/m2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 119.22 KN/m2
Max stress = 119.22 KN/m2 <120 KN/m2

Hence safe

sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force = 0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1693.56 =
846.78 KN
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
846.78 KN
Hence OK
Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for overturning
Chapter — 1
Along X Direction
Overturning Moment =50 KNm

max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.935x 1693.56 = 3332.08 KNm
Hence FOS=3332.08 /50 = 66.64> 1.5
Hence OK
Along Z Direction

Hence FOS=3332.08 /50 = 66.64 > 1.5
Hence OK
Check For Trial Depth against moment about Z Axis

Average Base Pressure along one edge = (121.83 + 135.63)x0.5 = 128.73 KN/m2 (left end)
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (135.63+149.43)x0.5 = 142.53 KN/m2 (right
end)
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 142.53+(128.73-
142.53)x2117.5/3935 = 135.11 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 142.53+(128.73-
142.53)x1817.5/3935 = 136.16 KN/m2
Hence, the moment at the critical section Mu (Right) = F xLA
F = (142.53+136.16)x0.5x1.8175x3.935 = 996.5763 KN
LA = (136.16+2x142.53)x1.8175/(3x(136.16+142.53)) = 0.916 m
Mu(right) = 912.864 KNm
So max moment wrt Z axis Mu(Z) = 913 KNm

Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 16 mm bar, effective depth
deff = (500-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 442 mm

m= fc/fy =0.0555
λ = 0.85-0.007.fc = 0.65
Kumax = 0.4
Ku = 0.34.λ. (1-0.2xλ) = 0.192
Rumax = 0.85.fc. Kumax .(1- Kumax /2) = 6.8
Mumax = Rumax.b.d2 = 5227.55 KNm
Mu < Mumax
Hence OK
Check For Trial Depth against moment about X Axis

Average Base Pressure along one edge = (135.63 + 121.83)x0.5 = 128.73 kN/m2 (left end)
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (135.63 + 149.43)x0.5 = 142.53 kN/m2 (right
end)
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 142.53+(128.73-142.53)x2117.5/3935
= 135.11 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 142.53+(128.73-
142.53)x1817.5/3935 = 136.16 KN/m2
Hence, the moment at the critical section Mu (Right) = F xLA
Chapter — 1
F = (142.53+ 136.16)x0.5 x 1.8175 x 3.935 = 996.58 KN

LA = (136.16 + 2x 142.53) x 1.8175 / (3x (136.16 + 142.53)) = 0.916 m
Mu(right) = 912.867 KNm
So max moment wrt X axis Mu (X) = 913 KNm
deff = (500-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 442 mm

m= fc/fy =0.0555
λ = 0.85-0.007.fc = 0.65
Kumax = 0.4
Ku = 0.34.λ. (1-0.2xλ) = 0.192
Mu < Mumax
Hence OK
Area of Steel Required along X dir

Therefore, Astx = 6391 m2m
Minimum area of steel Ast min = 0.002 x B x D = 3935 mm2

So, provided area of steel = 4165 mm2
Area of Steel Required along Z dir

Therefore, Astx = 6391 m2m
Check for One-Way Shear ( along X dir)

Critical section for moment is at d dist from the face of column
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (121.83 + 135.63)x0.5 = 128.73 kN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (135.63 + 149.43)x0.5 = 142.53 kN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 142.53 + (128.73 - 142.53)x
2559.5/3935 = 133.55 kN/m2
1375.5/3935 = 137.71 kN/m2
Hence, the SF at critical section (right)
F = (142.53 + 137.71)x0.5 1.3755 x 3.935 = 758.41 kN
Developed shear stress τv = 759 x 1000/(3935 x 442) = 0.44 N/mm2

τcmax = 0.2.fc = 5 N/mm2
ß1 =1.1(1.6-d/1000) = 1.2738
ß2 = 1
ß3 = 1
τc =ß1.ß2.ß3.(Ast.fc/b.d)1/3 = 0.575N/mm2
Hence OK
Chapter — 1
Along Z Direction
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (121.83 + 135.63)x0.5 = 128.73 kN/m2

Average Base Pressure along other edge = (135.63 + 149.43)x0.5 = 142.53 kN/m2
2559.5/3935 = 133.55 kN/m2
1375.5/3935 = 137.71 kN/m2
F = (142.53 + 137.71)x0.5 1.3755 x 3.935 = 758.41 kN
So max SF along Z axis Fuz = 759 kN
Developed shear stress τv = 759x1000/(3935 x442) =

= 0.44 N/mm2
ß1 =1.1(1.6-d/1000) = 1.2738
ß2 = 1
ß3 = 1
τc =ß1.ß2.ß3.(Ast.fc/b.d)1/3 = 0.575N/mm2
Hence OK

Punching Shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d from the column face.
Vmax= 2026 KN
τv = = 1.544 N/mm2
Allowable stress= τc =0.4.√ 0.85.fc = 1.844 N/mm2

τv < τc
Hence safe
Chapter — 1
1.3 General Combined Foundation 1
1.2.4 Comparison
Value of
Corner Pressure 109.373 KN/m2 109.373 KN/m2 None
99.53 KN/m2 99.525 KN/m2
109.373 KN/m2 109.373 KN/m2
119.22 KN/m2 119.22 KN/m2
Governing Moment 912.86 KNm 912.45 KNm Negligible
912.86 KNm 912.42 KNm
Shear Force(One-Way) 758.4 KN 757.25 KN Negligible
758.4 KN 757.25 KN
Shear Force(Two-Way) 2026 KN 2024.93 KN Negligible
Resisting force for sliding 846.78 KN 846.78 KN None
846.78 KN 846.78 KN
Resisting Moment for 3332 KNm 3332 KNm None
Overturning
3332 KNm 3332 KNm

1.3.1 Reference

1.3.2 Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 600 KN each column., fc = 25
MPa, fy = 450 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal height-500 mm.
and C/C column distance=3000 mm . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 105 KN/m2. Coefficient of
friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Ht of soil =450 mm. Depth of GWT=250 mm.
1.3.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2x600/115 m2 = 10.435 m2
Assuming 5 m x 2.7 m x 0.600 m footing dimension,
( left overhang=right overhang = 1 m)
Weight of footing = 5 x 2.7 x 0.600 x25 KN = 202.5 KN
Weight of pedestal=2x0.3x0.3x0.5x25=2.25 KN
Weight of soil above footing = (5 x 2.7-2x0.3x0.3) x 0.450 x18 KN = 107.892 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 5 x 2.7 x (0.45+0.6-0.25) x9.81 KN = 105.948 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x600+202.5 +2.25+107.892 -105.948) KN =
1406.694 KN
Maximum pressure= 1406.694 /(5 x2.7) = 104.199 KN/ m2
104.2 KN/ m2 <105 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Chapter — 1

overturning
About Z Direction
Total Service load on foundation = 2x600+202.5 +2.25+107.892 -105.948 KN= 1406.694
KNm
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5x 1406.694 = 3516.735 KNm
Hence OK
About X Direction
Overturning Moment = 0
Hence OK
1.3.4 Comparison
Value of
Bearing Pressure 104.2 KN/m 2 104.2 KN/m 2 None
Overturning (Z)
Overturning (X)

1.4.1 Reference
1.4.2 Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 600 KN and 550 KN on two
col., fc = 25 MPa, fy = 450 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal
height-500 mm. and C/C column distance=3000 mm . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 100
KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning
=1.5

1.4.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = (600+550)/100 m2 = 1.15 m2
( left overhang=right overhang=1m)
Weight of footing = 5 m x 2.85 m x 0.500 x25 KN = 178.125 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (600+550+178.125 +2.25) KN = 1330.38 KN
Pressure from axial load = 1330.38 /(5x2.85) = 118.34 KN/ m2
CG of foundation raft = 5/2= 2.5
CG of load = (1x600+4x550)/(600+550) = 2.43478 m
Eccentricity= 2.5 - 2.43478 = 0.065217 m
So Moment Mz = Pxe = 75 KNm
Zz = 2.85 x 52/6 = 11.875 m3
stress due to moment = M/Z = 6.32 KN/m2
Stress at left end = P/A + M/Z = 99.68 KN/m2
Stress at right end = P/A + M/Z = 87.04 KN/m2
So, Maximum stress
99.68 KN/m2<100 KN/m2 (Hence safe)
Chapter — 1

overturning
About Z Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5 x 1330.38 = 3325.95 KNm
Hence OK
Wrt X Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 2.85 x 1330.38 = 1895.79 KNm
Hence OK
Check For Trial Depth against moment
About Z Axis (sagging)
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 172 KNm

deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm

m= fc/fy =0.0555
λ = 0.85-0.007.fc = 0.65
Kumax = 0.4
Ku = 0.34.λ. (1-0.2xλ) = 0.192
Mu < Mumax Hence OK
About Z Axis (hogging)

deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm

m= fc/fy =0.0555
λ = 0.85-0.007.fc = 0.65
Kumax = 0.4
Ku = 0.34.λ. (1-0.2xλ) = 0.192


Mu < Mumax Hence OK
Check For Trial Depth
Moment About X Axis
Cantilever length=(2.85-0.3)/2 = 1.275 m

Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 121.84 x5x1.275 2/2 =495 KNm
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm

m= fc/fy =0.0555
λ = 0.85-0.007.fc = 0.65
Kumax = 0.4
Ku = 0.34.λ. (1-0.2xλ) = 0.192
Mu < Mumax Hence OK
Area of Steel Required
Along X Direction (Bottom)
Astx = 991 m2m

Provided area = 2850 m2m
Along X Direction (Top)
Astx = 1333.34 m2m

Along Z Direction (Bottom)
Therefore, Astz = 3064 m2m

Chapter — 1
Figure 1-5: Graphs of combined strip footing internal forces
Check for One-Way Shear

Vumax = 299.418 KN
Developed shear stress V = 299.418(10)3/(2850 x 444) = 0.2367 N/mm2
ß1 =1.1(1.6-d/1000) = 1.2716

ß2 = 1
ß3 = 1
τc =ß1.ß2.ß3.(Ast.fc/b.d)1/3 = 0.488 N/mm2
Hence OK
Punching Shear
For Column One
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d from the column face.
2 way shear= 774.52 KN
τv = = 774.52x1000/(300x2+300x2+444x4)x444 = 0.5862
N/mm2
Now allowable stress= τc =0.4.√ 0.85.fc = 1.844 N/mm2

τv < τc , Hence safe
For Column Two
Two way shear= 710.396 KN
τv = = 710.396 x1000/(300x2+300x2+444x4)x444 = 0.5377

N/mm2
Now allowable stress= τc =0.4.√ 0.85.fc = 1.844 N/mm2

Chapter — 1
1.4.4 Comparison
Value of
87.64 KN/m2 87.04 KN/m2
Governing Moment 172 KN-m 167 KN-m Negligible
201 KN-m 201 KN-m
495 KN-m 481 KN-m
Shear Force(One-Way) 299.42 KN 299.37 KN None
Shear Force(Two-Way) 774.52 KN 774.52 KN Negligible
710.4 KN 710.04 KN
Overturning (Z)
Overturning (X)

Section 2
British Code (BS8110-1-
1997)
2.1.1 Reference
‘Reinforced Concrete’ by T.J.Macgingley & B.S.Choo, Page 333 and Example: 11.1.
2.1.2 Problem
A column 400mm X 400mm carries a dead load of 800 kN and an imposed load of 300 kN.
The safe bearing pressure is 200 kN/m2. Design a square base to resist the loads. The
concrete is grade 35 and the reinforcement is grade 460.
Chapter — 2
2.1.3 Solution
Figure 2-1: Bending section considered
Figure 2-2: One way shear section considered
Figure 2-3: Two way shear section considered

Section 2 British Code (BS8110-1-1997)
Size of base
Self-weight of footing = 2.5 x 2.5 x 0.5 x 25 = 78.125 kN.
Therefore, Service load = Dead load + Imposed load + Self weight
= (800 + 300 + 78.125) kN = 1178.125 kN.
Area required = 1178.125 / 200 m2 = 5.890625 m2.
Make the base 2.5 m x 2.5 m.
Moment Steel
Ultimate load = (1.4 x 800) + (1.6 x 300) = 1600 kN.
Ultimate pressure = 1600 / (2.5 x 2.5) = 256 kNm2
The critical section YY at the column face is shown in Figure 6.1.
MYY= 256 x (2.5 / 2 - 0.4 / 2) x 2.5 x 0.525 = 352.8 kNm.
Try an overall depth of 500 mm with 20 mm bars.
Effective depth = 500 – 40 – 20 – 10 = 430 mm.
Therefore z = 0.95d,
= 1976.31 mm2.
Minimum area of steel = 0.0015 x B x d = 0.0012 x 2500 x 430 = 1625 mm2 < AS (Hence
Safe)
Let us provide 10 nos. 16 mm bars, AS = 2010.62 mm2.
One Way Shear

The critical section Y1 Y1 at d = 430 mm from the face of the column is shown in Figure 6.2.
Design shear force, VU = 256 x (2.5 /2 – 0.43 – 0.4 / 2) x 2.5 = 396.8 kN
Design shear stress, v = 396.9(10)3 / (2500 x 430) = 0.369 N/mm2
Now, vC1 = min(0.8 ,5) = 4.7328 N/mm2 > v (Hence Safe)
Chapter — 2
= 0.395 N / mm2 > v (Hence Safe)

Hence no shear reinforcement is required.
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 625.5 mm from the column face. The
critical perimeter is shown in Figure 6.3.
Perimeter = 1690 x 4 = 6760 mm.
Shear = 256 x (2.52 – 1.69 2) = 868.8 kN.
v = 868 x 103 / (6760 x 430) = 0.3 N / mm2 < VC (Hence Safe).
Spacing
We provided 10 nos. 16 mm bars, AS = 2010.62 mm2.
Spacing = (2500 - 40 x 2 - 16) / (10 -1) = 267.11 mm.
2.1.4 Comparison
Table 2-1: British verification example 1 comparison
Value of
Results Result ference
Effective Depth 430 mm 430 mm None
Governing Moment 352.8 KN-m 352.8 KN-m None
Area of Steel 1976.31 1976.31 None
Shear Stress (One- 0.369 N/mm 2 0.369 N/mm2 None
Way)
Shear Stress (Two- 0.3 N/mm2 0.3 N/mm2 None
Way)

2.2.1 Reference
‘Reinforced Concrete’ by T.J.Macgingley & B.S.Choo, Page 340 and Example: 11.2.
2.2.2 Problem
The characteristic loads for an internal column footing in a building are given in the
following table. The proposed dimensions for the column and base are shown in Figure
6.4. The safe bearing pressure of soil is 150 kN / m2. The materials to be used in the
foundation are grade 35 concrete and grade 460 reinforcement.
Table 2-2: Table BS2.1 - Column loads
Vertical Load (kN) Moment (KN m)
Dead Load 770 78
Imposed Load 330 34

2.2.3 Solution
Self-weight of footing = 0.5 x 3.6 x 2.8 x 24 = 120.96 kN.
Total axial load = 770 + 330 + 120.96 = 1220.96 kN.
Total moment = 78 + 34 = 112 kN-m.
Base area = 2.8 x 3.6 = 10.08 m2.
Section modulus = (I / y) = (1/12)BD3/(D/2) = 6.048 m3.
Maximum pressure = 1220.96/10.08 + 112/6.048 = 139.65 kN / m2 < 150 kN / m2 (Hence
Safe).
Factored axial load = (1.4 x 770) + (1.6 x 330) = 1606 kN.
Factored moment = (1.4 x 78) + (1.6 x 34) = 163.6 kN-m.
Maximum pressure = 1606/10.08 + 163.6/6.048 = 186.38 kN / m2.
Minimum pressure = 1606/10.08 - 163.6/6.048 = 132.28 kN / m2.
Calculation of Reinforcement Along Shorter Span (X - X ):

1 1
Average pressure for section X1X1 (as shown in Figure 6.5) = 159.33 kN / m2.
Moment (MY) = (159.33 x 1.175 x 3.6) x (1.175 / 2) = 395.955 kN-m.
Effective depth (d) = 500 – 40 – 10 = 450 mm.
0.015 < 0.156 (Hence Safe)
Chapter — 2
= 2119.475 mm2.
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 3600 x 500 / 100 = 2340 mm2 > calculated area of
steel.
Provide minimum steel.
Figure 2-5: Sections considered for bending in both directions
Calculation of Reinforcement Along Longer Span (Y -Y ):

1 1
Pressure at section Y1 Y1 (as shown in Figure 6.5) = 162.7 kN / m2.

Moment(MX) = (162.7 x 2.8 x 1.575)x(1.575 / 2)+(0.5 x 1.575 x (186.38 – 162.7) x 2.8)x(2

/ 3 x 1.575) = 619.862 kN-m.
Effective depth (d) = 500 – 40 – 20 –10 = 430 mm.
0.034 < 0.156 (Hence Safe)
= 0.96d
= 3472.334 mm2.
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 2800 x 500 / 100 = 1820 mm2 <
calculated area of steel. (Hence safe)
One Way Shear Along Section Y -Y :

2 2
The critical section Y2 Y2 at d = 430 mm from the face of the column is shown in Figure
6.6.
Average pressure for the required section = 177.78 kN / m2.
Design shear force, VU = 177.78 x 2.8 x 1.145 = 569.96 kN
Design shear stress, v = =473.388 kN / m2
Now, vC1 = min(0.8 ,5) = 4732.8 kN / m2 > v (Hence Safe)
= 429.6 kN / m2.
Let us consider 1.5 times shear enhancement.
Vce = 1.5 x 429.6 = 644.4 kN/m2 > v (Hence safe)
Chapter — 2
Figure 2-6: Sections considered for one-way shear in both directions
Along Section X -X :
2 2
The critical section X2X2 at d = 450 mm from the face of the column is shown in Figure
6.6.
Average pressure for the required section = 159.33 kN / m2.
Design shear force, VU = 159.33 x 3.6 x 7.25 = 415.85 kN
Design shear stress, v = =256.698 kN / m2
Now, vC1 = min(0.8 ,5) = 4732.8 kN / m2 > v (Hence Safe)

= 409.6 kN / m2.
Punching Shear
Figure 2-7: Section considered for punching shear
The punching shear will be calculated for an area outside the area enclosed by the rectangle
at a distance 1.5d from the column face as shown in Figure 6.7.
Total pressure under the base = 2.8 x 3.6 x 132.28 + 0.5 x 3.6 x 2.8 x (186.38 – 132.28) =
1606.05 kN.
Pressure under enclosed rectangle = (1.74)2 x 146.255 + 0.5 x (1.74)2 x (172.4 – 146.255) =
482.38 kN
Punching shear force = 1606.05 – 482.38 = 1123.67 kN.
Critical perimeter = 1.74 x 4 = 6.96 m.
Punching shear stress = 1123.67 / (6.96 x 0.43) = 375.46 kN / m2.
Chapter — 2
2.2.4 Comparison
Value of
Effective Depth (X-X) 430 mm 430 mm None
Effective Depth (Y-Y) 450 mm 450 mm None
Governing Moment (My) 395.955 KN-m 395.943 KN-m None
Governing Moment (Mx ) 619.862 KN-m 619.909 kN-m None
Area of Steel (Along X-X) 2340.00 2340.00 None
Area of Steel (Along Y-Y) 3472.2334 3472.2334 None
Shear Stress (One-Way) (Y1- 473.388 kN/m 444.81 kN/m2
2 Negligible
Y1)
Shear Stress (One-Way) (X1- 256.698 kN/m2 256.698 kN/m2 None
X1)
Shear Stress (Two-Way) 375.46 kN/m2 375.44 kN/m2 None

2.3.1 Reference
2.3.2 Problem
MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120
=1.5

2.3.3 Solution
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1500+240.865) KN = 1740.865 KN
Maximum pressure =1740.865/(3.85x3.85)=KN/ m 2 = 117.45 KN/m 2 <120 KN/m 2 (Hence
safe)
Ultimate pressure =1500x1.4/(3.85x3.85) KN/m 2 = 141.676 KN/m 2

overturning and sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1740.865 = 870.43 KN
Chapter — 2
Hence OK
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
Hence OK
Hence OK
Moment About X Axis
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 141.676 x 3.85 x1.775x1.775/2 = 859.26 KN-m
d = (650-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 594 mm
eff
K= = =0.0253 < 0.156

Hence safe
Moment About Z Axis
Bending moment at critical section, Muz = 141.676 x 3.85 x1.775x1.775/2 = 859.26 KN-m
d = (650-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 594 mm
eff
K= = 0.0253 < 0.156

Hence safe

Along X Direction
Z=d = 0.971 d>0.95d

So, Z= 0.95d
Therefore, Astx = = 3862.3 m 2m

Minimum area of steel Ast min = 0.0013 x B x D = 3253.25 mm2
Along Z Direction
Z=d = 0.971 d>0.95d

So, Z= 0.95d
Therefore, Astz = = 3862.3 m 2m

Along X Direction
Percentage of steel p = = 0.1689

t
V = 141.676 x 3.85 x = 644.18 KN

umax
Developed shear stress V = = 0.282N/mm2
Now allowable stress= V = = 4 N/mm 2

c1
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 = 0.17 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
Chapter — 2
V3 = 1 N/mm 2
Vc = = 0.352 N/mm 2
Vce = 0.704 N/mm 2

So V < Vce , Hence Safe
Along Z Direction

t
V = 141.676 x 3.85 x = 644.18 KN

umax

c1
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 = 0.17 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
V3 = 1 N/mm 2
Vc = = 0.352 N/mm 2
Vce = 0.704 N/mm 2

Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d = 891 mm from the column face.
Area within Critical Perimeter A = 4.3347 m 2
m
Vmax = 1485.87 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X ( b + h + 6 x d) = 8.328 m

Vm1 = = 0.3 N/mm 2

t1
Vm1< Vt1 , Hence safe
V1 = 0.17 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
V3 = 1 N/mm 2
Vc = = 0.352 N/mm 2
Vm1 < Vc, Hence safe
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
No. of 12 mm bar = = 35
Spacing = = 110 mm
Spacing for 12 mm bar = 110 mm
In the Z Direction
No. of 12 mm bar = = 35
Spacing = = 110 mm
Check For Development Length

Along x & Z direction
Max dia permitted =25 mm
ß = 0.5
Hence Fbu = ß x √fc =0.5 x 5 = 2.5
Ld = 0.95x fy x Ø / 4Fbu = 0.95x 415x25/4x2.5 = 985.6 mm
available length = 1725 mm
Chapter — 2
Hence OK
2.3.4 Comparison
Value of
Bearing Pressure 117.45 117.45 KN/m2 None
KN/m 2
Ku 0.0253 0.0252 Negligible

Governing Moment 859.26 KN- 856.92 KN-m Negligible
m
Steel required 3862 m2m 3851 m2m 0.28% (
Negligible)
Resisting force for 870.43 KN 870.43 KN None
sliding
Resisting Moment for 3351.1 KNm 3351.1 KNm None
Overturning

2.4.1 Reference
2.4.2 Problem
=1.5 Soil cover above footing =500 mm
Plan and Elevation

2.4.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2000/100 m2 = 20 m2
Weight of soil = 5.3 x 5.3 x 0.5 x 18 KN = 252.81 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2000+526.687+252.81) KN = 2779.5 KN
Maximum pressure = 2779.5 KN/ (5.3 m x 5.3 m) KN/ m 2 = 98.9 KN/m 2 <100 KN/m 2
(Hence safe)
Ultimate pressure = 1.4(2000 KN) / (5.3 m x 5.3 m)KN/m 2 = 99.678 KN/m 2

Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 2779.5 = 1389.75 KN
Hence OK
Chapter — 2
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5.3 x 2779.5 = 7365 KNm
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 2779.5 = 1389.75 KN
Hence OK
Hence OK
Check for Trial Depth Against Moment
About X Axis
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 99.68 x 5.3 x 2.5 x 2.5 / 2 = 1651 KN-m
d = (750-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 692 mm
eff
K= = =0.026 < 0.156

Hence safe
About Z Axis
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 99.68 x 5.3 x = 1651 KN-m

deff = (750-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 692 mm
K= = =0.026 < 0.156

Hence safe
Along X Direction
Z=d

= 0.97 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
Therefore, Astx = = 6351.73 m2m

Area of Steel Required along Z dir
Z=d
= 0.97 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
Therefore, Astz = = 6351.73 m2m

Along X Direction
Percentage of steel pt = = 0.173
Vumax = 99.68 x 5.3 x = 955.2 KN

Developed shear stress V = 955.2(103)/(5300 x 692) = 0.26N/mm2
Now allowable stress= Vc1 = = 4 N/mm2

V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 = 0.173 N/mm2
V2 = 1 N/mm2
V3 = 1 N/mm2
Vc = = 0.354 N/mm2
Vce = 0.708 N/mm2

Chapter — 2
Along Z Direction

t
V = 99.68 x 5.3 x = 955.2 KN

umax

c1
V < V , Hence Safe
c1
V1 = 0.173 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
V3 = 1 N/mm 2
Vc = = 0.354 N/mm 2
Vce = 0.708 N/mm 2

Punching Shear
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = 5.645 m2
Vmax = 2237.3 KN
Vm1 = = 0.345 N/mm 2

t1
V1 = 0.173 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
V3 = 1 N/mm 2

Vc = = 0.354 N/mm 2
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
No. of 16 mm bar = = 32
Spacing = = 165 mm
In the Z Direction
No. of 16 mm bar = = 32
Spacing = = 165 mm

Along X & Z direction
ß = 0.5
Hence Fbu = ß x √fc =0.5 x 5 = 2.5
Hence OK
Chapter — 2
2.4.4 Comparison
Value of
Bearing Pressure 98.9 98.75 KN/m2 Negligible
KN/m 2

Governing Moment 1651 KN-m 1647.74 KN-m Negligible
Steel required 2
6352 m m 6357.649 m m 2 Negligible
Resisting force for 1389.75 KN 1374.762 KN Negligible
sliding
Resisting Moment for 7365 KNm 7148.63 KN Negligible
Overturning

2.5.1 Reference
2.5.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1200 KN,Mz=80 KNm, fc = 25
MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of
Soil = 120 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against
overturning =1.5

2.5.3 Solution
Self wt of fdn = 3.65x 3.65x 0.75x25 = 249.8 KN
Dry wt of soil = 0
Zz = Z.X2/6 = 3.65 x 3.652/6 =8.105 m 3
Zx = X.Z2/6 = 3.65 x 3.652/6 =8.105 m 3
Chapter — 2
Mx=0
Mz = 80 KNm
σ1 = V/A – Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 118.694 KN/m 2
σ2 = V/A – Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 98.953 KN/m 2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 98.953 KN/m 2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 118.694 KN/m 2
= 118.694 KN/m 2 <120 KN/m 2
Hence safe

Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
Hence OK
Hence OK

Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
Hence OK
Hence FOS =2645.885/80 = 33.074
Hence OK
Moment About Z Axis
Force creating Moment= (139.922 +127.239) x 0.5 x 1.675 x 3.65 = 816.68 KN

Lever arm =(127.239 + 2 x 139.922) x 1.675/ 3x (139.922 + 127.239) = 0.8508 m
Moment = Fx LA = 694.84 KNm


d = (750-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 692 mm
eff
K= = =0.016 < 0.156

Hence safe
Figure 2-9: Section considered for bending about the Z axis
Moment About X Axis
Force creating Moment= 126.103 x 1.675 x 3.65 = 770.97 KN

Lever arm = 1.675x 0.5 = 0.823 m
Moment = Fx LA =646.08 KNm
K= = =0.01481 < 0.156

Hence safe
Chapter — 2
Figure 2-10: Section considered for bending about the Z axis
Along X Direction
Z=d = 0.983 d>0.95d

So, Z= 0.95d
Therefore, Astx = = 2594 m 2m

Minimum area of steel Ast = 0.0013 x B x D = 3558.75 mm 2
min
So, provided area of steel = 3558.75 mm2
Along Z Direction
Z=d = 0.97 d>0.95d

So, Z= 0.95d
Therefore, Astz = = 2412 m 2m

min
So, provided area of steel = 3558.75 mm2

Along X Direction

t
V =1/2 x (139.922+132.479)x0.983 x 3.65 = 488.69 KN
umax

V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 = 0.14 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
V3 = 1 N/mm 2
Vc = = 0.329 N/mm 2
Vce = 0.658 N/mm 2

Chapter — 2
Figure 2-11: Section considered for one-way shear along X direction
Along Z Direction

V 126.103 x 0.983 x 3.65= 452.46 KN
umax
Developed shear stress V = = 0.177 N/mm2

c1
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 = 0.141 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
V3 = 1 N/mm 2
Vc = = 0.329 N/mm 2
Vce = 0.658 N/mm 2


Figure 2-12: Section considered for one-way shear along z direction
Punching Shear
Area within Critical Perimeter A = 2.376 x 2.376 =7.68 m 2
m
Vmax = 968.11 KN
Vm1 = = 0.1472 N/mm 2

t1
V1 = 0.14 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
V3 = 1 N/mm 2
Vc = = 0.329 N/mm 2
Chapter — 2
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
No. of 12 mm bar = = 32
Spacing = = 115 mm
In the Z Direction
No. of 12 mm bar = = 32
Spacing = = 115 mm


ß = 0.5
Hence Fbu = ß x √fc =0.5 x 5 = 2.5
Hence OK
2.5.4 Comparison
Value of
Effective Depth (mm) 692 692 None
Corner Pressure (KN/m2) 118.69 118.69 None
98.95 98.95
98.95 98.95
118.69 118.69
0.0156 0.0158
Governing Moment (KN- 646.08 643.82 Negligible
m)
694.84 692.8
Shear Force ,One-Way 488.69 486.65 Negligible
(KN)
452.46 456.42
Shear Force, Two-Way 968.11 961.62 Negligible
(KN)
Steel required (mm2) 3558.75 3558.75 None
3558.75 3558.75
Resisting force for sliding 724.9 724.898 Negligible
(KN)
724.9 724.898
Resisting Moment for 2645.8 2645.8 Same
Overturning (KN-m)
2645.8

2.6.1 Reference
Chapter — 2
2.6.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1500 KN, Fx100 KN, fc = 25
overturning =1.5
2.6.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1500/90 = 16.67 m2
Tot Moment wrt Z =-0.65x100 =-65 KNm

Dry wt of soil = 0
Zz = Z.X2/6 = 4.65 x 4.652/6 =16.758 m 3
Zx = X.Z2/6 = 4.65 x 4.652/6 =16.758 m 3
Mx=0
Mz = -65 KNm
σ1 = V/A – Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 81.75 KN/m 2
σ2 = V/A – Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 89.50 KN/m 2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 89.50 KN/m 2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 81.75 KN/m 2
= 89.5 KN/m 2 <90 KN/m 2
Hence safe

Along X Direction
Sliding force =100 KN

Hence OK
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
Hence OK
Hence OK
Chapter — 2
Moment About Z Axis
Force creating Moment=1/2 x (102.552+97.472) x2.175x4.65 = 1011.5 KN

Lever arm =(97.472 + 2 x 102.552) x 2.175/ 3x (97.472+102.552) = 1.097m
d = (650-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 594 mm
eff
K= =0.027 < 0.156

Hence safe
Moment About X Axis
Force creating Moment= 97.122 x 2.175 x 4.65 = 982.27 KN

Lever arm =2.175 x 0.5 = 1.088 m
Moment = Fx LA =1068.71 KNm
K= =0.02606 < 0.156

Hence safe

Along X Direction
Z=d = 0.969 d > 0.95d

So, Z= 0.95d

min
Along Z Direction
Z=d = 0.97 d>0.95d

So, Z= 0.95d
Therefore, Astz = = 4706 m 2m

min
Chapter — 2
Along X Direction

t
V =1/2 x (102.552+98.86)x1.581 x 4.65 = 740.36 KN
umax
Developed shear stress V = 740.36 x1000/4650 x594 = 0.268N/mm2

V < V , Hence Safe
c1
V1 = 0.178 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
V3 = 1 N/mm 2
Vc = = 0.356 N/mm 2
Vce = 0.712 N/mm 2


Along Z Direction

t
V = 97.122 x1.58 x4.65= 714 KN
umax
Developed shear stress V = 714 x1000/4650 x 594 =
= 0.258 N/mm2

c1
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 = 0.171 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
V3 = 1 N/mm 2
Vc = = 0.351 N/mm 2
Vce = 0.702 N/mm 2

Chapter — 2
Punching Shear
Area within Critical Perimeter A = 2.082x2.082 =4.3347 m 2
m
Vmax = 1679 KN
Vm1 = = 0.3394 N/mm 2
Now allowable stress= Vt1 = = 4 N/mm2

V1 = 0.171 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
V3 = 1 N/mm 2
Vc = = 0.351 N/mm 2

Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
No. of 12 mm bar = = 44
Spacing = = 105 mm
In the Z Direction
No. of 12 mm bar = = 42
Spacing = = 115 mm

ß = 0.5
Hence Fbu = ß x √fc =0.5 x 5 = 2.5
Hence OK
Chapter — 2
2.6.4 Comparison
Value of
Corner Pressure 81.75 81.74 KN/m2 None
KN/m 2
89.5 KN/m2
89.5
89.5 KN/m2
KN/m2
81.74 KN/m2
89.5
KN/m2
81.75
KN/m2
Ku 0.02606 0.026 None
0.027 0.0269
Governing Moment 1068.71 1065.83 KNm Negligible
KNm
1103.31 KNm
1109.62
KNm
714 KN 712 KN
Shear Force(Two-Way) 1679 KN 1677 KN Negligible
Steel required 4890 m m 4959.354 m2m
2 Negligible
4706 m2m 4790.8 m2m
Resisting force for 925.68 KN 925.68 KN None
sliding
925.68 KN 925.68 KN
Resisting Moment for 4304.43 4304.43 KNm None
Overturning KNm
4304.43 KNm
4304.43
KNm

2.7.1 Reference
2.7.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1500 KN,Mz=Mx=50 KNm, fc =
25 MPa, fy = 460 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of
overturning =1.5

2.7.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required =1500/100 m2 = 15 m2
Tot Moment wrt X =50 KNm
Dry wt of soil = 0
Chapter — 2
Zz = Z.X2/6 = 4.45 x 4.452/6 =14.686 m 3

Zx = X.Z2/6 = 4.45 x 4.452/6 =14.686 m 3
Mx= 50 KNm
Mz = 50 KNm
σ1 = V/A – Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 92KN/m 2
σ2 = V/A – Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 85 KN/m 2
σ3 = V/A + Mx/Zx - Mz/Zz = 92 KN/m 2
σ4 = V/A + Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz = 98.81 KN/m 2
= 98.81 KN/m2 <100 KN/m2 (Hence safe)

Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1821.8 = 911 KN
Hence OK
Hence FOS=4053.5/50 = 81> 1.5
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation =0.5 x 1821.8 = 911 KN
Hence OK
Hence FOS=4053.5/50 = 81> 1.5
Hence OK
About Z Axis
Avg Base Pressure at one edge=( 96.5149+106.047)/2 = 101.282 KN/m 2

Avg Base Pressure at other edge=( 106.0473+115.5797)/2 = 110.814 KN/m 2

Force creating Moment= (110.814+106.37)/2 x 2.075x4.45 = 1002.72 KN

Lever arm = (106.37+2x110.814)x2.075/3x(106.37+110.814) m
d = (650-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 594 mm
eff
K= =0.027 < 0.156

Hence safe
About X Axis
Avg Base Pressure at one edge=( 96.5149+106.047)/2 = 101.282 KN/m 2

Avg Base Pressure at other edge=( 106.0473+115.5797)/2 = 110.814 KN/m 2
Force creating Moment= (110.814+106.37)/2 x 2.075x4.45 = 1002.72 KN
Lever arm = (106.37+2x110.814)x2.075/3x(106.37+110.814) m
d = (650-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 594 mm
eff
K= = 0.027 < 0.156

Hence safe
Chapter — 2
Along X Direction
Z=d =<0.95d
= 0.969 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d

Along Z Direction
Z=d
= 0.969 d>0.95d
So, Z= 0.95d
Therefore, Astz = = 4165m 2m


Along X Direction

t
V =1/2 x (110.814+107.642)x1.481x4.45 = 719.87 KN
umax
Developed shear stress V = 720x1000/(4450 x594) = 0.272N/mm2

V < V , Hence Safe
c1
V1 = 0.158 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
V3 = 1 N/mm 2
Vc = = 0.342 N/mm 2
Vce = 0.684 N/mm 2

Chapter — 2
Along Z Direction

t
V =1/2 x (110.814+107.642)x1.481x4.45 = 719.87 KN
umax

V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 = 0.158 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
V3 = 1 N/mm 2
Vc = = 0.342 N/mm 2
Vce = 0.684 N/mm 2

Punching Shear

Area within Critical Perimeter A = 2.082x2.082=4.335 m 2

m
Vmax = 1640 KN
Vm1 = = 0.3315 N/mm 2

t1
V1 = 0.158 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
V3 = 1 N/mm 2
Vc = = 0.342 N/mm 2
Chapter — 2
Bar Spacing
In the X Direction
No. of 12 mm bar = = 37
Spacing = = 120 mm
In the Z Direction
No. of 12 mm bar = = 37
Spacing = = 120 mm

2.7.4 Comparison
Value of
Corner Pressure 92KN/m2 92 KN/m2 None
85.2 KN/m2 85.91 KN/m2
92 KN/m2 92 KN/m2
98.81 98.81 KN/m2
KN/m2
0.027 0.0266
Governing Moment 1047.85 1045 KNm Negligible
KNm
1045 KNm
1047.85
KNm
Shear Force(One-Way) 720 KN 718.71 KN Negligible
720 KN 718.71 KN
Steel required 12 @ 120 12 @ 118 c/c Negligible
c/c
sliding
910.9 KN 910.8 KN
Resisting Moment for 4053.5 4053.4 KNm Same
Overturning KNm
4053.4 KNm
4053.5
KNm

2.8.1 Reference
2.8.2 Problem
Ht of soil =400 mm. Depth of GWT=200 mm
Chapter — 2
2.8.3 Solution

Weight of soil above footing = (5 x 1.5-0.3x0.3x2 )x 0.400 x18 KN = 52.704 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 5 x 1.5 x (0.4+0.6-0.2) x9.81 KN = 58.86 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x500+112.5 +2.25+52.704 -58.86) KN = 1108.6 KN
Maximum pressure= 1108.6 /(5 x1.5) = 147.82 KN/ m 2
147.82 KN/ m 2 <150 KN/m 2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = KN/m 2 = 186.667 KN/m 2


overturning
About Z Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5x 1108.6 = 2771.5 KNm
Hence OK
About X Direction
Hence OK
Moment About Z Axis (sagging)

d = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
eff
K = Mu/fc.b.d 2 = 140x106/(25x1500x544x544) = 0.013 <0.156
eff
Hence OK
Moment About Z Axis (hogging)
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 174.9 KN-m

d = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
eff
K = Mu/fc.b.d 2 = 0.016= <0.156
eff
Hence OK
Moment About X Axis

Bending moment at critical section, M = 186.667 x.5x0.62/2 =168 KNm
ux
d = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm
eff
K = Mu/fc.b.d 2 = 168x106/(25x6500x544x544) = 0.005 <0.156
eff
Chapter — 2
Hence OK
Z=d = 0.998 d>0.95d

So, Z= 0.95d

Minimum area of steel Ast min = 0.0013 x B x D = 1170 mm2 ( as fy>250)
Z=d = 0.998 d>0.95d

So, Z= 0.95d

Z=d = 0.994 d>0.95d

So, Z= 0.95d


t

V = 225.68 KN
umax

c1
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
V1 = 0.143 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
V3 = 1 N/mm 2
Vc = = 0.331 N/mm 2
Vce = 0.662 N/mm 2

Punching Shear
For Column One
Pm=300x2+300x2=544x12=7728 mm
τv = = 3.24x1000/(7728)x544 =0.00077 N/mm 2

t1
τv < Vt1 , Hence safe
For Column Two
Pm=300x2+300x2=544x12=7728 mm
τv = = 3.24x1000/(7728)x544 =0.00077 N/mm 2

t1
Chapter — 2
Figure 2-17: Shear force and Bending Moment diagrams

2.8.4 Comparison
Value of
Bearing Pressure 147.82 KN/ 147.82 KN/m2 None
m2
174.9 KN- 174.9 KN-m
m
168 KN-m
168 KN-m
Shear Force(Two-Way) 3.24 KN 3.24 KN None
3.24 KN 3.24 KN
Resisting Moment for 2771.5 2771.5 KNm Negligible
Overturning (Z) KNm
Overturning (X) KNm

2.9.1 Reference
2.9.2 Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 600 KN, Mz=30 KNm, each
column., fc = 25 MPa, fy = 450 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal
KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
No soil above footing and dry condition.
Chapter — 2
2.9.3 Solution

( left overhang=right overhang=1.2m)
Weight of footing = 5.9 m x 1.7 m x 0.500 x25 KN = 125.375 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x600+125.375 +2.25) KN = 1327.63 KN
Maximum pressure from axial load= 1327.63 /(5.9 x1.7) = 132.37 KN/ m 2
Total Moment=30+30 = 60 KNm
CG of load= 2.9 m
CG of raft = 2.9 m
Eccentricity =2.95-2.9 =0.05 m
So Moment= P x Eccentricity = 1200x0.05 =60 KNm
Z= 1.7 x 5.92/6= 9.863 m 3
So M/Z = 6.09 KN/m 2
So stress at left end= P/A + M/Z= 138.46 KN/m 2

So stress at left end= P/A - M/Z= 126.28 KN/m 2

138.46 KN/ m 2 <140 KN/m 2
Hence safe

overturning
About Z Direction

So FOS = 3916.5085/60 = 65.27 >1.5
Hence OK
About X Direction
Hence OK
Check For Trial Depth against
Moment About Z Axis (sagging)

d = (500-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 444 mm
eff
K = Mu/fc.b.d 2 = 214x106/(25x1700x444x444) = 0.0255 <0.156
eff
Hence OK
Moment About Z Axis (hogging)

d = (500-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 444 mm
eff
K = Mu/fc.b.d 2 = 0.0276= <0.156
eff
Hence OK
Moment About X Axis

Bending moment at critical section, M = (158.98+176.02)/2 x5.9x0.72/2 =242.122 KNm
ux
Chapter — 2

d = (500-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 444 mm
eff
K = Mu/fc.b.d 2 = 242x106/(25x6500x544x544) = 0.0083 <0.156
eff
Hence OK
Z=d = 0.971 d>0.95d

So, Z= 0.95d

Z=d = 0.968 d>0.95d

So, Z= 0.95d

Z=d = 0.99 d>0.95d

So, Z= 0.95d

Minimum area of steel Ast min = 0.0013 x B x D =3835 mm2


t
V = 347.24 KN
umax
Developed shear stress V = 347.24x1000/(1700x444) = 0.46 N/mm2

V < V , Hence Safe
c1
V1 = 0.17 N/mm 2
V2 = 1 N/mm 2
V3 = 1 N/mm 2
Vc = = 0.351 N/mm 2
Vce = 0.702 N/mm 2

Punching Shear
For Column One
Two way shear = 380.43 KN
Pm=300x2+300x2=444x12=6528 mm
τv = = 380.43x1000/(6528)x544=0.131 N/mm 2

t1
For Column Two
Two way shear = 407.34 KN
Pm=300x2+300x2=444x12=6528 mm
τv = = 407.34x1000/(6528)x544 =0.14 N/mm 2
Chapter — 2

t1
Figure 2-19: Shear force and Bending Moment diagrams

2.10 Mat Combined Foundation
2.9.4 Comparison
Value of
KN/m2
126.28 KN/m2
126.28
KN/m2
Governing Moment 214 KN-m 212 KN-m Negligible
231.62 231.78 KNm
KNm
249.42 KNm
242.122
KNm
407.34 KN 407.34 KN
Overturning (Z) KNm
Overturning (X) KNm

2.10.1 Reference
‘Reinforced Concrete’ by T.J.Macgingley & B.S.Choo, Page 351 and Example: 11.4
2.10.2 Problem
Design a rectangular base to support two columns carrying the following loads:
Column 1 Dead load 310 kN, imposed load 160 kN
Column 1 Dead load 310 kN, imposed load 160 kN
The columns are each 350 mm square and are spaced at 2.5 m centers. The width of the
base is not to exceed 2.0 m. the safe bearing pressure on the ground is 180 kN/m2. The
materials are grade 35 concrete and grade 460 reinforcement.
Chapter — 2
2.10.3 Solution
Let us assume the self weight of the base is 130 kN.
Total vertical load = (310 + 160 + 430 + 220 + 130) = 1250 kN.
Area of base = 1250 / 160 = 7.81 m 2 (considering safe base pressure as 160 kN/m 2).
Length of base = 7.81/2 = 3.91 m
Let the dimension of the mat is as follows,
Width = 2 m,
Length = 4.5 m,
Depth = 0.6 m.
Hence self-weight of mat = 2 x 4.5 x 0.6 x 24 = 129.6 kN.
Hence, total vertical load = (310 + 160 + 430 + 220 + 129.6) = 1249.6 kN.
Actual base pressure = 1249.6 / (2 x 4.5) = 138.84 kN/m 2.
Load Case I (DL & IL on both the column)

The ultimate loads are,
Column 1 load = 1.4 x 310 + 1.6 x 160 = 690 kN,
Column 2 load = 1.4 x 430 + 1.6 x 220 = 954 kN.
The distance of center of gravity from column 1 is checked for service load case 1:
x = (954 x 2.5)/(690 + 954) = 1.45 m.

The soil pressure is checked for service loads for case 1:

Base area = 4.5 x 2 =9.0 m2,
Base modulus = 2 x 4.52 / 6 = 6.75 m3.
Direct load = 310 + 160 + 430 + 220 + 129.6 = 1249.6 kN.
The moment about the centerline of the base is,
M = (430 + 220) 1.05 – (310 + 160) 1.45 = 1.0 kN-m.
Maximum pressure = 1249.6 / 9 + 1 / 6.75 = 138.9 kN / m2 < 180 kN / m2 (Hence safe)
Total uniformly distributed upward load = (690 + 954) / (4.5 x 2 / 2) = 365.33 kN / m.
Load Case II (DL & IL on column 1; DL on column 2)

Column 1 load = 1.4 x 310 + 1.6 x 160 = 690 kN,
Column 2 load = 1.0 x 430 = 430 kN.
Direct load = 310 + 160 + 430 + 129.6 = 1029.6 kN.
M = 430 X 1.54 – (310 + 160) 0.96 = 230 kN-m.
Maximum pressure = 1029.6 / 9 + 230 / 6.75 = 148.47 kN / m2 < 180 kN / m2 (Hence
safe)
Load Case III (DL on column 1; DL & IL on column 2)

Column 1 load = 1.0 x 310 = 310 kN,
Column 2 load = 1.4 x 430 + 1.6 x 220 = 954 kN.
Direct load = 310 + 430 + 220 + 129.6 = 1089.6 kN.
M = (430 + 220) 1.05 – 310 X 1.45 = 233 kN-m.
Maximum pressure = 1089.6 / 9 + 233 / 6.75 = 155.59 kN / m2 < 180 kN / m2 (Hence safe)
Chapter — 2
Design of Longitudinal (Bottom) Steel

The maximum negative BM from Figure 6.18 is 221.7 kN-m
Assuming 40 mm clear cover and 20 mm bar diameter, effective depth = 600 – 40 – 20/2
= 550 mm.
0.0104 < 0.156

Hence Safe

= 970.95 mm 2.
steel.
Provide minimum steel.
Provide 16 bars 12 mm in diameter at 125 mm centers to give area of 1808 mm2.
Design of Transverse (Top) Steel

The maximum positive BM from Figure 6.18 is 99.7 kN-m.
Assuming 40 mm clear cover and 20 mm bar diameter, effective depth = 600 – 40 – 20/2
= 550 mm.
0.004 < 0.156

Hence Safe
= 436.6 mm 2.
steel.
Provide minimum steel as above.
Calculation of Vertical Shear

The maximum vertical shear from case 1 is V = 250.8 kN,
V= = 0.228 N/mm 2.
= 0.39 N/mm 2.
Chapter — 2
2.11 General Isolated Foundation with Eccentricity
Punching Shear Check

The critical perimeter for punching shear check is at 1.5 d distance from the face of the
column. Here the perimeter crosses the boundary of the base on two sides. Hence punching
shear is less critical than the vertical shear in this case.
2.10.4 Comparison
Value of
Max Bending 221.7 kN-m 201.204 kN-m 9.2
Moment (-)
Max Bending 99.7 kN-m 108.94 kN-m 9.2
Moment (+)
Area of Steal 780 mm2/m 780 mm2/m None
Required
Base Pressure 138.84 136 kN/m2 2
kN/m2
2.11 General Isolated Foundation with

Eccentricity
2.11.1 Reference
2.11.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data:
Loads:
Fx =-300 KN
Fy =-500 KN
Fz=-200 KN
Mz= 45.89 KNm
Mx=-98.32 KNm
Offset of column in X-direction (Oxd) =300 mm

Offset of column in Z-direction (Ozd) =300 mm
Density of soil =14 KN/m3
Depth of Soil = 0.5m
Density of Concrete = 25 KN/cum
Coefficient of Friction (μ) = 0.5
Safe Bearing Capacity of the Soil (σ) = 120 KN/m2

Factor of Safety against Overturning =1.5

Factor of Safety against Sliding = 1.5
Permissible soil pressure =
Column dimension = 0.3m x 0.3m,
Strength of concrete (fc’) = M-30 = 4349.39 Psi
Strength of steel (fy) = Fe-415
Self-wt of footing, wt of soil and surcharge are not included for shear and moment
computations
Chapter — 2
2.11.3 Solution
Design started with trial dimensions of 5.0m X 5.0m X 1.0m
Determination of base area of footing
The base area of footing is determined using service (unfactored) loads with the net
permissible soil pressure.
Net permissible soil pressure = 120 KN/ m2

Required base area of footing = (500 + 0.10 x 500)/ 120= 4.5833 m2
Use a 5 .0m x 5.0m square footing (Af =25 m2).
Using a depth of 1m;
Self-wt. of Footing =(5.0*5.0*1*25) = 625 KN

Wt. of soil = 14*0.5*[(5.0*5.0) –(0.3*0.3)] =174.37
Serviceability Check
The net moments are given by:-
Mz =+45.89 – (-300*1) +(-500*0.3) = 195.89 KNm

Mx= - 98.32 +(-200*1) –(-500*0.3) = -148.32 KNm
The pressure at the four corners are given by:-
σ 1 = ((500+625)/ 25) + (6*195.89/53) - (6*148.32/53) = 47.283 KN/m2
σ 2 = ((500+625)/ 25) - (6*195.89/53) - (6*148.32/53) = 28.478 KN/m2
σ 3 =((500+625)/ 25) - (6*195.89/53) + (6*148.32/53) = 42.717 KN/m2
σ 4 = ((500+625)/ 25) + (6*195.89/53) + (6*148.32/53) =61.522 KN/m2
which is < 120 KN/m2. Hence OK
Stability Check
Calculation for Overturning and Sliding:
For Sliding:
Along X- Direction
Disturbing force = -300 KN

Restoring Force = m*(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 649.685 KN
Hence, Factor of Safety against Sliding = (649.685/300) =2.166 > 1.5 Hence Safe

Along Z- Direction

Restoring Force = mu*(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 649.685 KN
Hence, FacFor Overturning:tor of Safety against Sliding = (649.685/200) =3.2484 > 1.5
Hence Safe
About X- Direction
Overturning Moment = Mx + Fz* (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing) = -

98.32– 200* (0 +1) = -298.32 KN-m
Restoring Moment = Fy * (Width of Footing *0.5 –Ozd)+ (Wt of Soil + Wt of
Footing) * Width of Footing*0.5 = 3098.425 KN-m
Hence, Factor of Safety against Overturning = (3098.425/298.32) =10.386 > 1.5 Hence
Safe
About Z- Direction
Overturning Moment = Mx + Fz* (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing) =45.89

+ 300* (0 +1) = 345.89 KN-m
Hence, Factor of Safety against Overturning = (3398.425/345.89) =9.82516 > 1.5 Hence
Safe
Base Pressure for Shear and Moment Calculation

σ 1 = (500/ 25) + (6*195.89 /5.03) - (6*148.32 /5.03) = 22.2834KN/m2

σ 2 = (500/25) - (6*195.89 /5.03) - (6*148.32 /5.03) = 3.47792KN/m2
σ 3 =(500/ 25) - (6*195.89 /5.03) + (6*148.32 /5.03) = 17.7167 KN/m2
σ 4 = (500/ 25) + (6*195.89 /5.03) + (6*148.32 /5.03) = 36.52208 KN/m2
Check for Flexure and Calculation for Reinforcement

Factored loads and soil reaction:
To proportion the footing for strength (depth and required reinforcement) factored loads are
used. For this problem, the factors used are all 1.0
Figure 2-22: Bending about major axes
Chapter — 2
Bending About Z-axis Bending About X-axis
Critical section for moment is at the face of column
About X- axis
Average Base Pressure along one edge
=(22.2834+3.47792)/2 =12.8806 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge
=(17.7167+36.5221)/2 = 27.1194 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section
=27.1194- {(27.1194 – 12.8806)/5.0*2.05} =21.2815 KN/ m2 [2.05 =5-

(5/2+0.3+0.15)]
Hence, the moment at the critical section
Mu =5.0*{21.2815 *2.05*2.05*0.5+0.5*(27.1194-21.2815)* 2.05*2.05*2/3}=

264.48 KNm
Effective depth (d) = 1000 – 50 – 20 = 930 mm
Hence safe
Therefore,

The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 5000 x 1000 / 100 = 6500 mm2 > Calculated area of
steel.
So, provide minimum steel = 6500 mm2
About Z- axis
=(36.5221+22.2834)/2 =29.4027 KN/m2
=(17.7167+3.47792)/2 = 10.5973 KN/m2
=29.4027- {(29.4027-10.5973)/5.0*2.65} =19.4358 KN/ m2 [2.65 =(5/2+0.3-

0.15)]
Mu =5.0*{19.4358 *2.65*2.65*0.5+0.5*(29.4027 –19.4358)*2.65*2.65*2/3}=

457.874 KNm
Hence safe
Therefore,
The minimum area of steel = 0.13 x 5000 x 1000 / 100 = 6500 mm2 > Calculated area of
steel.
So, provide minimum steel = 6500 mm2
Check for Shear

Assume overall footing thickness = 1.0m and average effective thickness d = 0.92m (36.22
in)
Wide-beam action (One-Way Shear) :
Chapter — 2
Along Z-Z axis
Vu = qs tributary area
Bw = 5.00m = 196.8504 in
qs is given by:-
=(22.2834+3.47792)/2 =12.8806 KN/m2
=(17.7167+36.5221)/2 = 27.1194 KN/m2
=27.1194- {(27.1194 – 12.8806)/5.0*1.13} =23.9014 KN/ m2 [1.13=5 -(5/2

+0.3 +0.92 +0.15)]
Hence, the one- way shear at the critical section
Vux =5.0*{23.9014*1.13+0.5*(27.1194-23.9014)*1.13}= 144.134 KN
Design shear stress, v = 144.134/(5.0 x 0.93) =30.996 kN/ m2

Now, VC1 = min(0.8 √(fcu),5) N/ mm2= 4381.78 kN/ m2 > v (Hence Safe)
=
348.5494 kN/ m2
Along X-X axis
Bw = 5.00m = 196.8504 in
qs is given by:-
=(36.5221+22.2834)/2 =29.4027 KN/m2

=(17.7167+3.47792)/2 = 10.5973 KN/m2
=29.4027- {(29.4027-10.5973)/5.0*1.73} =22.89603 KN/ m2 [ 1.73=(5/2 +0.3

–0.92 –0.15)]
Hence, the Design one-way shear at the critical section
Vuz =5.0*{22.89603*1.73+0.5*(29.4027-22.89603)*1.73}= 226.1924 KN
Design shear stress, v = 226.1924/(5.0 x 0.93) =48.64353 kN/ m2

Now, vC1 = min(0.8 √(fcu),5) N/ mm2= 4381.78 kN/ m2 > v (Hence Safe)
= 348.5494 kN/ m2
Chapter — 2
Two-way action (Punching Shear)
Along X-X axis
[3090 mm = 300 + 2x(1.5 x 930)]

The punching shear will be calculated for an area outside the area enclosed by the
rectangle at a distance 1.5d from the column face as shown in figure.
Total pressure under the base = 5.0 x 5.0 x 10.5973 + 0.5 x 5.0 x 5.0 x (29.4027 –
10.5973) = 500.00 kN.
Pressure at the critical sections:-
σa = 29.4027 – ((29.4027-10.5973)/5.0*0.955) = 25.810869 KN/m2

σb = 10.5973 + ((29.4027-10.5973)/5.0*0.955) = 14.189131 KN/m2
Pressure under enclosed rectangle = (3.09)2 x 14.189131 + 0.5 x (3.09)2 x (25.810869 –

14.189131) = 190.962 kN
Punching shear force = 500.00-190.962 = 309.038 kN.

Critical perimeter = 3.09 x 4 =12.36 m.

Punching shear stress = 309.038/(12.36 x 0.93) = 26.885 kN / m2.
Hence, the punching shear stress is less than VC . Hence Safe
Along Z-Z axis
The punching shear will be calculated for an area outside the area enclosed by the rectangle
at a distance 1.5d from the column face as shown in figure.
Total pressure under the base = 5.0 x 5.0 x 12.8806 + 0.5 x 5.0 x 5.0 x (27.1194 – 12.8806)
= 500.00 kN.
Pressure at the critical sections:-
σa = 27.1194 – ((27.1194-12.8806)/5.0*0.955) = 24.3998 KN/m2

σb = 12.8806 + ((27.1194-12.8806)/5.0*0.955) = 15.60021 KN/m2
Punching shear force = 500.00-190.962 = 309.038 kN.
Critical perimeter = 3.09 x 4 =12.36 m.

Punching shear stress = 309.038/(12.36 x 0.93)= 26.885 kN / m2.
Chapter — 2
Hence, the punching shear stress is less than VC . Hence Safe

Mu =5.0*{19.4358 *2.65*2.65*0.5+0.5*(29.4027 –19.4358)*2.65*2.65*2/3}=

457.874 KNm
2.11.4 Comparison
Table 2-12: British verification example 13 comparisons
Reference STAAD.foundation Difference (Reasons
Result Result* there-of)
Moment about X 264.48 259.98 KNm Error due to approx-
KNm imation in base pres-
sure interpolation
Moment about Z 457.874 448.24 KNm Error due to approx-
KNm imation in base pres-
sure interpolation
Area of steel 6500.00 6500.00 mm2 Negligible
about X-X mm 2
Area of steel 6500.00 6500.00 mm2 Negligible

about Z-Z mm2
Shear Stress 48.64 46.66 KN/ m2 Error due to approx-
KN/ m 2 imation in base pres-
(One way) along
sure interpolation
X
Shear Stress 30.996 29.28 KN/ m2 Error due to approx-
KN/ m2 imation in base pres-
(One way) along
sure interpolation
Z
Shear Force 309.038 305.46 KN Error due to approx-
KN imation in base pres-
(Two way)
sure interpolation
Factor of Safety 2.1656 2.167 Negligible
against Sliding
(X)
against Sliding
(Z)
against Over-
turning (X)
against Over-
turning (Z)

Section 3
Canadian Code (CSA
A23.3-2004)
3.1 CSA General Isolated Foundation 1
3.1.1 Reference
3.1.2 Problem
Design of a square Isolated Footing
A tied column, 450 mm square, and reinforced with eight No. 35 bars carries an unfactored
dead load of 1300 kN and an unfactored live load of 1000 kN. Suitable soil with a factored
soil bearing pressure of 300 kN/m2 is available at a depth of 1.5 m . Design a square
footing.
The compressive strength f’c is 30 MPa for the column and 25 MPa for the footing. All steel
has fy=400 MPa. Unit weight of concrete and soil is 24 kN/m2 and 16 kN/m2 respectively.
Chapter — 3
3.1.3 Solution
Trial Footing Size
Calculate the initial footing size based on soil bearing capacity.
As per CSA A.23.3-04 cls. 8.3 and Annex C. the 2005 National Building Code of Canada
load combination factors must be used:
Factored Load = 1.25 DL + 1.5 LL = (1.25 X 1300 kN) + (1.5 x 1000 kN) =
3,125 kN
Required area of footing: 3125/300 = 10.41 m2
Total Axial load = 3125+Self Weight of footing + weight of soil
Self Weight of footing = 3.6 x 3.6 x 0.75 x 24 = 233.28 KN
weight of soil=3.6 x 3.6 x 1.5 x 16 = 311.04 KN
For square footing, the axial force on the footing is:
3125+233.28+311.04 =3669.32 KN
So stress on soil=369.32/(3.6x3.6)=283.12 KN/m2

Section 3 Canadian Code (CSA A23.3-2004)
Calculate Factors of Safety

In this case, we do not have any sliding and overturning forces. The CSA A23.3-04
recommends for a footing that experiences horizontal shear, the designer must make sure
that this shear is transferred to the subgrade utilizing the passive soil resistance and the
friction between the subgrade and the footing surface. The passive soil resistance will be
ignored in STAAD.foundation to calculate the factor of safety against sliding check. Factor
of safety against overturning must be checked as per the NBCC.
Anyway, max sliding force equals the axial load x coefficient of friction
for coeff. of friction =0.5,

Sliding force= 0.5x 3669.32 =1834.66 KN (same for X & Z dir)
Max resisting moment against overturning = axial force x Dimension/2= 0.5x
3669.32x3.6 KNm = 6604.78 KNm (Same wrt both x and z axis).
Stress on soil from Factored load = 3125/(3.6x3.6)=241.126 KN/m2
Along X Direction
deff = (750-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 690 mm
Vumax =
= 768.22 KN
Ø = 0.65, λ = 1
dv = 0.9.deff = 0.9 x 690 = 621 mm
bw=3600 mm
Now allowable shear
Vc = =1030913 N =1031 KN
V < Vc, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
deff = (750-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 690 mm
Vumax = = 768.22 KN
Ø = 0.65, λ = 1
dv = 0.9.deff=0.9 x 690=621 mm

Chapter — 3
bw = 3600 mm
Now allowable shear
Vc = = 1030913 N = 1031 KN
V < Vc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
deff = (750-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 690 mm

Area within Critical Perimeter Am = (450+2x0.5x.69)2=1.2996 m2
Vmax = 241.126x(3.6x3.6-
1.2996)=2811.63 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X ( b + h + 2x d) = 4.56 m
τv = = 0.8936 N/mm2
α=4
ß=L/B =4.5/4.5 =1
1.8525 N/mm2
2.5846 N/mm2
1.235 N/mm2
As effective depth>300 mm so the multiplier=1300/(1000+deff)=0.769
So,
Vr1= 1.424 N/mm2 =1424 KN/m2

Vr2= 1.987N/mm2 = 1987 KN/m2
Vr3= 0.9497 N/mm2 = 949.7 KN/m2
So min {Vr1, Vr2, Vr3} = 949.7 KN/m2

So allowable shear = Vc = 949.7 KN/m2
V < Vc , Hence safe
Development Length
Along Z Axis
ld = 0.45 k1 x k2 x k3 x k4 fy/√(f'c) db

k1 = 1 if clear cover is less than 300 mm or else use 0.45

k2 = 1 if coated reinforcement is used
k2 = 1.2 if epoxy coated reinforcement is used
k2 = 1.5 if epoxy coated reinforcement is used and clear cover is less than 3x
db
k2 = 1.5 if bar spacing is less than 6x db
k3 = 1 Normal density concrete
k4 = 0.8 for 20M and smaller bar size
k4 = 1 for 20M and larger bar size
ld = 0.45 x 1 x 0.8 x 1 x 0.8 x (400 MPa)/√(25MPa) x 19.5 mm = 449.28 mm
Available Length = (3600-450)/2-50 = 1525 mm
Hence OK
Along X Axis
k2 = 1.5 if epoxy coated reinforcement is used and clear cover is less than 3xdb
k2 = 1.5 if bar spacing is less than 6 xdb
Hence OK
Check For Trial Depth Against Moment
About X Axis
Bending moment at critical section:
Mux = = 1076.66 KN-m

α1 = 0.85-0.0015.f’c=0.8125
Øs=0.85

Chapter — 3
= 0.62817
deff = (750-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 690 mm
So, ρ =0.001892
Hence OK
About Z Axis
Bending moment at critical section,
Mux = = 1076.66 KN-m

α1 = 0.85-0.0015.f’c=0.8125
Øs=0.85
= 0.62817
deff = (750-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 690 mm
So,ρ =0.001892
Hence OK
Astx =ρ.B.deff= 4700 m2m

Minimum area of steel Ast min = (0.2x√f’c /fy)xB.D= 6750 mm2
Astz = ρ.L.deff= 4700 m2m



(as no uplift is present so min steel is provided)
Along Z Direction (Top)

(as no uplift is present so min steel is provided)
3.1.4 Comparison
Table 3-1: CSA verification example 1 comparison
Value of
Bearing Pressure 286.45 283.5 KN/m 2 Negligible
KN/m2
Governing Moment 1076.66 KN- 1076.64 KN-m Negligible
m
1076.66 KN-m
1076.66 KN-
m
768.22 KN 768.01 KN
Resisting Shear Force 1031 KN 1031.14 KN None
(One-Way)
1031 KN 1031.14 KN
Resisting Shear Stress 949.7 KN/m2 949.86 KN/m2 Negligible
(Two-Way)
sliding
1834.66 KN 1837.09 KN
Overturning
6604.78 KNm 6613.4 KNm
Ast (B) 6750 mm 6750 mm None
6750 mm 6750 mm
Ast (T) 6750 mm 6750 mm None
6750 mm 6750 mm
Ld (rqrd) 449.28 mm 449.28 mm None
449.28 mm 449.28 mm
Ld (available) 1525 mm 1525 mm None
1525 mm 1525 mm

3.2.1 Reference

Chapter — 3
3.2.2 Problem
Design of a square Isolated Footing
A tied column, 500 mm square, and reinforced with eight No. 35 bars carries an unfactored
dead load of 900 kN and an unfactored live load of 800 kN. Suitable soil with a factored
soil bearing pressure of 300 kN/m2 is available at a depth of 1.5 m . Design a square
footing.
The compressive strength f’c is 20 MPa for the column and 20 MPa for the footing. All
steel has fy=350 MPa. Unit weight of concrete and soil is 24 kN/m2 and 16 kN/m2
respectively.
3.2.3 Solution
Trial Footing Size
Initial footing size is based on soil bearing capacity.
As per CSA A.23.3-04 cls. 8.3 and Annex C. the 2005 National Building Code of Canada
load combination factors must be used:
Factored Load = 1.25 DL + 1.5 LL = (1.25 X 900 kN) + (1.5 x 800 kN) =
2,325 kN
Required area of footing: 2,325 /300 = 7.75 m2

Total Axial load = 2,325 +Self Weight of footing + weight of soil

Self Weight of footing = 3 x 3 x 0.6 x 24 = 129.6 KN
weight of soil=3 x 3 x 1.5 x 16 = 216 KN
For square footing, the axial force on the footing is:
2,325 +129.6 + 216 =2670.6 KN

So stress on soil=2670.6 /(3x3)=296.73 KN/m2
Calculate Factors of Safety

In this case, we do not have any sliding and overturning forces. The CSA A23.3-04
recommends for a footing that experiences horizontal shear, the designer must make sure
that this shear is transferred to the subgrade utilizing the passive soil resistance and the
friction between the subgrade and the footing surface. The passive soil resistance will be
ignored in STAAD.foundation to calculate the factor of safety against sliding check. Factor
of safety against overturning must be checked as per the NBCC.
Anyway, max sliding force =axial load x coeff of friction
for coeff of friction =0.5,

Sliding force= 0.5x 2670.6 =1335.3 KN (same for X & Z dir)
Max resisting moment against overturning = axial force x Dimension/2 = 0.5x
2670.6x3 KNm = 4005.45 KNm (Same WRT both x and z axis).
Stress on soil from Factored load=2325/(3x3)=258.33 KN/m2
Along X Direction
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 540 mm
Vumax = = 550.24 KN
Ø = 0.65, λ = 1
dv = 0.9.deff = 0.9 x 490 = 441 mm
bw = 3000 mm
Now allowable shear
Vc = =655986 N =655.99 KN
V < Vc, Hence Safe

Chapter — 3
Along Z Direction
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 540 mm
Vumax = = 550.24 KN
Ø = 0.65, λ = 1
dv = 0.9.deff = 0.9 x 490 = 441 mm
bw = 3000 mm
Now allowable shear
Vc = = 655986 N = 655.99 KN
V < Vc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 540 mm
Area within Critical Perimeter Am = (500+2x0.5x.54)2 = 1.0816 m2
Vmax = 258.33 x (3x3-1.0816) = 2045.56 KN

Critical perimeter Pm = 2 x ( b + h + 2x d) = 4.16 m
τv = = 0.91 N/mm2
α=4
ß=L/B =5/5 =1
1.657 N/mm2
2.645 N/mm2
1.1046 N/mm2
As effective depth > 300 mm so the multiplier = 1300/(1000+deff) = 0.844
So,

Vr1= 1.398 N/mm2 =1398KN/m2

Vr2= 2.232N/mm2 ==2232 KN/m2
Vr3= 0.932 N/mm2 =932 KN/m2
So min{ Vr1,Vr2,Vr3} = 932 KN/m2

So allowable shear = Vc = 932 KN/m2
V < Vc , Hence safe
Development Length
Along Z Axis
Hence OK
Along X Axis
Hence OK

Chapter — 3
About X Axis
Bending moment at critical section
Mux = = 605.46 KN-m

α1 = 0.85-0.0015.f’c=0.82
Øs=0.85
= 0.0346
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 540 mm
So,ρ =0.002405
Hence OK
About Z Axis
Mux = = 605.46 KN-m

α1 = 0.85-0.0015.f’c=0.82
Øs=0.85
= 0.0346
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 20) mm = 540 mm
So,ρ =0.002405
Hence OK
Astx =ρ.B.deff= 3896 m2m

Minimum area of steel Ast min = (0.2x√f’c /fy)xB.D= 4599.9 mm2

Astz = ρ.L.deff= 3896 m2m

Use #20 @ 190 c/c

(as no uplift force is present only min steel is provided)

Use #20 @ 190 c/c
Along Z Direction (Top)

(as no uplift force is present only min steel is provided)

Use #20 @ 190 c/c

Chapter — 3
3.2.4 Comparison
STAAD.foundation Percent
Value of Reference Result
Result Difference
Governing 605.46 KN-m 605.46 KN-m None
Moment
605.46 KN-m 605.46 KN-m
Shear Force(One- 550.24 KN 550.06 KN Negligible
Way)
550.24 KN 550.06 KN
Shear Force(Two- 2045.56 KN 2045.45 KN Negligible
Way)
Resisting force for 1335.3KN 1332.3 KN Negligible
sliding 1335.3KN
1332.3 KN
Resisting Moment 4005.45 KNm 3996.827 KNm Negligible
for Overturning 4005.45 KNm
3996.827 KNm
Ast (B) #20@190 c/c #20@190 c/c None
#20@190 c/c #20@190 c/c
Ast (T) #20@190 c/c #20@190 c/c None
#20@190 c/c #20@190 c/c
Ld (rqrd) 439.52 mm 439.52 mm None
439.52 mm 439.52 mm
Ld (available) 1200 mm 1200 mm None
1200 mm 1200 mm

3.3.1 Reference
3.3.2 Problem
MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 90KN/m2.
Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5. Height
of soil above footing=450 mm, GWT is 300 mm from GL.
Surcharge= 10 KN/m2

3.3.3 Solution

Weight of above soil = 4.3 x 4.3 x 0.450 x 18 KN = 149.77 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 4.3x4.3 x (0.500+0.450-0.300) x 9.81
KN = 117.9 KN
Load due to surcharge = 4.3x4.3 x 10 KN =184.9 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1200+231.125 +149.77 +184.9 -117.9)

KN = 1647.895 KN
Maximum pressure = 1647.895 /(4.3x4.3) = 89.12 KN/m2
89.12 KN/ m2 <90 KN/m2

Hence safe
Stress for Factor design = 1.25x1200/(4.3x4.3) = 81.12 KN/m2

Chapter — 3

sliding
Along X Direction
Sliding force =0

Max resisting force against sliding = 0.5 x 1647.895 KN = 823.95 KN
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0

Max resisting force against sliding = 0.5 x 1647.895 KN = 823.95 KN
Hence OK

overturning
WRT X Direction
Hence OK
WRT Z Direction
Hence OK

3.5 CSA Pilecap Foundation 1
3.3.4 Comparison
Value of
Bearing Pressure 89.12 KN/ 89.03 KN/ m2 Negligible
m2
Resisting force for sliding 823.95 KN 823.12 KN Negligible
(x)
Overturning (z) KNm
(z)
Overturning (x) KNm

3.3.5 Reference
3.3.6 Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 800 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 450
MPa, Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm. Pedestal ht= 500 mm
Pile Data
Dia of pile= 400 mm.
Vertical capacity = 250 KN,
Horizontal capacity = 100 KN
Uplift capacity = 80 KN

Chapter — 3
Figure 3-4: Elevation and Plan, with dimension and loads
3.3.7 Solution
depth of pilecap= 1.5 x piledia, D=600 mm
Take D=600 mm
c/c pile distance = 3xpile dia =1200 mm. Edge diatance =350 mm
Assuming 4 pile combination,
Coordinates of piles considering pedestal at 0,0,0)
Pile No X Coordinate (mm) Z Coordinate (mm)
1 -600 -600
2 -600 600
3 600 600
4 600 -600
pilecap dimension is 1900 mm x1900 mm x 600 mm

Weight of footing = 1.9 x1.9 x 0.60 x 25 KN = 54.15 KN
Weight of pedestal = 0.25 x 0.25 x 0.5 x 25 KN = 0.78 KN
Therefore, total load on the pilecap = (800+54.15 +0.78) KN = 854.93 KN

So Pile reaction = 854.93 /4= 213.73 KN < 250 KN, Hence OK

As there is no lateral load, moment or uplift force, so each pile is safe in lateral & uplift
capacity.
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken =1
Load factor for axial load is taken 1.25
SO, Load on pilecap = 1.25x800+54.15 x1+0.78x1= 1054.93 KN
Load on each pile =1054.93 /4=263.73 KN
Figure 3-5: Bending sections considered
Calculation of Moment wrt Z Axis
For moment wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1=from pile2=263.73 x 0.475=125.27 KNm
So Total Mz X1X1 = 250.54 KNm

For moment wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile3=from pile4=263.73 x 0.475=125.27 KNm

So Max value of Mz = 250.54 KNm
Check For Trial Depth against moment wrt Z Axis

Bending moment at critical section, Muz = 250.54 KN-m

Chapter — 3
Assuming 50 mm clear cover, 75 mm pile in pilecap & and 11.3 mm bar ( Bar No 10),
effective depth
deff = 463.7 mm
B =1900 mm ,
Øc = Resistance Factor of concrete = 0.6 (Clause No 8.4.2)
α1 = 0.8125 (Clause No 10.1.7.c)
ß1 = 0.8475 (Clause No 10.1.7.c)
c = (700.d)/(700+fy) = 282.25 mm (Clause No 10.5.2)
a = 239.208 mm (Clause No 10.1.7.a)
C = 5539 x 103 KN(Clause No 10.1.7.a)
Resisting Moment=C.(d-a/2)=1906 KNm
Muz < Resisting Moment, Hence OK
Calculation of Moment wrt X Axis
For moment wrt Z1Z1
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 250.54KNm

For moment wrt Z2Z2
So Total Mx Z2Z2 = 250.54KNm

So Max value of MX = 250.54 KNm
Check For Trial Depth against moment wrt X Axis
deff = 463.7 mm
B =1900 mm ,
C=5539 x 103 KN
Resisting Moment=C.(d-a/2)=1906 KNm
Mux < Resisting Moment, Hence OK

Calculation of Shear parallel to X Axis

Figure 3-6: Shear sections considered
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 =pile2=263.73 x528=139.25 KN
So Total V X1X1 = 274.5 KN

For shear wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 3=pile4=263.73 x528=139.25 KN

So Max V parallel to X direction = 274.5 KN
Check for One-Way Shear (along X dir)
Shear Strength Vr = 260/(1000+d).Øc.λ.√(f'c ).bw.d=>0.1.λ.Øc.√(f^' c).bw.d

= max(469.497, 264.309) KN = 469.5 KN (Clause no 11.3.5.2)
Where
Øc = Resistance Factor of concrete=0.6 (Clause No 8.4.2)

λ = factor to account Concrete density=1(Clause No 8.6.5)
bw = Section Width=1900 mm
d = effective Depth= 463.7 mm (Clause 11.0)
VX < VResistanceX, Hence Safe
Calculation of Shear parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1

Chapter — 3
Contribution from pile 1 =pile 4 =263.73 x528=139.25 KN
So Total V Z1Z1 = 274.5 KN

For shear wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2=pile 3 =263.73 x528=139.25 KN

So Max V parallel to Z direction = 274.5 KN
Check for One-Way Shear (along Z dir)
Shear Strength Vr=260/(1000+d).Øc.λ.√(f'c ).bw.d=>0.1.λ.Øc.√(f^' c).bw.d

= max(469.497, 264.309) KN = 469.5 KN
VZ < VResistanceZ, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
Figure 3-7: Two-way shear sections considered
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =231.85 mm from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1=from pile2=from pile3=from pile 4= 263.73 KN
So total punching shear Vmax= 1054.92 KN
b0=Perimeter of failure line at d/2 distance from column face=2.(Column Length+Column
Width+2d)x 2= 4x(250+463.7/2+463.7/2)=2854.88
Therefore Shear stress τc= =Vmax/(b0 x d)= 797 KN/m2
Calculation of punching shear stress capacity
λ = 1 (Clause 8.6.5)
Øc = 0.6 (Clause 8.4.2)
f' = Strength of concrete (in MPa)
c
ß = (Column Length)/(Column Width)=1900/1900=1
c
α = 4 (Clause No 13.0 & 13.4.4.a)
s

mod factor=1
Vr1=(1+2/ßc).0.2.λ.Øc.√(f'c).mod factor=1800 KN/m 2 (Eqn no 13.5 Clause no 13.4.4a)
Vr2=(0.2+(αs. dv)/bo).λ.Øc.√(f'c).mod factor=2549 KN/m 2 (Eqn no 13.6 Clause no13.4.4b)
Vr3=0.4.λ.Øc.√(f'c).mod factor= 1200 KN/m 2 (Eqn no 13.7 Clause no 13.4.4c)
Vr=Min (Vr1,Vr2,Vr3)=1200 KN/m 2
V < VResistance , Hence safe
Along X Direction
Calculate Kr (neutral axis/depth ratio) for Actual Bending Moment
Where
α1= 0.85- 0.0015.f’c>=0.67 (Clause No 10.1.7)

Øc = 0.6 (clause 8.4.2)
Øs = 0.85 (clause 8.4.3)
Solving the equation ρ (steel area ratio = 0.165 %

Therefore, Astx = ρ.b,d= 1450 m2m
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.2/100 x B x D = 2280 mm2
Provided area = 2280 mm2
Along Z Direction
Calculate Kr (neutral axis/depth ratio) for Actual Bending Moment
Solving the previously stated equation ρ (steel area ratio = 0.165 %

Therefore, Astx = ρ.b,d= 1450 m2m
Minimum area of steel Astmin = 0.2/100 x B x D = 2280 mm2

Chapter — 3
Check for Development Length

Ld (required)=1.15.k1.k2.k3.k4.fy/((dcs+Kr) ).Ab/√(f' )= 380.7 mm
c
(CSA A23-3-04 Clause No 12.2.2 & 12.2.3)
Ld (available)Along X=(Length-pedestal length) 1/2 –Cover=775 mm
Ld (required)<Ld (available)Along X
Hence OK
Ld (available)Along Z=(Length-pedestal length) 1/2 -Cover=775 mm
Ld (required)<Ld (available)Along Z
Hence OK
3.3.8 Comparison
Value of
Depth 600 mm 598 mm Negligible
Governing Moment (wrt 250.54 KN- 250.54 KN-m None
X axis) m
Resisting Moment (wrt 1906 KN-m 1933 KN-m Negligible
Z axis)
Governing Moment (wrt 250.54 KN- 250.54 KN-m None
X axis) m
Resisting Moment (wrt 1906 KN-m 1933 KN-m Negligible
Z axis)
X
Shear Resistance(One- 469.5 KN 471.8 KN Negligible
Way) X
Z
Shear Resistance(One- 469.5 KN 471.8 KN Negligible
Way) Z
Shear stress(Two-Way) 797 KN/m2 787.6 KN/m2 None
Resistance Shear Stress 1200 1200 KN/m2 None
(Two-Way) KN/m2
Ld required 381 mm 381 mm None
Ld Available ( Along X) 775 mm 775 mm None
Ld Available ( Along Z) 775 mm 775 mm None
Ast ( Along X) 2280 mm2 2240 mm2 Negligible

3.4 CSA General Combined Foundation s1

3.4.1 Reference
3.4.2 Problem
Ht of soil =500 mm. Depth of GWT=200 mm. Surcharge= 5 KN/m2
3.4.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2x900/120 m2 = 15 m2

left overhang = right overhang = 1.1 m, C/C col dist=3500 mm
Weight of footing = 5.7 x 3.15 x0.500 x25 KN = 224.44 KN

Chapter — 3
Weight of soil above footing = (5.7 x 3.15-2x0.25x0.25) x 0.500 x18 KN =

160.47 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 5.7 x 3.15 x (0.500+0.500-0.200)
x9.81 KN = 140.91 KN
Surcharge load = ( 5.7x3.15-2x0.25x0.25)x5= 89.15 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing is
(2x900+224.44 +1.25+160.47 +89.15 -140.91) KN = 2134.4 KN

Maximum pressure= 2134.4 /(5.7 x3.15) = 118.87 KN/m2
118.87 KN/ m2 <120 KN/m2 (Hence safe)

overturning
About Z Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5.7x 2134.4 = 6083 KNm
Hence OK
About X Direction
Hence OK
3.4.4 Comparison
Value of
KN/m2
Overturning (Z)
Overturning (X) KNm

Section 4
Indian Code (IS 456 -
2000)
4.1 IS General Isolated Foundation 1
4.1.1 Reference
‘Reinforced Concrete’ by A.K. Jain, Page 539, Example 18.2.
4.1.2 Problem
MPa, Column Dimension = 400 mm X 400 mm, Bearing Capacity of Soil = 100 KN/m2,
and Load Factor = 1.5.

Chapter — 4
4.1.3 Solution
Assuming 3.5 m x 3.5 m x 0.6 m footing dimension (I = 12.5 m4)
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1000 +183.75) KN = 1183.75 KN
Maximum pressure = 1183.75/(3.5 x 3.5) KN/ m2 = 96.633 KN/m2 <100
KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 1000 x 1.5/ (3.5 x 3.5) KN/m2 = 122.45 KN/m2
Mu = 122.45 x 3.5 x 1.55 x 1.55/2 = 514.826 KN-m
de = (600-35-0.5 x 10) mm = 560 mm
Ku,max = = 0.479

Section 4 Indian Code (IS 456 -2000)
Ru,max = 0.36 x fc x Ku,max x (1-0.42 Ku,max ) = 2.066
Mulim = Ru,max x B x de2 = 2267.642 x 106 N-mm = 2267.642 KN-m> Mu
Hence safe

Area of steel required along length,
Ast = 0.5 x x B x de = 2646.4 mm2
Corresponding allowable c
= 0.28 N/mm2
Developed shear stress c

=
Vumax = 122.45 x 3.5 x = 424.289 KN

= = 0.2165 N/mm2 < c,all
(Hence
safe)
Check for Two-Way Shear

Vumax = 1500 KN

= = 0.698 N/mm2
Ks = min (0.5+1,1) = 1
Allowable shear stress = Ks x c

= 1 x 0.25 = 0.968 N/mm2
Note: There is no deduction for the upward force underneath the area enclosed by the
critical perimeter. This approach is conservative.

Chapter — 4
Spacing
No. of 10 mm bar = = 33.69 (34)
Spacing = = 102.73 mm
Spacing for 10 mm bar = 102.73 mm
Figure 4-2: Plan of Reinforcement

Figure 4-3: Cross Section showing Reinforcement
4.1.4 Comparison
Table 4-1: IS verification example 1 comparison
Value of
Governing 514.826 KN- 514.821 KN-m Negligible
Moment m
Area of Steal 2646.40 2645.01 mm2 0.05
mm 2
Shear Stress (One- 0.216 N/mm2 0.216 N/mm2 None

Way)
Shear Stress (Two- 0.698 0.700 N/mm2 0.286
Way) N/mm 2

4.2.1 Reference
‘Reinforced Concrete Structure’ by Punmia-Jain-Jain, Example 25.1.
4.2.2 Problem
MPa, Column Dimension = 500 mm x 500 mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2.

Chapter — 4
4.2.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 600/ 120 m2 = 5 m2

Maximum pressure = 650.4 / (2.4 x 2.4) KN/ m2 = 112.92 KN/m2 <120
KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 600 x 1.5 /(2.4 x 2.4) KN/m2 = 156.25 KN/m2

Bending moment at critical section, Mu = 56.25 x 2.4 x 0.95 x 0.95 /2=
169.21875 KN-m
de = (350-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 294 mm

Ku,max = = 0.53
Ru,max = 0.36 x fc x Ku,max x (1- 0.42 Ku,max ) = 2.225
Mulim = Ru,max x B x de2 = 461.568 x 106 N-mm = 461.568 KN-m > Mu
Hence safe

Area of steel required along length,
Ast = 0.5 x x B x de = 2837.87 mm2

Corresponding allowable c
= 0.42 N/mm2

=
Vumax = 156.25 x 2.4 x = 246 KN

= = 0.3486N/mm2 < c,all
Hence safe
Check for Two-Way Shear

Vumax = 900 KN

= = 0.96 N/mm2
Ks = min (0.5+1, 1) = 1
Allowable shear stress = Ks x c

= 1 x 0.25 = 0.968 N/mm2
Hence safe

Chapter — 4
Spacing
No. of 12 mm bar = = 25.09 (26)
Spacing = = 91.52 mm
Spacing for 12 mm bar = 91.52 mm
Figure 4-5: Elevation and Plan showing reinforcement design

4.2.4 Comparison
Value of
Governing 169.2187 KN- 169.2187 KN-m None
Moment m
Area of Steel 2837.87 mm2 2836.34 mm2 0.05
Shear Stress (One- 0.3486 0.3486 N/mm2 None
Way) N/mm2
Shear Stress (Two- 0.96 N/mm2 0.96 N/mm2 None
Way)

4.3.1 Reference
4.3.2 Problem
KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5

Chapter — 4
4.3.3 Solution
Weight of footing = 4.95x4.95x0.7 x 25 KN = 428.79 KN
Maximum pressure = 2428.79/(4.95x4.95) = 99.124 KN/ m2 <100 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = KN/m2 = 122.436 KN/m2

Along X Direction
Sliding force =0


1214.395 KN
Hence OK
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
1214.395 KN
Hence OK
Hence OK
About X Axis
Mux = 122.436 x 4.95 x 2.325 x 2.325 / 2 = 1638.06 KN-m
deff = (700-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 642 mm

K=700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Ru= 0.36 .fck. Kumax .(1-0.42Kumax) = 3.4442 N/mm2
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 = 7026 KNm
Hence OK
About Z Axis
Mux = 122.436 x 4.95 x 2.325 x 2.325 / 2 = 1638.06 KN-m
deff = (700-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 642 mm

K=700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107

Chapter — 4
Hence OK
Along X Direction
From IS -456-2000 Annex G, G-1, b:
Mu =0.87.fy.Ast.d.(1-Ast.fy/b.d.fck)
So solving equation for Ast,
Astx = 7358 m2m

Along Z Direction
Astx = 7358 m2m

Along X Direction
Vumax = 122.436 x 4.95 x = 1020 KN
Now allowable stress = 0.348 N/mm2

V < τc
Hence Safe

Along Z Direction
Vumax = 122.436 x 4.95 x = 1020 KN

V < τc
Hence Safe
Punching Shear
Vmax = 2892 KN
τv = = 1.19 N/mm2
ß=L/B =4.95/4.95 =1
k=0.5 +ß=1.5 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress
τc =k.0.25.√fck = 1.25 N/mm2


Chapter — 4
4.3.4 Comparison
Value of
KN/m2
Governing Moment 1638.06 1638.038 KN-m None
KN-m
Shear Force(One-Way) 1020 KN 1019 KN Negligible
Resisting force for sliding 1214.395 1214.397 KN None
(X) KN
Overturning (Z) KNm
Resisting force for sliding 1214.395 1214.397 KN None
(Z) KN
Overturning (X) KNm

4.4.1 Reference
4.4.2 Problem
=1.5 Surcharge=20 KN/m2

4.4.3 Solution
Surcharge= 20 KN/m2
Surcharge force=20x3.65x3.65= 266.4 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1000+266.4+199.8)= 1466.2 KN
Maximum pressure = 1466.2/(3.65x3.65)=
110 KN/m2 (Hence OK)

Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
Max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation
Total Service load on foundation =1466.2 KN

Chapter — 4
Max Resisting force =0.5 x 1466.2 = 733.1 KN
Hence OK
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
Max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation
Total Service load on foundation =1466.2 KN
Max Resisting force =0.5 x 1466.2 = 733.1 KN
Hence OK
Hence OK
4.4.4 Comparison
Value of
Bearing Pressure 2
110 KN/m 109.9 KN/m 2 Negligible
Overturning (x) KNm
sliding (z)
Overturning (z) KNm
sliding (x)

4.5.1 Reference
4.5.2 Problem

KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5.
Height of soil above footing=450 mm, dry condition.
4.5.3 Solution
Weight of above soil = 3.7x3.7x0.45 x 18 KN = 110.889 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (1200+188.237+110.889) KN = 1499.126
KN
Maximum pressure = 1499.126/(3.7x3.7) = 109.5 KN/m2 <110 KN/m2
Hence safe

Chapter — 4

Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 1499.126
= 749.6 KN
Hence OK
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
= 749.6 KN
Hence OK
Hence OK
Check For Trial Depth against moment about X Axis

Mux = 131.4828 x 3.7 x 1.7 x 1.7/2 = 702.97 KN-m
deff = (550-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 492 mm

K=700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 = 3084.8 KNm
Hence OK
Check For Trial Depth against moment about Z Axis
Mux = 131.4828 x 3.7 x 1.7 x 1.7/2 = 702.97 KN-m

deff = (550-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 492 mm

K=700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
Along X Direction
Astx = 4120 m2m

Along Z Direction
Astx = 4120 m2m

Check for One-Way Shear ( along X dir)
Vumax = 131.4828 x 3.7 x = 587.7 KN

Developed shear stress τv = 587.7x1000/(3700x492)
= 0.322 N/mm2

τv < τc
Hence Safe

Chapter — 4
Check for One-Way Shear ( along Z dir)
Vumax = 131.4828 x 3.7 x = 587.7 KN

Developed shear stress τv = 587.7x1000/(3700x492) = 0.322 N/mm2

τv < τc
Hence Safe
Punching Shear
Vmax = 1718 KN
τv = = 1.1 N/mm2
ß=L/B =3.7/3.7 =1
k=0.5 +ß=1.5 , k<=1
Hence, k=1
Now allowable stress= τc =k.0.25.√fck = 1.25 N/mm2


4.6 IS General Isolated Foundations 6
4.5.4 Comparison
Value of
KN/m2
Governing Moment (x&Z) 702.97 KN- 700.1 KN-m Negligible
m
Shear Force(One-Way) ( 587.7 KN 586 KN Negligible
x&Z)
(X)
Overturning (Z) KNm
(Z)
Overturning (X) KNm

4.6.1 Reference
4.6.2 Problem
KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5.
Height of soil above footing=500 mm, depth of GWT =200 mm

Chapter — 4
4.6.3 Solution
Weight of above soil = 4.95x4.95x0.5 x18 KN = 220.522 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 4.95x4.95x0.5 x18 KN = 240.369 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2000+428.79+220.522-240.369) KN =
2408.943 KN
Maximum pressure = 2408.943/(4.95x4.95) = 99.12 KN/m2 <100 KN/m2
Hence safe


Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
= 1204.5 KN
Hence OK
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation=0.5 x 2408.943 =
1204.5 KN
Hence OK
Hence OK
About X Axis
Mux = 122.436 x 4.95 x 2.325 x 2.325 / 2 = 1638.06 KN-m
deff = (700-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 642 mm

K=700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
About Z Axis

Chapter — 4
Mux = 122.436 x 4.95 x 2.325 x 2.325 / 2 = 1638.06 KN-m
deff = (700-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 642 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Ru = 0.36 .fck. Kumax .(1-0.42Kumax) = 3.4442 N/mm2
Hence OK
Along X Direction
Astx = 7358 m2m
Along Z Direction
Astx = 7358 m2m

Along X Direction
Vumax = 122.436 x 4.95 x = 1020 KN

V < τc
Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
Vumax = 122.436 x 4.95 x = 1020 KN

V < τc
Hence Safe
Punching Shear
Vmax = 2892 KN
τv = = 1.19 N/mm2
ß=L/B =4.95/4.95 =1
k=0.5 +ß=1.5 , k<=1
Hence, k=1

Chapter — 4

4.6.4 Comparison
Value of
KN/m2
Governing Moment 1638.06 1634 KN-m Negligible
(x&Z) KN-m
Shear Force(One-Way) ( 1020 KN 1017 KN Negligible
x&Z)
Resisting force for 1204 KN 1204 KN None
sliding (x)
Resisting Moment for 5962 KNm 5960 KNm Negligible
Overturning (z)
Resisting force for 1204 KN 1204 KN None
sliding (z)
Overturning (x)

4.7.1 Reference
4.7.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1500 KN, Fz=120 KN fc = 25
overturning =1.5

4.7.3 Solution
Therefore, total axial load on the footing = (1500+234.04) KN = 1734.04 KN
Maximum axial pressure =P/A= 1734.04 /(3.95x3.95) = 111.138 KN/ m2
Moment due to lateral load= 120x0.6 72 KNm
Total moment (Mx=72 KNm
Zx=3.95x3.952/6 = 10.27 mm3
M/Z=7.01 KN/m2
So,
σ 1=P/A –M/Z=104.129 KN/m2

σ 2=P/A –M/Z=104.129 KN/m2
σ 3=P/A +M/Z=118.148 KN/m2
σ 4=P/A +M/Z=118.148 KN/m2
118.148 KN/m2 <120 KN/m2 (Hence safe)

Chapter — 4

Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation = 0.5 x 1734.04 =
867.02 KN
Hence OK

FOS = 47.6 > 1.5
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =120

867.02 KN
FOS = 7.22 > 1.5
Hence OK

Hence OK
About X Axis
Critical section for moment is at the face of column; wrt z axis:
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (113.69 + 154.73)x0.5 = 144.21

KN/m2 (left end)
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (113.69 + 154.73)x0.5 = 144.21
KN/m2 (right end)
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 144.21 + (144.21-
144.21) x 2125/3950 = 144.21 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 144.21 + (144.21-
144.21) x 1825/3950 = 144.21 KN/m2
Hence, the moment at the critical section, Mu = F x LA
Where:

F = (144.21 + 144.21) x 0.5 x 1.825 x 3.95 = 1039.57 KN

LA = (144.21 + 2x 144.21) x 1.825/ [3x (144.21 + 144.21)] = 0.913 m
Mu (right) = 949.13 kNm
So, max moment wrt Z axis Mu (z) = 950 KNm
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 542 mm

K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
About Z Axis
Critical section for moment is at the face of column; wrt x axis:

KN/m2 (left end)
KN/m2 (right end)
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 154.73 + (133.69-
154.731) x 2125/3950 = 143.42 KN/m2

Chapter — 4
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 154.73 + (133.69-

154.73) x 1825/3950 = 145.01 KN/m2
Hence, the moment at the critical section, Mu = F x LA
Where:
F = (133.69 + 143.42) x 0.5 x 1.825 x 3.95 = 1080.38 KN

LA = (143.42 + 2x 133.69) x 1.825/ [3x (144.21 + 144.21)] = 0.923 m
Mu (right) = 997.19 kNm
So, max moment wrt Z axis Mu (z) = 998 KNm
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 542 mm

K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
Along X Direction

Astx = 5056 m2m

Along Z Direction
Astx = 5323 m2m

Along X Direction

KN/m2
KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the left critical section = 144.21 + (144.21 -
144.21) x 2667/3950 = 144.21 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the right critical section = 144.21 + (144.21 -
144.21) x 2667/3950 = 144.21 KN/m2
Hence, the SF at critical section
F = (144.21 + 144.21) x0.5 x 1.283 x 3.95 = 730.84 KN
So max SF along X axis Fux = 731 KN

Developed shear stress τv = 731 x 1000 / (3950 x 542) = 0.341 N/mm2

Chapter — 4

τv < τc, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction

KN/m2
KN/m2
154.73) x 2667/3950 = 144.21 KN/m2
154.73) x 1283/3950 = 144.21 KN/m2
Hence, the SF at critical section (left)
F = (133.69 + 140.53) x0.5 x 1.283 x 3.95 = 694.84 KN
F = (15473 + 147.90) x0.5 x 1.283 x 3.95 = 766.83 KN
So max SF along X axis Fux = 731 KN

So max SF=767 KN
Developed shear stress τv = 767 x 1000 / (3950 x 542) = 0.358 N/mm2

τv < τc
Hence Safe
Punching Shear
Vmax = 2148 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X ( b + h + 6 x d) = 3368 mm
τv = = 1.177 N/mm2
ß=L/B =3.95/3.95 =1
k=0.5 +ß=1.5 , k<=1
Hence, k=1

τv < τc
Hence safe

Chapter — 4
4.8 IS Toolkit Combined 1
Figure 4-11: Final Plan Dimensions
4.7.4 Comparison
Value of
Max Bearing 104.129 104.129 KN/m2 None
Pressure KN/m2
MinBearing 118.148 KN 118.148 KN None
Pressure
Governing 999 KN-m 994 KN-m Negligible
Moment
950 KN-m 946 KN-m
Shear Force(One- 767 KN 764 KN Negligible
Way)
731 KN 728 KN
Shear Force(Two- 2148 KN 2146 KN Negligible
Way)

4.8.1 Reference

4.8.2 Problem
4.8.3 Solution
(left overhang = right overhang = 1.375 m)

Weight of footing = 5.75 m x 1.35 m x 0.600 x 25 KN = 116.375 KN
Weight of pedestal=2x 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.5 x 25 = 2.25 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x400+116.375+2.25) KN = 918.625 KN
Maximum pressure = 918.625 /(5.75x1.35) = 118.34 KN/ m2 < 120 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 800 x 1.5/ (5.75 x 1.35) KN/m2 = 154.589 KN/m2

Chapter — 4

overturning
With Respect to Z Direction
Hence OK
With Respect to X Direction
Hence OK
About Z Axis (Sagging)
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 197.2 KNm
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm

K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
About Z Axis (Hogging)
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm

K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK

With Respect to X Axis
Cantilever length = (1.35-0.3)/2 = 0.525 m

Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 154.589 x5.75 x0.5252/2 =
122.5KNm
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm

K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 =5860 KNm
Hence OK
Astx = 1029 m2m

Astx = 192 m2m


Chapter — 4
Astz = 627 m2m

Figure 4-13: Dimension, Moment, and Shear and diagrams

Vumax = 168.2 KN

Developed shear stress V = 168.2 x 1000 / (1350 x 544)= 0.229 N/mm2

V < τc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
For Column 1
τv = = 489.89 x 1000/(300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 544 x 4) x 544 = 0.2668

N/mm2
ß=L/B = 5.75/1.35 = 4.26
k=0.5 +ß=5.26 , k<=1
Hence, k=1

For Column 2
τv = = 489.89 x 1000 / (300 x 2 + 300 x 2 +544 x 4) x 544 = 0.2668

N/mm2
ß=L/B =5.75/1.35 =4.26
k=0.5 +ß=5.26 , k<=1
Hence, k=1


Chapter — 4
4.9 IS Toolkit Combined Foundation 2
4.8.4 Comparison
Value of
KN/m2
37.49 KN- 37.4 KN-m
m
122.5 KN-m
122.5 KN-
m
489.89 KN 489.88 KN
Overturning (Z)
Overturning (X)

4.9.1 Reference
4.9.2 Problem
Ht of soil =500 mm. Dry condition

4.9.3 Solution


Weight of soil above footing = 5 m x 1.65 m x 0.500 x18 KN = 74.25 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x350+123.75+2.25+74.25) KN =
900.25 KN
Maximum pressure = 900.25 /(5 x1.65) = 109.12 KN/ m2
109.12 KN/ m2 <110 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 700 x 1.5 / (5.0 x 1.65) = 127.273 KN/m2

Chapter — 4

overturning
About Z Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5x 900.25 = 2250 KNm
Hence OK
About X Direction
Hence OK
Moment About Z Axis (Sagging)

deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm

K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
Moment About Z Axis (Hogging)

deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm

K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
Moment About X Axis

Mux = 127.273 x5x0.6752/2 = 144.97 KNm
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm

K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Resisting Moment =Ru. B deff2 =5096.3 KNm
Hence OK
Astx = 541 m2m

Astx = 677 m2m

Astz = 742 m2m


Chapter — 4

Vumax = 169.3 KN
Developed shear stress τv = 169.3 x 1000 / (1650 x 544) = 0.1886 N/mm2

τv < τc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
For Column One
τv = = 434.3 x 1000 / (300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 544 x 4) x 544 = 0.2356

N/mm2
ß=L/B =5.75/1.35 =4.26
k=0.5 +ß=5.26 , k<=1
Hence, k=1

For Column Two
τv = = 434.3 x 1000 / (300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 544 x 4) x 544 = 0.2356

N/mm2
ß=L/B =5.75/1.35 =4.26
k=0.5 +ß=5.26 , k<=1
Hence, k=1


Figure 4-15: Shear Force and Bending Moment diagrams

Chapter — 4
4.9.4 Comparison
Value of
KN/m2
131.2 KN-m 131.2 KN-m
144.97 KN- 144.97 KN-m
m
434.3 KN 434.3 KN
Overturning (Z)
Resisting Moment for 742.7 KNm 741.37KNm None
Overturning (X)

4.10.1 Reference
4.10.2 Problem
and C/C column distance=3000 mm . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 130 KN/m2. Coefficient
of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5

4.10.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2 x 500/130 m2 = 7.69 m2

(left overhang = right overhang = 1.2m)
Weight of footing = 5.4 m x 1.65 m x 0.600 x25 KN = 133.65 KN

Weight of soil above footing = 5.4 m x 1.65 m x 0.500 x18 KN = 80.19 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 5.4 m x 1.65 m x (0.5+0.6-0.2) x9.81
KN = 78.67 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x500+133.65+2.25+80.19-78.67) KN =
1137.42 KN
Maximum pressure= 1137.42 /(5.4 x1.65) = 127.66 KN/ m2
127.66 KN/ m2 <130 KN/m2
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 1000 x 1.5 / (5.4 x 1.65) = 168.35 KN/m2

Chapter — 4

overturning
wrt Z Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 5x 1137.42 = 3071 KNm
Hence OK
Wrt X Direction
Hence OK
Mux = 200 KNm
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm

K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
Mux = 112.4 KNm
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm

K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK

About X Axis
Cantilever length = (1.65-0.3)/2 = 0.675 m

Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 168.35 x5.4x0.6752/2 = 207 KNm
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm

K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
Astx = 1040 mm2

Astx = 579 mm2

Astz = 1062 mm2

Chapter — 4


Vumax = 223.95 KN
Developed shear stress V = 223.95 x 1000 / (1650 x 544) = 0.249 N/mm2

V < τc, Hence Safe

Punching Shear
For Column 1
τv = = 630.07 x 1000 / (300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 544 x 4) x 544 = 0.343

N/mm2
ß=L/B =5.4/1.65 =3.27
k=0.5 +ß=4.27 , k<=1
Hence, k=1

For Column 2
τv = = 630.07 x 1000 / (300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 544 x 4) x 544 = 0.343

N/mm2
ß=L/B =5.4/1.65 =3.27
k=0.5 +ß=4.27 , k<=1
Hence, k=1


Chapter — 4
4.10.4 Comparison
Value of
KN/m2
112.4 KN- 112.4 KN-m
m
207 KN-m
207 KN-m
630.07 KN 630.08 KN
Overturning (Z)
Resisting Moment for 938.4 KNm 937 KNm Negligible
Overturning (X)

4.11.1 Reference
4.11.2 Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 350 KN & Fx=-30 KN each
column., fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column Dimension = 300 mm x 300 mm, Pedestal
=1.5. No soil above footing. Dry condition

4.11.3 Solution
(left overhang = right overhang = 1 m)

Weight of pedestal = 2 x 0.3 x 0.3 x 0.5 x 25 = 2.25 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x350+157.5 +2.25) KN = 859.75 KN
Maximum pressure for axial load=P/A = 859.75 /(6x1.75) = 81.88 KN/ m2
Moment on each col = 30 x (0.5 x 0.6) = 33 KNm
So total moment = 33 + 33 = 66 KNm
Z=1.75x6 2/6 = 10.5 m3
M/Z = 66/10.5 = 6.28 KN/m2
Streaa at left end = 81.88+6.28= 88.16 KN/m2
Streaa at right end = 81.88-6.28= 75.6 KN/m2
88.16 KN/ m2 <90 KN/m2
Hence safe

Chapter — 4

overturning
wrt Z Direction
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 6 x 859.75 = 2579.25 KNm
Hence OK
Wrt X Direction
Hence OK
Mux = 95 KNm
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm

K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
Mux = 264.25 KNm
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm

K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK

About X Axis

Bending moment at critical section, Mux = (109.43+90.57) x6x0.7252/2 = 157
KNm
deff = (600-50-0.5 x 12) mm = 544 mm

K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
Hence OK
Astx = 490 mm2

Minimum area of steel Ast min = 0.0012 x B x D = 1260mm2 ( as fy>250)
Astx = 1380 mm2


Chapter — 4
Astz = 807 mm2


Percentage of steel pt = 0.133
Vumax = 248.613 KN
Developed shear stress V = 0.261 N/mm2

V < τc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear
For Column One
τv = = 449.289 x 1000 / (300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 544 x 4) x 544 =

0.245 N/mm2
ß=L/B =6/1.75 =3.43
k=0.5 +ß=4.43 , k<=1
Hence, k=1

For Column Two
τv = = 458.245 x 1000 / (300 x 2 + 300 x 2 + 544 x 4) x 544 =

0.2496 N/mm2
ß=L/B =6/1.75 =3.43
k=0.5 +ß=4.43 , k<=1
Hence, k=1



Chapter — 4
4.12 IS Pilecap 1
4.11.4 Comparison
Reference STAAD.foundation Percent
Value of
Result Result Difference
75.59 KN/m2 75.6 KN/m2
Governing Moment 129.7 KN-m 95 KN-m 8.5%
264.25 KN-m 264.25 KN-m None
157 KN-m 167 KN-m 6%
458.245 KN
458.24 KN
Overturning (Z)
Overturning (X)
4.12 IS Pilecap 1
4.12.1 Reference
4.12.2 Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 800 KN, fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415
MPa, Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm. Pedestal ht= 500 mm
Pile Data- Dia of pile= 400 mm.

Vertical capacity = 250 KN,

4.12 IS Pilecap 1
4.12.3 Solution
depth of pilecap= 1.5xpiledia, D = 600 mm
Take D=650 mm
c/c pile diatance = 3xpile dia =1200 mm. Edge diatance = 350 mm
Assuming 4 pile combination, Coordinates of piles (considering pedestal at 0,0,0)
Table 4-12: Pile Locations in Plan
X Coor- Z Coor-
Pile No dinate dinate
(mm (mm)
1 -600 -600
2 -600 600
3 600 600
4 600 -600
Weight of footing = 1.9 x1.9 x 0.65 x 25 KN = 58.66 KN

Chapter — 4
4.12 IS Pilecap 1

So Pile reaction = 859.44 /4= 214.86 KN<250 KN
Hence OK
As there is no lateral load , moment or uplift force, so each pile is safe in lateral & uplift
capacity.
Factored Design
So, Load on pilecap = 1.5 x 800 + 58.66 x 1 + 0.78 x 1 = 1259.44 KN

Load on each pile = 1259.44 /4 = 314.86 KN
Calculation of Moment about Z Axis
For moment wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile 2 = 314.86 x 0.475 = 149.56 KN

For moment wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 3 = from pile 4 = 314.86 x 0.475 = 149.56 KNm

Calculation of Moment about X Axis

For moment wrt Z1Z1

4.12 IS Pilecap 1

So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 299.12 KNm
For moment wrt Z2Z2

About Z Axis
Muz = 299.12 KN-m
Assuming 50 mm clear cover, 50 mm pile in pilecap & and 12 mm bar, effective depth
deff = 532 mm
K = 700/(1100+0.87x fy ) = 0.479107
B =1900 mm , deff = 532 mm
Hence OK
AboutX Axis
Mux = 299.12 KN-m
deff = 532 mm
K=700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
B =1900 mm , D = 532 mm
Hence OK
Along X Direction

Chapter — 4
4.12 IS Pilecap 1
Astx = 1558 m2m

Along Z Direction
AstZ = 1558 m2m

Calculation of Shear
Parallel to X Axis
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 = 317.116 x 0.375 = 113.37 KN

For shear wrt X2X2

4.12 IS Pilecap 1
So Maximum V parallel to X direction = 226.74 KN
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1

For shear wrt Z2Z2

So Max V parallel to Z direction = 226.74 KN
Along X Direction

Vumax = 226.74 KN
Developed shear stress V = 226.74 x 1000 / 1900 x 532 = 0.224 N/mm2

V < τc, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction

Vumax = 226.74 KN
Developed shear stress V = 226.74 x 1000 / 1900 x 532 = 0.224 N/mm2

V < τc, Hence Safe

Chapter — 4
4.12 IS Pilecap 1
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =266 mm from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile 2 = from pile 3 = from pile 4 = 317.12
KN
4x(250+532/2+532/2)=3128 mm
τv = = 0.76 N/mm2
ß=L/B =1900/1900 =1
k=0.5 +ß=1.5 , k<=1
Hence, k=1

4.12.4 Comparison
Value of
Governing 299.12 KNm 229.112 KN-m None
Moment
Shear Force(One- 226.74 KN 222 KN Negligible
Way)
Shear Force(Two- 1268.464 KN 1259.44 KN None
Way)

4.13 IS Pilecap 2
4.13 IS Pilecap 2
4.13.1 Reference
4.13.2 Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 1100 KN, Mx= 50 KNm, Fz= 50
KN,fc = 25 MPa, fy = 415 MPa, Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm. Pedestal ht= 500
mm
Pile Data- Dia of pile= 400 mm.

Vertical capacity =300 KN,
Figure 4-21: Plan, Elevation, and Pedestal dimensions
4.13.3 Solution
depth of pilecap= 1.5 x pile dia, D=600 mm
Take D=800 mm

Chapter — 4
4.13 IS Pilecap 2
c/c pile diatance = 3xpile dia =1200 mm. Edge diatance =350 mm
Assuming 5 pile combination,
Coordinates of piles considering pedestal at 0,0,0)
Table 4-14: Pile Coordinates in Plan

Pile X Coordinate Z Coordinate
No (mm) (mm)
1 -849 -849
2 -849 849
3 0 0
4 849 -849
5 849 -849

So Pile reaction from axial load= 1215.69 /5= 243.136KN

Moment from lateral load = (0.8+0.5) x 50= 65 KNm
Moment Mx ( from input) = 50 KNm
So Total moment = 115 KNm
Using Rivet theory-

Reaction from moment= +/- 115x0.849/(4x0.849 2) = +/-33.86 KNm
So
Reaction at Pile 2= reaction at pile 5 = 243.136+33.86 =276.996 KN

Reaction at Pile 1= reaction at pile 4 = 243.136-33.86 =209.276 KN
Reaction at Pile 3= 243.136 KN
So Critical vertical reaction= 277 KN< 300 KN
Lateral reaction = 50/5 = 10 KN < 50 KN, Hence OK
As there is no net uplift load, so each pile is safe in uplift capacity.

4.13 IS Pilecap 2
Factored Design
So, Axial Load on pilecap = 1.5x1100+114.9 x1+0.78x1= 1765.68 KN

Moment on pilecap = 1.5x115= 172.5 KNm
Load on each pile from axial reaction =1765.68 /5=353.136 KN
Reaction from moment= +/- 172.5x0.849/(4x0.849 2) = +/-50.795 KNm
So
Reaction at Pile 2= reaction at pile 5 = 353.136 +50.795 =403.931 KN

Reaction at Pile 1= reaction at pile 4 = 353.136 -50.795 =302.341 KN
Reaction at Pile 3= 353.136 KN
Calculation of Moment
About Z Axis
For moment wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1=302.341 x 0.724=218.89 KNm

Contribution from pile 3=1.4 KNm

Chapter — 4
4.13 IS Pilecap 2
For moment wrt X2X2


About X Axis
For moment wrt Z1Z1


For moment wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2 = 403.931 x 0.724=292.446 KNm

Contribution from pile 5 = 403.931 x 0.724=292.446 KNm

Moment About Z Axis
Muz = 512.74 KN-m
deff = 695 mm
K=700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
B =2397 mm , deff = 532 mm
Hence OK
Moment AboutX Axis

4.13 IS Pilecap 2
Mux = 586.292 KN-m
deff = 695 mm
K=700/(1100+0.87x fy )= 0.479107
B =2397 mm , deff = 532 mm
Hence OK
Along X Direction
Astx = 2046 m2m

Along Z Direction
AstZ = 2341 m2m


Chapter — 4
4.13 IS Pilecap 2
Parallel to X Axis
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 =302.341 x0.572=173 KN

Contribution from pile 2=403.931 x0.572=231KN
So Total V X1X1 = 404 KN

For shear wrt X2X2

So Total V X2X2 = 404 KN

So Max V parallel to X direction = 404 KN
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1

So Total V Z1Z1 = 346 KN

For shear wrt Z2Z2

4.13 IS Pilecap 2


So Max V parallel to Z direction = 462 KN
Along X Direction

Vumax = 404 KN
Developed shear stress V = 404 x 1000 / (2397 x 695) = 0.24 N/mm2

V < τc, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction

Vumax = 462 KN
Developed shear stress V = 462 x 1000 / (2397 x 695) = 0.277 N/mm2

V < τc, Hence Safe
Punching Shear

Chapter — 4
4.14 IS Mat Combined Foundation 1
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile 4 = 302.34 KN

Contribution from pile 2 = from pile 5 = 403.93 KN
Contribution from pile 3 =0 KN
4x(250+347.5 +347.5)=3780 mm
τv = = 0.538 N/mm2
ß=L/B =2397/2397 =1
k=0.5 +ß=1.5 , k2397<=1
Hence, k=1

4.13.4 Comparison
Value of
Governing 586 KNm 570 KNm Negligible
Moment
512.74 KNm 512.5 KNm
Shear Force(One- 462 KN 461 KN Negligible
Way)
404 KN 415 KN
Shear Force(Two- 1412.544 KN 1412 KN None
Way)
Depth 800 mm 800 mm None

4.14.1 Reference
‘Reinforced Concrete Design’ by Pillai & Menon, Page 652, Example 14.7.
4.14.2 Problem
Design a combined footing for two columns with the given data: C1 (400 mm x 400 mm)
with 4-25 Ø bars and C2 (500 mm x 500mm) with 4-28 Ø bars supporting axial loads P1
= 900 KN and P2 = 1600 KN respectively (under service dead and live loads). The column
C1 is an exterior column whose exterior face is flush with the property line. The center-to-
centre distance between C1 and C2 is 4.5 meters. The allowable soil pressure at the base of
the footing, 1.5 m below ground level, is 240 KN/m2. Assume a steel of grade Fe 415 in
the columns as well as the footing, and a concrete grade of M 20 in the footing.

Figure 4-22: Footing Plan
Figure 4-23: >Loads on Footing
4.14.3 Solution
Dimension of Mat (Based on the bearing Capacity given):
Length = 6.16 m
Width = 2 m
Depth = 0.95 m
Calculation for base-pressure

Self-weight of mat = 6.16 x 2 x 0.95 x 25 KN = 292.6 KN
Total load on the mat = (1600+900+200.2) KN = 2792.6 KN
Base pressure = 279.6 / (6.16 x 2) KN/m2 = 226.67 KN/m2 < 240 KN/m2
(Hence Safe)
Ultimate load for C 1 = Pu1 = 1.5 x 900 = 1350 KN
Ultimate load for C 2 = Pu2 = 1.5 x 1600 = 2400 KN
Then uniformly distributed upward load = (Pu1+Pu2)/6.16 KN/m = 608.8
KN/m
Developed shear stress,

Chapter — 4
v
= = 0.533 N/mm2 < c,allowable
Hence safe
Maximum shear for C 2 = 2400 KN
Developed shear stress,
v
= = 0.508 N/mm2 < c,allowable
Hence safe
Calculation of reinforcement
Maximum negative moment Mu(-) = 1227 KN-m
Maximum negative moment/width = 1227/2 KN-m/m = 613.5 KN-m/m
Area of steel required on top face along length,
Ast = 0.5 x x B x de
B = 1000 mm
de = 865 mm
Mu= 613.5 x 106 N-mm
Ast = 2067.97 mm2/m
Ast,min = 0.0012 x B x D = 1140mm2/m

Figure 4-24: Shear Force (kN, top) and Bending Moment (kNm, bottom) diagrams
4.14.4 Comparison
Value of
Max Bending 603.201 KN- 613.5 KN-m/m 1.68
Moment(-) m/m
Max Bending 219.687 KN- 223 KN-m/m 1.48
Moment(+) m/m
Area of Steal 2014.835 2067.97 mm2/m 2.56
Required mm2/m
Base Pressure 227 KN/m2 226.67 KN/m2 Negligible

Chapter 4

Section 5
United States Code (ACI
318 -2005)
5.1 US General Isolated Foundation 1
5.1.1 Reference
‘Notes on ACI318-02 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete with Design
Applications’ by B.A. Fanella and B. G. Robert, Page 22-7, Example 22.1-22.3.
5.1.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Service dead load = 350 kips, Service live
load = 275 kips, Service surcharge = 100 psf, Average weight of soil above footing = 130 pcf,
Permissible soil pressure = 4.5 ksf, Column dimension = 30 x 12 in, Strength of concrete
(fc’) = 3,000 psi, and Strength of steel (fy) = 60,000 psi.

Chapter — 5
Figure 5-1: Elevation and loads
5.1.3 Solution
Determination of base area of footing:
Total weight of surcharge = (0.130 x 5 + 0.1) = 0.75 ksf

Net permissible soil pressure = 4.5 – 0.75 = 3.75 ksf
Required base area of footing = (320 + 275) / 3.75 = 166.667 ft 2
[Clause 15.2.2]
Use a 13 x 13 ft square footing (Af = 169 ft 2).

To proportion the footing for strength (depth and required reinforcement) factored loads
are used. [Clause 15.2.1]
Pu = 1.2 x 350 + 1.6 x 275 = 860 kips [Eq. 9-2]

qu = (Pu/A) = (860/169) = 5.089 ksf

Section 5 United States Code (ACI 318 -2005)
Figure 5-2: Considered sections for two-way (b ) and beam (b ) action

o w
Depth requirement for shear usually controls the footing thickness.

Both wide action and two-way action for strength computation need to be investigated to
determine the controlling shear criteria for depth. [Clause 11.2]
Assume overall footing thickness = 33 in. and average effective thickness d = 28 in. = 2.33
ft.
Wide-beam action
Vu = qs x tributary area
Bw = 13 ft = 156 in.
Tributary area = 13(6.0 – 2.33) = 47.71 ft 2
Vu = 5.089 x 47.71 = 242.796 kips
φV = φ(2√(f'c)bwd) [Eq 11 - 3]
= 0.75(2√(3000) x 156 x 28)/1000 [Clause 9.3.2.3]
= 359 kips > Vu O.K.
Two-way action
Vu = qs x tributary area
Tributary area = = 152.889 ft 2

Vu = 5.089 x 152.889 = 778.052 kips

Chapter — 5
= Minimum of
[Eq 11-33,11-34 & 11-35 respectively]
bo = 2(30 + 28) + 2(12 + 28) = 196 in.
bo/d = 196/28 = 7
= 40 for interior columns
=
φVc = 0.75 x 3.6 √(3000) x 196 x 28/1000 = 812 kips > Vu = 780 kips
O.K.
Calculation of Reinforcement
Figure 5-3: Critical section for moment (long projection)
Critical section for moment is at face of column [Clause 15.4.2]
Mu = 5.089 x 13 x 6 2/2 = 1190.862 ft-kips
Compute required As assuming tension-controlled section ( φ = 0.9)

[Clause 10.3.4, 9.3.2.1]

Required Rn = psi
p(gross area) = (d/h) x 0.0022 = (28/33) x 0.0022 = 0.00186
Check minimum As required for footings of uniform thickness; for grade 60 reinforcement:
[Clause 10.5.4]
ρmin = 0.00180 < 0.00186 O.K. [Clause 7.12.2]

Required As = ρbd = 0.0022 x 156 x 28 = 9.61 in. 2
Try 13-No. 8bars (As = 10.27 in. 2) each way
Check for Development Length

Critical section for development length is same as that for moment (at face of column).
[Clause 15.6.3]
Ld = [Eq. 12-1]
Clear cover (bottom and side) = 3.0 in.
Center-to-center bar spacing = in.

[Clause 12.2.4]
C = minimum of
Ktr = 0 (no transverse reinforcement)
= 3.5 > 2.5, use 2.5 [Clause 12.2.3]

α = 1.0 (less than 12 in. of concrete below bars) [Clause 12.2.4]
β = 1.0 (uncoated reinforcement)
αβ= 1.0 < 1.7
γ = 1.0 (larger than No.7 bars)

Chapter — 5
λ = 1.0 (Normal weight concrete)
Ld = = 32.9 in. >12.0 in. O.K. [Clause

12.2.1]
Since Ld = 32.9 in. is less than the available embedment length in the short direction
(156/2 - 30/2 - 3 = 60 in.), the No.8 bars can be fully developed.
Use 13 – No.8 each way.
5.1.4 Comparison
Table 5-1: US verification example 1 comparison
Value of
Effective Depth 28 in 28 in None
Governing 1190.86 ft- 1190.77 ft-kips Negligible
Moment kips
Area of Steal 9.61 in2 9.70 in2 0.94
Shear Stress (One- 242.79 kips 242.56 kips Negligible
Way)
Shear Stress (Two- 778.05 kips 778.01 kips Negligible
Way)

5.2.1 Reference
5.2.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 200 Kip, fc = 4 Ksi, fy = 60 Ksi,
Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2.2 Kip/sqft.
Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5

Figure 5-4: Elevation and Plan
5.2.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 200/2.2 = 90.9 sqft
Assuming 122 inch x122 inch x18 inch footing dimension,
Weight of footing = 122 x122 x18 x 0.159/(123)= 24.66 Kip

Therefore, total load on the footing = (200+24.66) KN = 224.66 Kip
Maximum pressure = 224.66 /(122 x 122) = 0.0151 Ksi=2.17 Kip/sqft <2.2
Kip/sqft (Hence safe)
Ultimate pressure =200x1.5/(122x122)= KN/m2 = 0.020156 Ksi

Along X Direction
Sliding force = 0
112.33 Kip
Hence OK

Chapter — 5
max resisting Moment = 0.5x 122 x 224.66 = 13704.26 in kip
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force = 0
112.33 Kip
Hence OK
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 7.5 inch from the column face.
Effective Depth=D-clear cover-1=18-2-1=15 inch

Punching Shear Vm = 0.018813 x 122 x 122 - 0.0189 x 27 x 27 = 266.24 Kip
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X ( b + h + 2 x d) = 108 inch
Vm1 = Vmax / (Pm*d)= 164.81 Ksi
ßc=Width of col/depth of col=12/12=1
bc=2.(b+d+2.deff)=108 inch
V1 √fc.bc.d = (2+4/1).√(4000) x 108 x 15 = 614746.78 lb
V2 √fc.bc.d = (40x15/108+2). √(4000) x 108 x 15 =

774125.57 lb
V2 = 4.√fc.bc.de=4.√(4000) x 108 x 15 = 409831.18 lb
Vc = min {V1, V2, V3} =409831.185 lb
So, 0.75Vc = 307.374 Kip
Vm< 0.75.Vc , Hence safe
Along Z Direction
Vumax = 0.0189 x 122 x = 92.24 Kip

Now allowable shear = Vc1 = = 2x√(4000) x 122 x 15 lb =

231.48 Kip
0.75.Vc1=173.61 Kip
V < Vc1, Hence Safe

So Vumax < Vc1 , Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
Vumax = 0.0189 x 122 x = 92.24 Kip
Now allowable shear = Vc1 = = 2x√(4000) x 122 x 15 lb =

231.48 Kip
0.75.Vc1=173.61 Kip
V < Vc1, Hence Safe

About X Axis
m = fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.02138
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Mux = 0.0189 x 122 x 55 x 55 / 2 = 3487.55 in kip
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/Ø =3875.56 in kip
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 =0.1412 Ksi

2m.Rn/fy <1 , Hence OK
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002405
Ρmin < ρ < ρmax Hence OK
About Z Axis
m = fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507

Chapter — 5
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.02138

ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Mux = 0.0189 x 122 x 55 x 55 /2 = 3487.55 in kip
So Resisting Moment = Mnz = Muz/Ø =3875.56 in kip

ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002405
Along X Direction
ρx = 0.002405
Therefore, Astx = ρx *b*d = 4.4 in2
Along Z Direction
ρz = 0.002405
Therefore, Astz = ρz*b*d = 4.4 in2
5.2.4 Comparison
Value of
Effective Depth 15 inch 15 inch None
Bearing Pressure 0.0151 Ksi 0.0151 Ksi None
Governing Moment 3487 in kip 3471 in kip Negligible
3487 in kip 3471 in kip
Shear Force(One-Way) 92.24 Kip 91.8 Kip Negligible
92.24 Kip 91.8 Kip
Shear Force(Two-Way) 266.24 Kip 266.29 Kip Negligible
Resisting force for 112.33 Kip 112.33 Kip None
sliding
Resisting Moment for 13704.26 13703.75 in kip Negligible
Overturning in kip


5.3.1 Reference
5.3.2 Problem
Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2Kip/sqft.
5.3.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 250/2 = 125 sqft
Weight of footing 160 x160 x21 x 0.159/(123)= 49.47 Kip

Weight of soil above footing 160 x160 x32 x 0.159/(123)= 53.57 Kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (250+49.47 +53.57) KN = 353.04 Kip

Chapter — 5
Maximum pressure = 353.04/(160x160) = 0.0138 Ksi=1.9872 Kip/sqft <2

Kip/sqft
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 200 x 1.5/(122 x 122)= KN/m2 = 0.020156 Ksi

Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
176.52 Kip
Hence OK
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
176.52 Kip
Hence OK
Hence OK
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 9 inch from the column face.

Punching Shear Vm= 0.013673x160x160-0.0137x30x30=337.68 Kip
V1 √fc.bc.d = (2+4/1).√(4000) x120x18 =819662.37 lb

V2 √fc.bc.d = (40x18/120+2).√(4000) x120x18=1092883.16 lb

V2= 4 .√fc.bc.de=4.√(4000) x120x18=546441.58 lb
Vc =
=546441.58 lb
So, 0.75Vc=409.832 Kip

Vm< 0.75xVc , Hence safe
Along X Direction
Vumax = 0.0137 x 160 x = 122.76 Kip
Now allowable shear = Vc1 = = 2x√(4000) x160x18 lb =364.3 Kip

0.75.Vc1 = 273.2 Kip
So Vumax < 0.75x Vc1, Hence Safe
Along Z Direction
Vumax = 0.0137 x 160 x = 122.76 Kip

0.75.Vc1 = 273.2 Kip
So Vumax <0.75x Vc1 , Hence Safe
About X Axis
m = fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.02138
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Mux = = 0.0137 x 160 x 74 x 74 /2 = 6002 in kip

Chapter — 5

ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002188
About Z Axis
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.02138
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Mux = = 0.0137 x 160 x 74 x 74 / 2 = 6002 in kip

ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002188
Along X Direction
ρx = 0.002188
Along Z Direction
ρz = 0.002188

5.3.4 Comparison
Value of
6002 in kip
5989 in kip
Shear Force(One- 92.24 Kip 91.8 Kip Negligible
Way)
92.24 Kip 91.8 Kip
Shear Force(Two- 337.68 Kip 337.7 Kip None
Way)
Resisting force for 176.52 Kip 176.37 Kip Negligible
sliding
Resisting Moment for 28243.2 in kip 28218.85 in kip Negligible
Overturning

5.4.1 Reference
5.4.2 Problem
Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2.1Kip/sqft.

Chapter — 5
5.4.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required =300/2.1 = 142.86 sqft

Weight of soil above footing 158 x158 x25 x 0.159/(123)= 40.82 Kip
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 158 x158 x(25+21-10) x 3.61398x10-
5= 32.479 Kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (300+48.24 +40.82 -32.479) = 356.581

Kip
Maximum pressure = 356.581 /(158x158) = 0.0143 Ksi=2.059 Kip/sqft <2.1
Kip/sqft
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure =200x1.5/(122x122)= KN/m2 = 0.020156 Ksi


Along X Direction
Sliding force =0
178.29 Kip
Hence OK
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
178.29 Kip
Hence OK
Hence OK
Punching Shear

Punching Shear Vm= 0.016825 x 158 x 158 - 0.0169 x 30 x 30 = 404.81 Kip
ßc = Width of col/depth of col = 12/12=1
bc = 2.(b+d+2.deff) = 120 inch

Chapter — 5
Figure 5-7: Section considered for two-way shear
V1 √fc.bc.d = (2+4/1).√(4000) x120x18 =819662.37 lb
V2 √fc.bc.d = (40x18/120+2).√(4000) x120x18=1092883.16

lb
V3= 4.√fc.bc.de=4.√(4000) x120x18=546441.58 lb
Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 546441.58 lb
So, 0.75Vc=409.832 Kip

Along X Direction
Vumax = 0.0169 x 158 x = 146.87 Kip
Now allowable shear = Vc1 = = 2x√(4000) x158x18 lb = 359.74 Kip

0.75.Vc1=269.81 Kip

Along Z Direction
Vumax = 0.0169 x 158 x = 146.87 Kip
Now allowable shear = Vc1 = = 2x√(4000) x158x18 lb = 359.74 Kip

0.75.Vc1=269.81 Kip
So Vumax < 0.75xVc1 , Hence Safe
Check for Trial Depth
Moment About X Axis
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.021381
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Mux = 0.0169 x 158 x 73 x 73 / 2 = 7114.95 in kip
Rn = Mnx/b.d2 =0.1545 Ksi

ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002637
Moment About Z Axis
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.021381
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Mux = 0.0169 x 158 x 73 x 73 / 2 = 7114.95 in kip

Chapter — 5

ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002637
Along X Direction
ρx = 0.002637
Along Z Direction
ρz = 0.002637
5.4.4 Comparison
Value of
Governing Moment 7114.95 7082.85 in kip Negligible
in kip 7082.85 in kip
7114.95
in kip
146.87 Kip 146.2 Kip
Shear Force(Two-Way) 404.81 Kip 404.86 Kip None
Resisting force for 178.29 Kip 178.18 Kip Negligible
sliding
Overturning in kip

5.5.1 Reference
5.5.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 200 Kip,Mx=Mz=240 in kip. fc
= 4 Ksi, fy = 60 Ksi, Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, and Bearing Capacity of Soil

= 2.2 Kip/sqft. Coefficient of friction =0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against
overturning =1.5
5.5.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 200/2.2 = 90.9 sqft

Therefore, total load on the footing = (200+29.55) KN = 229.55 Kip
Zx = 130x1302 = 366166.667 in3
Zz = 130x1302 = 366166.667 in3
Maximum pressure from axial load = 229.55/(130x130) = 0.0136 Ksi
Mx/Zx=240/366166.667 =0.0007 Ksi
Mz/Zz=240/366166.667 =0.0007 Ksi
So stress at four corners –

Chapter — 5
σ1=P/A-Mx/Zx+Mz/Zz= 0.0136 Ksi

σ2=P/A-Mx/Zx-Mz/Zz= 0.0122 Ksi
σ3=P/A+Mx/Zx-Mz/Zz= 0.0136 Ksi
σ4=P/A+Mx/Zx+Mz/Zz= 0.015 Ksi
Max stress = 0.0136 Ksi = 2.16 Ki/sqft <2.2 Kip/sqft (Hence safe)

Along X Direction
For Sliding
Sliding force =0
114.775 Kip
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force =0
114.775 Kip
Hence OK
For overturning
About X Direction
Overturning Moment =240 in kip

FOS= 14920.75/240 = 62.17>1.5
Hence OK
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment =240 in kip

FOS= 14920.75/240 = 62.17>1.5
Hence OK

Punching Shear
Punching Shear Vm= 0.018813x122x122-0.0189x27x27=266.24 Kip

Vm1 = = 164.81 Ksi

V1 √fc.bc.d = (2+4/1).√(4000) x108x15 =614746.78 lb
V2 √fc.bc.d = (40x15/108+2).√(4000) x108x15=774125.57 lb

V2= 4.√fc.bc.de=4.√(4000) x108x15=409831.18 lb
Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 409831.185 lb
So, 0.75Vc=307.374 Kip


Chapter — 5
Along X Direction
Critical section for moment is at distance d from the face of the column.
Shear at Longitudinal Direction (X Axis)
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (0.014733 + 0.016569) x0.5 = 0.157
Ksi
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (0.016569 + 0.018405) x 0.5 =
0.0175 Ksi
0.0175) x87/130 = 0.0163 Ksi
0.0175) x 43/130 = 0.0170 Ksi
Hence, the shear force at the critical section:
F = (0.0175 + 0.0170) x0.5 x 43 x 130 = 96.43 kip
So, max shear force along X axis, Fux = 97 kip

0.75.Vc1 = 197.327 Kip
So Vumax < 0.75x Vc1 , Hence Safe

Along Z Direction
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (0.014733 + 0.016569) x0.5 = 0.157
Ksi
0.0175 Ksi
0.0175) x87/130 = 0.0163 Ksi
0.0175) x 43/130 = 0.0170 Ksi
Hence, the shear force at the critical section:
F = (0.0175 + 0.0170) x0.5 x 43 x 130 = 96.43 kip
So, max shear force along Z axis, Fuz = 97 kip

0.75.Vc1 = 197.327 Kip
About Z Axis
Critical section for moment is at the face of the column.

Chapter — 5
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (0.014733 + 0.016569) x 0.5 =

0.0157 Ksi (left end)
0.0175 Ksi (right end)
0.0175) x 71/130 = 0.0166 Ksi
0.0175) x 59/130 = 0.0167 Ksi
Hence, the moment at the critical section (right):

Mu = F x LA
F = (0.0175 + 0.0167) x 0.5 x 59 x 130 = 131.16 Kip

LA = (0.0167 + 2 x 0.0175) x 59/(3x (0.0167 + 0.0175)) = 29.731 inches
Mu (right) = 3899.52 in-kips
So, max moment wrt Z axis, Mu(x) = 3900 in-kips
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.021381
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)


ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002215
About X Axis
Critical section for moment is at the face of the column.
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (0.014733 + 0.016569) x 0.5 = 0.0157
Ksi (left end)
0.0175 Ksi (right end)
0.0175) x 71/130 = 0.0166 Ksi
0.0175) x 59/130 = 0.0167 Ksi
Hence, the moment at the critical section (right):

Mu = F x LA
F = (0.0175 + 0.0167) x 0.5 x 59 x 130 = 131.16 Kip

LA = (0.0167 + 2 x 0.0175) x 59/(3x (0.0167 + 0.0175)) = 29.731 inches
Mu (right) = 3899.52 in-kips
So, max moment wrt Z axis, Mu(z) = 3900 in-kips
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471

Chapter — 5
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.021381
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)

ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002215
Along X Direction
ρx = 0.002215
Along Z Direction
ρz = 0.002215

5.5.4 Comparison
Reference Percent Dif-
Value of STAAD.foundation
Result ference
0.0122 Ksi 0.0123 Ksi
0.0136 Ksi 0.0136 Ksi
0.015 Ksi 0.0149 Ksi
in kip
3893.52 in kip
3899.52
in kip
96.43 Kip 96.05 Kip
Resisting force for 114.775 Kip 114.773 Kip None
sliding
114.775 Kip 114.773 Kip
Overturning in kip
14920.466 in kip
14920.75
in kip

5.6.1 Reference
5.6.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1000 KN, Concrete grade M25,
Steel Grade Fe 415, Pedestal Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm x 500 mm.
Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2. Coefficient of friction =0.4, FOS against sliding
=1.4, FOS against overturning =1.4
Soil Depth is 500 mm , depth of GWT from GL is 200 mm and surcharge on foundation
is 5 KN/m2. (consider unt wight of soil 18 KN/m2)

Chapter — 5
5.6.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1000/120 = 8.33 m2
Assuming 3140 mm x 3140 mm footing dimension, with 490 mm depth
Punching Shear
Weight of footing = 3.14 x 3.14 x 0.49 x 25 = 120.78 KN
Punching Shear Vm = 1400/(3.14 x 3.14) x (3.14 x 3.14-0.665 x 0.665) =
1337.2 KN
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 x (b + d + 2 x d) = 2660 mm
Vm1 = Vmax/(Pm .d) = 1211.34 KN/m2
ßc = Width of col/depth of col = 250/250 = 1
bc = 2.(b+d+2.deff) = 2660 mm
V1 = (2+4/ßc)√fc.bc.d = 0.083x(2+4/1)x√25 x 2660 x 415x 1/1000 = 2748.7
KN
V2 = (40.d/b+2)√fc.bc.d = 0.083x(40x 415/2660+2)x√25 x 2660 x 415x
1/1000 = 3775.17 KN
V3 = 4.√fc.bc.de =0.083 x 4 x √25 x 2660 x 415x 1/1000 =1832.47 KN
Vc =min(V1,V2,V3) =1832.47

So, 0.75Vc = 1374.35 KN

Vm < 0.75.Vc , Hence safe
Along X Direction
Vumax = 141.993 x 3.14 x ((3.14-0.25)/2-0.415) = 459.23 KN

Now allowable shear = Vc1 =2√fc.b.d = 0.083x2x√25 x 3140 x 415x 1/1000 =
1081.57 KN
0.75.Vc1=811.18 KN
V < Vc1, Hence Safe

Along Z Direction
Vumax = 141.993 x 3.14 x ((3.14-0.25)/2-0.415) = 459.23 KN

Now allowable shear = Vc1 =2√fc.b.d =0.083x2x√25 x 3140 x 415x 1/1000 =
1081.57 KN
0.75.Vc1=811.18 KN
V < Vc1, Hence Safe

About X Axis
m = fy/0.85.fc = 415/(0.85x25) = 19.529

ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc < 27.6 N/mm2)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87 + fy) = 0.025759
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.0193
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy = 415 N/mm2)
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 1/2 x 141.993 x 3.14 x [(3.14-
0.25)/2)]2 = 465.48 KNm
So Resisting Moment = Mnz = Muz/Ø = 517.2 KNm
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 = 0.956 N/mm2

2m.Rn/fy < 1 , Hence OK
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002359

Chapter — 5
About Z Axis
m = fy/0.85.fc = 415/(0.85x25) = 19.529

ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc < 27.6 N/mm2)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87 + fy) = 0.025759
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.0193
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy = 415 N/mm2)
Bending moment at critical section, Muz = 1/2 x 141.993 x 3.14 x [(3.14-
0.25)/2)]2 = 465.48 KNm
So Resisting Moment = Mnz = Muz/Ø = 517.2 KNm
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 = 0.956 N/mm2

ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002359
Along X Direction
ρz = 0.002359
Therefore, Astx = ρz.b.d = 3074 m2m
Along Z Direction
ρx = 0.002359
Therefore, Astz = ρx.b.d = 3074 m2m

5.6.4 Comparison
Reference Percent Dif-
Value of STAAD.foundation
Result ference
Bearing Pressure 119.92 KN/m2 119.96 KN/m2 None
Resisting force for sliding 472.936 KN 472.945 KN None
472.936 KN 472.945 KN
Resisting Moment for Over- 1856.23 KNm 1856.276 KNm Negligible
turning
1856.23 KNm 1856.276 KNm
Governing Moment 465.48 KNm 465.48 KNm None
465.48 KNm 465.48 KNm
459.23 KN 459.4 KN
Shear Resistance (One-Way) 811.18 KN 810.737 KN Negligible
811.18 KN 810.737 KN
Shear Resistance (Two-Way) 1374.35 KN 1372.8 KN Negligible
Reinf X 3074 m2m 3076.9 m2m Negligible
Reinf Z 3074 m2m 3076.9 m2m Negligible

5.7.1 Reference
5.7.2 Problem
Design an isolated footing with the given data: Load Fy = -1200 KN, Fx=Fz=5 KN,
Mx=Mz=10 KNm. fc = 25 N/m2m, fy = 415 N/m2m, Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250
mm, and Bearing Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2. Assume 500 mm soil depth above footing
and depth of GWT 200 mm. Assume unit weight of concrete & soil are 25 & 18 KN/cum
respectively. Coefficient of friction =0.4, FOS against sliding =1.4, FOS against overturning
=1.4

Chapter — 5
5.7.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 1200/120 = 10 m2
Assuming 3500 mm x 3500 mm x 540 mm footing dimension,

Weight of soil = (3.5 x 3.5- 0.25 x 0.25) x 0.5 x 18 = 109.69 KN
Weight reduction for Buoyancy = 3.5 x 3.5 x (0.54 + 0.5 – 0.2) x 9.81 =
100.95 KN
Surcharge Load = (3.5 x 3.5 – 0.25 x 0.25) x 5 = 60.94 KN
Therefore, total Axial load on the footing = 1435.063 KN

Total Moment on the footing-
Mx = 10 + 5x 0.54 = 12.7 KNm

Mz = 10 - 5x 0.54 = 7.3 KNm
Zx = 3.5x3.52 /6 = 7.1458 cum
Zz = 3.5x3.52 /6 = 7.1458 cum
Maximum pressure from axial load = 1435.063 /(3.5 x 3.5) = 117.15 KN/m2
Mx/Zx = 12.7 /7.1458 = 1.78 KN/m2

Mz/Zz = 7.3 /7.1458 = 1.03 KN/m2

So stress at four corners –
σ1 = P/A-Mx/Zx+Mz/Zz= 116.39 KN/m2

σ2 = P/A-Mx/Zx-Mz/Zz= 114.35 KN/m2
σ3 = P/A+Mx/Zx-Mz/Zz = 117.09 KN/m2
σ4 = P/A+Mx/Zx+Mz/Zz= 119.94 KN/m2
Max stress = 119.94 KN/m2 < 120 KN/m2 (Hence safe)

Along X Direction
For Sliding
Sliding force = 5 KN
574 KN
Hence OK
Along Z Direction
Sliding force = 5 KN
574 KN
Hence OK
For Overturning
About X Direction
Overturning Moment = 12.7 KNm

max resisting Moment = 0.5x 3.5 x 1435.063 = 2511.36 KNm
FOS= 2511.36/12.7 = 197.75 > 1.4
Hence OK
About Z Direction
Overturning Moment = 7.3 KNm

max resisting Moment = 0.5x 3.5 x 1435.063 = 2511.36 KNm
FOS= 2511.36/7.3 = 344 > 1.4
Hence OK

Chapter — 5
Section Design
Fy = -1.4 x 1200 KN = -1680 KN
Fx = 1.4 x 5 KN = 7 KN
Fz = 1.4 x 5 KN = 7 KN
Mx = 1.4 x 10 KNm = 14 KNm
Mz = 1.4 x 10 KNm = 14 KNm
Modifying Moments due to lateral forces:
Mx= 17.78 KNm & Mz= 10.22 KNm

D= 540 mm, So deff = 650- 50-25 = 465 mm
Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d = 232.5 from the column face.
Effective Depth= 465 mm
Punching Shear bc = 1609.9 KN = 1610 KN
Figure 5-11: Corner pressure values on plan for punching shear
Critical perimeter Pm = 2 X ( b + h + 2 x d) = 2860 mm

Vm1 = Vmax/(bc .d) = 1.21 N/m2m
ßc = Width of col/depth of col=250/250=1
V1 = (2+4/ßc)√fc.bc.d = 3311.45 KN
V2 = (40.d/b+2)√fc.bc.d = 4693.15 KN
V3 = 4.√fc.bc.de=2207.63 KN

Vc =min(V1,V2,V3) = 2207.63 KN
So, 0.75Vc = 1655.73 KN

Along X Direction
Critical Section for shear is at d distance from face of column
Average Base pressure at left edge = 134.66 KN/m2

Average Base pressure at right edge = 139.64 KN/m2
Approximate Base pressure at left critical section = 136.311 KN/m2
Approximate Base pressure at right critical section = 137.99 KN/m2
Figure 5-12: One-way shear pressure values along x-direction
Hence Maximum Shear Force at critical section = 563.589 KN
Now allowable shear = Vc1 = 2√fc.b.d= 1350.825 KN

0.75.Vc1 = 1013.12 KN
Along Z Direction
Critical Section for shear is at d distance from face of column


Chapter — 5
Figure 5-13: One-way shear pressure values along z-direction
Hence Maximum Shear Force at critical section = 561 KN
Now allowable shear = Vc1 = 2√fc.b.d = 1350.825 KN

0.75.Vc1 = 1013.12 KN
Check For Flexure

Critical Section for Moment is at the face of column
m = fy/0.85.fc = 19.5295
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc=M 25)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.025729
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.019297
ρmin = 0.0018
About Z Axis


Figure 5-14: Bending pressure about Z axis
So Maximum Bending Moment at Critical Section = 638.54 KNm

So Resisting Moment = Mnz = Muz/Ø = 710 KNm
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 = 0.93822 N/m2m

ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002313
About X Axis

Figure 5-15: Bending pressure about X axis
So Maximum Bending Moment at Critical Section = 641.93 KNm

So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/Ø = 642 KNm

Chapter — 5
5.8 US General Combined Foundation 1
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 = 0.9426 N/m2m

ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002325
Along X Direction
ρz = 0.002313
Therefore, Astx = ρz.b.d = 3765 m2m
Along Z Direction
ρx = 0.002325
Therefore, Astz = ρx.b.d = 3784 m2m
5.7.4 Comparison
Table 5-7: US Verification problem 9 comparison
Percent Dif-
Value of Reference Result STAAD.foundation
ference
Bearing Pressure 116.39 KN/m2 116.397 KN/m2 None
114.35 KN/m2 114.35 KN/m2
117.9 KN/m2 117.91 KN/m2
119.95 KN/m2 119.95 KN/m2
Resisting force for sliding 574.05 KN (Xdir) 574.05 KN (Xdir) None
574.05 KN (Zdir 574.05 KN (Zdir)
Resisting Moment for Over- 2511 KNm (WRT 2511 KNm (WRT Z) None
turning Z)
2511 KNm (WRT X)
2511 KNm (WRT
X)
Governing Moment 639 KNm 638 KNm Negligible
642 KNm 642 KNm
Shear Force(One-Way) 564 KN 564 KN Negligible
561 KN 561 KN
Shear Force(Two-Way) 1610 KN 1610 KN None

5.8.1 Reference

5.8.2 Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 60 Kip each column., fc = 4 Ksi,
fy = 60 Ksi, Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, Pedestal height-20 inch. and C/C
column distance=195 inch . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2 Kip/sqft. Coefficient of friction
=0.5, FOS against sliding =1.5, FOS against overturning =1.5
Ht of soil =24 inch. Depth of GWT=10 inch
5.8.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2x60/2 sqft = 60 sqft

Assuming 275 inch x40 inch x 24 inch footing dimension,
( left overhang=right overhang = 40 inch)
Weight of footing = 275 x 40 x 24 x 0.159/123 = 24.3Kip

Weight of pedestal=2 x 12 x 12 x 20 x 0.159 /123 = 0.530 kip
Weight of soil above footing = (275 x 40-2x12x12) x 24 x 0.127/123 = 18.9 Kip
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 275 x 40 x (24 +24-10) x 3.61398x10-
5 = 15.1Kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x60+24.3+18.9- 15.1) = 148.624 Kip

Chapter — 5
Maximum pressure= 148.624 /(275x40) = 0.0136 Ksi = 1.9584 Kip/sqft < 2

Kip/sqft
Hence safe
Ultimate pressure = 1.4x2x60/(275x40) = 0.015273 Ksi

overturning
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 275x 148.624 = 20435.8 in kip
Hence OK
Hence OK

Punching Shear
For Column 1
deff = (24-2-1) inch = 21 inch

2 way shear Vm = 67.37 Kip

Chapter — 5
V1 √fc.bc.d = (2+4/1).√(4000) x132x21 = 1051900 lb
V2 √fc.bc.d = (40x21/132+2).√(4000) x132x21 = 1466284.9

lb
V3= 4.√fc.bc.de = 4.√(4000) x132x21 = 701266.694 lb
Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 701266.694 lb
So, 0.75Vc=525.95 Kip
For Column 2

V1 √fc.bc.d = (2+4/1).√(4000) x132x21 = 1051900 lb
V2 √fc.bc.d = (40x21/132+2).√(4000) x132x21 = 1466284.9

lb
V3 = 4.√fc.bc.de = 4.√(4000) x132x21 = 701266.694 lb
Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 701266.694 lb
So, 0.75Vc=525.95 Kip

Vumax = 43.072 Kip

0.75.Vc1=79.69 Kip
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471

ß1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)

ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.021381
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Mux = 488.74 in kip

Rn = Mnx/b.d2 = 0.0308 Ksi

ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.000516
Hence OK
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.021381
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60
Mux = 2414.897 in kip

Rn = Mnx/b.d2 = 0.1522 Ksi

ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.002597
ρmax Hence OK
With Respect to the X Axis
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.021381
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60

Chapter — 5
Cantilever length=(40-12)/2 = 14 inch
Mux = 411.608 in kip

Rn = Mnx/b.d2 = 0.0038 Ksi

ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.000064
Hence OK
Reinforcement Calculation
ρz (top) = 0.002597
ρz (bot) = 0.0018
ρx = 0.0018
Therefore, Ast =ρ*b*d
Area of Steel Required along X dir ( bot) = 1.512 in2

Area of Steel Required along X dir (top) = 2.18 in2
Area of Steel Required along Z dir ( bot) = 10.395 in2
5.8.4 Comparison
Value of
Bearing Pressure 0.0136 Ksi 0.0135 Ksi Negligible
in kip
2414.41 in kip
2414.897
411 in kip
in kip
411.608
in kip
66.8 Kip 67.37 Kip
Overturning in kip
20435.8 in kip
20435.52
in kip


5.9.1 Reference
5.9.2 Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 60 Kip, Mz=360 in kip for each
column., fc = 4 Ksi, fy = 60 Ksi, Column Dimension = 12 inch x 12 inch, Pedestal height-
20 inch. and C/C column distance=195 inch . Bearing Capacity of Soil = 2 Kip/sqft.
5.9.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2x60/2 sqft = 60 sqft
Assuming 275 inch x44 inch x 24 inch footing dimension,
( left overhang=right overhang = 40 inch)
Weight of footing = 275 x 44 x 24 x 0.159/123 = 26.73 Kip

Weight of pedestal=2x12x12x20x0.159/123 = 0.530 kip
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x60+26.73 +0.530) Kip = 147.26 Kip
Maximum pressure from axial load= P/A = 147.26 /(275x44) = 0.0122 Ksi
Mz=360+360=720 Kip
Mz=0

Chapter — 5
Zz= 44x2752/6 = 554583.334 inch3

Mz/Zz = 720/554583.334 =0.0013 Ksi
So, stress at left end
σ1 = P/A + Mz/Zz = 0.0135 Ksi
stress at right end
σ1 = P/A - Mz/Zz = 0.0109 Ksi
So maximum stress= 0.0135 Ksi= 1.944 Kip/sqft < 2 Kip/sqft

Hence safe

overturning
wrt Z Direction
Hence OK
Wrt X Direction
Hence OK
Punching Shear
For Column One

V1 √fc.bc.d = (2+4/1).√(4000) x132x21 = 1051900 lb
V2 √fc.bc.d = (40x21/132+2).√(4000) x132x21 = 1466284.9

lb
V3= 4.√fc.bc.de = 4.√(4000) x132x21 = 701266.694 lb

Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 701266.694 lb

So, 0.75Vc=525.95 Kip
For Column Two

V1 √fc.bc.d = (2+4/1).√(4000) x132x21 = 1051900 lb
V2 √fc.bc.d = (40x21/132+2).√(4000) x132x21 = 1466284.9 lb

V3 = 4.√fc.bc.de = 4.√(4000) x132x21 = 701266.694 lb
Vc= min{V1, V2, V3} = 701266.694 lb
So, 0.75Vc=525.95 Kip


Vumax = 47.126 Kip

0.75.Vc1=87.66 Kip
About Z Axis (sagging)
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.0214
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 791 in kip
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/Ø =879 in kip

Chapter — 5
Rn = Mnx/b.d2 = 0.0453 Ksi

ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.000761
Hence OK
About Z Axis (hogging)
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.0214
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 2440 in kip
Ø = 0.9
Rn = Mnx/b.d2 = 0.1398 Ksi
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.00238
ρmax Hence OK
About X Axis
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.0214
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60
Cantilever length=(40-12)/2 = 14 inch
Bending moment at critical section, Mux = 0.013885x275x16 2/2 =552.82
in kip
Rn = Mnx/b.d2 = 0.0051 Ksi
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.000086
Hence OK

ρz (bot) = 0.0018
ρz (top) = 0.00238
ρx(bot) = 0.0018
Therefore, Ast = ρ*b*d
Area of Steel Required along X dir ( bot) = 1.7 in2

Area of Steel Required along X dir (top) = 2.2 in2
Area of Steel Required along Z dir ( bot) = 10.4 in2

Chapter — 5

5.9.4 Comparison
STAAD.foundation Percent
Result Difference
0.0109 Ksi 0.0109 Ksi
2440 in kip 2439.66 in kip
552.82 in kip 534 in kip
Shear Force(One- 47.126 Kip 46.8 Kip Negligible
Way)
Shear Force(Two- 67.48 Kip 66.91 Kip Negligible
Way)
70.28 Kip 69.81 Kip
Resisting Moment 3239.72 in kip 3239.518 in kip Negligible
for Overturning 20248.25 in kip
20246.985 in kip

5.10.1 Reference
5.10.2 Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = 1500 KN on each column.,
Concrete Grade = M 25, Steel Grade Fe 415, Column Dimension = 250 mm x250 mm,
Pedestal height-500 mm each. and C/C column distance=5000 mm . Bearing Capacity of
Soil = 120 KN/m2., FOS against overturning =1.4

Chapter — 5
5.10.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2x1500/120 = 25 m2

Assuming 7000 mm 4500 mm x 840 mm footing dimension,
( left overhang=right overhang = 1000 mm)
Weight of footing = 7 x 4.5 x 0.84 x 25 = 661.5 KN
Weight of pedestal=2 x 0.25 x 0.25 x 0.5 x 25 = 1.5625 KN
Weight of soil above footing = (7 x 4.5- 0.25 x0.25 x 2) x 0.5 x 18 = 282.375 KN
Reduction of Weight due to buoyancy = 7 x 4.5 x (0.84+0.5-0.2) x 9.81 = 352.277 KN
Surcharge = (7 x 4.5 -0.25 x0.25 x2) x 5 = 156.875 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x1500+661.5 +1.5625 - 352.277 +156.875) = 3750.04
KN
Maximum pressure= 3750.04 /(7 x 4.5) = 119.05 KN/m 2 =119.05 KN/m 2 120 KN/m 2
Hence safe


overturning
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 7x 3750 = 13125 KNm
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 4.5 x 3750 = 8437.5 KNm
Hence OK
Ultimate design
Ultimate pressure = 1.4 x 2 x1500/(7 x 4.5) = 133.33 KN/m2

Deff = 784 mm
Punching Shear
For Column 1

Chapter — 5
2 way shear Vm = 1957.5 KN

ß = Width of col/depth of col=250/250 = 1
c
b = 2 (b + d + 2 d ) = 4136 mm
c eff
V = (2 + 4/β )√(f b d) = 8074 KN
1 c c c
V = (40 d/b + 2)√fc.bc.d = 12894.7 KN
2
V = 4.√f bc de = 5382.76 KN
3 c
V = min(V , V , V ) = 5382.76 KN
c 1 2 3
So, 0.75 V = 4037 KN
c
Vm < 0.75 Vc , Hence safe
For Column 2
2 way shear Vm = 1957.5 KN
c
b = 2 (b + d + 2 d ) = 4136 mm
c eff
V = (2 + 4/β )√(f b d) = 8074 KN
1 c c c
V = (40 d/b + 2)√fc b d = 12894.7 KN
2 c
V = 4 √f b d = 5382.76 KN
3 c c e
V = min(V , V , V ) = 5382.76 KN
c 1 2 3
So, 0.75 V = 4037 KN
c

Vumax = 954 KN
Now allowable shear = Vc1 = 2 √fc b d = 2928 KN
0.75 Vc1 = 2196 KN
So Vumax < 0.75 Vc1 , Hence Safe

m=fy/0.85.fc=415/(0.85x25) = 19.5295
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc=25 N/m2m)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.025729
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.019297
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=415 N/m2m)


Muz = 300.54 KNm
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/Ø =333.93 KNm
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 = 0.1208 N/m2m

ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.000292 <ρmax Hence OK
Take ρ = ρmin = 0.0018
Hence OK

Muz = 1574.8 KNm
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/Ø =1749.8 KNm
Rn = Mnz/b.d2 = 0.6327 N/m 2m
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.001548 <ρmax Hence OK
Hence OK
Cantilever length = (4500 - 250)/2 = 2125 mm

Mux = 2107.4 KNm
So Resisting Moment =Mnx= Mux/Ø =2341.55 KNm
Rn = Mnx/b.d2 = 0.762 N/m 2m
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.001871 < ρmax
Hence OK
ρz (top) = 0.0018
ρz (bot) = 0.0018
ρx = 0.001871

Chapter — 5
Therefore, Ast =ρ b d
Area of Steel Required along X dir ( bot) = 6350 mm2

Area of Steel Required along X dir (top) = 6350 mm2
Area of Steel Required along Z dir ( bot) = 10268 mm2
5.10.4 Comparison
Value of
Bearing Pressure 119.05 119.05 None
(KN/m )2
Governing Moment 300.54 293.97 Negligible

(KNm)
1574.82 1574.60
2107.4 2107.4
Shear Force, One- 954.8 43.07 Kip Negligible
Way (KN)
Shear Force, Two- 1957.4 1957.4 None
Way (KN)
1957.4 1957.4

5.11.1 Reference
5.11.2 Problem
Design a combined footing with the given data: Load Fy = -1200 KN & Fx= 10 KN on each
column., Concrete Grade = M 25, Steel Grade Fe 415, Column Dimension = 250 mm x250
mm, Pedestal height-500 mm each. and C/C column distance=5000 mm . Bearing
Capacity of Soil = 120 KN/m2., FOS against overturning =1.4

5.11.3 Solution
Approximate area of footing required = 2x1200/120 = 20 m2

Assuming 7000 mm 3250 mm x 530 mm footing dimension,
( left overhang=right overhang = 1000 mm)
Weight of footing = 7 x 3.25 x 0.53 x 25 = 301.44 KN

Weight of pedestal=2 x 0.25 x 0.25 x 0.5 x 25 = 1.5625 KN
Therefore, total load on the footing = (2x1200+301.44 +1.5625) = 2703 KN
Mz1 = -10 x (0.5+0.53) = -10.3 KNm
Mz2 = -10 x (0.5+0.53) = -10.3 KNm
Maximum pressure from axial load= 2703/(7 x3.25) = 118.813 KN/ m2
Total Moment = -10.3 + -10.3 = -20.6 KNm

CG of load= 3.5085 m
CG of raft = 3.5 m
Eccentricity =-8.5833 mm

Chapter — 5
So Moment= P x Eccentricity = -20.6 KNm
Hence OK
Zz= 3.25 x 72/6 = 26.542 m3

So M/Z = -0.78 KN/m2
So stress at left end= P/A - M/Z= 118.04 KN/m2
So stress at right end= P/A + M/Z= 119.6 KN/m2
Maximum pressure =119.6 KN/m2 120 KN/m2
Hence safe

overturning
Overturning Moment =20.6 KNm

max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 7x 2703 = 9460 KNm
So FOS= 9460/20.6 = 459.25 >1.4
Hence OK
max resisting Moment = 0.5 x 3.25x 2703 = 4392.4 KNm
Hence OK
Ultimate design
Ultimate pressure from axial load = 1.4 x 2 x1200/(7 x 3.25) = 147.692 KN/m2
Mz1 = 1.4x-10 x90.5+0.53) = -14.42 KNm

Mz2 = 1.4x-10 x90.5+0.53) = -14.42 KNm
Total Moment = -14.42 + -14.42 = -28.84 KNm
CG of load= 3.5085 m
CG of raft = 3.5 m
Eccentricity =-8.5833 mm
So Moment= P x Eccentricity = -28.84 KNm (Hence OK)
Zz= 3.25 x 72/6 = 26.542 m3
So M/Z = -1.09 KN/m2
So stress at left end= P/A - M/Z= 146.61 KN/m2

So stress at right end= P/A + M/Z= 148.79 KN/m2

Deff = 474 mm
Punching Shear
For Column 1
Two way shear, V = 1602.987 KN
m

Chapter — 5

c
b = 2 (b + d + 2 d ) = 2896 mm
c eff
V = (2 + 4/β )√(f ) b d = 3418 KN
1 c c c
V = (40 d/b + 2)√(f ) b d = 4868.97 KN
2 c c
V = 4.√(f ) b d = 2278.69 KN
3 c c e
V = min(V , V , V ) = 2278.69 KN
c 1 2 3
So, 0.75 V = 1709 KN
c
Vm < 0.75 Vc , Hence safe
For Column 2
Two way shear, V = 1602.17 KN
m
c
b = 2 (b + d + 2 d ) = 2896 mm
c eff
V = (2 + 4/β )√(f ) b d = 3418 KN
1 c c c
V = (40 d/b + 2)√(f ) b d = 4868.97 KN
2 c c
V = 4.√(f ) b d = 2278.69 KN
3 c c e
V = min(V , V , V ) = 2278.69 KN
c 1 2 3
So, 0.75 V = 1709 KN
c
Vm< 0.75 Vc , Hence safe

Vumax = 916.99 KN
Now allowable shear = Vc1 = 2 √(fc) b d = 1278 KN
0.75 Vc1 = 958.96 KN
So Vumax < 0.75 Vc1 , Hence Safe

m = fy/0.85 fc=415/(0.85x25) = 19.53
ß1 = 0.85 (as fc = 25 N/mm2)
ρbal = 0.85 ß1 fc 87/fy (87 + fy) = 0.025729
ρmax = 0.75 ρbal = 0.0193
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=415 N/mm2)

M = 238.94 KNm
uz
So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/φ = 265.5 KNm
Rn = Mnz/b d2 =0.3636 N/mm2

2 m Rn /fy <1 , Hence OK
ρ = 1/m (1-√1-2m Rn /fy) = 0.000884 <ρmax
Hence OK
Hence OK

M = 1259.84KNm
uz
So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/φ = 1400 KNm
R = M /b d 2 = 1.9171 N/mm 2
n nz
2 m R /f < 1 , Hence OK
n y
ρ = 1/m (1-√1-2m Rn/fy) = 0.00485 < ρ
max
Hence OK
Take ρ = ρ = 0.0018
min
Hence OK
Cantilever length = (3250-250)/2 = 1500 mm

M = 1163 KNm
ux
So Resisting Moment =Mnx= Mux/φ = 1292 KNm
R = M /b d 2 =1.593 N/mm 2
n nz
2 m R /f < 1 , Hence OK
n y
ρ = 1/m (1-√1-2m Rn/fy) = 0.003995 < ρ
max
Hence OK
ρz (top) = 0.0018
ρz (bot) = 0.0018
ρx = 0.004
Therefore, Ast =ρ b d

Chapter — 5
5.12 US Pilecap Foundation 1
Area of Steel Required along X dir ( bot) = 2773 mm2

Area of Steel Required along X dir (top) = 7472 mm2
Area of Steel Required along Z dir ( bot) = 13256 mm2
5.11.4 Comparison
Value of
Bearing Pressure 119.6 119.6 None
(KN/m )2
118.04 118.04
Governing Moment 239 237 Negligible
(KNm)
1260 1260
1163 1169
Shear Force, One- 917 917 None
Way (KN)
Shear Force, Two- 1602.99 1602.99 None
Way (KN)
1602.17 1602.18

5.12.1 Reference
5.12.2 Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 330 kip, fc = 4 ksi, fy = 60 ksi,
Column Dimension = 12 in x 12 in. Pedestal ht= 20 in.
Dia of pile= 18 in
Vertical capacity = 65 kip
Horizontal capacity = 20 kip
Uplift capacity = 15 kip

5.12.3 Solution
Depth of pilecap= 1.5 x pile diameter, D = 27 in.
Take D = 31 in.
c/c pile distance = 3 x pile diameter =54 mm
Edge distance =18 inch
Assuming 6 pile combination, coordinates of piles (considering pedestal at 0,0,0):

Chapter — 5

No (in) (in)
1 -54 -27
2 -54 27
3 0 -27
4 0 27
5 54 -27
6 54 27
Pilecap Length = 2(54)+2(18) = 144 inch

Pilecap Width = 54+2(18) = 90 inch
pilecap dimension is 144 inch x90 inch x 31 inch

Weight of footing = 144 x 90 x 31 x 0.16/123 = 37.2 kip
Weight of pedestal = 12 x 12 x 20 x 0.16 /123 = 0.267 kip
Therefore, total load on the pilecap = (330+37.2 +0.267) =367.467 kip
So Pile reaction = 367.467 /6= 61.244 kip < 65 kip
Hence OK
capacity.
Factored Design
Load factor for self wt is taken = 1
Load factor for axial load is taken = 1.4
So, Load on pilecap = 1.4(330) + 1(37.2)+0 1(.267) = 499.467
Load on each pile =499.467/6=83.245 kip

Punching Shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =13inch from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile2 = from pile5 = from pile 6 = 83.245 kip
Contribution from pile 3 = from pile4 = 0.944 x 83.245 = 78.58 kip
So total punching shear Vm= 490.14 kip
Pm = 4 (12+13+13) =152 inch
ß = L/B =12/12 =1
V1= (2 + 4/β c)√(fc) bc d = (2+4/1) √(4000) 152 26 =1499.6 (10)3 lb
V2 = (40 d/b + 2)√(fc) bc d = (40 26/152 + 2) √(4000) 152 26 =
2210 (10)3 lb
V3= 4.√(fc) bc de = 4 √(4000) 152 26= 999.78 (10)3 lb
Vc = min(V1, V2, V3) = 999.78 kip
So, 0.75 Vc = 749.8 kip
Punching Shear Check for Corner Piles
Corner piles are 1,2,5,6

Chapter — 5
Each pile is taking reaction 83.245 kip
d critical = 5.486 inch

Effective depth = 26 inch
d critical< Effective depth, Hence Safe
Parallel to X Axis
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 =pile2=83.245 Kip

Contribution from pile 3,4,5,6 =0 Kip
So Total V X1X1 = 166.49 Kip

For shear wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 5 =pile6=83.245 Kip

Contribution from pile 1,2,3,4 =0 Kip

So V parallel to X direction = 166.49 Kip
Now allowable shear = Vc1 =2√(fc) bc d =2 √(4000) 90 26 lb

=295.99 (10)3 lb
0.75 Vc1=222 Kip
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 =pile 6 =pile 7 =83.245 x0.222=18.498 Kip

Contribution from pile 2 =pile 4 =pile 6 =0 Kip
So Total V Z1Z1 = 55.5 Kip

For shear wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2 =pile 4 =pile 6 =83.245 x0.167=18.498 Kip

Contribution from pile 1 =pile 3 =pile 5 =0 Kip

So V parallel to Z direction = 55.5 Kip
Now allowable shear = Vc1 =2√(fc) bc d =2 √(4000) 90 26 lb

=295.99 (10)3 lb
0.75 Vc1 = 222 Kip
V < Vc1, Hence Safe

For either direction:
m = f /0.85 f = 60/(0.85 4) = 17.65
y c
ß = 0.85 (as f = 4)
1 c
ρ = 0.85 ß f 87/f (87 + f ) = 0.028507
bal 1 c y y
ρ = 0.75 ρ = 0.02138
max bal
ρ = 0.0018 ( as f = 60 Ksi)
min y
Calculation of Mz-
For moment wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1=from pile2=83.245 x 48=3995.76 in kip

Contribution from pile 3=from pile 4=12 in kip
Contribution from pile 5,6=0 in kip
So Total Mz X1X1 = 8014 in kip = 670 ft kip

For moment wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 5=from pile6=83.245 x 48=3995.76 in kip

Contribution from pile 3=from pile 4=12 in kip

Chapter — 5
So Total Mz X2X2 = 8014 in kip = 670 ft kip

So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/φ = 744.44 ft kip
Rn = Mnz/b d2 = 0.147 Ksi

2 m Rn /fy = 0.0864 <1 , Hence OK
ρ = 1/m (1-√1-2m Rn /fy) = 0.0025
ρmin < ρ < ρmax , Hence OK
Calculation of Mx-
For moment wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1=from pile 3=from pile 5= 83.245 x 21=1748.145

in kip
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 437 ft kip

For moment wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2=from pile 4=from pile 6= 83.245 x 21=1748.145

in kip
So Total Mx Z2Z2 = 437 ft kip

So Max value of MX = 437 ft kip
So Resisting Moment = Mnx = Mxux /φ = 485.55 ft kip
Rn = Mnz/b d2 = 0.06 Ksi

2 m Rn /fy = 0.035 <1 , Hence OK
ρ = 1/m (1-√1-2m Rn /fy) = 0.001
So ρ= ρmin =0.0018
ρ < ρmax , Hence OK
Along X Direction
ρ = 0.0025
b = 90 in, d=26 in
Therefore, Astx = 5.85 in2
Along Z Direction
ρ = 0.0018

b = 144 in , d=26 in
Therefore, Astxz = 6.74 in2
5.12.4 Comparison
Value of
Pile Reaction (kip) 83.245 83.244 None
Governing Moment 670 718 15%
(ft kip)
437 502.6
Shear Force, One- 166.49 166.49 None
Way (kip)
55.5 55.5
Shear Force, Two- 490.14 490.217 Negligible
Way (kip)

5.13.1 Reference
5.13.2 Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 150 kip, Mx= 50 ft kip. fc = 4
ksi, fy = 60 ksi, Column Dimension = 12 inchx12 inch. Pedestal ht= 20 inch
Pile Data- Dia of pile= 18 inch

Vertical capacity = 65 kip,
Horizontal capacity = 20 kip
Uplift capacity = 15 kip

Chapter — 5

5.13.3 Solution
depth of pilecap= 1.5xpiledia, D=27 inch
Take D=27 inch
c/c pile diatance = 3xpile dia =54 mm. Edge diatance =18 inch
Assume a 4 pile combination.
Coordinates of piles; considering pedestal at 0,0,0
No (in) (in)
1 -27 -27
2 -27 27
3 27 27
4 27 -27
Pilecap Length = 54+2x18 = 90 inch

Pilecap Width = 54+2x18 = 90 inch
pilecap dimension is 90 inch x90 inch x 27 inch
Weight of footing = 90 x 90 x 27 x 0.16/123 = 20.25 kip

Weight of pedestal = 12 x 12 x 20 x 0.16 /123 = 0.267 kip
Therefore, total load on the pilecap = (150+20.25 +0.267) =170.517 kip
So Pile reaction from axial load = 170.517 /4= 42.629 kip
Moment Mx ( from input) = 50 ft kip =600 in kip
Using Rivet theory-

Reaction from moment= +/- 600x0.27/(4x272) = +/-5.55 Kip
So,
Reaction at Pile 2= reaction at pile 3 = 42.629 +5.55 = 48.185 Kip

Reaction at Pile 1= reaction at pile 4 = 42.629 -5.55 = 37.085Kip
So Critical vertical reaction= 48.185 Kip < 65 kip

As there is no net uplift/lateral load, so each pile is safe in uplift & lateral capacity.
Factored Design
So, Axial Load on pilecap = 1.4x150+20.25 x1+0.267x1= 230.517 Kip

Moment on pilecap = 1.4x50 ft kip = 840 in kip
Load on each pile from axial reaction =230.517 /4=57.629 Kip
Reaction from moment= +/- 840x27/(4x272) = +/-7.78 Kip

Chapter — 5
So,
Reaction at Pile 2= reaction at pile 3 = 57.629 +7.78 = 65.409 Kip

Reaction at Pile 1= reaction at pile 4 = 57.629 -7.78 = 49.849 Kip
Punching Shear
Figure 5-27: Section considered for two-way shear
Punching shear is checked on a perimeter 0.5d =11.5 inch from the column face.
Contribution from pile 1=from pile 4= 49.849 Kip

Contribution from pile 2=from pile 3= 65.409 Kip
So total punching shear Vm= 230.516 kip
Pm = 4x(12+11+11) =136 inch

ß=L/B =12/12 =1

V1 √fc.bc.d = (2+4/1).√(4000) x136 x 22 =1135.4 x1000 lb
V2 √fc.bc.d = (40x22/136+2).√(4000) x136x22

= 1602.9 x 1000 lb
V3 = 4.√fc.bc.de = 4.√(4000) x 136 x 22= 756.9 x 1000 lb
Vc = min{V1, V2, V3} = 756.9 kip
So, 0.75Vc = 567.7 Kip


Corner piles are 1,2,3,4
Pile 1/4 are taking reaction 49.849 Kip & Pile 2/3 are taking reaction 65.409 Kip
d critical = 4.46 inch

Effective depth = 22 inch
d critical< Effective depth, Hence Safe

Chapter — 5
Figure 5-28: Section considered for one-way shear
Parallel to X Axis
For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 =49.849 x 0.444=22.155 Kip

Contribution from pile 3,4 =0 KN

For shear wrt X2X2


So V parallel to X direction = 51.195 Kip
Now allowable shear = Vc1 = = 2x√(4000) x 90 x 22 lb = 250.4 x

1000 lb
0.75.Vc1=187.84 Kip
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1


For shear wrt Z2Z2


So V parallel to Z direction = 58.08 kip
Now allowable shear = Vc1 = = 2x√(4000) x 90 x 22 lb = 250.4 x

1000 lb
0.75.Vc1 = 187.8 Kip
V < Vc1, Hence Safe

Chapter — 5
Figure 5-29: Section considered for bending
About Z Axis
Calculation of Mz-
For moment wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1=49.849 x21/12=87.24 ft kip

So Total Mz X1X1 = 207.1 ft kip

For moment wrt X2X2


So Total Mz X2X2 = 207.1 ft kip
So max Mz = 207.1 ft kip
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/Ø =224.11 ft kip
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.02138
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60)
2m.Rn/fy = 0.0363 <1 , Hence OK
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.001
So, ρ =ρmin = 0.0018

ρ < ρmax Hence OK
About X Axis
Calculation of Mx-
For moment wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1=from pile 4=49.849 x 21/12=87.24 ft kip

Contribution from pile 2=from pile 3=0 ft kip
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 174.47 ft kip

For moment wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2=from pile 3=65.409 x 21/12=114.465 ft kip

Contribution from pile 1=from pile 4=0 ft kip
So Total Mx Z2Z2 = 228.93 ft kip

So Max value of MX = 228.93 ft kip
So Resisting Moment =Mnz= Muz/Ø =254.37 ft kip
m=fy/0.85.fc=60/(0.85x4) = 17.6471
ß1 = 0.85 ( as fc=4)
ρbal = 0.85.ß1.fc.87/fy.(87+fy) = 0.028507
ρmax = 0.75. ρbal = 0.02138
ρmin = 0.0018 ( as fy=60
2m.Rn/fy = 0.0412 <1 , Hence OK

Chapter — 5
ρ = 1/m. (1-√1-2m.Rn/fy) = 0.0012

So ρ= ρmin=0.0018
ρ < ρmax Hence OK
Along X Direction
ρ = 0.0018
b= 90 inch , d=22 inch
Therefore, Astx = 3.6 in2
Along Z Direction
ρ = 0.0018
b= 90 inch , d=22 inch
Therefore, AstZ = 3.6 in2
5.13.4 Comparison
STAAD.foundation Percent Dif-
Result ference
Pile Reaction 49.849 Kip 49.851 Kip None
65.409 Kip 65.407 Kip
Governing 207.1 ft kip 219.654 ft kip Negligible
Moment 228.93 ft kip
294.254 ft kip
Shear 51.195 Kip 58.08 51.226 Kip None
Force(One-Way) Kip
58.14 Kip
Shear 230.516 kip 230.517 kip None
Force(Two-
Way)

5.14.1 Reference
5.14.2 Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = 1000 KN, fc = M 25, fy = Fe 415
Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm, Pedestal ht= 500 mm

Dia of pile= 300 mm

Vertical capacity = 250 KN
5.14.3 Solution
Depth of pilecap= 1.5 x pile diameter, D = 450 mm
Take D = 655 mm
c/c pile distance = 3 x pile diameter =1200 mm
Edge distance =350 mm
Assuming five pile combination, coordinates of piles (considering pedestal at 0,0,0):
No (mm) (mm)
1 -848.528 -848.528
2 -848.528 848.528
3 0 0
4 848.528 -848.528
5 848.528 848.528

Chapter — 5
Pilecap Length = 2(850)+2(350) = 2400 mm

Pilecap Width = 2(850)+2(350) = 2400 mm
pilecap dimension is 2400 mm x 2400 mm x 740 mm

Weight of pedestal = 0.25 x 0.25 x 0.5 x 25 = 0.78 KN
Therefore, total load on the pilecap= (1000+106.56 +0.78) =1107.34 KN
So Pile reaction = 1107.34 /5 = 221.47 KN < 250 KN
Hence OK
capacity.
Factored Design
So, Load on pilecap = 1.4(1000) + 1(106.56)+0 1(0.78) = 1507.34 KN
Load on each pile = 1507.34/5 = 301.468 KN
deff = 740 - 50 - 50 - 25 = 615 mm
Punching Shear
Contribution from pile 1 = from pile2 = from pile4 = from pile 5 = 301.468
KN
Contribution from pile 3 = 0 KN
So total punching shear Vm= 1205.9 KN
Pm = 4 (250 + 307.5 + 307.5) =3460 mm
ß = L/B = 250/250 = 1

V1= (2 + 4/β c)√(fc) bc d = 5298.5 KN

V2 = (40 d/b + 2)√(fc) bc d = 5530.9 KN
V3= 4.√(fc) bc de = 3532 KN
Vc = min(V1, V2, V3) = 3532 KN
So, 0.75 Vc =2649 KN
Corner piles are 1, 2, 4, & 5

Each pile is taking reaction 301.47 KN
B1 = 1418.27 mm & B2 =2025 mm

d1 = 151 mm
d2 = 211 mm
d critical =212 mm
Effective depth = 615 mm
d critical < Effective depth, Hence Safe
Parallel to X Axis
Shear Plane is at a distance d (615 mm from face of column)

For shear wrt X1X1

Contribution from pile 3,4,5 =0 KN

Chapter — 5
For shear wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 4 = pile 5 = 0.8667 x 301.47=261.27 KN

Contribution from pile 3,2,1 =0 KN
So, Total V X2X2 = 522.548 KN

Shear, V, parallel to X direction = 522.548 KN
Now allowable shear = Vc1 =2√(fc) bc d = 1225 KN

0.75 Vc1= 918.8 KN
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 =pile 4 = 0.8667 x 301.47 = 261.27 KN

Contribution from pile 2 = pile 3 = pile 5 = 0 KN

For shear wrt Z2Z2

Contribution from pile 1 = pile 3 = pile 4 =0 KN

Shear, V, parallel to Z direction = 522.548 KN
Now allowable shear = Vc1 =2√(fc) bc d = 1225 KN

0.75 Vc1= 918.8 KN
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
m = f /0.85 f = 415/(0.85 25) = 19.529
y c
ß = 0.85 (as f = M 25)
1 c
ρ = 0.85 ß f 87/f (87 + f ) = 0.025729
bal 1 c y y
ρ = 0.75 ρ = 0.019297
max bal
ρ = 0.0018 (as f = 415 N/mm 2)
min y

Figure 5-33: Section considered for moment
Calculation of Mz-
For moment wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 = 301.47 x 0.725 = 218.56 KNm

Contribution from pile 3 = 0.083 x 301.47 x 0.0083 = 0.21 KNm
Contribution from pile 4= pile 5 = 0 KNm
So Total Mz X1X1 = 437.34 KNm = 440 KNm

For moment wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 4 = pile 5 = 301.47 x 0.725 = 218.56 KNm

Contribution from pile 4 = pile 5 =0 KNm

So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/φ = 488.89 KNm = 490 KNm
Rn = Mnz/b d2 = 0.5398 N/mm2

2 m Rn /fy = 0.0508 <1 , Hence OK
ρ = 1/m (1-√1-2m Rn /fy) =0.00132
ρ= ρmin =0.0018
Calculation of Mx-
For moment wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1= pile 4 = 301.47 x 0.725 = 218.56 KNm

Contribution from pile 3=0.083 x 301.47 x 0.0083 = 0.21 KNm

Chapter — 5
Contribution from pile 2 = pile 5 = 0 KNm
So Total Mx Z1Z1 = 437.34 KNm = 440 KNm

For moment wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from pile 2= pile 5 = 301.47 x 0.725 = 218.56 KNm


So Max value of MX = 440 KNm
So Resisting Moment = Mnx = Mxux /φ = 488.89 KNm =490 KNm
Rn = Mnz/b d2 = 0.5398 N/mm2

2 m Rn /fy = 0.0508 <1 , Hence OK
ρ = 1/m (1-√1-2m Rn /fy) = 0.00132
So ρ= ρmin =0.0018
Along X Direction
ρ = 0.0018
b = 2400 mm, d = 615 mm
Therefore, Astx = 2657 mm2
Along Z Direction
ρ = 0.0018
b = 2400 mm, d = 615 mm
Therefore, Astz = 2657 mm2

5.14.4 Comparison
Value of
Pile Reaction, Service 221.5 221.4 Negligible
(KN)
Pile Reaction, Ulti- 301.5 301.4 Negligible
mate (KN)
(KNm)
489 485
Shear Force, One- 523 520 Negligible
Way (KN)
523 520
Shear Force, Two- 1206 1206 None
Way (KN)

5.15.1 Reference
5.15.2 Problem
Design pilecap foundation with the given data: Load Fy = -1200 KN & Mz = 100 KNm, fc =
M 25, fy = Fe 415
Column Dimension = 250 mm x 250 mm, Pedestal ht= 500 mm
Dia of pile= 300 mm

Vertical capacity = 250 KN

Chapter — 5
5.15.3 Solution
Depth of pilecap= 1.5 x pile diameter, D = 450 mm
Take D = 780 mm
c/c pile distance = 3 x pile diameter = 900 mm
Edge distance =350 mm
Assuming six pile combination, coordinates of piles (considering pedestal at 0,0,0):


No (mm) (mm)
1 -900 -450
2 -900 450
3 0 -450
4 0 450
5 900 -450
6 900 450
Pilecap Length =2(900) + 2(350) = 2500 mm

Pilecap Width = 900 + 2(350) = 1600 mm
pilecap dimension is 2500 mm x 1600 mm x 780 mm

Weight of footing = 2.5 x 1.6 x 0.78 x 25 = 78 KN
Weight of pedestal = 0.25 x 0.25 x 0.5 x 25 = 0.78 KN
Therefore, total load on the pilecap = 1200 + 78 + 0.78 = 1278.78 KN
So Pile reaction from axial load = 1278.78/6= 213.13 KN
So Pile reaction at Pile1 /Pile 2 = 213.13 +100 0.9/(4 0.9 0.9) = 240.91 KN
So Pile reaction at Pile3 /Pile 4 = 213.13 KN
So Pile reaction at Pile5 /Pile 6 = 213.13 - 100 0.9/(4 0.9 0.9) = 185.35 KN
So Critical Pile reaction = 240.91 KN < 250 KN
Hence OK
capacity. Similarly, as there is no tension pile case so each pile is safe again uplift.
Factored Design
So, Load on pilecap = 1.4(1200) + 1(78) + 1(0.78) = 1758.78 KN
So Pile reaction from axial load = 1758.78/6 = 293.13 KN
Moment (Mz) = 1.4(100) = 140 KNm
So Pile reaction at Pile 1 /Pile 2 = 293.13 + 140 0.9/(4 0.9 0.9) = 332.02 KN
So Pile reaction at Pile 3 /Pile 4 = 293.13 KN
So Pile reaction at Pile 5 /Pile 6 = 293.13 -140 0.9/(4 0.9 0.9) = 254.24 KN
deff = 780 - 50 - 50 - 25 = 655 mm
Punching Shear

Chapter — 5
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 = 1(332.02) =332.02 KN

Contribution from pile 3 = pile 4= 0.492(293.13) = 144.22 KN
Contribution from pile 5 = pile 6 = 1(254.24) = 254.24 KN
So total punching shear Vm= 2(333.02 + 144.22 + 254.24) = 1462.96 KN
Pm = 4 (250 + 327.5 + 327.5) = 3620 mm
ß = L/B = 250/250 = 1
V1= (2 + 4/β c)√(fc) bc d = 5904 KN
V2 = (40 d/b + 2)√(fc) bc d = 9090 KN
V3= 4.√(fc) bc de = 3936 KN
Vc = min(V1, V2, V3) = 3936 KN
So, 0.75 Vc = 2952 KN
Corner piles are 1, 2, 5, & 6

Critical Pile 1 & 2 with axial Reaction 333.02 KN
B1 = 1450 mm & B2 =2105 mm

d1 = 163 mm
d2 = 225 mm
d critical =225 mm

Effective depth = 655 mm
d critical < Effective depth, Hence Safe
Parallel to X Axis
Shear Plane is at a distance d (655 mm from face of column)

For shear wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 =0.9x 333.03 = 299.72 KN

Contribution from piles 3, 4, 5, & 6 =0 KN
So Total V X1X1 = = 2(299.72) KN= 599.4 KN

For shear wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 5 = pile 6 = 0.9(254.24) = 228.82 KN

Contribution from piles 1, 2, 3, & 4 = 0 KN
So, Total V X2X2 = 2(228.82) = 457.63 KN

Shear, V, parallel to X direction = 599.4 KN

Chapter — 5
Now allowable shear = Vc1 =2√(fc) bc d = 869.8 KN

0.75 Vc1= 652 KN
V < Vc1, Hence Safe
Parallel to Z Axis
For shear wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from all piles = 0 KN
For shear wrt Z2Z2
Contribution from all piles =0 KN
Shear, V, parallel to Z direction = 0 KN
No shear parallel to the Z axis, Hence Safe
m = f /0.85 f = 415/(0.85 25) = 19.529
y c
ß = 0.85 (as f = M 25)
1 c
ρ = 0.85 ß f 87/f (87 + f ) = 0.025729
bal 1 c y y
ρ = 0.75 ρ = 0.019297
max bal
ρ = 0.0018 (as f = 415 N/mm 2)
min y

Figure 5-37: Section considered for moment
Calculation of Mz
For moment wrt X1X1
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 = 333.02(0.775) = 258.1 KNm

Contribution from pile 3 = pile 4 = 0.083(293.13 0.0083) = 0.2 KNm

For moment wrt X2X2
Contribution from pile 5 = pile 6 = 254.24(0.775) = 197 KNm

Contribution from pile 3 = pile 4 = 0.083(293.13 0.0083) = 0.2 KNm
Contribution from pile 1 = pile 2 =0 KNm

So Critical value of Mz =520 KNm
So Resisting Moment = Mnz= Muz/φ = 577.78 KNm = 580 KNm
Rn = Mnz/b d2 = 0.845 N/mm2

2 m Rn /fy = 0.0795 <1 , Hence OK
ρ = 1/m (1-√1-2m Rn /fy) = 0.002
ρ = ρmin =0.0018
ρmin < ρ < ρmax , Hence OK

Chapter — 5
Calculation of Mx
For moment wrt Z1Z1
Contribution from pile 1 = 332.02(0.325) = 107.9 KNm

Contribution from piles 2, 4, & 6 = 0 KNm
So Total Mx Z1Z1 =285.8 KNm = 286 KNm

For moment wrt Z2Z2

Contribution from piles 1, 3, & 5 = 0 KNm

So Max value of Mx = 286 KNm
So Resisting Moment = Mnx = Mxux /φ = 317.78 KNm =318 KNm
Rn = Mnz/b d2 = 0.2964 N/mm2

2 m Rn /fy = 0.0279 <1 , Hence OK
ρ = 1/m (1-√1-2m Rn /fy) = 0.00072
So ρ= ρmin =0.0018
Along X Direction
ρ = 0.0020
b = 1600 mm, d = 655 mm
Therefore, Astx = 2096 mm2
Along Z Direction
ρ = 0.0018
b = 2500 mm, d = 655 mm
Therefore, Astz = 2948 mm2

5.16 US Mat Combined Foundation 1
5.15.4 Comparison
Value of
Pile Reaction, Service 241 241 Negligible
(KN)
241 241
213 213
213 213
185 185
185 185
Pile Reaction, Ulti- 332 332 None
mate (KN)
332 332
293 293
293 293
254 254
254 254
(KNm)
318 318
Shear Force, One- 600 599 Negligible
Way (KN)
0 0
Shear Force, Two- 1463 1462 Negligible
Way (KN)

5.16.1 Reference
‘Foundation Analysis and Design – Fifth Edition’ by J.E. Bowles, Page 475-481, Example
9-1.
5.16.2 Problem
Design a rectangular combined footing using the conventional method given. fc’ = 3000psi
(column and footing), fy = 60000 psi, qa = 2 ksf.

Chapter — 5
Figure 5-38: Elevation and dimensions
Column 1 Column 2
12 in. x 12 in. 15 in. x 15 in.
4 No. 7 bars 4 No. 8 bars
DL = 60 kips DL = 110 kips
LL = 60 kips LL = 90 kips
5.16.3 Solution
Step 1- Find out ultimate soil pressure
Pu 1 = 1.2 x 60 + 1.6 x 60 = 168 kips
Pu 2 = 1.2 x 110 + 1.6 x 90 = 276 kips
ΣPw = P1 + P2 = 60 + 60 + 110 + 90 = 320 kips
Ultimate ratio UR= (168 + 276) / 320 = 1.3875

qult = qa x UR= 2 x 1.3875 = 2.775 ksf
This is necessary so that eccentricity is not introduced in finding L using working loads
and then switching to “ultimate” values.
Step 2 - Find footing dimensions L and B; first locate load

resultant from center of column 1
ΣMcol1 = R where R = Pu = 168 + 276 = 444 KN
444 = 15 x 276
= 9.324 ft
To make the resultant 444 kips (factored loads) fall at L/2:
L = (9.324 + 0.5) x 2 = 19.648 ft
We will use 19.75 ft.

Step 3 - Find B
BLq = 444
B= = 8.143 ft
Use B = 8.17 ft.
Step 4 - Find out bending moment and shear force

Uniformly distributed upward load = (Pu 1 + Pu 2) / 19.75 = 22.48 kip / ft
Shear between column 1 and 2 using integration (set integration constant by inspection):
dV =
V = 22.48 x – 168
V = 0 at x = = 7.47 ft (locates point of Mmax )

Moment between column 1 and 2 (again set integration constant by inspection):
dM =
M= – 168 (x – 0.5)
At x = 1(right face of column 1),
M = -72.76 ft-kips
Maximum negative M at V = 0 is
M= - 168 (7.47 – 0.5) = -543.76 ft-kips

These values are Mu values and can be directly used to compute steel quantities.

Chapter — 5
Figure 5-39: Forces on foundation
Maximum positive bending moment is at the face of column 2
= 22.48 x (3.625)2 / 2 = 147.7 ft-kips
Maximum shear force at the face of column 2
= 22.48 x 14.875 – 168 = 166.39 kips

Figure 5-40: Shear and Bending diagrams
Step 5 - Select depth based on analysis for both wide-

beam and diagonal tension
a. Critical location for wide-beam is readily obtained.
b. Diagonal tension may have to be investigated for three conditions:
i. three-side zone, column 1
ii. four-side zone, column 2
iii. three-side zone, column 2
Check wide beam first (slope of shear diagram = constant) using V diagram:
B vc d = 166.39 – 22.48 d
vc = 11.825 ksf (allowable = )

8.17 x 11.825 d = 166.39 – 22.48 d

d= = 1.397 ft (16.765 in)

Checking diagonal tension at column 1 using “d” just obtained for a three-side zone and
vc = = 164.317 psi = 23.66 ksf

Perim. = (12 + 8.38) x 2 + 12 + 16.765 = 69.525 in = 5.794 ft
The net shear is column load – upward soil force in diagonal tension zone:
A= = 4.07 ft 2
V = Pcol -Psoil = 168 – 4.07 x = 156.8 kips
Actual v = = 19.37 ksf < 23.66 ksf (O.K.)

At column 2 a four side zone gives
A= = 7.01 ft 2
And
V = 276 – 7.01 x = 256.74 kips
Perim. = (15 + 16.765) x = 10.59 ft
v= = 17.354 ksf < 23.66 ksf (O.K.)

By inspection a three-side diagonal tension is not critical at column 2.
Step 6 - Design negative steel (between columns 1 and 2)

For fy = 60 and fc’ = 3 ksi and b = 12 in, obtain a = 1.96As:
As (d - a/2) =
As (16.765 – 0.98 As) = = 14.79

As = 0.94 in2 / ft

Chapter — 5
p= = 0.00467 > (O.K.) < maximum allowable percent of

steel
Use 12 No. 8 bars at 8.2 –in spacing across top of footing:
As = 12(0.79) = 9.48 > 7.68 in2
Run 1/3 of bars full length of footing (less 3 in end cover):

Ld is O.K.
Step 7 - Find steel in short direction in column 1

B’ = 12 + 16.765 x 0.75 = 24.574 in = 2.05 ft
L’ = = 3.585 ft
q= = 10.03 ksf (conservative)
M= x 12 = 773.45 in-kips
Take d = (16.765 – 1) in to allow for longitudinal rebars:
As (15.765 – 0.98 As) = = 14.323

As = 0.98 in2 / ft
p is O.K. from previous calculation. Use 4 No. 7 bars at 6 in:
Ld = 0.04 x 0.60 x 60000 x = 26.3 in

or
Ld = 0.004 x 0.875 x 60000 = 21 in

Ld furnished = 3.585 x 12 – 3 = 40 in
Compute short direction steel at column 2; use d= 15 in:
B’ = 15 + 16 x 1.5 = 39 in = 3.25 ft
L’ = = 3.46 ft
q= = 10.394 ksf (conservative)

M= x 12 = 746.6 in-kips
As (15.765 – 0.98 As) = = 14.379

As = 0.98 in2 / ft
Use 6 No. 7 bars at 6.5 in
Step 8 - Check dowel requirements of column to footing

At column 1 the supporting area is not on all sides; therefore the bearing stress is limited
to:
fc = 0.75 x 0.7 x fc’ = 1.575 ksi

p = 12 x12 x 1.575 = 226.8 > 168 kips (dowels not required for load transfer)
Use 4 dowels to provide at least 0.05Ag:
As = 0.005 x 144 = 0.72 in2
Use 4 No. 6 for 4 x (0.44) = 1.76 in2 at column 2 with concrete all around
> 2
Use 2
fc = 0.75 x 0.7 fc x 2 = 3.15 ksi

P = 15 x 15 x 3.15 = 708.75 >> 276
Use four dowels same size as column 1.
Step 9 - Conclusion
Steel in cantilever portion is found to be 0.28 for moment and 0.67 in2 / ft for minimum
requirement of 200 / fy (could use 0.28 x 1.33 >= T and S alternatively but would require
increasing other steel by 1 / 3 also)
Use 10 No. 7 bars
Run five bars full length to use as chairs for short direction steel.

Chapter — 5
5.17 US General Isolated Foundation with Sliding & Overturning
5.16.4 Comparison
Value of
Average Base Pressure 0.01911 0.02 kip/in2 4.657
kip/in2
Maximum Negative 543.76 ft- 529.064 ft-kips 2.70
Bending Moment kips
Maximum Positive 147.7 ft- 149.12 ft-kips 0.96
Bending Moment kips
Required Area of 0.94 in2/ft 0.909 in2/ft 3.3
Reinforcement
5.17 US General Isolated Foundation with

Sliding & Overturning
5.17.1 Reference
5.17.2 Problem
Density of soil =14 KN/cum

Density of Concrete = 25 KN/cum
Coefficient of Friction (m) = 0.5
Safe Bearing Capacity of the Soil (s) = 120 KN/m2
Loads:
Fx =-300 KN
Fy =-500 KN
Fz=-200 KN
Mz= -10.32KNm
Mx=45.89 KNm

Note: Self weight of footing, wt of soil and surcharge are not included for shear and
moment computations.
5.17.3 Solution
Determination of base area of footing


Chapter — 5
Required base area of footing = [500 + 0.10(500)]/120 = 4.5833 m2
Use a 3.75m 3.75m square footing (Af =14.0625 m2).

Self-wt. of Footing =(3.75*3.75*1*25) = 351.562 KN
Wt. of soil = 14*0.5*{(3.75*3.75) –(0.3*0.3)} =97.8075 KN
The net moments are given by:-
Mz = -10.32 – (-300*1) = 289.68 KNm
Mx= +45.89 +(-200*1) = -154.11 KNm
s 1 = ((500+351.562)/ 14.0625) + (6*154.11/3.753) - (6*289.68/3.753) =
75.980 KN/m2
s 2 = ((500+351.562)/ 14.0625) - (6*154.11/3.753) - (6*289.68/3.753) =
10.0621 KN/m2
s 3 =((500+351.562)/ 14.0625) - (6*154.11/3.753) + (6*289.68/3.753) =
45.131 KN/m2
s 4 = ((500+351.562)/ 14.0625) + (6*154.11/3.753) + (6*289.68/3.753) =
111.049 KN/m2
Stability Check
Calculation for Overturning and Sliding
For Sliding
Along X- Direction:

Restoring Force = μ*(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 474.6848 KN
Along Z- Direction:

Restoring Force = μ*(Wt of Footing + Fy + Wt of Soil) = 474.6848 KN

For Overturning
About X- Direction:
Overturning Moment = Mx + Fz* (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing) = 45.89

– 200* (0 +1) = -154.11 KN-m
Restoring Moment = (Fy + Wt of Soil + Wt of Footing) *Width of Footing*0.5
= 1780.068 KN-m
Hence, Factor of Safety against Overturning = (1780.068/154.11) =11.5506 > 1.5 Hence Safe
About Z- Direction:
Overturning Moment = Mx + Fz* (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing) =-10.32

+ 300* (0 +1) = 289.68 KN-m
Restoring Moment = (Fy + Wt of Soil + Wt of Footing) *Width of Footing*0.5
= 1780.068 KN-m
Hence, Factor of Safety against Overturning = (1780.068/289.68) =6.1449 > 1.5 Hence Safe
Check For Shear

s 1 = (500/ 14.0625) + (6*154.11/3.753) - (6*289.68/3.753) = 50.9804 KN/m2
s 2 = (500/ 14.0625) - (6*154.11/3.753) - (6*289.68/3.753) = -14.9378 KN/m2
s 3 =(500/ 14.0625) - (6*154.11/3.753) + (6*289.68/3.753) = 20.1307 KN/m2
s 4 = (500/ 14.0625) + (6*154.11/3.753) + (6*289.68/3.753) = 86.049 KN/m2
Average pressure:-
qu = (s 1 +s 2 +s 3+s 4) / 4 = 35.555 KN/ m2

Figure 5-42: Critical section for punching shear is at d/2

Chapter — 5
Depth requirement for shear usually controls the footing thickness. Both wide action and
two-way action (punching shear) for strength computation need to be investigated to
determine the controlling shear criteria for depth.
in)
Wide-beam action (One-Way Shear) :
Along Z-Z axis: -
Bw = 3.75m = 147.6378 in
qs is given by:-
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (50.98041-14.9379)/2 =18.02126

KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (20.1307+86.049)/2 = 53.0899
KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 53.0899- {(53.0899 -
18.02126)/3.75*0.805} =45.56183 KN/ m2 [0.805=3.75-(3.75/2+0.92+0.15)]

Vux =3.75*{45.56183*0.805+0.5*(53.0899-45.56183)*0.805}= 148.9025 KN
Along X-X axis:-
Bw = 3.75m = 147.6378 in
qs is given by:-
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (86.049+50.98041)/2 =68.5147

KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (20.1307-14.9379)/2 = 2.5964
KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 68.5147- {(68.5147-
2.5964)/3.75*0.805} =54.36424 KN/ m2[0.805=(3.75/2–0.92–0.15)]
Hence, the one-way shear at the critical section
Vuz =3.75*{54.36424*0.805+0.5*(68.5147-54.36424)*0.805}= 185.47 KN

φVu = φ(2√(f'c)bwd) = 0.75(2√(4349.39) 147.6378 36.22)/1000 =
529.0018 kips = 2354.06 KN > Vux and Vuz
Hence O.K.
Two-way action (Punching Shear):

Tributary area = 14.0625 - (0.3+ 0.92) (0.3 + 0.92) = 12.5741 m2
V = 35.555 12.5741 = 447.0791 KN = 100.467 Kip.

u
= Minimum of
bo = 2(0.3+0.3+2*0.92) = 4.88m =192.126 in
= = 5.304348
Vc = 0.75 4 x 192.126 36.2205/1000 = 1376.82 kips > Vu

= 100.467 kips
O.K.
Calculation for reinforcement

Figure 5-43: Critical section for moment is at the face of column

Chapter — 5
Bending about X Axis Bending About Z Axis
About X Axis
Average Base Pressure along one edge = (50.98041-14.9379)/2 =18.02126

KN/m2
KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 53.0899- {(53.0899 -
18.02126)/3.75*1.725} =36.958 KN/ m2 [1.725= 3.75-(3.75/2+0.15)]
Mu =3.75*{36.958*1.725*1.725*0.5+0.5*(53.0899-36.958)*1.725*1.725*2/3}=
266.2033 KNm
Required Rn = KN/m2 =13.5105

psi
(gross area) = (d/h) 0.00022 = (0.92/1.0) 0.00027 = 0.000207

min
= 0.00180
Since is < min,

so = min
=0.00180

Required As = bd = 0.00180 3.75 0.92 = 0.00621 m2 = 6210 m2m
About Z Axis

KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge = (20.1307-14.9379)/2 = 2.5964

KN/m2
2.5964)/3.75*1.725} =38.1923 KN/ m2 [1.725=(3.75/2-0.15)]
Mu =3.75*{38.1923*1.725*1.725*0.5+0.5*(68.5147-38.1923)*1.725*1.725*2/3}=
325.87126 KNm
Compute required As assuming tension-controlled section ( = 0.9)
Required Rn = KN/m2 =8.44355

psi
p(gross area) = (d/h) 0.00014 = (0.92/1.0) 0.00014 = 0.000129

min
= 0.00180
Since is < min,

so = min
=0.00180
Required As = bd = 0.00180 3.75 0.92 = 0.00621 m2 = 6210 m2m

Try with 16mm bars (Af =201.06 m2m)
So, no. of bars reqd = 6210/ 201.06 =31 bars
Check for development length

As per ACI- 12.2.2 and T-1.12.2 of Reinforced Concrete Design by Salmon-Wang; For # 35M
bars and smaller:

Chapter — 5
Ld = 0.02 Ab = 0.02* 201.06*(415/300.5) = 304.68 mm

Available development length of the bars = 0.5*(L-Dcol) –C cover = 1675 mm
> 304.68 mm.
Hence OK
Clear cover (bottom and side) = 50 mm

Center-to-center bar spacing = {3750-2*(50+8)}/30 = 121.13 mm
This is to be checked with the minimum and maximum spacing permissible.

5.18 US General Isolated Foundation with Eccentric Loading
5.17.4 Comparison
Value of
Result result* there-of)
Moment about X 266.2033 269.53 Error due to
(KNm) approximation in base
pressure interpolation
Moment about Z 325.87126 328.41 m Error due to
(KNm) approximation in base
Area of steel 6210 6106.05 Error due to
about X-X (mm2) approximation in base
Area of steel 6210 6241.05 Error due to
about Z-Z (mm2) approximation in base
Shear force 185.47 186.09 Error due to
approximation in base
(One way) along
X (KN)
Shear force 148.9025 144.21 Error due to
approximation in base
(One way) along
Z (KN)
Shear force 447.079 447.38 Negligible
(Two way) (KN)
against Sliding
(X)
against Sliding
(Z)
against
Overturning (X)
against
Overturning (Z)
5.18 US General Isolated Foundation with

Eccentric Loading
5.18.1 Reference

Chapter — 5
5.18.2 Problem
Offset of column in X-direction (Oxd) =300 mm

Offset of column in Z-direction (Ozd) =300 mm
Density of soil =14 KN/m3
Density of Concrete = 25 KN/m3
Coefficient of Friction (m) = 0.5
Safe Bearing Capacity of the Soil (s) = 120 KN/m2
Loads:
Fx =-300 KN
Fy =-500 KN
Fz=-200 KN
Mz= 45.89 KNm
Mx=-98.32 KNm
Note: Self weight of footing, wt of soil and surcharge are not included for shear and
moment computations.

5.18.3 Solution
Determination of base area of footing:

Required base area of footing = [500 + 0.10(500)]/120 = 4.5833 m2
Use a 5 .0m 5.0m square footing (Af =25 m2).


Chapter — 5
Self-wt. of Footing =(5.0*5.0*1*25) = 625 KN

Wt. of soil = 14*0.5*{(5.0*5.0) –(0.3*0.3)} =174.37 KN
The net moments are given by:
Mz =+45.89 – (-300*1) +(-500*0.3) = 195.89 KNm

Mx= - 98.32 +(-200*1) –(-500*0.3) = -148.32 KNm
The pressure at the four corners are given by:
σ1 = ((500+625)/ 25) + (6*195.89 /5.03) - (6*148.32 /5.03) =

47.28336KN/m2
σ2 = ((500+625)/25) - (6*195.89 /5.03) - (6*148.32 /5.03) = 28.478 KN/m2
σ3 =((500+625)/ 25) - (6*195.89 /5.03) + (6*148.32 /5.03) = 42.7167 KN/m2
σ4 = ((500+625)/ 25) + (6*195.89 /5.03) + (6*148.32 /5.03) = 61.522
KN/m2
Stability Check
Calculation for Overturning and Sliding
For Sliding
Along X- Direction:

Hence, Factor of Safety against Sliding = (649.685/300) =2.1656 > 1.5
Hence Safe
Along Z- Direction:

Hence, Factor of Safety against Sliding = (649.685/200) =3.2484 > 1.5
Hence Safe
For Overturning
About X- Direction:
Overturning Moment = Mx + Fz* (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing) = -

98.32– 200* (0 +1) = -298.32 KN-m


Factor of Safety against Overturning = (3098.425/298.32) =10.386 > 1.5
Hence Safe
About Z- Direction:
Overturning Moment = Mx + Fz* (Ht of Pedestal + Depth of Footing) =45.89

+ 300* (0 +1) = 345.89 KN-m
Factor of Safety against Overturning = (3398.425/345.89) =9.82516 > 1.5
Hence Safe
Check for Shear
Factored Loads and Soil Reaction
The pressure at the four corners are given by:
σ1 = (500/ 25) + (6*195.89 /5.03) - (6*148.32 /5.03) = 22.2834KN/m2

σ2 = (500/25) - (6*195.89 /5.03) - (6*148.32 /5.03) = 3.47792KN/m2
σ3 =(500/ 25) - (6*195.89 /5.03) + (6*148.32 /5.03) = 17.7167 KN/m2
σ4 = (500/ 25) + (6*195.89 /5.03) + (6*148.32 /5.03) = 36.52208 KN/m2
Average pressure:
qu = (σ1 +σ2 +σ3+σ4) / 4 = 20.000 KN/ m2

Figure 5-45: Critical section for punching shear at d/2
Depth requirement for shear usually controls the footing thickness. Both wide action and
two-way action (punching shear) for strength computation need to be investigated to
determine the controlling shear criteria for depth.
in)

Chapter — 5
Wide-beam action (One-Way Shear)
Along Z-Z axis: -
Bw = 5.00m = 196.8504 in
qs is given by:
Average Base Pressure along one edge =(22.2834+3.47792)/2 =12.8806 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge =(17.7167+36.5221)/2 = 27.1194 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 27.1194- {(27.1194 –
12.8806)/5.0*1.13} =23.9014 KN/ m2 [1.13=5 -(5/2 +0.3 +0.92 +0.15)]
Vux =5.0*{23.9014*1.13+0.5*(27.1194-23.9014)*1.13}= 144.134 KN
Along X-X axis:
Bw = 5.00m = 196.8504 in
qs is given by:
Average Base Pressure along one edge =(36.5221+22.2834)/2 =29.4027 KN/m2
Average Base Pressure along other edge =(17.7167+3.47792)/2 = 10.5973 KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 29.4027- {(29.4027-10.5973)/5.0*1.73}
=22.89603 KN/ m2 [ 1.73=(5/2 +0.3 –0.92 –0.15)]
Hence, the one-way shear at the critical section
Vuz =5.0*{22.89603*1.73+0.5*(29.4027-22.89603)*1.73}= 226.1924 KN

φVu = φ (2√(f'c)bwd) = 0.75(2√(4349.39) 196.8504 36.22)/1000 =
705.3265 kips = 3138.703 KN > Vux and Vuz
Hence O.K.
Two-way action (Punching Shear)
Tributary area = [25.000 - (0.3 + 0.92)x(0.3 + 0.92)] = 23.5116 m2
V = 20.000 x 23.5116 = 470.232 KN = 105.6701 Kip.
u

= Minimum of
bo = 2(0.3+0.3+2*0.92) = 4.88m =192.126 in
= = 5.304348
Vc = 0.75 4 x 192.126 36.2205/1000 = 1376.82 kips > Vu

= 100.467 kips O.K.
Calculation for reinforcement

Critical section for moment is at the face of column
Bending about X Axis Bending About Z Axis

Chapter — 5
About X-Axis

KN/m2
KN/m2
Approximate Base Pressure at the critical section = 27.1194- {(27.1194 –
12.8806)/5.0*2.05} =21.2815 KN/ m2 [2.05 =5-(5/2+0.3+0.15)]
Mu = 5.0*{21.2815 *2.05*2.05*0.5+0.5*(27.1194-21.2815)* 2.05*2.05*2/3}=

264.48 KNm
Required Rn = KN/m2 =10.067 psi
ρ(gross area) = (d/h) 0.0001675 = (0.92/1.0) 0.0001675 = 0.0001541

ρmin = 0.00180
Since ρ is < ρmin , ρ = ρmin =0.00180
Required As = ρbd = 0.00180 5.0 0.92 = 0.00828 m2 = 8280 mm2
About Z- axis:

KN/m2
KN/m2
10.5973)/5.0*2.65} =19.4358 KN/ m2 [2.65 =(5/2+0.3-0.15)]
Mu =5.0*{19.4358 *2.65*2.65*0.5+0.5*(29.4027 –19.4358)*2.65*2.65*2/3}=

457.874 KNm
Compute required As assuming tension-controlled section ( = 0.9)

Required Rn = KN/m2 =17.429 psi
ρ(gross area) = (d/h) 0.00029 = (0.92/1.0) 0.00029 = 0.000267

ρmin = 0.00180
Since ρ is < ρmin , ρ = ρmin =0.00180
Required As = ρbd = 0.00180 5.0 0.92 = 0.00828 m2 = 8280 mm2
Try with 20 mm bars (Af =314.16 mm2)
So, no. of bars required = 8280/ 314.16 =27 bars
Check for development length

As per ACI- 12.2.2 and T-1.12.2 of Reinforced Concrete Design by Salmon-Wang:
Ld = 0.02 Ab (For # 35M bars and smaller)

= 0.02* 314.16*(415/300.5) = 476.0625m
Available development length of the bars= 0.5*(L-Dcol) –C cover = 2375 mm
> 476.0625 mm. Hence OK
Clear cover (bottom and side) = 50mm
Center-to-center bar spacing = {5000-2*(50+10)}/26 = 187.6923 mm
This is to be checked with the minimum and maximum spacing permissible.

Chapter — 5
5.18.4 Comparison
Value of
Result result* there-of)
Moment about X 264.48 264.53 KNm Negligible
KNm
Moment about Z 457.874 457.83 KNm Negligible
KNm
Area of steel 8280 8906.40 mm2 Error due to
about X-X mm2 approximation in
base pressure
interpolation
Area of steel 8280 8321.40 mm2 Error due to
about Z-Z mm2 approximation in
base pressure
interpolation
Shear force 226.1924 225.67 KN Error due to
KN approximation in
(One way) along
base pressure
X
interpolation
Shear force 144.134 143.58 KN Negligible
KN
(One way) along
Z
Shear force 470.232 470.01 KN Negligible
KN
(Two way)
against Sliding
(X)
against Sliding
(Z)
against
Overturning (X)
against
Overturning (Z)

Section 6
Deadman Anchors (ACI
318 -2005)
6.1 Deadman Guy Anchor US 1
6.1.1 Reference
380 ft Brenham (Wesley), TX guyed tower Design Project
6.1.2 Problem
Design an anchor block for a guy rod supporting the following load condition
Axial Tension = 83.815 Kip

Slope with Horizontal = 54.231 degree
Min area required for guy rod =1.677 sq.inch, i.e if single guy rod is used,min
dia of rod required = 1.5 inch
Necessary Factors of Safety are as follows
FOS against Uplift = 1.5

FOS against sliding = 2
Ultimate Load Factor = 1.3
Material Specification-
Assume Strength of Concrete = 4 Ksi

Strength of Steel = 60 Ksi

Chapter — 6
Strength of Gye Rod steel = 50 Ksi

unit weight of Concrete = 150 lb/cu.ft
unit weight of Soil = 62.4 lb/cu.ft
Soil & GWT condition-

Table 6-1: Soil Test Report Summary
Layer Layer Depth of Cohesion Angle of Dry Density
Index No Type Layer (psf) Friction (pcf)
1 Sand (0-2) 0 20 115
2 Sand (2-15) 0 30 115
3 Sand (15-below) 0 30 115
Assume depth of Ground Water Table from GL = 8 ft

Assume soil cone angle of uplift = 30 degree
6.1.3 Solution
First let us calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at guy rod
Horizontal component of load (H) = P.cos θ = 83.815 x Cos 54.231 =

48.9656 Kip
Vertical component of load (V)= P.sin θ = 83.815 x Sin 54.231 = 68.0245
Kip
Properties of soil (divided into relevant small strips each max 1/2 ft thick)

Section 6 Deadman Anchors (ACI 318 -2005)
Kp=tan2 (450+ Ø/2)

Kp=tan2 (450- Ø/2)
Note: Ø is in degrees
Pa = γ.h.Kp
So Pa or a particular layer = Pa of previous layer + γ.h.Ka

Where:
Ka= Active EP coeff of the present layer

γ = Soil density of Soil at present layer
h= Thickness of present layer)

Chapter — 6
Thus
Pp= γ.h.Kp + 2C.√Kp
So Pp or a particular layer = Pp of previous layer + γ.h.Kp

Where:
Kp= Passive EP coeff of the present layer

h= Thickness of present layer
C= Cohesion of Present layer)
Note: Here, γ= Density of soil which is used when soil layer is above GWT
If Soil layer is below GWT then submerged density of soil (γ-γsoil) is used
Adhesion factor α = 0.31 + 0.34/C

Figure 6-1: Deadman Anchor Guy Tension Block section
α <=1
C= Cohesion in Kip/ft 2 unit

Figure 6-2: Dispersion of soil against vertical uplift diagram
Soil Depth Soil Depth weighted

avg Pp effective on
upper lvl of lower lvl of avg Pp
block surface (psf)
layer(ft) layer(ft) (lb/ft)
0 0.5 0 0
0.5 1 0 0
1 1.5 0 0
1.5 2 0 0
2 2.5 0 0
2.5 3 0 0
3 3.5 0 0
3.5 4 0 0
4 4.5 0 0
4.5 5 0 0
5 5.5 0 0
5.5 6 0 0
6 6.5 0 0
6.5 7 2167.1918 1083.596
7 7.5 2340.028 1170.014
7.5 8 2512.8643 1256.432
8 8.5 2638.8093 1319.405
8.5 9 2717.8631 1358.932
9 9.5 2796.9169 1398.458
9.5 10 2875.9707 1437.985
10 10.5 0 0
10.5 11 0 0
11 11.5 0 0
11.5 12 0 0
12 12.5 0 0
12.5 13 0 0

Chapter — 6

avg Pp effective on
block surface (psf)
13 13.5 0 0
13.5 14 0 0
14 14.5 0 0
14.5 15 0 0
Figure 6-3: Dispersion line diagram
Check for Safety against Sliding

Tot Passive resistance per unit length = 9024.823 lb/ft
Length = 11.5 ft
Tot Passive resistance = 9024.823 x 11.5 /1000 = 103.786 kip
Allowable Horizontal Load on Anchor = 48.9656 Kip
Safety Factor against Horizontal Load = 103.786 / 48.9656 = 2.12
FOS is greater than min required FOS, Hence OK
Check for Safety against Uplift

given value of dispersion angle = 30 degree
Let us consider wedge at all sides with dimension of 0.5 ft
As wedge is present so dispersion is to be started from bottom of block

Height of soil above top level of block = 6.5 ft

Height of water effecting the weight of concrete = 10 - 8 = 2 ft
Weight of Concre Block = LxBxHx unit wt of concrete = 11.5 x 4 x 3.5 x 0.15
= 24.15 kip
reduction of concrete weight due to buoyancy = 2 x 4 x 11.5 x 62.4/1000 =
5.7408 kip
So, total buoyant weight of concrete = 24.15-5.7408 = 18.4092Kip
Weight of soil over top of anchor in a truncated pyramid = 215.93 Kip
Uplift Resistance due to Soil/Concrete Adhesion = 0 Kip
Therefore, Total resistance against uplift = 18.4092 + 215.93 + 0 = 234.34 Kip
Allowable anchor uplift resistance = V = 68.0245 Kip
Net Safety factor = 234.34 / 68.0245 = 3.445
Safety Factor against Horizontal Load = 1.5

Chapter — 6
Design checks for the top & front face rebar
Top Rebar Design Check

Figure 6-4: Top rebar force diagram
Vertical Force (V)= 68.0245 Kip

Length (L)= 11.5 Kip
Force/Length = w=V/L = 5.91517391304348 Kip
Bending Moment = w.L2/8 = 97.786 ft kip
Factored Moment M = 97.786 x 1.3 = 127.1218 ft kip
Strength of concrete = 4 Ksi
Figure 6-5: Bending moment diagram - top
φ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
0.85>=ß >=0.65
ß = 0.85
width (B) = 4 ft
Effective Depth = Deff = D-clear cover-Tie bar dia -0.5xtop rebar dia
Hence, deff = 38.19 inch
Area of each top rebar = 0.601015625 sq.inch
Total area of Top Rebar = As = 2.4040625 Ksi
a = As.fy/(ß.fck.B) = 0.883847 inch

Resisting Moment = M1 = φ.As.fy.(deff-a/2) =408.37 ft kip

ratio = 408.37 / 127.1218 = 3.213 >1,
Hence OK
Resisting Moment is greater than Factored Moment, Hence Safe
Front face Rebar Design Check

Length (L) = 11.5 ft
Force/Length = w=V/L = 4.25787826086957 Kip/ft
Factored Moment M = 91.5057 ft kip
Figure 6-6: Bending moment diagram - front face

φ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
0.85>=ß >=0.65
ß = 0.85
width (B) = 3.5 ft
Area of each front rebar = 0.601015625 sq.inch
Total area of Front Rebar = As = 1.803046875 sq.inch
Resisting Moment = M1 = φ.As.fy.(deff-a/2) = 355.47 ft kip
ratio = 355.472 / 91.5057 = 3.885 >1, Hence OK

Chapter — 6
6.1.4 Comparison
Table 6-2: Deadman Anchor (US) verification example 1 comparison
Value of
Sliding Resistance (kips) 103.786 103.71 Negligible
Uplift Resistance (kips) 234.34 234.495 Negligible
Horizontal FOS 2.12 2.117 Negligible
Vertical FOS 3.445 3.448 Negligible
Factored moment resisted by top rebar 127.122 127.086 Negligible
(ft-kip)
Max. moment capacity (vertically hog- 408.37 407.66 Negligible
ging) (ft-kip)
Factored moment resisted by front 91.506 91.553 Negligible
rebar (ft-kip)
Max. moment capacity (horizontally 355.472 354.856 Negligible
hogging) (ft-kip)

6.2.1 Reference
6.2.2 Problem
Design an anchor block for a guy rod supporting the following load condition-
Min area required for guy rod =1.519 sq.inch, i.e if single rod is used,min dia of rod
required = 1.4 inch

Necessary FOS are as follows-


Soil & GWT condition

Table 6-3: Soil test report summary
1 clay (0-2) 0 0 106
2 clay (2-15) 800 0 106
3 clay (15-below) 800 0 106

6.2.3 Solution
First let us calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at gyerod

Chapter — 6

48.9706 Kip
Vertical component of load (V)= P.sin θ = 75.926 x Sin 49.816 = 58.0229
Kip
Kp=tan2 (450 + Ø/2)

Kp=tan2 (450 - Ø/2)
Note: Ø is in degree
Pa = γ.h.Kp


Where:

Thus

Where:

C= Cohesion of Present layer
Note: Here γ= Density of soil which is used when soil layer is above GWT
α <=1
Figure 6-8: Dispersion of soil against vertical uplift

Chapter — 6
Table 6-4: Soil layers

avg Pp effective on
block surface (psf)
0 0.5 0 0
0.5 1 0 0
1 1.5 0 0
1.5 2 0 0
2 2.5 0 0
2.5 3 0 0
3 3.5 0 0
3.5 4 0 0
4 4.5 0 0
4.5 5 0 0
5 5.5 0 0
5.5 6 0 0
6 6.5 0 0
6.5 7 2317.4172 1158.709
7 7.5 2370.4843 1185.242
7.5 8 2423.5513 1211.776
8 8.5 2460.9987 1230.499
8.5 9 2482.8262 1241.413
9 9.5 2504.6538 1252.327
9.5 10 2526.4814 1263.241
10 10.5 0 0
10.5 11 0 0
11 11.5 0 0
11.5 12 0 0
12 12.5 0 0
12.5 13 0 0
13 13.5 0 0
13.5 14 0 0
14 14.5 0 0
14.5 15 0 0

Length = 14 ft
Tot Passive resistance = 8543.207 x 14 /1000 = 119.605 kip


Let us consider no wedge to support uplift load
As wedge is not present so dispersion is to be started from top of block
Height of soil above top level of block = 6.5 ft

Weight of Concrete Block = LxBxHx unit wt of concrete = 14 x 4 x 3.5 x 0.15
= 29.4 kip
reduction of concrete weight due to buoyancy = 2 x 4 x 14 x 62.4/1000 =
6.9888 kip
Uplift Resistance due to Soil/Concrete Adhesion = 74.08 Kip
Therefore, Total resistance against uplift = 22.4112 + 38.58 + 74.08 = 135.072
Kip

Chapter — 6

Length (L)= 14 Kip

φ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
0.85>=ß >=0.65
ß = 0.85
width (B) = 4 ft
Hence, deff =38.19 inch

Total area of Top Rebars = As = 2.4040625 Ksi

Resisting Moment = M1 = φ.As.fy.(deff-a/2) = 408.37

ft kip
ratio = 408.37 / 132.0033 = 3.094 >1, Hence OK

Length (L) = 14 ft

φ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
0.85>=ß >=0.65
ß = 0.85
width (B) = 3.5 ft
ratio = 355.472 / 111.4087 = 3.191 >1, Hence OK

Chapter — 6
6.2.4 Comparison
Value of
Sliding Resistance (Kip) 119.605 119.542 negligible
Uplift Resistance (Kip) 135.072 135.123 negligible
Horizontal FOS 2.443 2.44 negligible
Vertical FOS 2.328 2.329 negligible
factored moment resisted by 132.0033 131.963 negligible
top rebar ( ft kip)
Max moment capacity 408.37 407.66 negligible
(vertically hogging) (ft kip)
front rebar (ft kip)
Max moment capacity 355.472 354.865 negligible
(horizontally hogging)
(ft kip)

6.3.1 Reference
6.3.2 Problem
Design an anchor block for a guy rod supporting the following load condition

Min area required for guy rod =1.849 sq.inch, i.e if single rod is used,min dia
of rod required = 1.6 inch
Necessary FOS are as follows

Material Specification



Table 6-6: Soil test report summary
1 silt (0-2) 500 20 105
2 silt (2-15) 500 20 105
3 silt (15- below) 500 20 105

6.3.3 Solution
First let us calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at gyerod

78.9806 Kip
Vertical component of load (V)= P.sin θ = 92.435 x Sin 31.289 = 48.024 Kip

Chapter — 6
Kp=tan2 (450+Ø/2)
Kp=tan2 (450-Ø/2)
Pa = γ.h.Kp


Where:


Where:

α <=1

Chapter — 6

avg Pp effective on
block surface (psf)
0 0.5 0 0
0.5 1 0 0
1 1.5 0 0
1.5 2 0 0
2 2.5 0 0
2.5 3 0 0
3 3.5 0 0
3.5 4 0 0
4 4.5 0 0
4.5 5 0 0
5 5.5 0 0
5.5 6 0 0
6 6.5 0 0
6.5 7 0 0
7 7.5 2984.5298 1492.265
7.5 8 3091.7854 1545.893
8 8.5 3167.1708 1583.585
8.5 9 3210.6859 1605.343
9 9.5 3254.2011 1627.101
9.5 10 3297.7162 1648.858
10 10.5 3341.2313 1670.616
10.5 11 3384.7465 1692.373
11 11.5 3428.2616 1714.131
11.5 12 3471.7768 1735.888


avg Pp effective on
block surface (psf)
12 12.5 0 0
12.5 13 0 0
13 13.5 0 0
13.5 14 0 0
14 14.5 0 0
14.5 15 0 0

Length = 10 ft

Let us consider no wedge to support uplift load
As wedge is not present so dispersion is to be started from top of block

Chapter — 6
Figure 6-14: Dispersion line diagram
Height of soil above top level of block = 7 ft

Weight of Concre Block = LxBxHx unit wt of concrete = 10 x 4 x 5 x 0.15 =
30 kip
9.984 kip
So, total buoyant weight of concrete = 30-9.984 = 20.016Kip

Therefore, Total resistance against uplift = 20.016 + 61.98 + 69.3 = 151.296

Kip
Now Design check for the top & front face rebar are to be
done

Length (L)= 10 Kip

φ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
0.85>=ß >=0.65
ß = 0.85
width (B) = 4 ft

Chapter — 6

Total area of Top Rebars = As = 2.4040625 Ksi
ratio = 603.099 / 78.039 = 7.729 >1, Hence OK

Length (L) = 10 ft

φ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
0.85>=ß >=0.65
ß = 0.85
width (B) = 5 ft


ratio = 356.394 / 128.3438 = 2.777 >1, Hence OK
6.3.4 Comparison
Value of
Sliding Resistance (Kip) 163.161 163.306 Negligible
Uplift Resistance (Kip) 151.296 151.355 Negligible
Horizontal FOS 2.066 2.064 Negligible
Vertical FOS 3.151 3.153 Negligible
factored moment resisted by 78.039 78.011 Negligible
top rebar ( ft kip)
Max moment capacity 603.099 602.06 Negligible
(vertically hogging) (ft kip)
factored moment resisted by 128.3438 128.361 Negligible
Max moment capacity 356.394 355.775 Negligible
(horizontally hogging) (ft kip)

6.4.1 Reference
6.4.2 Problem
Design an anchor block for a guy rod supporting the following load condition-
Axial Tension = 250 Kip

Slope with Horizontal = 50 degree
Min area required for guy rod =4.167 sq.inch, (i.e if single rod is used, then
min dia of rod required = 2.4 inch).

Chapter — 6
Necessary FOS are as follows-



1 sand (0-3) 0 20 104
2 silt (3-5) 500 22 105
3 silt (5-8) 800 15 105
4 silt (8-10) 800 20 106
5 silt (10-12) 850 15 106
6 silt (12-20) 850 15 106
8 silt (20-below) 850 15 106


6.4.3 Solution
First let us calculate the Horizontal & Vertical components of Axial Tension at guy rod
Horizontal component of load (H) = P.cos θ = 250 x Cos 50 = 160.6297 Kip
Vertical component of load (V)= P.sin θ = 250 x Sin 50 = 191.5676 Kip
Kp=tan2 (450+Ø/2)
Kp=tan2 (450-Ø/2)
Pa = γ.h.Kp
Where:

h= Thickness of present layer)

Where

α <=1

Chapter — 6


Length = 12 ft

Chapter — 6


Let us consider wedge at all sides with dimension of 0.5 ft
As wedge is present so dispersion is to be started from bottom of block
Height of soil above top level of block = 8 ft

Weight of Concrete Block = LxBxHx unit wt of concrete = 12 x 6 x 8 x 0.15 =
86.4 kip


31.4496 kip
Therefore, Total resistance against uplift = 54.9504 + 491.29 + 172.97 =
719.211 Kip


Length (L)= 12 Kip

Chapter — 6
φ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
0.85>=ß >=0.65
ß = 0.85
width (B) = 6 ft
Total area of Top Rebar = As = 3.60609375 Ksi
ratio = 1488.835 / 373.5576 = 3.986 >1, Hence OK

Length (L) = 12 ft

φ = 0.9
ß = 0.85 - 0.05x (fc-4)
0.85>=ß >=0.65
ß = 0.85
width (B) = 8 ft

ratio = 1101.17 / 313.2285 = 3.516 >1, Hence OK
6.4.4 Comparison
Value of
Sliding Resistance (Kip) 413.423 413.174 negligible
Uplift Resistance (Kip) 719.211 719.281 negligible
Horizontal FOS 2.574 2.571 negligible
Vertical FOS 3.755 3.756 negligible
top rebar ( ft kip)
Max moment capacity (ver- 1488.835 1486.29 negligible
tically hogging) (ft kip)
Max moment capacity (hor- 1101.17 1099.277 negligible
izontally hogging) (ft kip)

Chapter 6

Section 7
Drilled Pier Foundations
7.1 Drilled Pier Foundation 1 API
7.1.1 Reference
API RP 2A-WSD
7.1.2 Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: API
Load Fy= 100 kip, fc= 4 ksi, fy= 60 ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 2 ft, pier height= 30
ft, water level at 40 ft.
Soil Profile by Layer
1. Sand, 8 ft deep, angle of friction 30 deg, Avg Density 108 lb/ft 3,

Density- Loose
2. Sand, 13 ft deep, angle of friction 34 deg, Avg Density 110 lb/ft 3,
Density- Medium
3. Clay - , 9 ft deep, cohesion 2 kip/ft 2, Avg Density 110 lb/ft 3,
Density- Dense
Elasticity of Soil 0.3 ksi

Chapter — 7
Figure 7-1: Pier Elevation
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%

Skin Friction - 100%
Neglected zone for skin friction
Top - 5ft
Bottom - Pier Dia = 2ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi

Section 7 Drilled Pier Foundations
Density= 150lb/ft 3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi
7.1.3 Solution
Critical Depth
Critical depth is set to be calculated by program
Effective Overburden Pressure
Po= (Soil Density of respective layer x Depth to the center of the layer)
Effects of water and critical depth are also considered calculating Po
Effective Overburden Pres-
Layer
sure (lb/ft2)
Layer1 432
Layer2 1579
Layer3 2789
Skin Friction
Ψ Factor from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2
Ψ = Cohesion / Effective Overburden Pressure
Layer Ψ
Layer1 0
Layer2 0
Layer3 0.7171
α Factor from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2

α = 0.5 x Ψ -0.5 Ψ <=1.0
α = 0.5 x Ψ -0.25 Ψ >1.0
Layer α
Layer1 0
Layer2 0
Layer3 0.59045

Chapter — 7
K Coefficient of lateral earth pressure from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.3

K=0.8 (for straight pier)
δ Friction angle between soil and pier
Calculated based on API RP 2A-WSD Table 6.4.3-1
Shaft friction (f), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2 & 6.4.3
For cohesive soil layerf = α x c
For cohesionless soil layerf = K xPo x tanδ
Layer Shaft Friction (psf)
Layer1 125.788
Layer2 589.040
Layer3 1180.889
Skin Friction Resistance (Qf), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.1

Qf = f x As
Layer Qf (kip)
Layer1 6.3228
Layer2 48.1136
Layer3 66.7777
Total Skin Friction 121.214
Modified Skin Friction Based on Neglected Zones for Skin Friction

Qf (modified) is calculated by considering top and bottom neglect layer
Qf_modified
Layer
(kip)
Layer1 2.3711
Layer2 48.1136
Layer3 51.9382
Total Modified Skin 102.423
Friction
Base Resistance
Unit end bearing (q), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2 & 6.4.3
For cohesive soil layer q = 9 x c
For cohesionless soil layer q =po x Nq
Layer q (kip)
Layer1 5.184
Layer2 31.58
Layer3 18.0
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.1
Qp = q x Ap

Layer Qp (kip)
Layer1 16.286
Layer2 99.211
Layer3 56.549
End Bearing for bottom Layer, Qp_bott = 56.549 kips
Unfactored Capacity
Factored Capacity
7.1.4 Comparison
Table 7-1: Drilled Pier (API) verification example 1 comparison
STAAD.foundation Reference
Value of Difference
Result Result
UnfactoredTip 56.571 kip 56.549 kip Negligible
Resistance
Unfactored Skin 102.487 kip 102.423 kip Negligible
Resistance
Unfactored Total Axial 144.916 kip 144.834 kip Negligible
Capacity
FactoredTip Resistance 18.857 kip 18.849 kip Negligible
Factored Skin Resistance 34.162 kip 34.141 kip Negligible
Factored Total Axial 48.305 kip 48.278 kip Negligible
Capacity

7.2.1 Reference
API RP 2A-WSD
7.2.2 Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method:API
Load Fy= 100kip, fc= 4ksi, fy= 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 4ft, pier height= 39ft,
water level at 50ft.

Chapter — 7
Soil Profile by Layer
1. Clay - , 6ft deep, cohesion 1kip/ft 2, Avg Density 105lb/ft 3, Density- Very Loose
2. Clay - , 13ft deep, cohesion 1.1kip/ft 2, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3, Density- Medium
3. Clay - , 8ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft 2, Avg Density 111lb/ft 3, Density- Dense
4. Clay - , 12ft deep, cohesion 3kip/ft 2, Avg Density 113lb/ft 3, Density- Very Dense
Elasticity of Soil 0.3ksi
K = 0.8
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%

Top - 5ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft 3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi

7.2.3 Solution
Critical Depth

Chapter — 7

Layer
sure (lb/ft2)
Layer1 315
Layer2 1345
Layer3 1874
Layer4 1566
Skin Friction
Ψ Factor from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2
Ψ = Cohesion / Effective Overburden Pressure
Layer Ψ
Layer1 3.1746
Layer2 0.8178
Layer3 1.0672
Layer4 1.9157
α Factor
Layer α
Layer1 0.55
Layer2 0.55
Layer3 0.55
Layer4 0.55
K Coefficient of lateral earth pressure from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.3


Calculated based on API RP 2A-WSD Table 6.4.3-1
Shaft friction (f), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2 & 6.4.3
Layer1 550
Layer2 605
Layer3 1100
Layer4 1650
Skin Friction Resistance (Qf), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.1

Qf = f x As
Layer Qf (psf)
Layer1 41.469
Layer2 98.835

Layer Qf (psf)
Layer3 110.584
Layer4 248.814

Qf_modified
Layer
(psf)
Layer1 6.9115
Layer2 98.835
Layer3 110.584
Layer4 165.876
Total Skin Fric- 382.206
tion
Base Resistance
Unit end bearing (q), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.2 & 6.4.3
For cohesive soil layerq = 9 x c

For cohesionless soil layerq =po x Nq
Layer q (psf)
Layer1 9000
Layer2 9900
Layer3 18000
Layer4 27000
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from API RP 2A-WSD 6.4.1
Qp = q x Ap
Layer Qp (psf)
Layer1 113.097
Layer2 124.407
Layer3 226.195
Layer4 339.292
End Bearing for bottom Layer

Q = 339.292 kip
p_bott
Unfactored Capacity

Chapter — 7
7.3 Drilled Pier Foundation 3 FHWA
Factored Capacity
7.2.4 Comparison
Table 7-2: Drilled Pier (API) verification example 2 comparison
Value of Difference
Result Result
Resistance
Resistance
Capacity
Factored Skin 127.495 kip 127.402 kip Negligible
Resistance
Capacity

7.3.1 Reference
FHWA-IF-99-025
7.3.2 Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method:FHWA
Load Fy= 100kip, fc= 4ksi, fy= 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 2ft,
pier height= 30ft, water level at 40ft.
Soil Profile
1. Sand, 8ft deep, angle of friction 30deg, Avg Density 108lb/ft 3, N60- 11
2. Sand, 13ft deep, angle of friction 34deg, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3, N60- 14
3. Clay - , 9ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft 2, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3, N60- 16

Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%

Top - 5ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft 3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi

Chapter — 7
7.3.3 Solution
Critical Depth


Layer
sure (lb/ft2)
Layer1 432
Layer2 1579
Layer3 1925
Skin Friction
α Factor from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.6
α = 0.55
Layer α
Layer1 0
Layer2 0
Layer3 0.55
β Dimensionless correlation factor from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.18

Layer β
Layer1 0.9017
Layer2 0.8536
Layer3 0

Assumed to be same as soil friction angle
Shaft friction (f), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.16 & 11.17
For cohesive soil layerf = α x su
For cohesionless soil layerf = β x σ vi
Layer1 389.50
Layer2 1347.86
Layer3 1100.0
Skin Friction Resistance (Qf), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2

Rs = f x As
Layer Rs (kip)
Layer1 19.578
Layer2 110.095
Layer3 62.204


Chapter — 7
Rs_modified
Layer
(kip)
Layer1 7.342
Layer2 110.095
Layer3 48.381
Total Modified Skin 165.817
Friction
Base Resistance
Unit end bearing (q), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.1, 11.2 & 11.4a

Layer q (kip)
Layer1 13.2
Layer2 15.6
Layer3 5.611
End Bearing for each layer (Qp), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 10.2
RB = q x Ap
Layer RB (kip)
Layer1 41.469
Layer2 49.009
Layer3 17.628
End Bearing for bottom Layer, RB-bott = 17.628 kips
Un-factored Capacity
Factored Capacity

7.3.4 Comparison
Table 7-3: Drilled Pier (FHWA) verification example 3 comparison
Value of Difference
Result Result
Resistance
Resistance
Capacity
Capacity

7.4.1 Reference
FHWA-IF-99-025
7.4.2 Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method:FHWA
Soil Profile
1. Clay - , 6ft deep, cohesion 1kip/ft 2, Avg Density 105lb/ft 3, N60 10

2. Clay - , 13ft deep, cohesion 1.1kip/ft 2, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3, N60 12
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%

Neglected zone
for skin frictionTop - 5ft

Chapter — 7
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft 3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi
7.4.3 Solution
Critical Depth

Layer
sure (lb/ft2)
1 315
2 1345
3 1874
4 1380
Skin Friction
α Factor from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.6
α = 0.55 (for all layers)
Layer α
1 0.55
2 0.55
3 0.55
4 0.55
β Dimensionless correlation factor from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.18

β = 0 (for all layers)
Shaft friction (f), from FHWA-IF-99-025 Eqn 11.16 & 11.17
For cohesive soil layerf = α x su
For cohesionless soil layerf = β x σ vi
1 550
2 605
3 1100
4 1650

Rs = f x As

Chapter — 7
Layer Rs (kip)
1 41.469
2 98.835
3 110.584
4 248.814
Σ (Total Skin Friction) 499.702

Rs_modified
Layer
(kip)
1 6.912
2 98.835
3 110.584
4 165.876
Σ (Total Modified Skin 382.206
Friction)
Base Resistance
Layer q (kip)
1 3.646
2 3.880
3 5.611
4 27
RB = q x Ap
Layer RB (kip)
1 45.815
2 48.759
3 70.510
4 339.292
End Bearing for bottom Layer, RB-bott = 339.292 kips

7.5 Drilled Pier Foundation 5 VESIC
Factored Capacity
7.4.4 Comparison
Table 7-4: Drilled Pier (FHWA) verification example 4 comparison
Value of Difference
Result Result
Unfactored Tip 339.429 kip 339.292 kip Negligible
Resistance
Resistance
Capacity
Capacity
7.5.1 Reference
Alternate Vesic Method
7.5.2 Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: Alternate Vesic
Method
Load Fy= 100kip, fc= 4ksi, fy= 60ksi, Straight pier, pier diameter= 2ft,
pier height= 30ft, water level at 40ft.
Soil Profile
1. Sand, 8ft deep, angle of friction 30deg, Avg Density 108lb/ft 3,

2. Sand, 13ft deep, angle of friction 34deg, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3,
3. Clay, 9ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft 2, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3,

Chapter — 7

Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3
% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%

Top - 5ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft 3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi

7.5.3 Solution
Critical Depth

Chapter — 7

Layer
sure (psf)
1 432
2 1579
3 1925
Skin Friction
α Adhesion Factor for Drilled Pier in Cohesive Soil
α = 0.55
Layer α
1 0
2 0
3 0.55
K Coefficient of lateral earth pressure

β Lateral Earth Pressure and Friction Angle Factor
Layer β
1 0.462
2 0.540
3 0

Shaft friction (f), from Alpha or Beta Method
1 199.532
2 852.039
3 1100
tan(δ1) = 0.675
Rs = f x As
Layer Rs (kip)
1 10.030
2 69.596
3 62.204


Rs_modified
Layer
(kip)
1 3.761
2 69.596
3 48.381
Σ (Total Modified Skin 121.737
Friction)
Base Resistance
Cohesive Soil (Bottom Layer)
Factor F = 1
r
Factor N =9
cp
Cohesionless Soil (Bottom Layer)
Factor N =0
qp
For cohesive soil layer q = Fr x Nqp x c

For cohesionless soil layer q =po x Nqp
Layer q (psf)
1 0
2 0
3 18000
RB = q x Ap
Layer RB (kip)
1 0
2 0
3 56.549
End Bearing for bottom Layer, RB_bott = 56.549 kip

Chapter — 7
7.6 Drilled Pier Foundation 6 Vesic
Factored Capacity
7.5.4 Comparison
Table 7-5: Drilled Pier (Vesic) verification example 5 comparison
Value of Difference
Result Result
Resistance
Resistance
Capacity
Factored Skin 40.608kip 40.579 kip Negligible
Resistance
Capacity

7.6.1 Reference
Alternate Vesic Method
7.6.2 Problem
Design axial capacity for drilled pier with the given data: Design Method: Alternate Vesic
Method
Soil Profile
1. Clay - , 6ft deep, cohesion 1kip/ft 2, Avg Density 105lb/ft 3, Density- Very Loose
2. Clay - , 13ft deep, cohesion 1.1kip/ft 2, Avg Density 110lb/ft 3, Density- Medium
3. Clay - , 8ft deep, cohesion 2kip/ft 2, Avg Density 111lb/ft 3, Density- Dense
4. Clay - , 12ft deep, cohesion 3kip/ft 2, Avg Density 113lb/ft 3, Density- Very Dense
Factor of safety
End bearing - 3
Skin Friction - 3

% of Capacity Used
End bearing - 100%

Top - 5ft
Concrete Properties
fc= 4ksi
Ec= 3605ksi
Density= 150lb/ft 3
Rebar Properties
fy= 60ksi
Es= 29000ksi

Chapter — 7
7.6.3 Solution
Critical Depth


Layer
sure (psf)
1 315
2 1345
3 1874
Skin Friction
α Adhesion Factor for Drilled Pier in Cohesive Soil
α = 0.55 (All layers)
K Coefficient of lateral earth pressure

Lateral Earth Pressure and Friction Angle Factor, β = 0 (All layers)
Shaft friction (f), from Alpha or Beta Method


1 550
2 605
3 1100
4 1650
tan(δ ) = 0
1
Rs = f x As
Layer Rs (kip)
1 41.469
2 98.835
3 110.584
4 248.814
RB = q x Ap
Layer RB (kip)
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 339.292

Chapter — 7
End Bearing for bottom Layer, RB_bott = 339.292 kip
Factored Capacity
7.6.4 Comparison
Table 7-6: Drilled Pier (Vesic) verification example 6 comparison
Value of Difference
Result Result
Resistance
Resistance
Capacity
Factored Skin 127.453 kip 127.402 kip Negligible
Resistance
Capacity

Section 8
Plant Foundation
8.1 Vertical Vessel Foundation 1
8.1.1 Input Parameters
Geometric Description
Vessel Geometry
Effective Height, Hve = 10ft

Effective Diameter, Dve = 4ft
Center of Gravity, CG = 10 ft
Pedestal Geometry
Height, Tp = 1 ft
Diameter, Dp = 5 ft
Footing Geometry
Minimum Footing Diameter = 10 ft

Maximum Footing Diameter = 10 ft
Minimum Footing Depth = 2 ft
Maximum Footing Depth = 2 ft

Chapter — 8
Figure 8-1: Tank and foundation elevation
Anchor Bolt Data

Figure 8-2: Anchor bolt plan
Bolt Circle Diameter, BCD = 14.875 ft

Bolt Diameter, BD = 1.5 in.
Sleeve Diameter, SD = 2 in
Number of Anchor Bolts, Nb = 16
Effective Embedment Depth, heff = 1.5 ft

Section 8 Plant Foundation
Design Parameters
Soil
Soil Depth, Ts = 0 ft
Soil Density, Vsoil = 110 pcf
Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure, SBC = 3.8 ksf
Concrete
Cover, cc = 0.25 ft
Concrete Density, Vc = 15o pcf
Concrete strength, f'c = 4 ksi
Reinforcement
fy = 60 ksi
Bar Type : Imperial
Minimum Bar Diameter = 4
Maximum Bar Diameter = 11
Stability
Minimum Stability Ratio = 1.5
Primary Load Description
Table 8-1: Primary load description

Axial Force Base Moment (ft - Base Shear
Load Types
(kip) kip) (kip)
Empty Load (De) 10 0 0
Operating Load 20 0 0
(Do)
Test Load (Dt) 0 0 0
Erection Load (Dr) 0 0 0
Live Load (Dl) 0 0 0
8.1.2 Solution
Wind Load
Wind Load Calculation per ASCE 7-05

Partial Wind Case: Percentage of wind = 50%
Wind Speed, V = 0 mph

Chapter — 8
Exposure category D, Case 2

Wind Directionality Factor, Kd = 0.95 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Table 6-4
Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-4
Importance factor, IW = 1.15 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Table 6-1
Gust Effect Factor, G = 0.85 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Table 6.5.8
Net Force Coefficient, C f = 0.9 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Gig. 6-20 & Fig. 6-21
Table 8-2: Wind loads
Elevation Kz Pressure Width Area Shear Moment
1 1.03023 0 4 4 0 0
11 1.03023 0 4 40 0 0
Total Wind Shear = 0 kip

Total Wind Moment = 0 kip-ft
Seismic Load
Importance Factor, I = 1
Fundamental Period, T = 6 s
Long Period, TL = 12 s
Site Class C
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at Short Period, Ss = 0
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 Sec, S1 = 0
Short Period Site Coefficient at 0.2s Period, Fa = 1.2
Long Period Site Coefficient at 1.0s Period, Fv = 1.7
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter st Short Period, SDS = 0
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 sec, SD1 = 0
Response Modification Factor, R = 2
Calculation Of Seismic Response Coefficient
Cs = 0
Empty Seismic = C s x De = 0 kip
Operating Seismic = C s x Do = 0 kip
Test Seismic = C s x Dt = 0 kip

Load Combination Table
Table 8-3: Applied Load Combinations - Allowable Stress Level

Load Erection Live User User User
Empty Operating Wind Seismic Test Load Load Load
Case Load Load 1 2 3
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 1 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0.9 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0.9 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 0.83 0 0.83 0 0 0 0 0
Table 8-4: Applied Load Combinations - Strength Level

1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table 8-5: Applied Load at Top of

Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level
Load Axial Shear Moment
Case (kips) (kips) (kip-ft)
1 20 0 0
2 2o 0 0
3 20 0 0
4 10 0 0
5 18 0 0
6 9 0 0
7 0 0 0
8 0 0 0
Governing Loads
Axial = 20 kip
Shear = 0 kip

Chapter — 8
Moment = 0 ft-kip
Pedestal - Strength Level
1 10 0 0
2 o 0 0
3 0 0 0
4 0 0 0
5 0 0 0
6 0 0 0
7 0 0 0
8 0 0 0
Governing Loads
Axial = 10 kip
Shear = 0 kip
Moment = 0 kip
Pedestal Design
Fu = 56.64 kip
Check for minimum pedestal dimension is done in accordance with PIP STE 03350 Sect.
4.5.1
Minimum Pedestal Dimension = 15.625 ft
Factored O.T.M. At Base Of Pedestal = 0 kip-ft
Seismic Load Governing, hence use Vessel Operating Weight
Nominal Axial Load (Empty/Operating), Du = 56.64 kip
Weight of Pedestal = 3.1066 kip
Dowel Circle Diameter, Dc = BCD
Number of Dowels, Nd = 32
Tensile Force In Each Dowel Per PIP STC03350 4.5.4
F =4 M /(N D ) - 0.9 (D + W )/N = -0.369 kip
u uped d c u ped d
Area of Dowel Bar Required
A = F /(φ f ) = -8.192(10)-3 in2
s_ped_req u y
Minimum Dowel Reinforcement per PIP STC03350 4.5.5 : #5 - 32
Dowel Bar Size Provided = 5
Area of Steel Provided = -0.00819 in2
Area of steel required in pedestal, As, req = (dd)2 x pi/4 = 0.307 in2
Potential Conc. Failure Area per PIP STC03350 Fig. A, An = 5.5086 ft 2

Compressive Force In Each Dowel Based on PIP STC03350 4.6.2

P =M /D + 0.9 (D + W ) = 11.769 kip
u uped c u ped
d = 0.625 in
b
F = P /A = 0.015 ksi
c u n
Beta = 1
Weight of Soil = 0 kip
Design Results
Stability Ratio is calculated based on PIP STE03350 Eqn. 15
Table 8-7: Stability Ratio
Load Stability
Eccentricity
Case Ratio
1 0 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
8 0
Soil bearing calculations are per PIP STE03350 4.7.2

Table 8-8: Soil Bearing Check
Load Max Soil Min Soil
Case Bearing (ksf) Bearing (ksf)
1 0.2414 0.2414
2 0.2414 0.2414
3 0.2414 0.2414
4 0.4582 0.4582
5 0.2173 0.2173
6 0.4123 0.4123
7 0 0
8 0 0
Max Diagonal Soil Bearing Pressure, fdia = 0.4582 ksf

Max Diagonal Soil Bearing Pressure, fflat = 0.4233 ksf

Chapter — 8
Concrete Design
One Way Shear

Figure 8-3: One-way shear dimensions
Location of Pedestal Face from Face of Footing, X1 = 2.7246 ft

Location of Shear check from Face of Footing, X2 = 1.0006 ft
Shear Stress, Vu = 0.266 ksf
Factored Shear Stress Capacity per ACI318-05 Eqn. 11-3, φVC = 13.66 ksf
Two way Shear Check

Figure 8-4: Two-way shear check
Octagonal Perimeter, bo = 21.65 ft

Punching Shear Force, Vu = 6.463 kip
Factored Shear Capacity, φVc = 1019.8 kip
Reinforcement Calculations
Required development length for bars

Available development length for bars (From face of Pedestal to face of Footing) = 2.724551
ft
m = f / (0.85 f ) = 17.647
y c
2 m R / f = 2.597(10)-3
n y
Ast,req = ρ d 1ft = 0.018 in2

ρmin = 0.0018
Minimum Area of Steel Required
Ast,min = ρmin d 1 ft = 0.447 in2
Spacing Required, s = 8 in.

Area of Steel Provided
A = (π d 2/4) 1ft/s = 0.205 in2
st_prov b
Bar Size = 5
Final Dimensions
Footing Diameter, Df = 10 ft
Footing Thickness, Tf = 2 ft

Chapter — 8
8.2 Vertical Vessel Foundation Design
8.1.3 Comparison
Table 8-9: Vertical Vessel verification example 1 comparison
Hand Cal- Percent Dif-
STAAD.foundation
culations ference
Footing Diagonal 10 10 none
Footing Thickness 2 2 none
Footing Soil Bear- 0.458 0.496 8%
ing
Stability Check 0 0 n/a
One Way Shear 0.266 0.266 0%
Check
Punching Shear 6.463 6.564 2%
Check
Reinforcement Pro- 0.460 0.447 3%
vided
Note: Soil Bearing values are generated from graph; %diff also contains human errors.

Geometrical Description
Vessel Geometry
Effective Height, Hve = 50 ft

Effective Diameter, Dve = 13 ft
Pedestal Geometry
Height, Tp = 4 ft
Diameter, Dp = 14 ft
Footing Geometry


Anchor Bolt Data


Bolt Diameter, BD = 168 in.
Sleeve Diameter, SD = 1.5 in
Effective Embedment Depth, heff = 0.167 ft

Chapter — 8
Design Parameters
Soil
Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure, SBC = 4 ksf
Concrete
Cover, cc = 0.25 ft
Reinforcement
fy = 60 ksi
Bar Type : Imperial
Stability

Axial Force Base Moment (ft- Base Shear
Load Types
(kip) kip) (kip)
Empty Load (De) -28 0 0
Operating Load -66 0 0
(Do)
Test Load (Dt) -73 0 0
Erection Load -70 0 0
(Dr)
Wind Load



Exposure category C, Case 2
Wind Directionality Factor, Kd = 0.95 ................................per ASCE 7-05
Table 6-4
Net Force Coefficient, C f = 0.8 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Gig. 6-20
& Fig. 6-21

2 0.848884 0.028727 13 26 0.507899 0.507899
15 0.848884 0.028727 13 169 3.301344 28.06143
20 0.901885 0.030521 13 65 1.349026 23.60796
25 0.945265 0.031989 13 65 1.413912 31.81303
30 0.982253 0.033241 13 65 1.469238 40.40405
40 1.043581 0.035316 13 130 3.121944 109.268
50 1.093775 0.037015 13 130 3.272105 147.2447
52 1.102844 0.037322 13 26 0.659847 33.65219
Total Wind Shear = 15.095 kip

Total Wind Moment = 414.449 ft-kip
Seismic Load
Fundamental Period, T = 4.1 s
Site Class C
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at Short Period, Ss = 0.105
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 Sec, S1 = 0.043
Short Period Site Coefficient at 0.2s Period, Fa = 1.2
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter st Short Period, SDS = 0.084
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 sec, SD1 = 0.049
C s = 5.973x10-3

Chapter — 8
Empty Seismic = C s x De = 0.167 kip

Operating Seismic = C s x Do = 0.394 kip
Test Seismic = C s x Dt = 0.436 kip
Table 8-12: Applied Load Combination - Allowable Stress Level

1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 1 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0.9 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0.9 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 0.83 0 0.83 0 0 0 0 0
Table 8-13: Applied Load Combination - Strength Level

1 0 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0
3 0 1.2 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 1.2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0.9 0 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 0.9 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0.9 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 1.6 0 0 0.9 0 0 0 0
9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 66 0 0
2 66 15.09532 414.5593
3 66 0.275945 2.207563
4 28 15.09532 414.4493
5 59.4 0.275945 2.207563
6 25.2 0.117068 0.936542
7 70 7.547658 207.2797
8 60.59 6.264556 172.0421

Governing Loads
Axial = 70 kip
Shear = 15.09532 kip
Moment = 414.5593 ft-kip
Pedestal - Strength Level
1 92.4 0 0
2 79.2 0 0
3 79.2 24.15251 663.2949
4 79.2 0.394208 3.153661
5 25.2 24.15251 663.2949
6 59.4 0.394208 3.153661
7 25.2 0.16724 1.337917
8 63 12.07625 331.6474
Governing Loads
Axial = 92.4 kip

Shear = 24.15251 kip
Moment = 663.2949 kip
Pedestal Design
Fu = 56.64 kip
4.5.1
Factored O.T.M. At Base Of Pedestal = 759.9049 kip-ft
Dowel Circle Diameter, Dc = BCD = 1.333 ft
F =4 M /(N D ) - 0.9 (D + W )/N = 66.274 kip
u uped d c u ped d
A = F /(φ f ) = 1.473 in2
s_ped_req u y

Chapter — 8

Area of Steel Provided = 1.472746 in. 2
Potential Conc. Failure Area per PIP STC03350 Fig.
An = 0.060107
P =M /D + 0.9 (D + W ) = 728.889 kip
u uped c u ped
F = P /A = 84.211 ksi
c u n
Weight of Soil = 10.935 kip
Design Results

Load Stability
Eccentricity
Case Ratio
1 0 0
2 2.376857 3.36579
3 0.017400 459.778
4 2.913937 2.74543
5 0.017975 445.060
6 0.009203 869.292
7 1.165810 6.86219
8 1.012977 7.89752


Concrete Design
One Way Shear

Location of Pedestal Face from Face of Footing (X1) = 1.62742 ft

Location of Shear check from Face of Footing (X2) = 0.904783 ft
Factored Shear Stress Capacity φVC per ACI318-05 Eqn. 11-3 = 13.66104 ksf
Two way Shear Check



Chapter — 8
Available development length for bars (From face of Pedestal to face of Footing) =
1.628742 ft
Rn = Mu / (0.9 1ft d2) = 0.079 ksi

m = fy / (0.85 fc) = 17.647
2 m Rn / fy = 0.047

A = p d 1ft = 0.139 in2
st_req
p = 0.0018
min
Minimum Area of Steel Req
A =p d 1ft = 0.188 in2
st_min min
Spacing Required
s = 18 in.

A = (π d 2/4) 1ft/s = 0.205 in2
st_prov b
Bar Size = 5
Final Dimensions
Footing Diameter = 16 ft
Footing Thickness = 1 ft

8.2.2 Comparison
STAAD.foundation
culations ference
Footing Diagonal 16 16 0
Footing Thickness 1 1 0
Footing Soil Bear- 2.1030 2.102 0
ing
Stability Check 2.7454 2.748 0
One Way Shear 4.1857 4.193 0
Check
Punching Shear 17.58 17.951 2
Check
Reinforcement Pro- 0.20453 0.18765 9
vided

Geometric Description
Vessel Geometry
Effective Height, Hve = 30 ft

Effective Diameter, Dve - 10 ft
Pedestal Geometry
Height = 2 ft
Diameter = 12 ft
Footing Geometry


Chapter — 8
Anchor Bolt Data


Bolt Diameter, BD = 132 in.
Sleeve Diameter, SD = 1.5 in.
Effective Embedment Depth, heff = 0.167 fyt

Design Parameters
Soil
Allowable Soil Bearing Pressure, SBC = 4 ksf
Concrete
Cover, cc = 0.25 ft
Reinforcement
fy = 60 ksi
Bar Type : Imperial
Stability

Axial Force Base Moment (ft- Base Shear
Load Types
(kip) kip) (kip)
Empty Load (De) -20 0 0
Operating Load -40 0 0
(Do)
Test Load (Dt) -60 0 0
Erection Load (Dr) -30 0 0
8.3.2 Solution
Wind Load


Chapter — 8
Exposure category B, Case 2

Wind Directionality Factor, Kd = 0.95 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Table 6-4
Net Force Coefficient, C f = 0.8 ................................per ASCE 7-05 Gig. 6-20 & Fig. 6-21
1 0.57472 0.01302 10 10 0.088534 0.044267
15 0.57472 0.01302 10 140 1.23948 9.915838
20 0.623954 0.014135 10 50 0.480594 8.410392
25 0.66503 0.015066 10 50 0.512232 11.52522
30 0.700591 0.015871 10 50 0.539622 14.83962
Total Wind Shear = 2.86 kip

Total Wind Moment = 44.735 ft-kip
Seismic Load
Fundamental Period, T = 4.1 s
Site Class C
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at Short Period, Ss = 1.997
Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 Sec, S1 = 0.805
Short Period Site Coefficient at 0.2s Period, Fa = 1
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter st Short Period, SDS = 1.332
Design Spectral Response Acc. Parameter at 1 sec, SD1 = 0.697
C s = 0.805
Empty Seismic = C s x De = 1.701 kip
Operating Seismic = C s x Do = 3.402 kip
Test Seismic = C s x Dt = 5.103 kip

Table 8-20: Applied Load Combination - Allowable Stress Level

1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
2 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
3 0 1 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0 0.9 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0.9 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 0.83 0 0.83 0 0 0 0 0
Table 8-21: Applied Load Combination - Strength Level

1 0 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0
3 0 1.2 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
4 0 1.2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 0.9 0 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 0.9 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
7 0.9 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
8 0 0 1.6 0 0 0.9 0 0 0 0
9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1 40 0 0
2 40 2.8605 44.735
3 40 2.3816 19.053
4 20 2.8605 44.735
5 36 2.3816 19.053
6 18 1.1908 9.5264
7 30 1.4302 22.368
8 49.8 1.1871 18.565

Chapter — 8
Governing Loads
Axial = 49.8 kip

Shear = 2.86046 kip
Moment = 44.73534 kip-ft
Table 8-23: Applied Load at
Top of Pedestal - Strength
Level
1 56 0 0
2 48 0 0
3 48 4.5767 71.577
4 48 3.4023 27.218
5 18 4.5767 71.577
6 36 3.4023 27.218
7 18 1.7011 13.609
8 27 2.2884 35.788
Governing Loads
Axial = 56 kips
Shear 4.57674 kips
Moment = 71.5765 ft-kip
Pedestal Design
Fu = 56.64 kip
4.5.1
Factored O.T.M. At Base Of Pedestal = 80.730 kip-ft
Dowel Circle Diameter, Dc = BCD = 1.333 ft
F =4 M /(N D ) - 0.9 (D + W )/N = 5.212 kip
u uped d c u ped d

A = F /(φ f ) =0.116 in2

s_ped_req u y
Area of Steel Provided = 0.11582 in2
Area of steel required in pedestal, As, req = (dd)2 x pi/4 = 0.307 in2
Potential Conc. Failure Area per PIP STC03350 Fig. A, An = 0.075956ft 2
P =M /D + 0.9 (D + W ) = 135.957 kip
u uped c u ped
d = 0.625 in
b
F = P /A = 12.43 ksi
c u n
Beta = 1
Weight of Soil, W = 9.477 kip
soil
Design Results

Load Stability
Eccentricity
Case Ratio
1 0 0
2 0.4864 14.392
3 0.2390 29.291
4 0.5949 11.766
5 0.2480 28.222
6 0.1495 46.825
7 0.2676 26.159
8 0.1853 37.780

Table 8-25: Soil Bearing Check
Load Max Soil Min Soil
Case Bearing (ksf) Bearing (ksf)
1 0.6751 0.2453
2 0.8672 0.3164
3 0.7695 0.2808
4 0.7440 0.7440
5 0.7449 0.2539
6 0.5402 0.5402
7 0.7100 0.2137
8 0.8152 0.3399


Chapter — 8
Concrete Design
One Way Shear

Location of Pedestal Face from Face of Footing, X1 = 1.538921 ft

Location of Shear check from Face of Footing, X2 = 0.814963 ft
Factored Shear Stress Capacity per ACI318-05 Eqn. 11-3, φVC = 13.66104 ksf
Two way Shear Check



Available development length for bars (From face of Pedestal to face of Footing) = 1.538921
ft
Rn = Mu / (0.9 1ft d2) = 0.014 ksi

m = fy / (0.85 fc) = 17.647
2 m Rn / fy = 7.944(10)-3

A = ρ d 1ft = 0.024 in2
st,req
ρ = 0.0018
min
Minimum Area of Steel Req
A =ρ d 1 ft = 0.188 in2
st,min min
Spacing Required, s = 18 in.
A = (π d 2/4) 1ft/s = 0.205 in2
st_prov b
Bar Size = 5
Final Dimensions
Footing Diameter = 14 ft
Footing Thickness = 1 ft

Chapter — 8
8.4 Vertical Vessel Seismic Load Generation 1
8.3.3 Comparison
STAAD.foundation
culations ference
Footing Diagonal 14 14 none
Footing Thickness 1 1 none
Footing Soil Bear- 0.8672 0.835 4%
ing
Stability Check 11.766 12.898 9%
One Way Shear 0.9052 1.13 20%
Check
Punching Shear 12.085 12.338 2%
Check
Reinforcement Pro- 0.2045 0.1878 9%
vided
8.4 Vertical Vessel Seismic Load Generation

1
Location Santa Ana California
S1 = 0.5312, Spectral Response Acceleration at Short Periods determined in accordance
with ASCE 7 11.4.1
Ss = 1.378, Spectral Response Acceleration at Period of 1 sec determined in accordance with
ASCE 7 11.4.1
Site Class = A, Based On Soil Prorperties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
R = 2, Response modification Coefficient per ASCE 7 Tables 15.4-1 or 15.4-2
I = 1.25, Importance Factor per ASCE 7 11.5.1
T = 3 sec., Fundamental Period of Vessel
TL = 12 sec., Long-Period Transition Perios per ASCE 7 12.8.2
Empty Weight Of Vessel = 100 kips
Operating Weight of Vessel = 200 kips
Center of Gravity Of Vessel From Top Of Pedestal (CG) = 120 in.
Fa = 0.8 Short-Period Site Coeffiecient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Fv = 0.8 Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
SDS = 0.735, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at short periods per ASCE 7
11.4.4
SD1 = 0.283, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at period of 1 sec per ASCE
7 11.4.4
C s = 0.059, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1
Empty Load Case Base Shear = 5.902 kip

Operating Load Case Base Shear = 11.804 kip

Empty Load Case Earthquake Moment = 59.021 kip ft
Operating Load Case Earthquake Moment = 118.043 kip ft
Comparison
Value of
Base Shear Empty Case 5.902132222 5.902 0.0022403
(kip)
Base Shear Operating 11.80426444 11.804 0.0022403
Case (kip)
Base Moment Empty 59.02132222 59.021 0.00054595
Case (kip ft)
Base Moment Operating 118.0426444 118.043 0.00030121
Case (kip ft)

2
Location Yorba Linda California
Spectral Response Acceleration at Short Periods determined in accordance with ASCE 7
11.4.1, S1 = 0.857367
Spectral Response Acceleration at Period of 1 sec determined in accordance with ASCE 7
11.4.1, SS = 2.09511
Site Class = B, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
Response modification Coefficient per ASCE 7 Tables 15.4-1 or 15.4-2, R = 2
Importance Factor per ASCE 7 11.5.1, I = 1.0
Fundamental Period of Vessel, T = 6 sec.
Long-Period Transition Period per ASCE 7 12.8.2, TL = 5 sec.
Empty Weight Of Vessel = 100 kip
Operating Weight of Vessel = 200 kip
Center of Gravity Of Vessel From Top Of Pedestal, CG = 10 ft
Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3, FA = 1
Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3, FV = 1
11.4.4
SD1 = 0.572, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at period of 1 sec per ASCE 7
11.4.4
C S = 0.04, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1
Empty Load Case Base Shear

Chapter — 8
Shearempty = C S x Empty wt = 3.969 kips
Operating Load Case Base Shear
Shearoperating = C S x Operatingwt = 7.939 kips
Empty Load Case Earthquake Moment
Moment empty = Shearempty x CG = 39.693 kip*ft
Operating Load Case Earthquake Moment
Moment operating = Shearoperating x CG = 79.386 kip*ft
Comparison
Value of
(kip)
Case (kip)
Case (kip ft)
Case (kip ft)

3
Location San Antonio, Texas
11.4.1, S1 = 0.034656
11.4.1, SS = 0.12141
Site Class = C, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3, FA = 1.2
Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3, FV = 1.7

11.4.4
11.4.4
C S = 4.91x10-3, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1
Moment empty = Shearempty x CG =4.91 kip*ft
Moment operating = Shearoperating x CG = 9.819 kip*ft
Comparison
Value of
(kip)
Case (kip)
Case (kip ft)
Case (kip ft)

4
Location New York, New York
11.4.1, S1 = 0.0937194
11.4.1, SS = 0.42416
Site Class = D
Site Class Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20

Chapter — 8

11.4.4
SD1 = 0.15 Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at period of 1 sec per ASCE 7
11.4.4
Moment operating = Shearoperating x CG =24.992 kip*ft
Comparison
Value of
(kip)
Case (kip)
Case (kip ft)
Case (kip ft)

5
Location Nashville, Tennessee
11.4.1, S1 = 0.145056


11.4.1, SS = 0.32156
Site Class = E, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
11.4.4
11.4.4
C S = 9.039x10-3, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1
Moment operating = Shearoperating x CG =18.077 kip*ft
Comparison
Value of
(kip)
Case (kip)
Case (kip ft)
Case (kip ft)

Chapter — 8

6
Location Santa Ana California
with ASCE 7 11.4.1
Ss = 1.378, Spectral Response Acceleration at Period of 1 sec determined in accordance with
ASCE 7 11.4.1
Site Class = A; Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
TL = 12 sec., Fundamental Period of Vessel
Long-Period Transition Period per ASCE 7 12.8.2
Empty Weight Of Vessel, Ewt = 100 kip
Operating Weight of Vessel, Operatingwt = 200 kip
Fa = 0.9, Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Fv =0.8, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
11.4.4
SD1 = 0.283, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at period of 1 sec per ASCE
7 11.4.4
Base Shear Based on Operating Load Condition
V = Cs Operating = 4.722 kip
wt
Comparison
Value of
Seismic Response Coef- 0.02361 0.024 1.631
ficient (C s)
Case (kip)
8.10 Vertical Vessel Seismic Load

Generation 7
Location Yorba Linda California 92887

S1, 0.8574, Spectral Response Acceleration at Short Periods determined in accordance with
ASCE 7 11.4.1
SS = 2.0951, Spectral Response Acceleration at Period of 1 sec determined in accordance
with ASCE 7 11.4.1
Site Class = B, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
TL = 12 sec., Long-Period Transition Period per ASCE 7 12.8.2
Center of Gravity Of Vessel From Top Of Pedestal, CG = 2.5 ft
Fa = 1, Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Fv = 1, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
11.4.4
11.4.4
wt
Comparison
Value of
ficient (C s)
Case (kip)

Generation 8
Location Mountain Valley 73062
with ASCE 7 11.4.1
SS = 0.329, Spectral Response Acceleration at Period of 1 sec determined in accordance with
ASCE 7 11.4.1
Site Class = C, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20

Chapter — 8

Center of Gravity Of Vessel From Top Of Pedestal, CG = 2.5 ft
Fa = 1.2, Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Fv = 1.7, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
SDS 0.263, Design Spectral Response Acceleration Parameter at short periods per ASCE 7
11.4.4
11.4.4
V = Cs Operating =3.339 kip
wt
Comparison
Value of
ficient (C s)
Case (kip)

Generation 9
Location San Bernadino 92411
S1 = 1.415, Spectral Response Acceleration at Short Periods determined in accordance with
ASCE 7 11.4.1
SS = 2.984, Spectral Response Acceleration at Period of 1 sec determined in accordance
with ASCE 7 11.4.1
Site Class = D, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
R =2, Response modification Coefficient per ASCE 7 Tables 15.4-1 or 15.4-2
T = 3.5 sec., Fundamental Period of Vessel

8.13 Vertical Vessel Wind Load Generation 1

Fa = 1, Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
Fv = 1.5, Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
11.4.4
11.4.4
C s = 0.202, Seismic Response Coefficient Per ASCE 7 12.8.1.1
wt
Comparison
Value of
Seismic Response Coef- 0.2021 0.202 none
ficient (C s)
Base Shear Operating 40.429 40.429 none
Case (kip)

Vessel Data
Height of Vessel, H = 60 ft
Diameter of Vessel, D = 15 ft
Vessel Time Period, t = 5 sec.
Pedestal height Above Ground = 1 ft
Vessel Frequency, f = 1/t = 0.2 Hz
Wind Parameters
Wind Speed = 80 mph
Wind Directional Factor, Kd = 0.95, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Wind Exposure = C
Exposure Case = 2
Topographic Factor, Kzt = 1.0, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.7.2
Importance factor, I = 1.15, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.5
Gust Wind Effect Factor, G = 0.85, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.8
Net Force Coefficient, C f = 1, per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-20 & 6-21

Chapter — 8
Velocity Pressure
Exposure Coefficient, Kz, per ASCE 7-05 6.5.6.6
Design Wind Pressure per ASCE 7-05 6.5.10
q = 0.00256 K K V I G C
z d z f
Shear Force on Top of Pier
F=q G C A
z f
Moment on Top of Pier
M = F x Moment Arm
qz A M (ft -
Kz F (kip)
(psf) (ft2) kip)
0.849 15.195 15 0.194 0.097
0.849 15.195 210 2.712 21.698
0.902 16.143 75 1.029 18.010
0.945 16.920 75 1.079 24.269
0.982 17.582 75 1.121 30.823
1.044 18.680 150 2.382 83.823
1.094 19.578 150 2.496 112.329
1.137 20.344 150 2.594 142.663
1.141 20.415 15 0.260 15.748
Σ 13.867 448.995
Total Shear Force at Top of Pier = 13.867 kip

Total Moment at Top of Pier = 448.995 ft kip
Comparison
Value of
Wind Shear on Top of 13.867 13.867 none
Pier (kip)
Wind Moment of Top of 448.995 448.898 negligible
Pier (ft kip)

Vessel Data
Height of Vessel, h = 74 ft
Diameter of Vessel, D = 20 ft

Wind Parameters
Wind Speed = 90 mph
Wind Exposure = D
Exposure Case = 2
Net Force Coefficient, C f = 0.8, per ASCE 7-05 Fig. 6-20 & 6-21
Velocity Pressure
q = 0.00256 K K V I G C
z d z f
F=q G C A
z f
M = F x Moment Arm
qz A F M (ft -
Kz
(psf) (ft2) (kip) kip)
1.030 23.339 20 0.317 0.159
1.030 23.339 280 4.444 35.550
1.083 24.536 100 1.668 29.198
1.126 25.507 100 1.734 39.026
1.162 26.329 100 1.790 49.235
1.222 27.680 200 3.764 131.756
1.270 28.775 200 3.913 176.103
1.311 29.702 200 4.039 222.171
1.347 30.509 200 4.149 269.700
1.369 31.019 140 2.953 217.046
Σ 28.77 1169.945


Chapter — 8
Comparison
Value of
Pier (kip)
Wind Moment of Top of 1169.945 1168.516 0.12
Pier (ft kip)

Vessel Data
Height of Vessel = 74 ft
Diameter of Vessel = 20 ft
Wind Parameters
Wind Speed = 110 mph
Wind Exposure = B
Exposure Case = 2
Velocity Pressure
q = 0.00256 K K V I G C
z d z f
F=q G C A
z f
M = F x Moment Arm

qz A M (ft -
Kz F (kip)
(psf) (ft2) kip)
0.575 19.449 20 0.265 0.132
0.575 19.449 280 3.703 29.625
0.624 21.115 100 1.436 25.127
0.665 22.505 100 1.530 34.433
0.701 23.709 100 1.612 44.336
0.761 25.740 200 3.501 122.522
0.811 27.434 200 3.731 167.899
0.854 28.901 200 3.931 216.183
0.892 30.203 200 4.108 266.993
0.917 31.037 140 2.955 217.169
Σ 26.771 1124.42
Total Shear Force at Top of Pier 26.771 kip

Comparison
Value of
Pier (kip)
Wind Moment of Top of 1124.42 1123.23 0.11
Pier (ft kip)

Vessel Data
Height of Vessel = 22 ft
Diameter of Vessel = 6 ft
Wind Parameters
Wind Speed = 110 mph
Wind Exposure = B
Exposure Case = 2

Chapter — 8
8.17 Horizontal Vessel Applied Loads 1

Velocity Pressure
q = 0.00256 K K V I G C
z d z f
F=q G C A
z f
M = F x Moment Arm
qz A F M (ft -
Kz
(psf) (ft2) (kip) kip)
0.575 19.449 6 0.079 0.040
0.575 19.449 84 1.111 8.888
0.624 21.115 30 0.431 7.538
0.657 22.245 24 0.363 7.987
Σ 1.984 24.452

Comparison
Value of
Pier (kip)
Wind Moment of Top of 24.452 24.293 negligible
Pier (ft kip)

Pier Design Philosophy
Vessel Loads
You are provided an option of making both piers identical, engineering and installation
errors can be avoided by doing so. If making them identical does not lead to economical
solution, then check applied load distribution, follow PIP 4.3
Operating Load = 106 kip
Empty Load = 92 kip
Test Load = 118 kip

A major difference between pier loads is caused by longitudinal seismic load (i.e., when
vessel is located in higher seismic area). Thermal load and bundle pull force also contribute
towards the difference.
Thermal Load = 0 kip
Live Load = 0 kip
Erection Load = 110 kip
Anchor Bold data
Anchor bold dia., Db = 1 in

BP = 0 kip
Bolt spacing = 9 in
Bolt edge dist. = 6 in
center-to-center = 2 in
Horizontal vessel Data
Vessel CG from Top of Pier = 7 ft - 5ft/2 = 4.5 ft

Tan to Tan Length, L = 23.5 ft
CL to CL of AB, Lab = 11 ft
Vertical Load Distribution

Vessel Outer Dim including Insulation = 42 in
% Distribution For Vertical Loads At Fixed End = 40%
% Distribution For Vertical Loads At Sliding End = 60%
CG to Bott of Baseplate = 10 ft
Empty Load at fixed end = 36.8 kip
Operating Load at fixed end = 42.4 kip
Earthquake Loads
Transverse Earthquake Load Operating Condition
Bottom of the Base Plate to HPFS (est) = 10 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Operating Condition = 15 kip
Transverse Earthquake Load Empty Condition = 9 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Empty Condition= 10 kip
X = long
Z = trans
Wind Loads
μ = 0.4

Chapter — 8
Transverse Wind Load on Vessel = 10 kip

Longitudinal Wind Load on Vessel = 3.5 kip
Longitudinal Wind Load on Pier = 0.5 kip
PIP Load combinations

Table 8-40: Service level load combinations per PIP
Load EQ EQ W W
Empty Operating Test Thermal Bundle Live Erection
Comb. Trans Long Trans Long
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
5 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
9 0 0.9 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0.9 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0
11 0.9 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0
12 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0
13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
15 0 0 0.83 0 0 0 0 0.415 0 0 0
16 0 0 0.83 0 0 0 0 0 0.415 0 0
17 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table 8-41: Strength level load combinations per PIP

Load EQ EQ W W
1 0 1.4 0 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 1.2 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0
3 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0
4 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0
5 0 1.2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
7 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0
8 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0
9 0 0.9 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0.9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
11 0.9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
12 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0.9
14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0.9
15 0 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0 0

Load EQ EQ W W
16 0 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0
17 0.9 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table 8-42: Service level loads applied at the top of the top of the
fixed pier
Axial Transverse Longitudinal
Load Longitudinal Transverse
Load Moment Moment (ft-
Comb. Shear (kip) Shear (kip)
(kip) (ft-kip) kip)
1 42.4 0 0 0 0
2 42.4 0 0 0 0
3 42.4 0 5 0 0
4 42.4 2.25 0 0 0
5 42.4 0 7 0 0
6 42.4 10.5 0 0 0
7 36.8 0 5 0 0
8 36.8 2.25 0 0 0
9 38.16 0 4.9 0 0
10 38.16 7.35 0 0 0
11 33.12 0 4.41 0 0
12 33.12 4.9 0 0 0
13 44.0 0 5 0 0
14 44.0 2.25 0 0 0
15 39.176 0 2.075 0 0
16 39.176 0.9338 0 0 0
17 36.8 0 0 0 0
Table 8-43: Strength level loads applied at the top of the top of the
fixed pier
(kip) (ft-kip) kip)
1 59.36 0 0 0 0
2 50.88 0 0 0 0
3 50.88 0 4 0 0
4 50.88 3.6 0 0 0
5 50.88 0 7 0 0
6 50.88 10.5 0 0 0
7 33.12 0 4 0 0
8 33.12 3.6 0 0 0
9 38.16 0 7 0 0
10 38.16 10.5 0 0 0
11 33.12 0 6.3 0 0
12 33.12 7 0 0 0
13 39.60 0 4 0 0

Chapter — 8

(kip) (ft-kip) kip)
14 39.60 3.6 0 0 0
15 56.64 0 2 0 0
16 56.64 1.8 0 0 0
17 33.12 0 0 0 0
Comparison
Hand Calculation results exactly match the results of STAAD.foundation analysis.

Pier Design Philosophy
Vessel Loads
You are provided an option of making both piers identical, engineering and installation
errors can be avoided by doing so. If making them identical does not lead to economical
solution, then check applied load distribution, follow PIP 4.3
Operating Load = 150 kip
Empty Load = 100 kip
Test Load = 160 kip
A major difference between pier loads is caused by longitudinal seismic load (i.e., when
vessel is located in higher seismic area). Thermal load and bundle pull force also
contribute towards the difference.
Thermal Load = 0
Bundle Pull Force = 0
Live Load = 0
Erection Load = 110 kip
Anchor Bold data
Anchor bold dia., Db = 1 in

BP = 0 kip
Bolt spacing = 9 in
Bolt edge dist. = 6 in
center-to-center = 2 in
Horizontal vessel Data
Vessel CG from Top of Pier = 7 ft - 6.5ft/2 = 3.75 ft

Tan to Tan Length, L = 23.5 ft

CL to CL of AB, Lab = 11 ft
Vertical Load Distribution

Vessel Outer Dim including Insulation = 42 in
% Distribution For Vertical Loads At Fixed End = 40%
% Distribution For Vertical Loads At Sliding End = 60%
CG to Bott of Baseplate = 10 ft
Empty Load at fixed end = 40 kip
Operating Load at fixed end = 60 kip
Earthquake Loads
Location Corona 92880
S1 = 0.882, Spectral Response Acceleration at Short Periods determined in accordance with
ASCE 7 11.4.1
SS = 2.296, Spectral Response Acceleration at Period of 1 sec determined in accordance with
ASCE 7 11.4.1
Site Class = D, Based On Soil Properties In Accordance With ASCE 7 Chapter 20
TL = 12 sec., Long-Period Transition Periods per ASCE 7 12.8.2
Center of Gravity Of Vessel From Top Of Pedestal = 7 ft + 10.416 ft - 5 ft =
fa = , Short-Period Site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
fv = , Long-Period site Coefficient per ASCE 7 11.4.3
11.4.4
11.4.4
Base Shear Based on Operating Load Condition = 11.029 kip
Base Shear Based on Empty Load Condition = 7.352 kip
Transverse Earthquake Load Operating Condition = 11.029 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Operating Condition
Transverse Earthquake Load Empty Condition= 7.352 kip
Longitudinal Earthquake Load Empty Condition= 7.352 kip
Wind Loads
Transverse Wind Load on Vessel = 10 kip

Chapter — 8
Bottom of the Base Plate to HPFS (est)

μ = 0.4
Longitudinal Wind Load on Vessel = 3.5 kip
Longitudinal Wind Load on Pier = 0.5 kip
Transverse Wind Moment at top of pedestal = 20 ft-kip
X = long
Z = trans
Longitudinal Wind Load at top of pedestal = 10 ft-kip
PIP Load combinations

Table 8-44: Service level load combinations per PIP
Load EQ EQ W W
1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0
3 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
5 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
7 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0
8 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
9 0 0.9 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0
10 0 0.9 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0
11 0.9 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0 0
12 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0.7 0 0 0 0
13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1
15 0 0 0.83 0 0 0 0 0.415 0 0 0
16 0 0 0.83 0 0 0 0 0 0.415 0 0
17 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table 8-45: Strength level load combinations per PIP

Load EQ EQ W W
1 0 1.4 0 1.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 0 1.2 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0
3 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0
4 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0
5 0 1.2 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
6 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
7 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0
8 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0
9 0 0.9 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0

Load EQ EQ W W
10 0 0.9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
11 0.9 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
12 0.9 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0.9
14 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1.6 0 0.9
15 0 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0 0
16 0 0 1.2 0 0 0 0 0 0.8 0 0
17 0.9 0 0 0 1.6 0 0 0 0 0 0
Table 8-46: Service level loads applied at the top of the top of the
fixed pier
(kip) (ft-kip) kip)
1 60 0 0 0 0
2 60 0 0 0 0
3 60 0 2.5 5 0
4 60 1.125 0 0 10
5 60 0 5.404 20.27 0
6 60 5.404 0 0 20.27
7 40 0 2.5 5 0
8 40 1.125 0 0 10
9 54 0 3.783 14.19 0
10 54 3.783 0 0 14.19
11 36 0 2.522 9.457 0
12 36 2.522 0 0 9.457
13 44 0 2.5 5 0
14 44 1.125 0 0 10
15 53.12 0 1.038 2.075 0
16 53.12 0.467 0 0 4.150
17 40 0 0 0 0
Table 8-47: Strength level loads applied at the top of the top of the
fixed pier
(kip) (ft-kip) kip)
1 84 0 0 0 0
2 72 0 0 0 0
3 72 0 4 8 0
4 72 1.8 0 0 16
5 72 0 5.404 20.27 0
6 72 5.404 0 0 20.27

Chapter — 8

(kip) (ft-kip) kip)
7 36 0 4 8 0
8 36 1.8 0 0 16
9 54 0 5.404 20.27 0
10 54 5.404 0 0 20.27
11 36 0 3.602 13.509 0
12 36 3.602 0 0 13.509
13 39.6 0 4 8 0
14 39.6 1.8 0 0 16
15 76.8 0 2 4 0
16 76.8 0.9 0 0 8
17 36 0 0 0 0
Comparison
Hand Calculation results exactly match the results of STAAD.foundation analysis.

Section 9
Technical Support
These resources are provided to help you answer support questions:
l Service Ticket Manager — http://www.bentley.com/serviceticketmanager — Create

and track a service ticket using Bentley Systems' online site for reporting problems or
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Service Ticket Manager, however you do need to register as a user.
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knowledge base for solutions for common problems.
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Design/w/Structural_Analysis_and_Design__Wiki/structural-product-technotes-
and-faqs.aspx — Here you can find detailed resolutions and answers to the most com-
mon questions posted to us by you.
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Post questions in the Be Community forums to receive help and advice from fellow
users.

Chapter 9

D
Deadman Anchors 321

Drilled Pier 357
Eccentricity 88
Indian Code 125

IS 456 125
Index P
Plant Foundation 385

A
U
ACI 318 201, 321
United States Code 201
AS3600 3
Australian 3
V
General Combined Footing 14,
16 Vertical Vessel Foundation 1 385
General Isolated Footing 3, 6
British
Combined Foundation 71, 77
Isolated Foundation 23, 26, 32,
38, 44, 53,
62, 88
Mat Combined Foundation 83
British Code 23
BS8110 23
Canadian Code 99
CSA A23.3 99

List of Figures & Tables
Figures
Figure 1-1: Australian code General isolated foundation 4
Figure 1-2: Plan and Elevation 6
Figure 1-5: Graphs of combined strip footing internal forces 20
Figure 2-1: Bending section considered 24
Figure 2-2: One way shear section considered 24
Figure 2-3: Two way shear section considered 24
Figure 2-5: Sections considered for bending in both directions 28
Figure 2-6: Sections considered for one-way shear in both directions 30
Figure 2-7: Section considered for punching shear 31
Figure 2-9: Section considered for bending about the Z axis 47
Figure 2-10: Section considered for bending about the Z axis 48
Figure 2-11: Section considered for one-way shear along X direction 50
Figure 2-12: Section considered for one-way shear along z direction 51

Chapter — 11
Figures

Figure 2-17: Shear force and Bending Moment diagrams 76
Figure 2-19: Shear force and Bending Moment diagrams 82
Figure 2-22: Bending about major axes 91
Figure 3-4: Elevation and Plan, with dimension and loads 116
Figure 3-5: Bending sections considered 117
Figure 3-6: Shear sections considered 119
Figure 3-7: Two-way shear sections considered 120
Figure 4-2: Plan of Reinforcement 128
Figure 4-3: Cross Section showing Reinforcement 129
Figure 4-5: Elevation and Plan showing reinforcement design 132
Figure 4-11: Final Plan Dimensions 158
Figure 4-13: Dimension, Moment, and Shear and diagrams 162
Figure 4-15: Shear Force and Bending Moment diagrams 169

Figures
Figure 4-21: Plan, Elevation, and Pedestal dimensions 189

Figure 4-22: Footing Plan 197
Figure 4-23: >Loads on Footing 197
Figure 4-24: Shear Force (kN, top) and Bending Moment (kNm, bottom) dia- 199
grams
Figure 5-1: Elevation and loads 202
Figure 5-2: Considered sections for two-way (bo) and beam (bw) action 203
Figure 5-3: Critical section for moment (long projection) 204
Figure 5-4: Elevation and Plan 207
Figure 5-7: Section considered for two-way shear 218
Figure 5-11: Corner pressure values on plan for punching shear 236
Figure 5-12: One-way shear pressure values along x-direction 237
Figure 5-13: One-way shear pressure values along z-direction 238
Figure 5-14: Bending pressure about Z axis 239
Figure 5-15: Bending pressure about X axis 239
Figure 5-27: Section considered for two-way shear 274
Figure 5-28: Section considered for one-way shear 276
Figure 5-29: Section considered for bending 278

Chapter — 11
Figures

Figure 5-33: Section considered for moment 285
Figure 5-37: Section considered for moment 293
Figure 5-38: Elevation and dimensions 296
Figure 5-39: Forces on foundation 298
Figure 5-40: Shear and Bending diagrams 298
Figure 5-42: Critical section for punching shear is at d/2 305
Figure 5-43: Critical section for moment is at the face of column 307
Figure 5-45: Critical section for punching shear at d/2 315
Figure 6-1: Deadman Anchor Guy Tension Block section 324
Figure 6-2: Dispersion of soil against vertical uplift diagram 325
Figure 6-3: Dispersion line diagram 326
Figure 6-4: Top rebar force diagram 328
Figure 6-5: Bending moment diagram - top 328
Figure 6-6: Bending moment diagram - front face 329
Figure 6-8: Dispersion of soil against vertical uplift 333
Figure 6-14: Dispersion line diagram 344

Tables

Figure 7-1: Pier Elevation 358
Figure 8-1: Tank and foundation elevation 386
Figure 8-2: Anchor bolt plan 386
Figure 8-3: One-way shear dimensions 392
Figure 8-4: Two-way shear check 392
Tables
Table 1-1: Australian verification example 1 comparison 5
Table 2-1: British verification example 1 comparison 26
Table 2-2: Table BS2.1 - Column loads 26

Chapter — 11
Tables

Table 2-12: British verification example 13 comparisons 98
Table 3-1: CSA verification example 1 comparison 105
Table 4-1: IS verification example 1 comparison 129
Table 4-12: Pile Locations in Plan 183
Table 4-14: Pile Coordinates in Plan 190
Table 5-1: US verification example 1 comparison 206
Table 5-7: US Verification problem 9 comparison 240

Tables

Table 6-1: Soil Test Report Summary 322
Table 6-2: Deadman Anchor (US) verification example 1 comparison 330
Table 6-3: Soil test report summary 331
Table 6-4: Soil layers 334
Table 6-6: Soil test report summary 339
Table 7-1: Drilled Pier (API) verification example 1 comparison 361
Table 7-2: Drilled Pier (API) verification example 2 comparison 366
Table 7-3: Drilled Pier (FHWA) verification example 3 comparison 371
Table 7-4: Drilled Pier (FHWA) verification example 4 comparison 375
Table 7-5: Drilled Pier (Vesic) verification example 5 comparison 380
Table 7-6: Drilled Pier (Vesic) verification example 6 comparison 384
Table 8-1: Primary load description 387
Table 8-2: Wind loads 388
Table 8-3: Applied Load Combinations - Allowable Stress Level 389
Table 8-4: Applied Load Combinations - Strength Level 389
Table 8-5: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Allowable Stress Level 389
Table 8-6: Applied Load at Top of Pedestal - Strength Level 390
Table 8-7: Stability Ratio 391
Table 8-8: Soil Bearing Check 391
Table 8-9: Vertical Vessel verification example 1 comparison 394

Chapter — 11
Tables

Table 8-12: Applied Load Combination - Allowable Stress Level 398
Table 8-13: Applied Load Combination - Strength Level 398
Table 8-20: Applied Load Combination - Allowable Stress Level 407
Table 8-21: Applied Load Combination - Strength Level 407
Table 8-25: Soil Bearing Check 409
Table 8-40: Service level load combinations per PIP 428
Table 8-41: Strength level load combinations per PIP 428
Table 8-42: Service level loads applied at the top of the top of the fixed pier 429
Table 8-43: Strength level loads applied at the top of the top of the fixed pier 429
Table 8-44: Service level load combinations per PIP 432

Tables
Table 8-45: Strength level load combinations per PIP 432

Table 8-46: Service level loads applied at the top of the top of the fixed pier 433
Table 8-47: Strength level loads applied at the top of the top of the fixed pier 433

Chapter 11
Tables

Bentley Systems, Incorporated
685 Stockton Drive, Exton, PA 19341 USA
+1 (800) 236-8539
www.bentley.com

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STAAD.

V8i (SELECTseries 4): Release 5.3

RESTRICTED RIGHTS LEGENDS

END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

Section 2 British Code (BS8110-1-1997) 23

Section 3 Canadian Code (CSA A23.3-2004) 99

Section 4 Indian Code (IS 456 -2000) 125

Verification Manual — iii

Section 5 United States Code (ACI 318 -2005) 201

Section 6 Deadman Anchors (ACI 318 -2005) 321

Section 7 Drilled Pier Foundations 357

iv — STAAD.foundation V8i (SELECTseries 4)

Section 8 Plant Foundation 385

Section 9 Technical Support 435

2 — (Undefined variable: Primary.ProductName)

Figure 1-1: Australian code General isolated foundation

Assuming 2.4 m x 2.4 m x 0.400 m footing dimension,

Weight of footing = 2.4 x 2.4 x 0.400 x 25 KN = 57.6 KN

4 — STAAD.foundation V8i (SELECTseries 4)

max Resisting force = µ x Total Service load on foundation

Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for

1.2 General Isolated Foundation 2

Tot Moment wrt Z =50 KNm

6 — STAAD.foundation V8i (SELECTseries 4)

Stress at four corners ( service condition)

σ1 = V/A – Mx/Zx + Mz/Zz

Tot Vertical Load on soil

Self wt of fdn = 3.935x3.935x0.5x25 = 193.56 KN

Max stress = 119.22 KN/m2 <120 KN/m2

Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for

Overturning Moment =50 KNm

Overturning Moment =50 KNm

Check For Trial Depth against moment about Z Axis

8 — STAAD.foundation V8i (SELECTseries 4)

Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 16 mm bar, effective depth

deff = (500-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 442 mm

Check For Trial Depth against moment about X Axis

F = (142.53+ 136.16)x0.5 x 1.8175 x 3.935 = 996.58 KN

Assuming 50 mm clear cover and 16 mm bar, effective depth

deff = (500-50-0.5 x 16) mm = 442 mm

Area of Steel Required along X dir

10 — STAAD.foundation V8i (SELECTseries 4)

So, provided area of steel = 4165 mm2

Area of Steel Required along Z dir

Check for One-Way Shear ( along X dir)

F = (142.53 + 137.71)x0.5 1.3755 x 3.935 = 758.41 kN

Developed shear stress τv = 759 x 1000/(3935 x 442) = 0.44 N/mm2

Average Base Pressure along one edge = (121.83 + 135.63)x0.5 = 128.73 kN/m2

F = (142.53 + 137.71)x0.5 1.3755 x 3.935 = 758.41 kN

So max SF along Z axis Fuz = 759 kN

Developed shear stress τv = 759x1000/(3935 x442) =

12 — STAAD.foundation V8i (SELECTseries 4)

Punching Shear is checked on a perimeter 1.5d from the column face.

Allowable stress= τc =0.4.√ 0.85.fc = 1.844 N/mm2

1.3 General Combined Foundation 1

14 — STAAD.foundation V8i (SELECTseries 4)

Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for

1.4 General Combined Foundation 2

16 — STAAD.foundation V8i (SELECTseries 4)

Figure 1-4: Plan and Elevation

Critical load case and the governing factor of safety for

Check For Trial Depth against moment

About Z Axis (sagging)