Anime

Anime (アニメ, [anʲime]); are Japanese animated pro- takenly classified as a genre.* [7]* :7 In Japan, the term
ductions featuring hand-drawn or computer animation. anime refers to all forms of animation from around
The word is the abbreviated pronunciation of “anima- the world.* [1]* [8] English-language dictionaries define
tion”in Japanese, where this term references all anima- anime as a “Japanese-style animated film or television
tion.* [1] In other languages, the term is defined as an- entertainment”or as “a style of animation created in
imation from Japan or as a Japanese-disseminated ani- Japan”.* [2]* [9]
mation style often characterized by colorful graphics, vi-
The etymology of the word anime is disputed. The
brant characters and fantastic themes.* [2]* [3] Arguably, English term “animation”is written in Japanese
the stylization approach to the meaning may open up katakana as アニメーション (animēshon, pronounced
the possibility of anime produced in countries other [animeːɕoɴ]),* [3] and is アニメ (anime) in its shortened
than Japan.* [4]* [5]* [6] For simplicity, many Western- form.* [3] Some sources claim that anime derives from
ers strictly view anime as an animation product from the French term for animation, dessin animé,* [10]* [11]
Japan.* [3] but others believe this to be a myth derived from the
The earliest commercial Japanese animation dates to French popularity of the medium in the late 1970s and
1917, and production of anime works in Japan has since 1980s.* [3] In English, anime, when used as a common
continued to increase steadily. The characteristic anime noun, normally functions as a mass noun (for example:
art style emerged in the 1960s with the works of Osamu “Do you watch anime?",“How much anime have you col-
Tezuka and spread internationally in the late twentieth lected?").* [12] Prior to the widespread use of anime, the
century, developing a large domestic and international au- term Japanimation was prevalent throughout the 1970s
dience. Anime is distributed theatrically, by television and 1980s. In the mid-1980s, the term anime began
broadcasts, directly to home media, and over the internet to supplant Japanimation.* [10]* [13] In general, the term
and is classified into numerous genres targeting diverse now only appears in period works where it is used to dis-
broad and niche audiences. tinguish and identify Japanese animation.* [13]
Anime is a diverse art form with distinctive production In 1987, Hayao Miyazaki stated that he despised the
methods and techniques that have been adapted over time truncated word “Anime”because to him it represented
in response to emergent technologies. The production of the desolation of the Japanese animation industry. He
anime focuses less on the animation of movement and equated the desolation with animators lacking motivation
more on the realism of settings as well as the use of cam- and mass-produced, overly expressive products which
era effects, including panning, zooming and angle shots. rely on fixed iconography for facial expressions and pro-
Diverse art styles are used and character proportions and tracted and exaggerated action scenes but lack depth and
features can be quite varied, including characteristically sophistication because they do not attempt to convey
large emotive or realistically sized eyes. emotion or thought.* [14]
The anime industry consists of over 430 production stu-
dios including major names like Studio Ghibli, Gainax
and Toei Animation. Despite having a fraction of the do- 2 Format
mestic film market, anime achieves a majority of DVD
sales and has been an international success after the rise
The first format of anime was theatrical viewing
of televised English dubs. This rise in international pop-
which originally began with commercial productions in
ularly has resulted in non-Japanese productions using the
1917.* [15] Originally the animated flips were crude and
anime art style, but these works have been defined as required played musical components before adding sound
anime-influenced animation by both fans and the indus- and vocal components to the production. On July 14,
try. 1958, Nippon Television aired Mole's Adventure, both the
first televised and first color anime to debut.* [16] It wasn't
until the 1960s when the first televised series were broad-
cast and it has remained a popular medium since.* [7]* :13
1 Definition and usage Works released in a direct to video format are called
"original video animation" (OVA) or“original animation
Anime is an art form, specifically animation, that in- video”(OAV); and are typically not released theatrically
cludes all genres found in cinema, but it can be mis- or televised prior to home media release.* [7]* :14* [17]

1
2 3 HISTORY

The emergence of the internet has led some animators an alternative format to the live-action industry. It suf-
to distribute works online in a format called "original net fered competition from foreign producers and many an-
anime" (ONA).* [18] imators, such as Noburō Ōfuji and Yasuji Murata, who
The home distribution of anime releases were popular- still worked* in cheaper cutout animation rather than cel
ized in the 1980s with the VHS and Laser Disc for- animation. [22] Other creators, such as Kenzō Masaoka
mats.* [7]* :14 The VHS NTSC video format used in both and Mitsuyo Seo, nonetheless made great strides in ani-
Japan and the United States is credited as aiding the rising mation technique; they benefited from the patronage of
popularity of anime in the 1990s.* [7]* :14 The Laser Disc the government, which employed animators to produce
educational shorts and propaganda.* [23] The first talkie
and VHS formats were transcended by the DVD format
which offered the unique advantages; including multiple anime was Chikara* to Onna no Yo no Naka, produced by
* * Masaoka in 1933. [24]* [25] By 1940, numerous anime
subtitling and dubbing tracks on the same disc. [7] :15
The DVD format also has its drawbacks in the its usage of artists' organizations had risen, including *the Shin Man-
gaha Shudan and Shin Nippon Mangaka. [26] The first
region coding; adopted by the industry to solve licensing,
piracy and export problems and restricted region indi- feature-length animated film was Momotaro's Divine Sea
directed by Seo in 1944 with sponsorship by the
cated on the DVD player.* [7]* :15 The Video CD (VCD) Warriors
format was popular in Hong Kong and Taiwan, but be- Imperial Japanese Navy.* [27]
came only a minor format in the United States that was
closely associated with bootleg copies.* [7]* :15

3 History
Main article: History of anime
Anime arose in the early 20th century, when Japanese

A frame from Momotaro's Divine Sea Warriors (1944), the first

feature-length anime film

The success of The Walt Disney Company's 1937 fea-

ture film Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs profoundly
influenced many Japanese animators.* [28] In the 1960s,
manga artist and animator Osamu Tezuka adapted and
simplified many Disney animation techniques to reduce
costs and to limit the number of frames in productions.
A cel from the earliest surviving Japanese animated short, pro- He intended this as a temporary measure to allow him to
duced in 1917 produce material on a tight schedule with inexperienced
animation staff.* [29] Three Tales, aired in 1960, was the
filmmakers experimented with the animation techniques first anime shown on television. The first anime televi-
also pioneered in France, Germany, the United States sion series was Otogi Manga Calendar, aired from 1961
and Russia.* [11] A claim for the earliest Japanese ani- to 1964.
mation is Katsudō Shashin, an undated and private work The 1970s saw a surge of growth in the popularity of
by an unknown creator.* [19] In 1917, the first profes- manga, Japanese comic books and graphic novels, many
sional and publicly displayed works began to appear. An- of which were later animated. The work of Osamu
imators such as Ōten Shimokawa and Seitarou Kitayama Tezuka drew particular attention: he has been called a
produced numerous works, with the oldest surviving film “legend”* [30] and the“god of manga”.* [31]* [32] His
being Kouchi's Namakura Gatana, a two-minute clip of work – and that of other pioneers in the field – inspired
a samurai trying to test a new sword on his target only characteristics and genres that remain fundamental
to suffer defeat.* [15]* [20]* [21] The 1923 Great Kantō elements of anime today. The giant robot genre (known
earthquake resulted in widespread destruction to Japan's as "mecha" outside Japan), for instance, took shape
infrastructure and the destruction of Shimokawa's ware- under Tezuka, developed into the Super Robot genre
house, destroying most of these early works. under Go Nagai and others, and was revolutionized
By the 1930s animation was well established in Japan as at the end of the decade by Yoshiyuki Tomino who
 3

developed the Real Robot genre. Robot anime like the
Gundam and The Super Dimension Fortress Macross
series became instant classics in the 1980s, and the
robot genre of anime is still one of the most common in
Japan and worldwide today. In the 1980s, anime became
more accepted in the mainstream in Japan (although less
than manga), and experienced a boom in production.
Following a few successful adaptations of anime in
overseas markets in the 1980s, anime gained increased
acceptance in those markets in the 1990s and even more
at the turn of the 21st century. In 2002, Spirited Away,
a Studio Ghibli production directed by Hayao Miyazaki
won the Golden Bear at the Berlin International Film
Festival and in 2003 at the 75th Academy Awards it won
the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.
Cagliostro.* [7]* :41–43 Other subgenres found in anime
include magical girl, harem, sports, martial arts, literary
adaptations, medievalism,* [35] and war.* [7]* :45–49
Genres have emerged that explore homosexual romances.
While originally pornographic in terminology, yaoi (male
homosexuality) and yuri (female homosexuality) are
broad terms used internationally to describe any focus
on the themes or development of romantic homosex-
ual relationships. Prior to 2000, homosexual charac-
ters were typically used for comedic effect, but some
works portrayed these characters seriously or sympathet-
ically.* [7]* :50
5 Attributes

4 Genres
Anime are often classified by target demographic, includ-
ing kodomo (children's), shōjo (girls'), shounen (boys')
and a diverse range of genres targeting an adult audience.
Shoujo and shounen anime sometimes contain elements
popular with children of both sexes in an attempt to gain
crossover appeal. Adult anime may feature a slower pace
or greater plot complexity that younger audiences typi-
cally find unappealing, as well as adult themes and sit-
uations.* :44–48 A subset of adult anime works feature
pornographic elements and are labeled “R18”in Japan,
but internationally these works are grouped together un-
der the term hentai (Japanese for “pervert”). By con-
trast, a variety of anime subgenres across demographic
groups incorporate ecchi, sexual themes or undertones
without depictions of sexual intercourse, as typified in
the comedic or harem genres; due to its popularity among
adolescent and adult anime enthusiasts, incorporation of
ecchi elements in anime is considered a form of fan ser-
vice.* [33]* [34]* :89
Anime artists employ many distinct visual styles
Anime's genre classification is different from other
types of animation and does not lend itself to simple Anime differs greatly from other forms of animation by
identity.* [7]* :34 Gilles Poitras compared the labeling its diverse art styles, methods of animation, its produc-
Gundam 0080 and its complex depiction of war as a tion, and its process. Visually, anime is a diverse art form
“giant robot”anime akin to simply labeling War and that contains a wide variety of art styles, differing from
Peace a “war novel”.* [7]* :34 Science fiction is a major one creator, artist, and studio. While no one art style pre-
anime genre and includes important historical works like dominates anime as a whole, they do share some similar
Tezuka's Astro Boy and Yokoyama's Tetsujin 28-go. A attributes in terms of animation technique and character
major subgenre of science fiction is mecha, with the Gun- design. Any other visual variation falls under the artists
dam metaseries being iconic.* [7]* :35 The diverse fantasy as they see fit.
genre includes works based on Asian and Western tra-
ditions and folklore; examples include the Japanese feu-
dal fairytale InuYasha, and the depiction of Scandinavian 5.1 Animation technique
goddesses who move to Japan to maintain a computer
called Yggdrasil in Oh My Goddess.* [7]* :37–40 Genre Anime follows the typical production of animation, in-
crossing in anime is also prevalent, such as the blend of cluding storyboarding, voice acting, character design, and
fantasy and comedy in Dragon Half, and the incorpo- cel production. Since the 1990s, animators have increas-
ration of slapstick humor in the crime anime Castle of ingly used computer animation to improve the efficiency
4 5
of the production process. Artists like Noburō Ōfuji pio-
neered the earliest anime works, which were experimen-
tal and consisted of images drawn on blackboards, stop
motion animation of paper cutouts, and silhouette ani-
mation.* [36]* [37] Cel animation grew in popularity un-
til it came to dominate the medium. In the 21st cen-
tury, the use of other animation techniques is mostly lim-
ited to independent short films,* [38] including the stop
motion puppet animation work produced by Tadahito
Mochinaga, Kihachirō Kawamoto and Tomoyasu Mu-
rata.* [39]* [40] Computers were integrated into the ani-
mation process in the 1990s, with works such as Ghost
in the Shell and Princess Mononoke mixing cel anima-
tion with computer-generated images.* [7]* :29 Fuji Film,
a major cel production company, announced it would
stop cel production, producing an industry panic to pro-
cure cel imports and hastening the switch to digital pro-
cesses.* [7]* :29
Prior to the digital era, anime was produced with
traditional animation methods using a pose to pose ap-
proach.* [36] The majority of mainstream anime uses
fewer expressive key frames and more in-between anima-
tion.* [41]
Japanese animation studios were pioneers of many
limited animation techniques, and have given anime a
distinct set of conventions. Unlike Disney animation,
where the emphasis is on the movement, anime empha-
sizes the art quality and let limited animation techniques
make up for the lack of time spent on movement. Such
techniques are often used not only to meet deadlines but
also as artistic devices.* [42] Anime scenes place em-
phasis on achieving three-dimensional views, and back-
grounds are instrumental in creating the atmosphere of
the work.* [11] The backgrounds are not always invented
and are occasionally based on real locations, as exem-
plified in Howl's Moving Castle and The Melancholy of
Haruhi Suzumiya.* [43]* [44] Oppliger stated that anime
is one of the rare mediums where putting together an all-
star cast usually comes out looking “tremendously im-
pressive”.* [45]
The cinematic effects of anime differentiates itself from
the stage plays found in American animation. Anime is
cinematically shot as if by camera, including panning,
zooming, distance and angle shots to more complex dy-
namic shots that would be difficult to produce in real-
ity.* [7]* :58* [46]* [47] In anime, the animation is pro-
duced before the voice acting, contrary to American an-
imation which does the voice acting first; this can cause
lip sync errors in the Japanese version.* [7]* :59
5.2 Characters
Body proportions of human anime characters tend to
accurately reflect the proportions of the human body
in reality. The height of the head is considered by
the artist as the base unit of proportion. Head heights
ATTRIBUTES
can vary, but most anime characters are about seven to
eight heads tall.* [48] Anime artists occasionally make
deliberate modifications to body proportions to produce
super deformed characters that feature a disproportion-
ately small body compared to the head; many super de-
formed characters are two to four heads tall. Some anime
works like Crayon Shin-chan completely disregard these
proportions, such that they resemble Western cartoons.
A common anime character design convention is exagger-
ated eye size. The animation of characters with large eyes
in anime can be traced back to Osamu Tezuka, who was
deeply influenced by such early animation characters as
Betty Boop, who was drawn with disproportionately large
eyes. Tezuka is a central figure in anime and manga his-
tory, whose iconic art style and character designs allowed
for the entire range of human emotions to be depicted
solely through the eyes.* [7]* :60 The artist adds variable
color shading to the eyes and particularly to the cornea to
give them greater depth. Generally, a mixture of a light
shade, the tone color, and a dark shade is used.* [49]* [50]
Cultural anthropologist Matt Thorn argues that Japanese
animators and audiences do not perceive such stylized
eyes as inherently more or less foreign.* [51] However,
not all anime have large eyes. For example, the works of
Hayao Miyazaki are known for having realistically pro-
portioned eyes, as well as realistic hair colors on their
characters.* [52]
Anime and manga artists often draw from a defined set of facial
expressions to depict particular emotions
Hair in anime is often unnaturally lively and colorful or
uniquely styled. The movement of hair in anime is ex-
aggerated and “hair action”is used to emphasize the
action and emotions of characters for added visual ef-
fect.* [7]* :62 Poitras traces hairstyle color to cover illus-
trations on manga, where eye-catching artwork and color-
ful tones are attractive for children's manga.* [7]* :61 De-
spite being produced for a domestic market, anime fea-
tures characters whose race or nationality is not always
defined, and this is often a deliberate decision, such as in
the Pokémon animated series.* [53]
Anime and manga artists often draw from a common
canon of iconic facial expression illustrations to de-
note particular moods and thoughts.* [54] These tech-
niques are often different in form than their counter-
6.1 Awards 5

parts in Western animation, and they include a fixed cultural references may occur to better follow the refer-
iconography that is used as shorthand for certain emotions ences of the non-Japanese culture.* [61] The cost of En-
and moods.* [55] These expression are often exaggerated glish localization averages US $10,000 per episode.* [62]
and are typically comedic in nature. For example, a male The industry has been subject to both praise and con-
character may develop a nosebleed when aroused, stem- demnation for fansubs, the addition of unlicensed and
ming from a Japanese old wives' tale.* [55] A variety of unauthorized subtitled translations of anime series or
visual symbols are employed, including sweatdrops to de- films.* [56]* :206 Fansubs, which were originally dis-
pict nervousness, visible blushing for embarrassment, or tributed on VHS bootlegged cassettes in the 1980s, have
glowing eyes for an intense glare.* [56]* :52
been freely available and disseminated online since the
1990s.* [56]* :206 Fansubbers tend to adhere to an un-
written code to destroy or no longer distribute an anime
5.3 Music once an official translated or subtitled version becomes
licensed, although fansubs typically continue to circulate
The opening and credits sequences of most anime televi- through file sharing networks.* [56]* :207
sion episodes are accompanied by Japanese pop or rock
songs, often by reputed bands. They may be written with Legal international availability of anime on the internet
the series in mind, but are also aimed at the general mu- has changed in recent years, with simulcasts of series
sic market, and therefore often allude only vaguely or not available on websites like Crunchyroll.
at all to the themes or plot of the series. Pop and rock
songs are also sometimes used as incidental music (“in- 6.1 Awards
sert songs”) in an episode, often to highlight particularly
important scenes. More often than not, background mu- The anime industry has several annual awards which
sic is employed as an added flavor to series either to drive honor the year's best works. Major annual awards in
story plot lines or to simply to decorate particular scenes Japan include the Ōfuji Noburō Award, the Mainichi
and animated sequences. Furthermore, some series offer Film Award for Best Animation Film, the Animation
all applied music available in the form of OST, or original Kobe Awards, the Japan Media Arts Festival anima-
soundtracks.* [57] tion awards, the Tokyo Anime Award and the Japan
Academy Prize for Animation of the Year. In the United
States, anime films compete in the ICv2.com Anime
6 Industry Awards* [56]* :257–258 There were also the American
Anime Awards, which were designed to recognize excel-
lence in anime titles nominated by the industry, and were
The animation industry consists of more than 430 pro-
held only once in 2006.* [56]* :258 Anime productions are
duction companies with some of the major studios in-
also nominated and win awards not exclusively for anime.
cluding Toei Animation, Gainax, Madhouse, Gonzo,
Sunrise, Bones, TMS Entertainment, Nippon Animation,
Studio Pierrot and Studio Ghibli.* [56]* :17 Many of the
studios are organized into a trade association, The As- 7 Influence on world culture
sociation of Japanese Animations. There is also a la-
bor union for workers in the industry, the Japanese An-
imation Creators Association. Studios will often work
together to produce more complex and costly projects,
as done with Studio Ghibli's Spirited Away.* [56]* :17
An anime episode can cost between US$100,000 and
US$300,000 to produce.* [58] In 2001, animation ac-
counted for 7% of the Japanese film market, above the
4.6% market share for live-action works.* [56]* :17 The
popularity and success of anime is seen through the prof-
itability of the DVD market, contributing nearly 70% of
total sales.* [56]* :17 Spirited Away (2001) is the highest-
grossing anime film, with US$274,925,095.* [59]
The anime market for the United States was worth ap-
proximately $2.74 billion in 2009.* [60] Dubbed ani-
mation began airing in the United States in 2000 on Akihabara district of Tokyo is the center of otaku subculture in
networks like The WB and Cartoon Network's Adult Japan.
Swim.* [56]* :18 In 2005, this resulted in five of the top
ten anime titles having previously aired on Cartoon Net- Anime has become commercially profitable in Western
work.* [56]* :18 As a part of localization, some editing of countries, as demonstrated by early commercially suc-
6 9
cessful Western adaptations of anime, such as Astro Boy.
Since the 19th century, many Westerners have expressed
a particular interest towards Japan and anime has dramat-
ically exposed more Westerners to the culture of Japan.
7.1 Fan response
Anime clubs gave rise to anime conventions in the 1990s
with the “anime boom”, a period marked by increased
popularity of anime.* [7]* :73 These conventions are ded-
icated to anime and manga and include elements like
cosplay contests and industry talk panels.* [56]* :211 Cos-
play, a portmanteau for “costume play”, is not unique
to anime and has become popular in contests and mas-
querades at anime conventions.* [56]* :214–215 Japanese
culture and words have entered English usage through the
popularity of the medium, including otaku, a derogatory
Japanese term commonly used in English to denote a fan
of anime and manga.* [56]* :195 Anime enthusiasts have
produced fan fiction and fan art, including computer wall-
paper and anime music videos.* [56]* :201–205
7.2 Anime style
As anime itself became increasingly popular, anime
styling has been inevitably the subject of both satire
and serious creative productions.* [3]* [5] South Park's
"Chinpokomon" and "Good Times with Weapons"
episodes, Adult Swim's Perfect Hair Forever, and
Nickelodeon's Kappa Mikey are examples of satirical de-
pictions of Japanese culture and anime. Some works have
sparked debate for blurring the lines between satire and
serious “anime style”productions, such as the Amer-
ican anime style production Avatar: The Last Airben-
der.* [5] These anime styled works have become defined
as anime-influenced animation, in an attempt to classify
all anime styled works of non-Japanese origin.* [63] Some
creators of these works cite anime as a source of inspira-
tion and like the French production team for Ōban Star-
Racers moved to Tokyo to collaborate with a Japanese
production team.* [64]* [65]* [66] When anime is defined
as a “style”rather than as a national product it leaves
open the possibility of anime being produced in other
countries.* [2]* [5] A series dubbed as the“Middle East's
First Anime Show”is currently in production,* [6] which
is currently looking for funding.* [67] The web-based se-
ries RWBY is produced using an anime art style and has
been declared to be anime.* [4]* [68] In addition, the se-
ries will be released in Japan, under the label of“anime”
per the Japanese definition of the term and referenced as
an“American-made anime”.* [69]* [70] Defining anime
as style has been contentious amongst fans, with John
Oppliger stating,“The insistence on referring to original
American art as Japanese “anime”or “manga”robs
the work of its cultural identity.”* [3]* [71]
REFERENCES
8 See also
• Animation director
• List of anime
• Mechademia
• Voice acting in Japan
9 References
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7
[33] Ask John: Why Do Americans Hate Harem Anime?. ani-
menation.net. May 20. 2005. Note: fan service and ecchi
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 9

11 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

11.1 Text
• Anime Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anime?oldid=647383849 Contributors: Dreamyshade, Lee Daniel Crocker, Brion VIB-
BER, Mav, Bryan Derksen, Zundark, Koyaanis Qatsi, Taw, Jzcool, Ffaker, Ed Poor, Andre Engels, Rmhermen, Fubar Obfusco, Ran-
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lingNorth, Brona, Xym, Greyweather, Curps, Alison, Gamaliel, Revth, Szczerbiec, Gilgamesh, Guanaco, Ans, Jorge Stolfi, Prosfilaes,
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LittleChib, Jlaking, Entangle, Lurkingfate, AnomieBOT, SaiyanEmperor2008, Rjanag, DarklyCute, Ipatrol, Materialscientist, Tintero, Ci-
tation bot, Kasaalan, Kuwaity26, ArthurBot, Unimath, Daftpunkboy93, Xqbot, Anders Torlind, Volvaiga, Loveless, GrouchoBot, Mamolu,
HoundsOfSpring, Fafas, Trafford09, Taylornate, Misortie, AngelFire3423, MayFlowerNorth, FrescoBot, Hyju, Wolfs2122, Math321,
Holonboy, Aldy, Pshent, AstaBOTh15, Marixist101, Rdusnr, Tamariki, Hariboneagle927, HRoestBot, Michitaro, Leisuresuit, RedBot,
Xfansd, Mikespedia, Banan14kab, TobeBot, Trappist the monk, Fblan001, Ernestogon, 1qaz-pl, TjBot, DASHBot, Soraciel, EmausBot,
Immunize, ExTincTioNz, SMGJohn, Abyss of enchantment, ZéroBot, Liquidmetalrob, TheAmericanizator, H3llBot, SporkBot, M4bark,
Δ, Jj98, Aldnonymous, Yellow1996, EdoBot, TS133, CocuBot, MindStorM, Satellizer, Hazhk, Fandelasketchup, Helpful Pixie Bot, Armu-
nalam, Ephert, BG19bot, Flax5, Zimmygirl7, Bumblezellio, Serafín33, Mr.Majikjr, Filiosus's Saga, Muhammad Shuaib Nadwi, BattyBot,
Myr, Mangatanga, ChrisGualtieri, Khazar2, SNAAAAKE!!, Thesaddlecluboss, Dexbot, Adrianherrington, Mogism, Zeroro, Seqqis, Mel-
onkelon, AmericanLemming, Supersaiyen312, Mr. Gonna Change My Name Forever, JTST4RS, Verso.Sciolto, Mobility2, Monkbot,
JordanPowers95, Puuuuj, Σούπερμαν, The toxic flames 4 life, Hoseatmet, Saurabh Chatterjee 2 and Anonymous: 1316

11.2 Images
• File:Akihabara_picture.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/Akihabara_picture.jpg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Transfered from English Wikipedia; en:Image:Akihabara picture.jpg Original artist: Nickdrj
• File:Animation_disc.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Animation_disc.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0
Contributors: Originally from en.wikipedia; description page is/was here. Original artist: Original uploader was Richtom80 at en.wikipedia
• File:Anime_cell_1917.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/b/bc/Anime_cell_1917.jpg License: Fair use Contributors:
National Museum of Modern Art/National Film Center -- http://imprinttalk.com/?p=1557 Original artist: ?
• File:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original
artist: ?
11.3 Content license 11

• File:Flag_of_Japan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9e/Flag_of_Japan.svg License: ? Contributors: ? Original

artist: ?
• File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: Cc-by-
sa-3.0 Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
• File:Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg License:
Public domain Contributors: Inspired by File:Japan coa kiku.png Original artist: User:Philip Nilsson
• File:Manga_emotions-EN.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ec/Manga_emotions-EN.jpg License: CC-
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• File:Modernanime.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/81/Modernanime.jpg License: Fair use Contributors:
The movies/TV series "Dead Leaves", "FLAG", "Gurren Lagann", "Serial Experiments Lain", "Cat Soup", "Monster", "Lucky Star" and
"Mind Game". All are sceenshots taken from the show/movie, save for the Cat Soup one, which comes from Central Park Media's Cat Soup
website (http://www.centralparkmedia.com/catsoup/images.html). Original artist: ?
• File:Momotaro'{}s_Divine_Sea_Warriors-screeny.JPG Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e5/Momotaro%
27s_Divine_Sea_Warriors-screeny.JPG License: Public domain Contributors: Screenshot from the film. Original artist: Shochiku / di-
rected by Mitsuyo Seo
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tributors: ? Original artist: ?
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• File:Wiktionary-logo-en.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Wiktionary-logo-en.svg License: Public do-
main Contributors: Vector version of Image:Wiktionary-logo-en.png. Original artist: Vectorized by Fvasconcellos (talk · contribs), based
on original logo tossed together by Brion Vibber

11.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0