2017 International Conference on High Voltage Engineering and Power System

October 2-5, 2017, Bali, Indonesia

The Study of Air Pollution and Waste Generation due

to Rejuvenation in the Pesanggaran, Bali

Dedi Tri Laksono*, Muhammad Sulthon, Fauzi Abdilah, IGN Putra Subawa, Arry Pribadi, NGR Wiadnyana, IGN
Ngapuli I. Sinisuka Mahendra
School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics PT. Indonesia Power UPJP Bali
Institut Teknologi Bandung Bali, Indonesia
Bandung, Indonesia subawa.putra@indonesiapower.co.id,
deditrilaksono@gmail.com, arry.pribadi@indonesiapower.co.id,
muhammadsulthon@outlook.com, mahendra@indonesiapower.co.id
fauziabdilah10@gmail.com, n.irmea@gmail.com

Abstract—Rejuvenation and updating of a power generation

technology is to make it more efficient, more reliable, and more
environmentally friendly. Those conditions encourage the
rejuvenation of Pesanggaran Bali power plant. Currently the
power plant uses a diesel engine which emit a 978,448 ton of CO2
annually. The plan is to replace the diesel engine with gas engine
with capacity of 200 MW to generate electricity. This research will
be focused on analyzing the pollutions produced by the power
plant. This research will analyze the pollutions produced by the
existing diesel engine generator, calculate the effect of the
pollutions, show the pollutions data of the diesel engine generator,
and compare the pollutions produced by diesel engine and gas
engine. The result of this research can be used as a reference to
rejuvenate the existing power plant so it will be more efficient,
reliable, and environmentally friendly.
Keywords— diesel engine; gas engine; pollution; environment;
Fig. 1. Power Generation Portion [1]

I. INTRODUCTION Based on the tipe of the fuel used, it can be seen that
average production cost of PLTD is the most expensive.
Diesel Engine Power Plant (PLTD) is a power plant that Moreover in semester 1 of 2014 it reaches Rp 2.862 per kWh,
consume a lot of cost. In 2008-2013 periode, it can be seen that higher than Gas Power Plant (PLTG) at Rp 833 per kWh.
PLTD consume the most of expenses, around 70% of total Geothermal Power Plant (PLTP) at Rp 641 per kWh and the
Operating Expenses Breakdown (table 1). The most expensive lowest is Coal Power Plant (PLTU) at Rp 350 per kWh.
fuels are diesels 53.8%, coal 24.5%, natural gas 2%, and
geothermal 3%. The trend of fuels used to generate electricity II. THEORY
in 2009-2014 periode can be seen at Fig.1. A. Diesel Engine
TABLE 1. OPERATING EXPENSES BREAKDOWN [1]
Diesel engine, an internal combustion engine, use a hot air
Item 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 as a combustion initiator to ignite the diesel fuel vapor. Unlike
Fuel &
67% 66% 71% 67% 67% 71% a gasoline engine which use a spark to ignite the gasoline vapor.
Lubricants The process start with the air compressed in the combustion
Maintenance 8% 8% 7% 9% 9% 7% chamber. The compressed air has a very hot temperature. it is
Others 3% 3% 2% 3% 2% 2% necessary to increase the temperature which is greater than the
Purchased fuel ignition temperature (higher than 526 °C) before being
11% 10% 9% 10% 10% 10%
Electricity
sprayed into the combustion chamber. The fuel vapor which is
Personnel 8% 9% 7% 7% 7% 5%
in contact with hot air react with oxygen and it ignite, creating
Lease 2% 2% 3% 3% 4% 3%
Depreciation 1% 1% 1% 1% 1% 1%
an explossion inside the chamber. The explossion then pushes
the piston down. The piston which is connected to a crankshaft

978-1-5386-0945-3/17/$31.00 ©2017 IEEE

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then rotate it. The combustion chamber sometimes requires fueled engine also has advantages and drawbacks of spark
additional heating from the outside. The air temperature inside combustion engine. Such us lower emission of pollutant.
the combustion chamber is determined by engine’s
Dual fueled engine efficiency and emission production
compression ratio and its operating temperature at the moment.
varied by the operating condition. At its best, dual fueled engine
The diesel engine which is a combustion engine has good best operated under moderate to high load. At these condition,
efficiency. Unlike gasoline combustion engine which use dual fueled engine may outperform pure diesel engine.
mixture of air-fuel, diesel engine use only air compression. This Furthermore, using a lean air-fuel ratio, dual fueled engine also
method eliminates the pre-ignition limitation which is plague achieve much lower emissions of nitrogen oxide (NOx) and
the high compression spark combustion engine. This method particulate matter than a pure diesel engine [5].
thus improves the higher compression ratio. Consequently,
increase the theoretical cycle efficiency if compared with the III. DATA AND ANALYSIS
spark combustion engine. Spark combustion engine however,
has higher theoretical efficiency at a give compression ratio This research that is conducted at Pesanggaran Diesel
than compression combustion engine. The diesel engine has a Power Plant will be focused on the emisions produced by the
big drawback compared the its sibling the spark combustion power plant. The variables that will is analised are Sulfur
engine. It has high level of air polluting emission. The pollutant Dioxide (SO2), Carbon Monoxide (CO) and Nitrogen Oxide
it produces such as particulate, nitrogen oxyde (NOx), and odor. (NOx). The variables will be compared with the newst
Therefore, consumer acceptance is low happened to the small- technology to show that advancement in technology will reduce
engine. Unlike the spark combustion engine which is very the pollutant produced by the power plant, especially the air
common as a vehicle engine [2]. pollutant. The result then willbe compared with the National
Regulations to determine whether the technology is suitable for
B. Gas Engine implementation or not.
Gas engine, a type of an internal combustion engine,
employ a gas as the working fluid. It principle is very much A. Diesel Power Plant
alike with the gasoline engine. Fuel that has been mixed with In the past, pesanggaran power plant use a diesel engine to
air and then compressed in the combustion chamber. The result generate the electricity. The engine has specification as listed in
is a spark that can turn the mixture and cause an explosion. The the table below.
explossion then pushes the piston down. The piston which is
TABLE II. DIESEL ENGINE SPECIFICATION
connected to a crankshaft then rotate it. However, unlike the
gasoline engine, the gas engine can run at higher compression ENGINE ABB NEW SULZER
Type 16ZAV40S/720 kW/Cyl
ratio. Consequently, produce higher thermal efficiency.
Engine No. 740358
The output of energi gas engine is lower than gasoline Output (KW) 11,520
combustion engine. The power output can be increased by Output (Bhp) 15,442
Rev/min 500
employing a supercharger, turbocharger, and an intercooling Year 1995
system. Compared with the gasonline combustion engine, gas ALTERNATOR ABB
engine produce higher emission of nitrogen oxide (NOx) but Type HSG 1600 SR12
with lower emission of carbon oxide (CO and CO2) and Serie Number 4549172
unburned hydrocarbon (HC) [3][4]. Year Of Manufacture 1995
Apparent Power (KVA) 14,000
Rated Voltage (V) 10,500
C. Dual Fuel Engine Rated Current (A) 769
Power Factor (COS PH) 0,80
A dual-fuel engine is an internal combustion engine which Speed (RPM) 500
use a gas as the working fuel. Very much like the gasoline Frequency (HZ) 50
engine, the fuel is mixed with an air inside the combustion Clss of insulation F
chamber.However, unlike a spark combustion engine, the air Duty CONTINUOUS (SI)
fuel mixture is not ignited by an electric spark, it is ignited by Excitation 92 V / 8.2 A
Standard IEC 34-1
injecting a small amount of diesel fuel as a spark substitute. The
Protection IP 23
diesel fuel injected when the compression is at its peak. As in ACTUATOR ABB DEGO
diesel engine, the diesel engine then ignite because of its ASAC 70
reaction with the hot compressed air. The combustion of the Type
6225 130M
diesel fuel then ignite the air fuel mixture inside the combustion 70255
chamber creating an explossion. The explossion then pushes the 70NM 24/48 V
FUEL TYPE DIESEL OIL - MFO
piston down. The piston which is linked to a crankshaft then
rotate it. Based on that fact it relies on air-fuel mixture
compression inside the combustion chamber, this type of engine
has very same principle as a spark combustion engine. A dual

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B. Gas and Diesel Power Plant not usable until June 2016 because of the gas pipeline is not yet
finished. The higher the production of energy produced, the
Pesanggaran power plant using a Dual Fuel -Gas Diesel-
higher the SO2 production is released.
Engine that start to fully operate in 2015. The specifications are
listed in the table below.

TABLE III. GAS AND DIESEL ENGINE SPECIFICATION

Engine Wartsila
Engine Type W18V50DF
Engine number PAAE261673(UNIT 1)
Nominal Speed(Rpm) 500
Nominal Power(kW) 17100
Rate power(kW) 17100
Type Stationery Engine
Cylinder 18
Output/Cylinder 950 KW
Fuel Viscosity 730 Cst/50 C
AVR ABB
Type AMG1600PP12LSBF
Number 4565646
Current(A) 1445
Voltage(V) 10000
Output(kVA) 25000
Frequency(Hz) 50 Fig. 2. SO2 Production Trend 2013-2017
Generator ABB Oy, Machines
Type AMG 1600SS12 DSE 2) NOx Production
Standards IEC 60034
Insulation Class F
Temperature Class B The NOx production relatively small and relatively
Ambient Temperature Max 50 °C constant starting 2014.
Mounting IM 7303
Protection Class IP 23
Duty S1
Connection Y
Capacity 20798 kVA
Voltage 11000 Volts
Nominal Current 1092 Amperes
Power Factor 0.8
Frequency 50 Hz
Magnetization Current 9.9 Amperes
Speed 500 rpm

C. Emission
The emission produced by the power plant recorded. The
emission then compared with the fuel consumed and energy
produced. The resulting emissions are shown in table below.

TABLE IV. FUEL CONSUMPTION AND EMISSION PRODUCTION

Fig. 3. NOx Production Trend 2013-2017
Liquid
Production LNG SO2 NOx
Item Fuel 3) CO Production
(MJ) (kl) (Ton) (Ton)
(liter)
962,10 Same as SO2 production, CO productions trend also in the
2013 1,966,376,952 212,177 0 194,071
1
declining. In 2015 however, the emission is very high due to
2014 1,404,664,920 327,295 0 390,184 2,932
increase in production and the fact that the LNG is not usable
2015 2,239,285,320 183,170 0 622,023 3,791
2016 869,526,396 29,129 194,071 241,535 1,895
until June 2016 because of the gas pipeline is not yet finished.
2017 1,400,099,760 7,002 91,106 0.001 0.0001 Energy production in 2015 is the highest production compared
to the previous year, which causes the resulting emissions to
1) SO2 Production increase as well as the production of CO.

Based on the data above, we can see the anual SO2

production is reduced. In 2015 however, the emission is very
high due to increase in production and the fact that the LNG is

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 TABLE V. FUEL CONSUMPTION AND CO PRODUCTION

Liquid Quality Index of PLTDG (PLTD with mixed fuel) calculation

Production LNG with total energy production of 2.07E11 kCal and calculated for
Item Fuel CO (ton)
(MJ) (kl) 1 year (2016).
(liter)
2013 1,966,376,952 212,177 0 576,620 TABLE VII. QUALITY INDEX OF PLTDG
2014 1,404,664,920 327,295 0 439,245
Parameter Standard Liquid Gas Index
2015 2,239,285,320 183,170 0 2,101,528 (kCal) (kCal)
2016 869,526,396 29,129 194,071 531,687 SO2 60 ug/Nm3 0.77
2017 1,400,099,760 7,002 91,106 64,571 NOx 100 ug/Nm3 264,64E6 1.73E6 1.28
CO 10 kug/Nm3 0.69

From the calculation above can be seen that the pollutants

index is way bellow the maximum requirement, hence it
comply with the regulation from Environment Ministry of
Indonesia.

IV. CONCLUSIONS

Rejuvenating power generation technology from diesel

engines to dual-fuel diesel engines reduces the amount of
significant pollutants. It can be seen from the measured exhaust
gas emissions, SO2, CO, and NOx.

For SO2 production, the highest peak emissions are

Fig. 4. CO Production Trend 2013-2017
D. Quality Index - Ministry of Environment and Forestry of
The Republic of Indonesia
Air pollutant index define the ambient condition of the air
in specific area and specific time based on its effect on human
health, aesthetic value, and other living being. As stated in
environmental ministry quality index, each pollutant has
specific index to determine the acceptance of the pollution
produced by the power plant [6].
generated by 622,023 tons in 2015. This is due to increased
energy production and still using diesel fuel. Meanwhile, after
the rejuvenation of power generation technology, there was a
significant decrease up to 61% or 241,535 tons. In addition to
the CO exhaust produced is also similar to SO2. Changes in CO
production after rejuvenation of power plants from 2,101,528
tons to 531,687 tons. This decrease also continues to occur in
2017. For NOx, significant declines have occurred in 2014 and
continued to decline until measurement in 2017. The impact of
rejuvenation caused a decrease from 3,791 tons to 1,895 tons.
Therefore, the rejuvenation of power plants can improve the
quality of the environment for life.

TABLE VI. QUALITY INDEX OF PLTD REFERENCES

Parameter Liquid (mg/m3) Gas (mg/m3) [1] Arifin, Zainal,”Fuel consumption for power plants in Indonesia: trends,
problems, and solutions”, M&E, 2015.
SO2 600 150
NOx 1000 320 [2] Charless Lafayette and Lloyd Armstrong, “Diesel Engine,” Encyclopædia
CO 540 500 Britannica, 2017.
Particulate 120 30
[3] Landis, F., “Gas-Turbine Engine,” Encyclopædia Britannica, 2017.
Opacity 20% -
[4] T.Korakianitis, T., Namasivayam, A.M., Crookes, R.J., “Natural-gas
Formula to determine the quality index fueled spark-ignition (SI) and compression-ignition (CI) engine
performance and emissions,” Progress in Energy and Combustion Science,
2010.
QIx = (AxX + BxY + CxZ)Qt (1)
[5] Weaver, C. and Turner, S., "Dual Fuel Natural Gas/Diesel Engines:
QI : Quality index parameter x Technology, Performance, and Emissions," SAE Technical Paper 940548,
1994, doi:10.4271/940548.
Ax : Energy from Gas
Bx : Energy from Liquid [6] Indonesian Government Regulation no. 41 of 1999 on Air Quality Quality
Cx : Energy from Solid Standard.
Qt : Total Energy

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