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Plasticity index

The difference between plastic limit (PL) and the liquid limit (LL) defined as plastic index (PI).

PI = LL – PL

The plasticity index indicates the plasticity of the soil. Greater the plasticity index, greater will be the
plasticity of the soil. Clay soils possessing high value of liquid limit and plasticity index are referred as
highly plastic and those with low values describes as low plastics.

Results and calculations


According to the result, the plasticity index of clays stone range is from 5.34 to 9.17 and plastics limit of
shale range from 8.83 to 15.13 detailed results are attached in Appendix D.

Moisture content
Moisture content measurement is prevailing used for performing weight-volume calculations soil.
Moisture content is also a measure of the shrink-swell and strength characteristics of cohesive soils.

The mass of given volume of moist soil is the sum of the mass of soil solid,Ms and the mass of water in
the soil ,Mw. Moisture content W ,is defined as ratio of mass of moisture to the mass of dry solids.

W = Mw/Ms*100

Testing procedure
The moisture content calculations are based on three measurements according to the ASTM standards
(ASTM D2216-10).

Mass of container, Mc.

Mass of soil plus container before drying, M1.

Mass of soil plus container after drying, M2.

The moist soil was placed in an oven-safe container and dried for 24 hours in a drying oven at 110 C .The
soil-filled container was weighted before and after drying to obtain M1 and M2, respectively, and W is
calculated as :

W= M1 – M2/M2-Mc *100

Results and calculations


The value of natural moisture content for clay stone is 3.12% and for shale is 6.25% .The results and
calculations are attached in the appendix D.
Density and Unit weight
Density is the physical property of rock that is defined as the mass per unit volume (eq.1).According to
ISRM; unit weight is defined as the weight per unit volume (eq.2).

=mass /volume=m/v

= weight/volume=w/v

Testing procedure
The rock samples were weighted with the help of weight balance. The breaker was filled with distilled
water and noted the level of water .The sample was submerged in the beaker and noted the level of
water. Difference between the levels of water gave the volume of sample. Now, the mass of sample
divided by its volume .This was the density of the sample.

Unit weight is calculated by multiplying density with the volume of gravitational acceleration (g).

Result and Calculations


The result of density and unit weight is different for rock type units. For sandstone the density is 2.8 and
unit weight is 27.44 and for siltstone density is 2.58 and unit weight is 25.33 for clay stone density is 2.46
and unit weight 24.08

Estimate the strength


The strength of rock is most important factor to be determined in geotechnical investigations. In course
of present study, the strength of rocks is estimating by following methods.

Wall strength by Schmidt Rebound Hammer


During the field investigations ,Schmidt rebound hammer was used for indirect estimation of rock
strength .Rebound number (Rn) value was determine from Schmidt rebound hammer by subjecting it
perpendicular on the joint wall surface. According to ISRM standard guidelines, Rn value is correlated
with unit weight using (Miller, 1965) correlation chart to find uniaxial compressive strength. The Rn
values and are given in Appendix B.

Uniaxial compressive strength by Point Load Test


Uniaxial compressive strength of both competent and incompetent rock units was determined using the
point load test . Test sample was placed between the pointed plates and load was applied .When the
cracks appear in the sample, it indicates the maximum strength of sample. The test was performed in
accordance with the specifications of the ASTM D5731 – 16. Approximately 10 to 20 pieces of rock from
each sample ware failed by the point load tester to determine the point load index (Is).

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