DistributionTheory RevB

Training
– Post‐tension Bursting Effect

INDEX
1 Presentation of the document 2

2 Theory 2
2.1 End Section for SA 3
2.1.1 Rectangular section – Tendon centered and perpendicular to SA 3
2.1.2 Rectangular section – Tendon not centered and perpendicular to SA 4
2.1.3 Rectangular section – Several tendons straight and perpendicular to SA 5
2.1.4 Rectangular section – General Case 6
2.1.5 Section constituted by several rectangular sections – General case 9
2.2 SA is not an end section 10
3 Distribution Reinforcing Steel 12
3.1 Material, Forces 12
3.1.1 AASHTO 12
3.1.2 ACI 12
3.1.3 CSA-S6-06 13
3.1.4 Eurocode EC2 14
3.1.5 French Standard BPEL 15
3.2 Local Zone 16
3.2.1 French Standard BPEL 16
3.2.2 AASHTO, ACI, CSA, and EC2 20
3.3 General Zone 21
3.3.1 French Standard BPEL – Appendix 4 22
3.3.2 Particular cases 26
4 Examples 28
4.1 Anchorage Block with PT bars 28
4.1.1 Local Zone Calculation 29
4.1.2 General Zone 32
4.1.2.1 Vertical Direction 32
4.1.2.2 Horizontal Direction 40
4.2 Post-tensioned Slab 48
4.3 Precast Beam (AASHTO Girder Type) 69
5 Additional Calculations 98
5.1 Anchorage not placed at an end section 98
5.2 Reinforcing Steel for Blisters 99
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Training – Post‐tension Bursting Effect

1. PRESENTATION OF THE DOCUMENT

It is often difficult for an Engineer to understand the way to design correctly the anchorage
zones (dimensions, spacing between anchorages, reinforcing steel to place to resist the
bursting effect when stressing tendons, minimum concrete strength to get when stressing
the tendons, etc.).
This document aims at explaining the theory in a first step. Then it will detail the calculations
to carry out in accordance with AASHTO, ACI, CSA (Canadian Standard), and BPEL
(French Standard).
Finally it will show how to design properly the shape of the reinforcing steel in order to get
easier implementation on site.
Only the case of post-tension tendons is considered in this document.
2. THEORY
When a post-tension tendon is anchored in a section SA of the structure, the stresses
balancing the primary forces due to the prestressing are distributed in accordance with
Principle of St-Venant (Section plane remains plane after loading) starting at a section SR
located at a distance lR (called regulation Length) from the section SA. If SA is not an end
section, an auto-stress state (stress system equivalent to 0) appears ahead of section SA
(behind anchorage device) due to the tendon end section (figure 1).
lR lR
S’R SA SR
Figure 1: Regulation zones around tendon end when not at an end of a structure
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The distribution of stresses from the anchorage (local point) to the full section of the
structure (where principle of St-venant is effective) is a 3D behavior indeed. However in
order to simplify design it is usual to consider two 2D calculations by determining
successively the prestressing forces distribution in a vertical plan called  then in a
horizontal plan called ’. (Figure 2)
e’
e ’

Figure 2: 2D plans for design
2.1 End Section for SA
In this part, the anchorage is assumed to be at the end of the structure to be prestressed.
2.1.1 Rectangular Section – Tendon Centered and perpendicular to SA
The figure 3 shows the stresses distribution from the anchorage (section SA) to the section
SR.
Figure 3: Stress distribution for centered tendon
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The regulation length lR is approximately equal to the depth (e) of the section. The
distribution of stresses from the concentrated load F at the anchorage (section SA) to the
uniform distributed stress  at section SR is inducing axial stresses t and shear stresses t at
each section parallel to the longitudinal axis of the structure (horizontal axis for figure 3) in
the regulation zone between SA and SR.
 = F / (e * e’)
e: depth of the rectangular section
e’: width of the rectangular section
In order to balance such stresses, it is therefore required surface reinforcing steel and
bursting reinforcing steel.
2.1.2 Rectangular Section – Tendon Not Centered and perpendicular to SA
The figure 4 shows the stresses distribution from the anchorage (section SA) to the section
SR.
Figure 4: Stress distribution for tendon with eccentricity
The stress distribution effect can be split in two parts:

- First regulation zone considering the symmetrical prism (d * d dimensions as shown
in figure 4) in the plan  with d = 2 * Min[c, c*],
- General regulation zone considering the prism the dimensions of which are e * e with
e = c + c*.
For the design it shall be considered the part of the structure between sections SA and SR as
a distribution beam along the axis Ot (see figure 5 next page: axis Ot is the vertical axis),
with a depth of e and a width of e’.
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Figure 5: balance of stresses in the regulation prism
The considered beam is balanced by:

- Concentrated force F at the anchorage,
- Distributed forces eventually applied along the tendon between sections SA and SR
(tangential forces dF/ds usually negligible),
- Axial stresses considered distributed in accordance with the principle of St-Venant
due to the primary effect of the prestressing force at section SR.
The element ABCD here above is balanced by the following forces at the cut section BC,
parallel to the longitudinal axis of the structure and defined by its ordinate t (distance from
the top fiber to the section BC):
- Shear Force: vx = F’ – X
- Flexural Moment: mt = F’ (t - c) – X 
- Axial Force : nt = 0
With:
' '
F’: value of the prestressing force at section SR.
2.1.3 Rectangular Section – Several tendons straight and perpendicular to SA
The regulation length is still lR = e.
As in chapter 2.1.2, the design considered two cases: the first regulation zone (called local
zone in ACI, AASHTO, and CSA) inside the symmetrical prism associated at each
anchorage level, and the general zone.
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The symmetrical prisms are determined as follows:

- Let’s call cj and cj* the half distances between adjacent anchorage levels (the half
distance is to be replaced by the distance from the anchorage to the edge of the
element for outer anchorages).
- The symmetrical prism gets the dimensions dj * dj in the distribution plan  with dj = 2
* Min[cj, cj*] and a width of e’ in the perpendicular direction.
2.1.4 Rectangular Section – General case
It is assumed that the angle of the tendons with respect to the perpendicular axis to section
SA is not modifying the regulation length lR taken equal to e (e: depth of the structure). The
definition of the local zones is identical as in chapter 2.1.3.
The design is still considering two zones: the local zone for each anchorage and the general
zone.
For the general zone, the principle presented in chapter 2.1.2 is still valid:
The considered beam is balanced by: (see figure 6)

- Concentrated forces Fj at the anchorage levels,
- Distributed forces eventually applied along the tendons between sections SA and SR
(tangential forces dF/ds usually negligible, and radial forces F/r),
- Shear stresses (F’j) and Axial stresses (F’j) considered distributed in accordance
with the principle of St-Venant due to the primary effect of the prestressing forces at
section SR.
Figure 6: General and Local zones for a general case
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The general equilibrium of the section between SA and SR can be considered as the
superposition of two equilibrium states: (as explained by figure 7)
General Zone
Equilibrium Equilibrium according
General Equilibrium
to the Resistance of
of the pure
Materials Theory
distribution effect of
prestressing
Figure 7: Superposition of equilibrium states
Equilibrium according to the resistance of Materials theory:

- At section SA, the stress distribution is due to the primary action of the tendons (shear
stress (Fj) and axial stress (Fj) distribution).
- At section SR, the stress distribution is due to the primary action of the tendons (shear
stress (F’j) and axial stress (F’j) distribution).
- At each section between SA and SR, the stresses are determined according to the
usual formulae of the Resistance of Materials theory (Principle of St-Venant).
General Equilibrium of the pure distribution effect of prestressing:

- Concentrated forces Fj applied at section SA,
- Distributed forces –(Fj), and –(Fj) applied at section SA.
The general equilibrium of the pure distribution of prestressing represents the gap between
the Resistance of Materials distribution of stresses and the effective distribution of stresses
over the regulation length (distance between sections SA and SR).
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The figure 8 shows a more detailed view of the general equilibrium of the pure distribution of
prestressing:
Figure 8: General equilibrium of the pure distribution of prestressing
At the cut section BC, the forces are as follows:

- Shear force: Vx = F1x – X
- Flexural Moment: Mt = F1x (t – c1) - X  + e/2 (T – F1t)
- Axial Force: Nt = F1t - T
With:
'
'
Fj: value of the prestressing forces at section SA.
The interest of splitting the real behavior in two separate equilibriums is double:
- Simplification of calculations,
- Determine more exactly the stresses developed by the pure distribution of
prestressing.
Comment:
For straight tendons parallel to the longitudinal axis of the structure, the forces due to the
general equilibrium and to the pure distribution of prestressing are equivalent:
- The tangential forces dF/ds are negligible between SA and SR.
- Vx = vx; Mt = mt; Nt = nt = 0
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2.1.5 Section constituted by several rectangular sections – General case
For each rectangle of dimensions ei and e’i, the distribution of prestressing forces shall be
carried out in two perpendicular plans i and ’i.
For the design in the plan i (similar design for the plan ’i), the section SRi is located at a
distance lRi (= ei) de SA (Section where anchorages are located).
The design still considers two zones:

- Local zones for each symmetrical prism associated to each level of anchorage
devices.
- General zone: general equilibrium of the pure distribution of prestressing.
The part of the rectangular section I between sections SA and SR is considered as a

distribution beam along axis Ot with a depth of ei and a width of e’i subject to the following
forces:
- Concentrated forces Fj(i) applied at section SA (only anchorage located in the
rectangular section i),
- Distributed stresses –(Fj), and –(Fj) applied at section SA applied directly at the
rectangular section i determined by the usual equations of the Resistance of the
Materials (Principle of St-Venant) due to the total forces of prestressing Fj.
- Forces Rk(i) due to the other rectangular sections at their connections with rectangular
section i.
Figure 9: Example for a T section
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For the example shown in figure 9, the element ABCD is subject to the following forces at
the cut section BC parallel to the longitudinal axis of the structure:
- Shear force: Vx = F1x (1) – X – R2(1)

- Flexural Moment: Mt = F1x(1) (t – c1) - X  - R2(1) ’ + e1/2 (T + R’2(1) – F1t(1))
- Axial Force: Nt = F1t(1) – T – R’2(1)
With:
'
'
'
'
'
' '
'
' '
Fj: value of the prestressing forces at section SA.
2.2 SA is not an end section
Where anchorages are located away from the end of a member, local tensile stresses are
generated behind these anchorages (see figure 1: zone between sections SA and S’R) due
to compatibility requirements for deformation ahead of and behind the anchorages.
Bonded tie-back reinforcement is required in the vicinity of the anchorage to limit the extent
of cracking behind the anchorage.
Bursting and spalling reinforcing steel have to be placed between sections SA and S’R in
addition to the ones required between sections SA and SR.
The table of the next page indicates the amount of reinforcing steel to be placed between
the sections SA and SR, and the sections SA and S’R respectively. This is based on the
French Standard BPEL since ACI, AASHTO, and CSA do not mention anything concerning
this point.
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Case Between SA and SR Between SA and S’R

s b c s b c
a 1 1 1 N/A N/A N/A
b 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6
c 1 1 1 0.3 0.3 0.3
d 1 1 1 0.6 0.6 0.6
Table 1: Coefficients to be applied when SA is not an end section
Case a: SA is always an end section

Case b: SA is never an end section
Case c: SA is an end section when stressing the tendon, but not an end section at the end of
the construction (span by span erection for a bridge for instance)
Case d: SA is a coupling section
The chapter 3 will indicate the equations determining the required reinforcing steel to be
placed at local and general zones for an end section.
The corresponding reinforcing steel sections are called:

- As: spalling reinforcing steel to be placed just ahead of (or behind) the anchorage
device,
- Ab: bursting reinforcing steel to be placed in the local zone (ahead of or behind the
anchorage device),
- Ac: general reinforcing steel to be placed between SA and SR (or SA and S’R).
When SA is not always an end section, the reinforcing steel sections As, Ab, and Ac
determined in chapter 3 has to be factored respectively by s, b, and c.
Figure 10: Principle of Reinforcing steel Design when SA is not an end section
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3. DISTRIBUTION REINFORCING STEEL

In this chapter, we indicate the method how to determine the required spalling, bursting, and
general distribution reinforcing steel to be placed behind an anchorage.
The section SA (section where anchorage devices are located) is considered to be an end
section.
3.1 Materials, Forces
In this chapter, we indicate according the different standard considered in the document
what are the forces to be considered and what are the safety factors on the materials to be
considered.
3.1.1 AASHTO
LFRD AASHTO version 2010.
Article 3.4.3:
The design force for post-tensioning anchorage zones shall be taken as 1.2 times the
maximum jacking force.
Article 5.5.4.2.1:
- For compression in anchorage zones: normal weight concrete:  = 0.80
- For compression in anchorage zones: lightweight concrete:  = 0.65
- For tension in steel in anchorage zones:  = 1.00
Table 5.9.3.1: stress limits for pre-stressing tendons

- Immediately prior to transfer: 0.75 fpu for low relaxation strand
- At anchorages and couplers immediately after anchor set: 0.70 fpu for low relaxation
strand
3.1.2 ACI
ACI318-08
Section 18.13: Post-tensioned tendon anchorage zones
“Section 18.13 was extensively revised in the 1999 Code and was made compatible with the
1996 AASHTO “Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges” and the recommendations of
NCHRP Report 356.
ACI318 incorporates the detailed AASHTO provisions by reference.
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Article 18.13.2.1:
Design of local zones shall be based upon the factored prestressing force Ppu, and the
requirements of 9.2.5 and 9.3.2.5 of ACI318-08.
Ppu = 1.2 (load factor from 9.2.5 of ACI 318-08) * 0.80 fpu * Aps
Comment: ACI318-08 is considering a greater force than AASHTO

Ppu (AASHTO) = 1.2 (load factor from AASHTO) * 0.75 fpu * Aps
Article 9.3.2.5:
- For Post-tensioned anchorage zones:  = 0.85
This resistance factor shall be applied for both concrete in compression and steel in tension
resisting to local and general zones effects.
Stress limits for prestressing tendons (Same as AASHTO)

- Immediately prior to transfer: 0.75 fpu for low relaxation strand
strand
3.1.3 CSA-S6-06
Article 8.16.2.2.3.1:
- Compressive stress shall not exceed 0.75 c f’ci except in areas that could be
extensively cracked at the ultimate limit state or where large inelastic rotations are
expected, in which case the compressive stress shall be limited to 0.65 c f’ci.
f’ci: compressive strength of concrete at transfer
Article 8.4.1.8.2:
- fcrt (cracking strength of concrete at transfer) = 0.4 [f’ci]1/2 (f’ci in MPa)
Table 8.1 (Article 8.4.6): Material resistance factor

- concrete: c = 0.75
- reinforcing steel (bars, wire, wire fabric): s = 0.90
- post-tension strands: p = 0.95
- high strength bars: p = 0.90 (PT bars)
Article 8.6.2.7.4:
- Stress in reinforcement shall not exceed 240 MPa (34.8 ksi). (Serviceability
condition)
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Table 8.2 (Article 8.7.1): Prestressing tendon stress limits
- At jacking: 0.80 fpu for low relaxation strand

- At transfer: 0.74 fpu for low relaxation strand except below
strand
Article 8.7.2:
- Minimum concrete strength at stressing post-tensioned tendons: 20 MPa (2.90 ksi)
Article 8.16.2.3.2:
- The design of the local zone shall be meet the requirements of Clause 8.5.4 and be
based on the results of Approved acceptance tests. The dimensions of the anchorage
device and the reinforcement in the local zone supplementary to the reinforcement in
the general zone shall be determined by the Supplier of the anchorage device. The
responsibility of the Supplier shall be specified on the plans.
Comment: From this article, it can be proposed whatever method to Canadian Authorities
since the Supplier is responsible of the local zone reinforcing steel.
3.1.4 Eurocode EC2
For buildings, the article 8.10.3 of Part 1-1 deals with the anchorage zone for post-
tensioning tendons.
It refers to article 6.5.3 which shows the way to design tie (referring to articles 3.2 and 3.3).
Case a: Local discontinuity: b (width of the element) ≤ H (depth of the element) / 2

b‐a
T (Tensile axial force) = ¼ F
b
a: anchorage width along the same direction as b
F: Post-tensioning axial force
Case b: Total discontinuity: b (width of the element) > H (depth of the element) / 2
T (Tensile axial force) = ¼ 1 0.7 F
h: half depth of the section (h = H / 2)
F is determined in accordance with article 2.4.2.2 (3): Factor of 1.2 applied to the post-
tensioning force at the anchorage (for ultimate limit state: LFRD)
If the stress in reinforcing steel is limited to 300 MPa, no crack width design is required.
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The distribution of post-tensioning stresses is assumed to be with an angle of  as follows:
 = Atan (2/3)
For Bridges, the article 8.10.3 of part 2 deals with the anchorage zone for post-tensioning
tendons.
It refers to article 6.5 which refers to appendix J.
Appendix J mentions a minimum of 15% for bursting reinforcing steel calculations and a
minimum of 3% for surface reinforcing steel calculations.
F is determined in accordance with appendix J: Factor of 1.2 applied to the post-tensioning

force at the anchorage (for ultimate limit state: LFRD)
If the stress in reinforcing steel is limited to 250 MPa, no crack width design is required.
3.1.5 French Standard BPEL
- Serviceability:
o Stress of reinforcing steel: fs = 2/3 fy
o Compressive stress of concrete: fc = 2/3 fci
o Tensile stress of concrete: ft = 1.25 ftj
o Maximum tensile stress of post-tension tendons: 0.80 fpu
o No maximum tensile stress required at transfer
fci: compressive strength of concrete at jacking

ftj: tensile strength of concrete at jacking
ftj = 0.06 fcj + 0.6 in MPa
- Nominal Strength (Ultimate Limit state):

o Post-tension Force: 1.35 Service Force: Fpu = 1.35 Fp
o Material resistance factor for steel: s = 0.87 (1/1.15)
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3.2 Local Zone
The local zone corresponds to the spalling and bursting reinforcement.
The French Standard is better for designing correctly the local zone than AASHTO, ACI, and
CSA. That is why it is presented first the French method.
A local zone is always a prism centered with respect to one anchorage.

d
c e
Local zone for

this tendon
e’
Figure 11: Local Zone Definition
a: width of the anchorage plate in the plan 

c: minimum distance from the anchorage axis to the edge of the section
d: dimension of the local zone in the plan  (d = 2 c)
e: depth of the section in the plan 
e’: width of the section in the plan ’ perpendicular to the plan 
Comment:
Local zone shall be consider in both directions (usually vertical and horizontal). Here only
the vertical direction is considered.
3.2.1 French Standard BPEL
Fj = 0.80 fpu Aps (Stressing Force of the tendon at jacking: serviceability)

Fju = 1.35 Fj (Stressing force at nominal strength design: Ultimate Limit State)
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Checking of the compressive stress in the local zone: It shall be checked that the
compressive stress inside the local zone is not excessive with regards to the
compressive strength of concrete at stressing (considering the effective strength fcj
and not the concrete strength at 28 days).
fxmj = [Fj / (e’ d)] ≤ 2/3 fcj
fxmj: maximum compressive stress in the local zone due to the jacking force Fj.
Checking of the bursting stress: It shall be checked that the tensile stress inside the
local zone is not excessive with regards to the tensile strength of concrete at
stressing (considering the effective concrete strength fcj and not the concrete
strength at 28 days).
ftbj = 0.50(1 – a/d) [Fj / (e’ d)] ≤ 1.25 ftj
ftbj: maximum bursting stress in the local zone due to the jacking force Fj.
d C T
C
a/2
d/2
Figure 12: Bursting effect in the local zone
T: tensile force due to bursting effect (concentrated load at anchorage spread into uniform
load at the end of the local zone)
C: compressive force due to post-tension tendon
T / C = (d/2 – a/2) * (1/d) = ½(1 – a/d)  T = 0.50 (1 – a/d) C
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Spalling Reinforcing Steel:

As = 0.04 Fj / fs
fs = 2/3 fy
Additional checking not required by French Standard but done by myself to cover AASHTO,
ACI, and CSA codes:
As = 0.04 * 1.35 * Fj / (0.87 fy)
I personally place the maximum values of both calculations just behind the anchorage plate
in both directions (first layer to be placed within the first 4 cm from the anchorage plate: 1
½’’)
Comment:
1.35 / 0.87 = 1.552 > 1 / [2/3] = 1.50
So the Ultimate condition governs the design for this criteria (increase of 3.5% of the
reinforcing steel required by the French Standard with my method).
Bursting reinforcing steel:

The integral of the bursting stress over the length d gives the total tensile force to be
balanced by the bursting reinforcing steel:
Rb,j = '
ftbj(u) = ftbj,max u/d = 0.50(1 – a/d) [Fj / (e’ d)] * (u/d)
(the bursting stress is worth 0 at anchorage section and ftbj,max at the end of the local zone
varying linearly)
Rb,j = 0.50(1 – a/d) ∗ ∗

'
Rb,j = 0.50(1 – a/d) [Fj / 2]
Rb,j = 0.25(1 – a/d) Fj
Ab,j = Rb,j / (k fs)

fs = 2/3 fy
k = 1 for edge anchorage and 1.5 for intermediate anchorage
ACI, and CSA codes:
Ab.j = 1.35 * Rb,j / (0.87 k fy)
Same comment as for spalling reinforcing steel calculation: Ultimate Limit state condition
governs the design by 3.5%.
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Minimum bursting reinforcement:

Ab,min = 0.15 Fj / fs
fs = 2/3 fy
ACI, and CSA codes:
Ab,min = 0.15 * 1.35 * Fj / (0.87 fy)
Bursting reinforcement to be placed over a depth equal to dj corresponding to the local zone
dimensions of the anchorage j in the plan :
Ab = Max[Ab,min; max(Ab,j)]
The figure 13 recapitulates the spalling and reinforcing steel calculated according to the
French standard.
Figure 13: Local Zone reinforcing steel distribution
Comment: When several local zones are present as shown in figure 13, the local zone
reinforcing steel shall connect the different local zones together. That is why spiral is not
the right option when reinforcing concrete structure in the local zones because this
can induce cracks at the border of the local zones due to a lack of bursting
reinforcing steel. In addition to this, spirals are often difficult to be placed on site due
to other reinforcing steel required for flexural, shear, and even torsion resistance.
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3.2.2 AASHTO, ACI, CSA, and EC2
ACI refers to AASHTO specifications.
CSA mentions that the design is the responsibility of the Supplier: refer to Article 8.16.2.3.2
of CSA-S6-06. The commentaries of the code CSA-S6-06 give more indications and are
very similar to AASHTO recommendations. That is why we only look at AAHSTO
requirements.
AASHTO is not as clear as the French Standard. It is listed below the articles referring to the
local zone design.
Figure C5.10.9.3.2.3 (or Figure C8.30 for the Canadian Code) mentions that the 4%
proposed by Guyon (1953) for the spalling reinforcing steel are rather conservative.
AAHSTO do not mention any formula indeed. That is why I recommend keeping the
French formula using the Guyon percentage of 4% for spalling reinforcing steel when
you design anchorage zone reinforcement.
Specific case: multiple slab anchorages (Article 5.10.9.3.6 of AASHTO LFRD 2010):
This case corresponds to the anchorage of the transverse post-tensioning of decks, or of
slabs for a building.
Reinforcement to be provided to resist edge tension forces T1:

T1 = 0.10 Pu (1 – a/s)
Edge tension reinforcement shall be placed immediately ahead of the anchors and shall
effectively tie adjacent anchors together.
Reinforcement to be provided to resist bursting forces T2:

T2 = 0.20 Pu (1 – a/s)
Bursting reinforcement shall be distributed over the length of the anchorage zones and shall
Comment: This is not enough since it gives only reinforcement horizontal

perpendicular to the tendon axis. It is missing the reinforcement to be placed
vertically ahead of the anchorage in the local zone. So even in this case, it shall be
used the French method in addition to AASHTO requirements.
Eurocode EC2 is very similar to AASHTO approach: refer to chapter 3.1.4.
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3.3 General Zone
AASHTO, CSA, and EC2 refer mainly to strut and tie models complicate to implement and
difficult to check since each Engineer can create its own strut and model for a same case
study.
This document does not mention the indications given in AASHTO or CSA (copy of
AASHTO indeed) for the strut and tie calculation philosophy.
This document aims at presenting the French method easier to follow once the concept is
understood. It is applicable whatever the section is, the number of tendons is, the lay-out of
the tendons is.
Reminder: ACI refer directly to AASHTO requirements.
Comment: The general zone is usually the responsibility of the Designer, not Freyssinet for
most of the project. However, the understanding of how it works can help Freyssinet in
negotiating contracts when the border between local zone and general zone reinforcement
is not clearly defined in the contract.
The general zone calculations shall consider all the steps of the construction (tendons are
stressed one per one) and also the service condition once all the tendons are stressed after
instantaneous losses done, and after all losses done (long-term: 30 years old). There is no
rule saying that one step is governing systematically with respect to another one. The step
that will govern the design depends on the stressing sequence and the arrangement of the
anchorage devices with respect to the full section to be post-tensioned.
It is by checking all the steps that good Engineers optimized the stressing sequence in order
to decrease the quantity of reinforcing steel required for the general zone.
Some examples are given in chapter 4 which will facilitate the understanding of the method
presented in the coming pages.
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3.3.1 French Standard – BPEL – Appendix 4
Let’s consider the following section with two anchorage devices vertically:
b1
0
h1 v
Neutral Axis
z1
Tendon 1
z h2
z2 v’
Tendon 2
b2
Figure 14: Example of section used for explaining the method
The geometrical characteristics of the section are:

A: area
v: distance from top fiber to the neutral axis
v’: distance from the bottom fiber to the neutral axis
I: inertia
Tendon 2 is stressed first, tendon 1 is stressed after.
Tendon 1:
- Stressing force: F10
- Force after immediate losses: F1i
- Force after all losses: F1d
- Angle with horizontal: 1 (tendon is going downwards)
- Anchorage plate dimension along vertical direction: av1
- Center of anchorage located at a distance z1 from the top fiber
Tendon 2:
- Stressing force: F20
- Force after immediate losses: F2i
- Force after all losses: F2d
- Angle with horizontal: 2 (tendon is going downwards)
- Anchorage plate dimension along vertical direction: av2
- Center of anchorage located at a distance z2 from the top fiber
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First step: determination of the cut levels

The cut levels are the section where the stresses will be calculated in order to determine the
required reinforcing steel of the general zone due to the post-tensioned tendons.
The cut levels are the of course the sections where the stresses will be maximum since it
will give more reinforcing steel than others.
It is not obvious to know what will be the section governing the design but it will be
necessarily one of the following ones:
- Bottom fiber of the top slab: z = h1
- Neutral axis: z = v
- Top of the anchorage plate of tendon 1: z = z1 – av1/2
- Bottom of the anchorage plate of tendon 1: z = z1 + av1/2
- Top of the anchorage plate of tendon 2: z = z2 – av2/2
- Bottom of the anchorage plate of tendon 2: z = z2 + av2/2
Comment 1: The sections within the anchorage plate depth are not considered in the
general zone calculations since the anchorage plate and the trumplate are participating to
the resistance for the general zone effect.
Comment 2: It is recommended to look at section within the anchorage plate depth when
there is a change of width at this section.
Rules for defining the cut levels:

- Section with a change of width
- Section at the top of anchorage plate
- Section at bottom of anchorage plate
- Section at neutral axis (when it is out of an anchorage plate depth)
Comment: It is recommended to calculate also the section located at a distance z equal to

the depth of the full section (z = h = v + v’ for the example) since at this section the
calculations shall give 0 for the stresses due to the horizontal component of the post-
tensioned forces.
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Second step:
Select a stressing order: for the example considered: tendon 2 first; tendon 1 second.
Calculate for each step in the stressing sequence the following forces:
- Axial Force due to post-tensioned forces: F = Fh
- Shear force due to post-tensioned forces: V = Fv
- Flexural Moment due to post-tensioned forces: M = Fh e
From the forces, it can be deduced the stresses due to the post-tensioned tendons:
- Flexural stresses: ftop = (F / A) + (M v / I); fbottom = (F / A) - (M v’ / I)
- Flexural stresses at a level z: f(z) = (F / A) + [M * (v-z) / I]
- Shear stresses at a level z: (z) = V Q* / (b I)
Q*: corresponds to the area of the section above the cut level located at a distance z from
the top fiber factored by the distance from the center of gravity of this area to the center of
gravity of the full section.
At each cut level z, it can be therefore determined the following forces due to the general
distribution of the post-tensioned forces:
- Shear force: Vx(z) = F*h -
- Axial force: N(z) = F*v -
F*h: represents the sum of the post-tensioned forces Fh of the tendons located above the cut
level z. It is worth 0 for z less than z1.
F*v: represents the sum of the post-tensioned forces Fv of the tendons located above the cut
level z. It is worth 0 for z less than z1.
Comment: If the axial force is positive, it means the section will be in compression: this is
reducing the required amount of reinforcing steel. It is the opposite when the axial force is
negative (means tensile axial force that will increase the required amount of reinforcing
steel).
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Third step: Determination of the reinforcing steel
The shear force Vx(z) is inducing a shear stress of pure distribution d(z) determined by:
d(z) = 2 Vx(z) / [b(z) lR]
lR = h (total depth of the section)
Checking that the concrete width is enough to balance the shear stress:
total = d(z) + v(z) ≤ 1.5 ftj
v(z): shear stress due to the sum of the loads applied to the section concomitant with the
considered step. For instance, when stressing tendons, only self weight is usually
concomitant. At an end of a structure, the shear force due to all loads is 0 (except the one
due to the post-tensioned tendons).
Determination of the reduced shear force to be balanced by reinforcing steel:

A part of the shear force will be balanced by the shear strength provided by concrete. A
conservative approach is to consider that no general reinforcing steel is required when the
shear stress d(z) is less than one third of the tensile strength of concrete (1/3 ftj).
The reduced shear force is therefore:

Vxr(z) = Vx(z) [ 1 – (ftj/(3 d(z))2)] Vxr(z) = Vx(z) 1

Reinforcing steel is therefore determined by:

| |
Ac(z) =
fs = 2/3 fy
The above reinforcing steel represents all the reinforcing steel to be placed ahead of the
anchorage (and behind the anchorage when it is not located at an end section reduced by
the factor c of table 1, page 10). It includes therefore the spalling and bursting
reinforcement computed previously (chapter 3.2).
Consequence:
- If Ac < As + Ab, no additional reinforcing steel needs to be placed.
- If Ac > As + Ab, additional reinforcing steel at least equal to Ac – (As + Ab) shall be
placed over a depth not greater than 2/3 of lR from the anchorage.
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3.3.2 Particular cases
The method presented in 3.3.1 is applicable whatever the case is.
However for some cases, other methods or equations can be used.
Case 1: multiple slab anchorages (Article 5.10.9.3.6 of AASHTO LFRD 2010):

This case corresponds to the anchorage of the transverse post-tensioning of decks, or of
slabs for a building.
Reinforcement to be provided to resist edge tension forces T1:

T1 = 0.10 Pu (1 – a/s)

T2 = 0.20 Pu (1 – a/s)
Comment: It is highly recommended to carry out the calculations issued from 3.3.1 in
addition to the two above equations and to place the envelope of both approaches.
Case 2: Diaphragms in a box girder – Abutment Section
Figure 15: Concept of distribution of post-tensioned forces
The diaphragm depth (measured along the longitudinal axis of the bridge) is usually less
than the depth of the box girder (measured either along the vertical axis or the perpendicular
axis of the bridge). At the end of the diaphragm, the stresses due to the post-tensioned
tendons have to be fully transferred to the box girder section. This will oblige the stresses to
follow a path they are not used to follow when the anchorage is placed within the core
section of a structure (for instance within the webs for a box girder).
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The calculations shall consider a regulation length equal to dburst of figure 15 and follow the
method presented in chapters 3.2 and 3.3.1.
In addition to this, reinforcing steel has to be placed at the end face of the diaphragm
opposite to the anchorage location in order to balance the tensile force Tb urst of figure 15.
A
F
Figure 16: Elevation at an abutment with diaphragm
Reaction at top flange:

RA = F * B / (A + B)
Reaction at bottom flange:

RB = F * A / (A + B)
Tensile force Tburst is:

Tburst = RA * A / d = F * A * B / (A + B)
Tburst = RB * B / d = F * A * B / (A + B)
Reinforcing steel required:

A = Tburst / ( fy)
Tburst shall be the load factor force due to the load factored post-tensioned force Fu.
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4. EXAMPLES
4.1 Anchorage block with PT bars
30 cm
50 cm
Bars
50 cm
 26mm
15 cm 165 cm 30 cm
Figure 17: Elevation of the anchorage concrete block
Assumptions:
Concrete strength: fc28 = 30 MPa (4,350 psi) and ft28 = 2.4 MPa (350 psi)
Yield strength of reinforcing steel: fy = 500 MPa (72,500 psi)
PT bars characteristics:
 Diameter: 26 mm (1’’) .
 Bar area: 530 mm2 (0.82 in2)
 Minimum Guaranteed Rupture Strength: 1030 MPa (150 ksi).
 Stressing at 70% of the rupture : jacking stress f0 = 721 MPa (105 ksi)
 Stress after immediate losses: fi = 609 MPa (88.3 ksi)
11
The anchorage concrete block is a rectangle 210 cm (82 /16’’) wide per 130 cm (513/16’’)
high and 30 cm (1113/16’’) deep.
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Comment: The PT bars are used to tie an anchorage concrete block of tendons 7 C15
Super (strands 0.62’’ or 150 mm2) and of tendons 4 C15 Super (strands 0.62’’ or 150 mm2).
Comment:
In the case of concrete block used for additional post-tensioning strengthening an existing
structure, the depth of the concrete block is usually less than the height and/or the width of
the block. The bursting effect shall be designed in order to place all the rebars within the
concrete block and the calculations shall consider the effective depth of the block for the
checking of the stresses.
Stressing sequence: Anchorage at the top left stressed first. Then, anchorage bottom right,
then anchorage bottom left, and finally anchorage top right.
F0 (force at jacking) = 721 MPa * 531 mm2 = 0.383 MN (86.1 kips)

Fi (force after immediate losses) = 609 MPa * 531 mm2 = 0.323 MN (72.6 kips)
4.1.1 Local zone Calculation

Anchorage plate dimensions for bars 26 mm (1’’):
av (dimension according to the height) = 11 cm (4 5/16’’)
ah (dimension according to the width) = 11 cm (4 5/16’’)

Dimension of the local zone per anchorage:
- Anchorage top left: called Bar 1 since stressed first
o dv1 (vertical) = 2*25 cm = 50 cm (19 11/16’’)
o dh1 (horizontal) = 2*15 cm = 30 cm (1113/16’’)

Checking of stresses:
Vertically
tbj = 0.50 (1 – av/dv1) (F0) / (dh1 dv1) = 1.00 MPa < 1.25 ftj = 2.48 MPa
xmj = (F0) / (dh1 dv1) = 2.55 MPa < 2/3 fcj = 15.33 MPa
Note: fcj > 23 MPa (Minimum concrete strength required at stressing)
Horizontally
tbj = 0.50 (1 – ah/dh1) (F0) / (dh1 dv1) = 0.81 MPa < 1.25 ftj = 2.48 MPa
Note: fcj > 23 MPa (Minimum strength required at stressing)

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Service Limit State: As,s = 0,04 F0 / (2/3 * 500) = 0,46 cm2 (0.071 in2)
Ultimate Limit State: As,u = 0,04 (1.35*F0) / (500/1.15) = 0,48 cm2 (0.074 in2)
.
Note: Ultimate Limit State governs the design. If the load factor is 1.2 as proposed by ACI or
AASHTO, the required reinforcing steel at Ultimate Limit state becomes 0.42 cm2 and less
than the service limit state condition.
This reinforcement is to be placed just ahead of the anchorage plates in both directions
(vertically and horizontally).
This calculation is valid for all the anchorages.
Bursting Reinforcing Steel – Vertically:

Abv1 min = 0.15 (1.35*F0) / (500/1.15) = 1.78 cm2 (0.276 in2)
Abv1 = 0.25 (1-av/dv) (1.35*F0) / (500/1.15) = 2.32 cm2 (0.360 in2)
Abv = Abv1 = 2.32 cm2 (0.360 in2)
Bursting Reinforcing Steel – Horizontally:

Abh1 min = 0.15 (1.35*F0) / (500/1.15) = 1.78 cm2 (0.276 in2)
Abh1 = 0.25 (1-ah/dh1) (1.35*F0) / (500/1.15) = 1.88 cm2 (0.291 in2)
Abh = Abh1 = 1.88 cm2 (0.291 in2)
The bursting reinforcing steel shall be placed vertically and horizontally within the depth of
30 cm (11 13/16’’).

- Anchorage bottom right: called Bar 2 since stressed second
o dh2 (horizontal) = 2*30 cm = 60 cm (23 5/8’’)

Vertically (Favorable with respect to bar 1)
tbj = 0.50 (1 – av/dv2) (F0) / (dh2 dv2) = 0.50 MPa < 1.25 ftj = 2.48 MPa
Note: fcj > 23 MPa (Minimum concrete strength required at stressing)
Horizontally (Favorable with respect to bar 1)

tbj = 0.50 (1 – ah/dh2) (F0) / (dh2 dv2) = 0.52 MPa < 1.25 ftj = 2.48 MPa
Note: fcj > 23 MPa (Minimum strength required at stressing)
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December 2011
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Spalling Reinforcing Steel: Unchanged with respect to bar 1
Ultimate Limit State: As,u = 0,04 (1.35*F0) / (500/1.15) = 0.48 cm2 (0.074 in2)
Bursting Reinforcing Steel – Vertically: Unchanged with respect to bar 1

Abv2 min = 0.15 (1.35*F0) / (500/1.15) = 1.78 cm2 (0.276 in2)
Abv2 = 0.25 (1-av/dv2) (1.35*F0) / (500/1.15) = 2.32 cm2 (0.360 in2)
Abv = Abv2 = 2.32 cm2 (0.360 in2)
Bursting Reinforcing Steel – Horizontally: Modified with respect to bar 1

Abh2 min = 0.15 (1.35*F0) / (500/1.15) = 1.78 cm2 (0.276 in2)
Abh2 = 0.25 (1-ah/dh2) (1.35*F0) / (500/1.15) = 2.43 cm2 (0.377 in2)
Abh = Abh2 = 2.43 cm2 (0.377 in2)
The bursting reinforcing steel shall be placed vertically and horizontally within the depth of
30 cm.

- Anchorage bottom left: called Bar 3 since stressed third
Same values as for bar 1: same reinforcing steel required and same stresses obtained.

- Anchorage top right: called Bar 4 since stressed fourth
Same values as for bar 2: same reinforcing steel required and same stresses obtained.
Synthesis of the local zone:
- Minimum concrete strength required for stressing: 23 MPa (3,330 psi).

- Spalling reinforcing steel: 0.48 cm2 (0.074 in2) to be placed just ahead of each
anchorage plate in both directions (vertical and horizontal).
- Bursting reinforcing steel – vertical direction: 2.32 cm2 (0.360 in2) to be placed within
the 30 cm deep ahead of the anchorage plates.
- Bursting reinforcing steel – horizontal direction: 2.43 cm2 (0.377 in2) to be placed
within the 30 cm (11 13/16’’) deep ahead of the anchorage plates.
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December 2011
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4.1.2 General Zone
Anchorage plate dimensions for bars 26 mm (1’’):

av (dimension according to the height) = 11 cm (4 5/16’’)
4.1.2.1 Vertical direction
30 cm 24.5 cm z
50 cm
130 cm
50 cm
Figure 18 : Elevation for general zone calculation – vertical direction
The cut levels are as follows :

- Top of the top anchorage: z = 24.5 cm (9 5/8’’)
- Bottom of the top anchorage: z = 35.5 cm (14’’)
- Top of the bottom anchorage: z = 74.5 cm (29 5/16’’)
- Bottom of the bottom anchorage: z = 85.5 cm (33 5/8’’)
The table of next page recapitulates the stresses and required reinforcing steel at each
stressing stage.
The fourth stage when stressing the last bar called bar 4 and the three first bars have been
stressed governs the design. Only this stage will be detailed in the example.
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Result : The amount of reinforcing steel to be placed along the vertical direction is: 6.78 cm2
(1.05 in2). (over a depth of 20 cm (8’’) from the anchorage plates)
F0 (MN) 0.383 h (m) 1.3

Fi (MN) 0.323 b (m) 2.1
Location of anchorage with respect to the center of gravity of

Anchorage: z (m) y (m) the vertical section
1 0.35 -0.9
2 -0.15 0.75
3 -0.15 -0.9
4 0.35 0.75
(numbered as stressing sequence)
Vertical Distribution Area (m2) 2.73 Inertia (m4) 0.384475

Stage N M top bottom
stressing bar 1 0.383 0.13405 0.37 -0.09
Stressing bar 2 0.706 0.0556 0.35 0.16
stressing bar 3 1.029 0.00715 0.39 0.36
Stressing bar 4 1.352 0.1502 0.75 0.24
All stressed 1.292 0.1292 0.69 0.25
Stage 4: Bars 1, 2, and 3 have been stressed: tensile force is now Fi for these bars
(immediate losses done). Bar 4 is under stressing stage: tensile force is F0 for this bar.
Sum of forces at the center of gravity of the section (for the vertical direction):
F = Fi bar 1 + Fi bar 2 + Fi bar 3 + F0 bar 4 = 3 * 0.323 + 0.383 = 1.352 MN (304 kips)
Flexural moment concomitant to F:

M = Fi bar 1 zbar 1 + Fi bar 2 zbar 2 + Fi bar 3 zbar 3 + F0 bar 4 zbar 4
M = 0.323 * 0.35 + 0.323 * (-0.15) + 0.323 * (-0.15) + 0.383 * 0.35 = 0.1502 MNm
(M = 1,329.5 in-kips)
Stresses at top and bottom fibers along the vertical direction:

top = F / A + M * vtop / I = 1.352 / 2.73 + 0.1502 * (1.3/2) / 0.384475 = 0.749 MPa
(top = 109 psi)
bottom = F / A - M * vbottom / I = 1.352 / 2.73 - 0.1502 * (1.3/2) / 0.384475 = 0.241 MPa

(bottom = 35 psi)
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a (m) 0.11 e' (m) 2.1 lr (m) 0.3 (30 cm deep block)
Stage z (m) z (MPa) Vx (MN) d (MPa) Check Vxe (MN) Ac (cm2)

0.245 0.28 0.167 0.53 OK 0.000 0.00
Stressing 0.355 0.24 -0.156 -0.49 OK 0.000 0.00
Bar 1 0.745 0.11 -0.012 -0.04 OK 0.000 0.00
0.855 0.07 0.008 0.03 OK 0.000 0.00
1.3 -0.09 0.000 0.00 OK 0.000 0.00
0.245 0.32 0.172 0.55 OK 0.000 0.00
Stressing 0.355 0.30 -0.079 -0.25 OK 0.000 0.00
Bar 2 0.745 0.24 0.144 0.46 OK 0.000 0.00
0.855 0.23 -0.184 -0.58 OK 0.000 0.00
1.3 0.16 0.000 0.00 OK 0.000 0.00
0.245 0.38 0.199 0.63 OK 0.000 0.00
Stressing 0.355 0.38 -0.035 -0.11 OK 0.000 0.00
Bar 3 0.745 0.38 0.275 0.87 OK 0.098 2.93
0.855 0.37 -0.345 -1.09 OK 0.204 6.11
1.3 0.36 0.000 0.00 OK 0.000 0.00
0.245 0.65 0.361 1.15 OK 0.226 6.78
Stressing 0.355 0.61 -0.199 -0.63 OK 0.000 0.00
Bar 4 0.745 0.46 0.238 0.76 OK 0.034 1.03
0.855 0.42 -0.307 -0.97 OK 0.148 4.45
1.3 0.24 0.000 0.00 OK 0.000 0.00
0.245 0.61 0.335 1.06 OK 0.189 5.68
All bars 0.355 0.57 -0.175 -0.55 OK 0.000 0.00
stressed 0.745 0.44 0.240 0.76 OK 0.038 1.14
0.855 0.40 -0.308 -0.98 OK 0.150 4.50
1.3 0.25 0.000 0.00 OK 0.000 0.00
Ac (cm2) 6.78
Cut level z = 0.245 (located at a distance of 24.5 cm below the top fiber):
z = h/2 - zbar 1 - a/2 = 1.3/2 - 0.35 - 0.11/2 = 0.245 m (9 ⅝’’)
- Stress due to F and M: (z) = F / A + M * (vtop – z) / I

(z) = 1.352 / 2.73 + 0.1502 * (1.3/2 – 0.245) / 0.384475 = 0.653 MPa
((z) = 95 psi)
- Shear force due to F and M: Vx(z)

Vx(z) =
b(z) = b = 2.1 (constant value)
f(z) = (z) (linear distribution)
f(0) = top = 0.749 MPa (109 psi)
f( cut level z) = (z) = 0.653 MPa (95 psi)
Note: the z at the integral is the cut level parameter and not the variable value z.

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f(z) = z + 
f(0) = top   = top
f(h) = bottom  h +  = bottom   = (bottom – top) / h
=b ∝ = b [z2/2 + z] = b [(z/2+) z]

= b [{(z + ) /2} z +  z / 2]
= b [{f(z) /2} z + f(0) z / 2] = b [f(z) + f(0)] z / 2
Vx(z) = b [top + z(z)] z / 2 = 2.1 * [0.749 + 0.653] * 0.245 / 2 = 0.361 MN (81 kips)
- Pure distribution Shear stress due to Vx(z):

d(z) = 2 Vx(z) / (e’ lR) = 2 * 0.361 / (2.1 * 0.3) = 1.146 MPa (166 psi)
Note : Minimum concrete strength at stressing is assumed to be 25 MPa (3,625 psi).

The corresponding tensile strength is (French rule here since this example was carried out
in accordance with French standard for concrete):
ftj = 0.06 fcj + 0.6 (in MPa) = 0.06 * 25 + 0.6 = 2.1 MPa (305 psi)
- Checking of the shear stress:

No additional force to be taken into account since bars are straight and it is an end section.
total = d(z) + v(z) ≤ 1.5 ftj
v(z) = 0
total = d(z) + v(z) = 1.146 + 0 = 1.146 MPa ≤ 1.5 ftj = 1.25 * 2.1 = 2.625 MPa
Condition satisfied.
- Determination of the reduced shear force:

Vxr(z) = Vx(z) 1

Vxr(z) = 0.361 * [1 – (2.1 / (3 * 1.146))2] = 0.226 MN (51 kips)
- Determination of the reinforcing steel for the general zone at this cut level:
| |
Ac(z) = = 0.226 / 333.3 = 6.78 cm2 (1.05 in2)
fs = 2/3 fy = 2/3 * 500 = 333.3 MPa (48.35 ksi)
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For the other cut levels, the calculations are not so detailed as for the first one.
z = h/2 - zbar 1 + a/2 = 1.3/2 - 0.35 + 0.11/2 = 0.355 m (14’’)

(z) = 1.352 / 2.73 + 0.1502 * (1.3/2 – 0.355) / 0.384475 = 0.610 MPa
((z) = 89 psi)

Vx(z) = - Fi bar 1 - F0 bar 4
f(0) = top = 0.749 MPa (109 psi)
Vx(z) = b [top + z(z)] z / 2 - Fi bar 1 - F0 bar 4

Vx(z) = 2.1 * [0.749 + 0.610] * 0.355 / 2 - 0.323 - 0.383 = -0.199 MN (-45 kips)

d(z) = 2 Vx(z) / (e’ lR) = 2 * (-0.199) / (2.1 * 0.3) = -0.632 MPa (92 psi)

total = d(z) + v(z) ≤ 1.5 ftj
v(z) = 0
total = d(z) + v(z) = -0.632 + 0 = 0.632 MPa ≤ 1.5 ftj = 1.25 * 2.1 = 2.625 MPa

Vxr(z) = Max{ Vx(z) 1 ; 0}

Vxr(z) = Max{0.199 * [1 – (2.1 / (3 * 0.632))2] ; 0} = 0 MN (0 kips)
No reinforcing steel is required at this cut level.
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z = h/2 - zbar 2 - a/2 = 1.3/2 - (-0.15) - 0.11/2 = 0.745 m (29 5/16’’)

(z) = 1.352 / 2.73 + 0.1502 * (1.3/2 – 0.745) / 0.384475 = 0.458 MPa
((z) = 66 psi)

Vx(z) = - Fi bar 1 - F0 bar 4
f(0) = top = 0.749 MPa (109 psi)
Vx(z) = b [top + z(z)] z / 2 - Fi bar 1 - F0 bar 4

Vx(z) = 2.1 * [0.749 + 0.458] * 0.745 / 2 - 0.323 - 0.383 = +0.238 MN (+53.5 kips)

d(z) = 2 Vx(z) / (e’ lR) = 2 * 0.238 / (2.1 * 0.3) = 0.756 MPa (110 psi)

total = d(z) + v(z) ≤ 1.5 ftj
v(z) = 0
total = d(z) + v(z) = 0.756 + 0 = 0.756 MPa ≤ 1.5 ftj = 1.25 * 2.1 = 2.625 MPa

Vxr(z) = Max{ Vx(z) 1 ; 0}

Vxr(z) = Max{0.238 * [1 – (2.1 / (3 * 0.756))2] ; 0} = 0.034 MN (7.6 kips)
| |
Ac(z) = = 0.034 / 333.3 = 1.02 cm2 (0.16 in2)
fs = 2/3 fy = 2/3 * 500 = 333.3 MPa (48.35 ksi)
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z = h/2 - zbar 2 + a/2 = 1.3/2 - (-0.15) + 0.11/2 = 0.855 m (33 ⅝’’)

(z) = 1.352 / 2.73 + 0.1502 * (1.3/2 – 0.855) / 0.384475 = 0.415 MPa
((z) = 60 psi)

Vx(z) = - Fi bar 1 - F0 bar 4 - Fi bar 2 - Fi bar 3
f(0) = top = 0.749 MPa (109 psi)
Vx(z) = b [top + z(z)] z / 2 - Fi bar 1 - F0 bar 4 - Fi bar 2 - Fi bar 3

Vx(z) = 2.1 * [0.749 + 0.415] * 0.855 / 2 - 3 * 0.323 - 0.383 = -0.307 MN (-69 kips)

d(z) = 2 Vx(z) / (e’ lR) = 2 * (-0.307) / (2.1 * 0.3) = -0.975 MPa (141 psi)

total = d(z) + v(z) ≤ 1.5 ftj
v(z) = 0
total = d(z) + v(z) = -0.975 + 0 = 0.975 MPa ≤ 1.5 ftj = 1.25 * 2.1 = 2.625 MPa

Vxr(z) = Max{ Vx(z) 1 ; 0}

Vxr(z) = Max{0.307 * [1 – (2.1 / (3 * 0.975))2] ; 0} = 0.149 MN (33.5 kips)
| |
Ac(z) = = 0.149 / 333.3 = 4.47 cm2 (0.69 in2)
fs = 2/3 fy = 2/3 * 500 = 333.3 MPa (48.35 ksi)
December 2011
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Cut level z = 1.30 (located at the bottom fiber):

z = h = 1.300 m (51 3/16’’)

(z) = 1.352 / 2.73 + 0.1502 * (1.3/2 – 1.3) / 0.384475 = 0.241 MPa
((z) = 60 psi)

Vx(z) = - Fi bar 1 - F0 bar 4 - Fi bar 2 - Fi bar 3
f(0) = top = 0.749 MPa (109 psi)
Vx(z) = b [top + z(z)] z / 2 - Fi bar 1 - F0 bar 4 - Fi bar 2 - Fi bar 3

Vx(z) = 2.1 * [0.749 + 0.241] * 1.30 / 2 - 3 * 0.323 - 0.383 = -0.001 MN (-0 kips)
Comment: At the bottom fiber you shall always find a shear force equal to 0. If not, this
means you make mistake in the calculations and you have to checked again your previous
calculations.
Comment: The detailed calculations are using rounded values that explain slight
discrepencies in the numbers when comparing them to the table.
Synthesis for the general zone – vertical direction:

It shall be placed the maximum of the reinforcing steel computed. For this example, it is 6.78
cm2 (1.05 in2). This reinforcing steel has to be placed vertically within a depth of 2/3 lR (20
cm here: 8’’) ahead of the anchorage plates.
Reminder of spalling and bursting reinforcing steel:

- Bars 1 and 3:
Spalling reinforcing steel: 0.48 cm2 (0.074 in2)
Bursting reinforcing steel – vertical direction: 2.32 cm2 (0.360 in2)
- Bars 2 and 4:
Bursting reinforcing steel – vertical direction: 2.32 cm2 (0.360 in2)
December 2011
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The sum of spalling and of bursting reinforcing steel is therefore:

As + Ab = 0.48 (bar 1 or 3) + 0.48 (bar 2 or 4) + 2.32 (bar 1 or bar 3) + 2.32 (bar 2 or bar 4)
= 5.60 cm2 (0.87 in2)
As the sum is less than the reinforcing steel required for the general zone, it shall be placed
more reinforcing steel than the spalling and the bursting reinforcing steel (local zone) in
order to place at least in total the section of 6.78 cm2 (1.05 in2).
4.1.2.2 Horizontal direction
30 cm 24.5 cm y
165 cm
210 cm
15 cm
Figure 19 : Elevation for general zone calculation – horizontal direction
The cut levels are as follows : (From the right to the left of view – figure 17)
- Right side of the right anchorage: z = 24.5 cm (9 ⅝’’)
- Left side of the right anchorage: z = 35.5 cm (14’’)
- Right side of the left anchorage: z = 189.5 cm (74 5/8’’)
- Left side of the left anchorage: z = 200.5 cm (78 15/16’’)
The table of next page recapitulates the stresses and required reinforcing steel at each
stressing stage.
The third stage when stressing the third bar called bar 3 and the two first bars have been
stressed governs the design. Only this stage will be detailed in the example.
December 2011
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Result : The amount of reinforcing steel to be placed along the horizontal direction is: 14.09
cm2 (2.18 in2). (over a depth of 20 cm (8’’) from the anchorage plates)
F0 (MN) 0.383 h (m) 1.3

Fi (MN) 0.323 b (m) 2.1
Location of anchorage with respect to the center of gravity of

Anchorage: z (m) y (m) the vertical section
1 0.35 -0.9
2 -0.15 0.75
3 -0.15 -0.9
4 0.35 0.75
(numbered as stressing sequence)
Horizontal Distribution Area (m2) 2.73 Inertia (m4) 1.003275

Stage N M right left
stressing bar 1 0.383 -0.3447 -0.22 0.50
Stressing bar 2 0.706 -0.00345 0.25 0.26
stressing bar 3 1.029 -0.39315 -0.03 0.79
Stressing bar 4 1.352 -0.0519 0.44 0.55
All stressed 1.292 -0.0969 0.37 0.57
Stage 3: Bars 1 and 2 have been stressed: tensile force is now Fi for these bars (immediate
losses done). Bar 3 is under stressing stage: tensile force is F0 for this bar.
Sum of forces at the center of gravity of the section (for the horizontal direction):
F = Fi bar 1 + Fi bar 2 + F0 bar 3 = 2 * 0.323 + 0.383 = 1.029 MN (231 kips)
Flexural moment concomitant to F:

M = Fi bar 1 ybar 1 + Fi bar 2 ybar 2 + F0 bar 3 ybar 3
M = 0.323 * (-0.90) + 0.323 * 0.75 + 0.323 * (-0.90) = -0.393 MNm
(M = -3,480 in-kips)
Stresses at left and right fibers along the horizontal direction:

right = F / A + M * vright / I = 1.029 / 2.73 + (-0.393) * (2.1/2) / 1.003275 = -0.034 MPa
(right = -5 psi)
left = F / A - M * vleft / I = 1.029 / 2.73 - (-0.393) * (2.1/2) / 1.003275 = 0.788 MPa

(left = 114 psi)
December 2011
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a (m) 0.11 e' (m) 1.3 lr (m) 0.3 (30 cm deep block)
Stage y (m) y (MPa) Vx (MN) d (MPa) Check Vxe (MN) Ac (cm2)

0.245 -0.14 -0.057 -0.29 OK 0.000 0.00
Stressing 0.355 -0.10 -0.074 -0.38 OK 0.000 0.00
Bar 1 1.895 0.43 0.259 1.33 OK 0.187 5.61
2.005 0.47 -0.060 -0.31 OK 0.000 0.00
2.1 0.50 0.000 0.00 OK 0.000 0.00
0.245 0.26 0.081 0.42 OK 0.000 0.00
Stressing 0.355 0.26 -0.265 -1.36 OK 0.195 5.84
Bar 2 1.895 0.26 0.253 1.30 OK 0.180 5.39
2.005 0.26 -0.032 -0.17 OK 0.000 0.00
2.1 0.26 0.000 0.00 OK 0.000 0.00
0.245 0.06 0.004 0.02 OK 0.000 0.00
Stressing 0.355 0.10 -0.307 -1.57 OK 0.246 7.38
Bar 3 1.895 0.71 0.507 2.60 OK 0.470 14.09
2.005 0.75 -0.095 -0.49 OK 0.000 0.00
2.1 0.79 0.000 0.00 OK 0.000 0.00
0.245 0.45 0.142 0.73 OK 0.012 0.35
Stressing 0.355 0.46 -0.498 -2.56 OK 0.461 13.83
Bar 4 1.895 0.54 0.501 2.57 OK 0.464 13.91
2.005 0.54 -0.068 -0.35 OK 0.000 0.00
2.1 0.55 0.000 0.00 OK 0.000 0.00
0.245 0.40 0.122 0.63 OK 0.000 0.00
All bars 0.355 0.41 -0.466 -2.39 OK 0.427 12.80
stressed 1.895 0.55 0.495 2.54 OK 0.458 13.74
2.005 0.57 -0.070 -0.36 OK 0.000 0.00
2.1 0.57 0.000 0.00 OK 0.000 0.00
Ac (cm2) 14.09
Cut level y = 0.245 (located at a distance of 24.5 cm from the right fiber):
y = b/2 - ybar 2 - a/2 = 2.1/2 - 0.75 - 0.11/2 = 0.245 m (9 ⅝’’)
- Stress due to F and M: (y) = F / A + M * (vright – y) / I

(y) = 1.029 / 2.73 + (-0.393) * (2.1/2 – 0.245) / 1.003275 = 0.062 MPa
((y) = 9 psi)
- Shear force due to F and M: Vx(y)

Vx(y) =
b(z) = h = 1.3 (constant value)
f(z) = (y) (linear distribution)
f(0) = right = -0.034 MPa (-5 psi)
f( cut level y) = (y) = 0.062 MPa (9 psi)
December 2011
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Vx(y) = h [right + (y)] y / 2 = 1.3 * [-0.034 + 0.062] * 0.245 / 2 = 0.004 MN (1 kip)
- Pure distribution Shear stress due to Vx(y):

d(y) = 2 Vx(y) / (e’ lR) = 2 * 0.004 / (1.3 * 0.3) = 0.021 MPa (3 psi)
No reinforcing steel required for this cut level due to the very low range of shear stress.
Cut level z = 0.355 (located at a distance of 35.5 cm from the right fiber):
y = b/2 - ybar 2 + a/2 = 2.1/2 - 0.75 + 0.11/2 = 0.355 m (14’’)
- Stress due to F and M: (y) = F / A + M * (vright – z) / I

(y) = 1.029 / 2.73 + (-0.393) * (2.1/2 – 0.355) / 1.003275 = 0.105 MPa
((y) = 15 psi)

Vx(y) = - Fi bar 2
f(0) = right = -0.034 MPa (-5 psi)
Vx(y) = h [right + (y)] y / 2 - Fi bar 2

Vx(y) = 1.3 * [(-0.034) + 0.105] * 0.355 / 2 - 0.323 = -0.307 MN (-69 kips)

d(y) = 2 Vx(y) / (e’ lR) = 2 * (-0.307) / (1.3 * 0.3) = -1.574 MPa (-228 psi)

total = d(y) + v(y) ≤ 1.5 ftj
v(y) = 0
total = d(y) + v(y) = -1.574 + 0 = 1.574 MPa ≤ 1.5 ftj = 1.25 * 2.1 = 2.625 MPa

Vxr(y) = Max{ Vx(y) 1 ; 0}

Vxr(y) = Max{0.307 * [1 – (2.1 / (3 * 1.574))2] ; 0} = 0.246 MN (55 kips)
December 2011
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| |
Ac(y) = = 0.246 / 333.3 = 7.38 cm2 (1.14 in2)
fs = 2/3 fy = 2/3 * 500 = 333.3 MPa (48.35 ksi)
y = b/2 - zbar 1 - a/2 = 2.1/2 - (-0.90) - 0.11/2 = 1.895 m (74 5/8’’)

(y) = 1.029 / 2.73 + (-0.393) * (2.1/2 – (1.895)) / 1.003275 = 0.708 MPa
((y) = 103 psi)

Vx(y) = - Fi bar 2
b(y) = h = 1.3 (constant value)
f(0) = right = -0.034 MPa (-5 psi)
Vx(y) = h [right + (y)] y / 2 - Fi bar 2

Vx(y) = 1.3 * [-0.034 + 0.708] * 1.895 / 2 - 0.323 = +0.507 MN (+114 kips)

d(y) = 2 Vx(y) / (e’ lR) = 2 * 0.507 / (1.3 * 0.3) = 2.600 MPa (110 psi)

total = d(y) + v(y) ≤ 1.5 ftj
v(y) = 0
total = d(y) + v(y) = 2.600 + 0 = 2.600 MPa ≤ 1.5 ftj = 1.25 * 2.1 = 2.625 MPa

Vxr(y) = Max{ Vx(y) 1 ; 0}

Vxr(y) = Max{0.507 * [1 – (2.1 / (3 * 2.6))2] ; 0} = 0.470 MN (106 kips)
| |
Ac(y) = = 0.470 / 333.3 = 14.10 cm2 (2.19 in2)
fs = 2/3 fy = 2/3 * 500 = 333.3 MPa (48.35 ksi)

December 2011
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y = b/2 - zbar 1 + a/2 = 2.1/2 - (-0.90) + 0.11/2 = 2.005 m (78 15/16’’)

(y) = 1.029 / 2.73 + (-0.393) * (2.1/2 – 2.005) / 1.003275 = 0.751 MPa
((y) = 109 psi)

Vx(y) = - Fi bar 1 - F0 bar 3 - Fi bar 2
f(0) = right = -0.034 MPa (-5 psi)
Vx(y) = h [right + (y)] y / 2 - Fi bar 1 - F0 bar 3 - Fi bar 2

Vx(y) = 1.3 * [(-0.034)+0.751] * 2.005 / 2 - 2 * 0.323 - 0.383 = -0.095 MN (-21 kips)

d(y) = 2 Vx(y) / (e’ lR) = 2 * (-0.095) / (1.3 * 0.3) = -0.487 MPa (71 psi)

total = d(y) + v(y) ≤ 1.5 ftj
v(y) = 0
total = d(y) + v(y) = -0.487 + 0 = 0.487 MPa ≤ 1.5 ftj = 1.25 * 2.1 = 2.625 MPa

Vxr(y) = Max{ Vx(y) 1 ; 0}

Vxr(y) = Max{0.095 * [1 – (2.1 / (3 * 0.487))2] ; 0} = 0 MN (0 kip)
No reinforcing steel required for this cut level.
December 2011
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Cut level y = 2.10 (located at the left fiber):

y = b = 2.100 m (82 11/16’’)

(y) = 1.029 / 2.73 + (-0.393) * (2.1/2 – 2.1) / 1.003275 = 0.788 MPa
((y) = 114 psi)

Vx(y) = - Fi bar 1 - F0 bar 3 - Fi bar 2
b(y) = h = 1.3 (constant value)
f(0) = right = -0.034 MPa (-5 psi)
Vx(y) = h [right + (y)] y / 2 - Fi bar 1 - F0 bar 3 - Fi bar 2

Vx(y) = 1.3 * [(-0.034) + 0.788] * 2.1 / 2 - 2 * 0.323 - 0.383 = 0 MN (0 kips)
Comment: At the left fiber you shall always find a shear force equal to 0. If not, this means
you make mistake in the calculations and you have to checked again your previous
calculations.
Comment: The detailed calculations are using rounded values that explain slight
discrepencies in the numbers when comparing them to the table.
Synthesis for the general zone – horizontal direction:

It shall be placed the maximum of the reinforcing steel computed. For this example, it is
14.10 cm2 (2.19 in2). This reinforcing steel has to be placed horizontally within a depth of
2/3 lR (20 cm here: 8’’) ahead of the anchorage plates.
Reminder of spalling and bursting reinforcing steel:

- Bars 1 and 3:
Bursting reinforcing steel – horizontal direction: 1.88 cm2 (0.291 in2)
- Bars 2 and 4:
Bursting reinforcing steel – horizontal direction: 2.43 cm2 (0.377 in2)
December 2011
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The sum of spalling and of bursting reinforcing steel is therefore:

As + Ab = 0.48 (bar 1 or 4) + 0.48 (bar 2 or 3) + 2.43 (bar 1 or bar 4: bar 4 unfavorable) +
2.43 (bar 2 or bar 3: bar 3 unfavorable) = 5.82 cm2 (0.90 in2)
As the sum is less than the reinforcing steel required for the general zone, it shall be placed
more reinforcing steel than the spalling and the bursting reinforcing steel (local zone) in
order to place at least in total the section of 14.10 cm2 (2.19 in2).
30 cm
50 cm
50 cm
15 cm 165 cm 30 cm
Figure 20: Location of reinforcing steel used for general and local zones
Vertically: behind each row of anchorages:

- Just ahead of the anchorage plates: 2 bars  8 mm (5/16’’): 1.01 cm2 greater than
0.48 cm2 required as As: OK
- Two additional rows of 2 bars  10 mm (#3 for US): 3.14 cm2 greater than 2.32 cm2
required as Ab,v: OK (1 layer of 2 bars located 12 cm from the anchorage plate; 1
layer of 2 bars located 24 cm from the anchorage plate)
- Additional bars at the surface: 4 bars  8 mm (5/16’’): 2.02 cm2 placed between the
anchorage rows.
Total reinforcing used for general zone: 8 bars  8 mm (5/16’’): 4.04 cm2 placed at the
surface + 4 bars  10 mm (#3 for US): 3.14 cm2 placed ahead of anchorages at a distance
of 12 cm from the anchorage plates: 7.18 cm2 total greater than 6.78 cm2 required as Ac,v.
December 2011
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Horizontally: behind each row of anchorages:

- Just ahead of the anchorage plates: 2 bars  12 mm (#4 for US): 2.26 cm2 greater
than 0.48 cm2 required as As: OK (required for Ac,h condition)
- Two additional rows of 2 bars  12 mm (#4 for US): 4.52 cm2 greater than 2.43 cm2
required as Ab,h: OK (1 layer of 2 bars located 10 cm from the anchorage plate; 1
layer of 2 bars located 22 cm from the anchorage plate)
- Additional bars at the surface: 5 bars  12 mm (#4 for US): 5.65 cm2 placed at the
surface outside the local zone areas as shown in figure 20.
Total reinforcing used for general zone: 9 bars  12 mm (#4 for US): 10.17 cm2 placed at
the surface + 4 bars  12 mm (#4 for US): 4.52 cm2 placed ahead of anchorages at a
distance of 12 cm from the anchorage plates: 14.37 cm2 total greater than 14.10 cm2
required as Ac,h.
Comment: The rebars shall be continuous from top to bottom (or left to right) and hooked at
their extremities.
Comment: Such anchorage concrete block should usually support (or contain) either bearing
(temporary or definitive), or jacks, or post-tensioned anchorage for additional prestressing
used for strengthening a structural element.
4.2 Post-tensioned slab
This example concerns a post-tensioned slab (bridge structure), 2 spans, the cross-section
of which is:
33’-0’’ = 396’’ (10.06 m)
17’- 4’’ = 208’’ (5.28 m) 10’’

14 ½’’
18’’
6’-6’’ = 78’’ 4’’
(1.98 m) 10’-0’’ = 120’’ (3.05 m) 10’-0’’ = 120’’ (3.05 m)
6’-6’’ = 78’’
(1.98 m)
Figure 21: Front view of the end section

Comment: In a slab, anchorage devices are usually placed at the same level vertically.
December 2011
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Geometrical characteristics of the concrete section:

Area: A = 240’’ * 32’’ + 2 * ½ * 78’’ * 18’’ + 2 * 78’’ * 10’’ = 10,644 in2 (6.867 m2)
Q: Q = 240’’ * 32’’2 / 2 + 2 * ½ * 78’’ * 18’’ * (10’’ + 18’’/3) + 2 * 78’’ * 10’’2 / 2

Q = 153,144 in3 (2.510 m3)
Neutral axis located at a distance vtop from the top fiber:

vtop = Q / A = 14.388’’ (0.3655 m)
vbottom = h - vtop = 17.612’’ (0.4475 m)
Vertical depth of the section: h = 32’’ (0.813 m)
I: I = 240’’ * 32’’3 / 3 + 2 * 78’’ * 18’’3 / 36 + 2 * ½ * 78’’ * 18’’ * (10’’ + 18’’/3)2 + 2 * 78’’
* 10’’3 / 3
I = 3,058,136 in4 (1.273 m4)
Inertia of the section respect to the horizontal axis passing by the center of gravity:
Iv = 854,673 in4 (0.356 m4)
Neutral axis located at a distance vleft from the left fiber: symmetrical section horizontally
Vleft = b / 2 = 198’’ (5.03 m)
Vright = b - vleft = 17.612’’ (0.4475 m)
Width of the section: b = 396’’ (10.06 m)
Inertia of the section respect to the vertical axis passing by the center of gravity:
Ih: Ih = 22’’ * 240’’3 / 12 + 2 * 18’’ * 78’’3 / 36 + 2 * ½ * 18’’ * 78’’ * (120’’ + 78’’/3)2 + 10’’ *
396’’3 / 12
Ih = 107,495,496 in4 (44.743 m4)
Material characteristics:
- Concrete strength: fc = 5,000 psi (34.47 MPa)
- Tensile concrete strength: ft = 6 [fc]0.5 = 424 psi (2.92 MPa)
Note: French code considers: ft = 0.06 * 34.47 + 0.6 = 2.67 MPa (387 psi)
At stressing, concrete will be 7 days old and the expected concrete strength at this age is:
- Concrete strength: fcj = 4,000 psi (27.58 MPa)
- Tensile concrete strength: ftj = 6 [fcj]0.5 = 379 psi (2.61 MPa)
Note: French code considers: ftj = 0.06 * 27.58 + 0.6 = 2.25 MPa (326 psi)
Calculations will consider the value of 326 psi as tensile strength for concrete 7 days old.
December 2011
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- Reinforcing steel yield strength: fy = 60 ksi (414 MPa)
- Post-tension steel:
o Guaranted Ultimate Tensile Strength: fpu = 270 ksi (1860 MPa)
o Stressing at 75% of GUTS value:
o Stresses after immediate losses assumed to be 90% of stressing stresses
o Tendons are 12 C15 Super (strands 0.62’’): Ap = 12 * 0.231 in2 = 2.772 in2
(17.98 cm2)
o Number of tendons: 14 total, spacing 16’’ (406 mm) horizontally
o Slope of tendons in the vertical direction: downwards 3.5 degrees.
o Anchorage plate: 9 7/16’’ * 7 ⅞’’ (24 cm per 20 cm)
4.2.1 Local zone Calculation

Anchorage plate dimensions for tendons 12 C15 Super:
av (dimension according to the height) = 9 7/16’’ (24 cm)
ah (dimension according to the width) = 7 7/8’’ (20 cm)

Dimension of the local zone per anchorage: Same local zone for all tendons
o dv (vertical) = 2 vtop = 28.776’’ (731 mm)
o dh (horizontal) = 16’’ (406 mm) (spacing between anchorage devices)

Post-tension forces for a tendon:
- Stressing force: F0 = 0.75 * 270 ksi * 2.772 in2 = 561.33 kips (2,497 kN)
- At transfer: Fi = 0.9 F0 = 505.20 kips (2,247 kN)
Vertically
tbj = 0.50 (1 – av/dv) (F0) / (dh dv) = 410 psi ≈ 1.25 ftj = 407.5 psi OK
xmj = (F0) / (dh dv) = 1,219 psi < 2/3 fcj = 2,667 psi
Note: fcj > 4,000 psi (Minimum concrete strength required at stressing)
Horizontally
tbj = 0.50 (1 – ah/dh) (F0) / (dh dv) = 310 psi < 1.25 ftj = 407.5 psi
Note: fcj > 4,000 psi (Minimum strength required at stressing)

December 2011
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Service Limit State: As,s = 0.04 F0 / (2/3 * 60) = 0.56 in2 (3.62 cm2)
Ultimate Limit State: As,u = 0.04 (1.35*F0) / (60/1.15) = 0.58 in2 (3.75 cm2)
.
Note: Ultimate Limit State governs the design. If the load factor is 1.2 as proposed by ACI or
AASHTO, the required reinforcing steel at Ultimate Limit state becomes 0.52 in2 and less
than the service limit state condition.

Abv min = 0.15 (1.35*F0) / (60/1.15) = 2.18 in2 (14.06 cm2)
Abv* = 0.25 (1-av/dv) (1.35*F0) / (60/1.15) = 2.44 in2 (15.74 cm2)
Abv = Abv* = 2.44 in2 (15.74 cm2)

Abh min = 0.15 (1.35*F0) / (60/1.15) = 2.18 in2 (14.06 cm2)
Abh* = 0.25 (1-ah/dh) (1.35*F0) / (60/1.15) = 1.84 in2 (11.90 cm2)
Abh = Abh min = 2.18 in2 (14.06 cm2)
The bursting reinforcing steel Abv shall be placed vertically within the depth of 28.776’’ (0.73
m).
The bursting reinforcing steel Abh shall be placed horizontally within the depth of 16’’ (0.40
m).
Comment: AASHTO or CSA gives the following formula for the general zone when
anchorage devices are located in a same plan.
Reinforcement to be provided to resist edge tension forces T1: Horizontal reinforcing steel
T1 = 0.10 Pu (1 – a/s)
Pu = 1.2 * 0.75 * 270 ksi * 2.772 in2 = 673.6 kips (2,996 kN)
T1 = 0.10 Pu (1 – a/s) = 0.1 * 673.6 * (1 – 7.875 / 16) = 68.41 kips (304 kN)
Aedge = T1 / ( fy) = 68.41 / (0.9 * 60) = 1.27 in2 ( 8.17 cm2)
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T2 = 0.20 Pu (1 – a/s)
Pu = 1.2 * 0.75 * 270 ksi * 2.772 in2 = 673.6 kips (2,996 kN)
T2 = 0.20 Pu (1 – a/s) = 0.2 * 673.6 * (1 – 7.875 / 16) = 136.82 kips (608 kN)
Abursting = T2 / ( fy) = 136.82 / (0.9 * 60) = 2.54 in2 ( 16.34 cm2)
Comment: For US or Canadian project, in addition to the method presented in this

document, it shall be checked that the local standard does not give more reinforcing steel
than the one determined by the proposed method. In case it gives more, it shall be placed
the reinforcing steel required by the local code. However, the local code does not give
explicit equations as for this example and there is no need therefore to refer to the local
code.
4.2.2 General zone Calculation

av (dimension according to the height) = 9 7/16’’ (24 cm)
ah (dimension according to the width) = 7 7/8’’ (20 cm)

The most unfavorable case corresponds to the stressing of the last tendons since it is giving
the maximum axial forces and associated stresses.
Fstressing = 13 Fi + 1 F0 = 13 * 505.2 + 1 * 561.33 = 7,129 kips (31,710 kN)
Tendons are going downwards with an angle of 3.5 degrees with respect to the horizontal.
Acting Forces due to post-tensioning:

Fh = Fstressing cos(-3.5) = 7,116 kips (31,652 kN)
Mh = Fh * (vtop – 14.5’’) = -797 in-kips (-90 kNm)
Ft = Fstressing sin (-3.5) = -435 kips (-1,935 kN)
Stresses at section SA due to Fh and Mh:

ftop = Fh / A + M vtop / I = 7,116 / 10,644 + (-797) * 14.388 / 854,673 = +0.655 ksi
f(z) = Fh / A + M (vtop – z) / I = 7,116 / 10,644 + (-797) * (14.388 – z) / 854,673
fbottom = Fh / A - M vbottom / I = 7,116 / 10,644 - (-797) * 17.612 / 854,673 = +0.685 ksi
December 2011
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ftop = +0.655 ksi (+4.52 MPa)
f(z) = 0.655 + 0.0009375 z (ksi Unit) ( 4.52 + 0.246 z in MPa)
fbottom = +0.685 ksi (+4.72 MPa)
Width of the section: b(z)

b(z) = 396’’ for 0 ≤ z ≤ 10’’
b(z) = -26/3 z + 1448/3 for 10’’ ≤ z ≤ 28’’
b(z) = 240’’ for 28’’ ≤ z ≤ 32’’
Shear stress due to Ft: Ft = -435 kips (-1,935 kN)

(z) = Ft Q(z) / b(z) I
I = 854,673 in4 (0.356 m4)
For 0 ≤ z ≤ 10’’,
Q(z) = b(z) * z * (vtop – z/2)
b(z) = 396’’
Q(10’’) = 396 * 10 * (14.388 – 10/2) = 37,176.5 in3
For 10’’ ≤ z ≤ vtop,

Q(z) = 396 * 10 * (vtop – 10/2) + b(z) * (z – 10) * (vtop – 10 – (z – 10)/2) + (396 – b(z)) * [(z –
10)/2] * (vtop – 10 – (z – 10)/3)
b(z) = -26/3 z + 1448/3
b(vtop) = -26/3 * 14.388 + 1448/3 = 357.97’’
Q(vtop) = 396 * 10 * (14.388 – 10/2) + 357.97 * (14.388 – 10) * (14.388 – 10 – (14.388 –
10)/2) + (396 – 357.97) * [(14.388 – 10)/2] * (14.388 – 10 – (14.388 – 10)/3)
Q(vtop) = 40,866.8 in3
Q(28’’) = 396 * 10 * (14.388 – 10/2) + 240 * (28 – 10) * (14.388 – 10 – (28 – 10)/2) + (396 –
240) * [(28 – 10)/2] * (14.388 – 10 – (28 – 10)/3) = 14,989.4 in3
Note: It can be calculated considering the bottom fiber as reference instead of the top fiber
as below:
For vtop ≤ z ≤ 28’’,
Q(z) = 240 * (32 – z) * (vbottom - (32 – z)/2) + (b(z) - 240) * (28 – z)/2 * (vbottom – 4 – 2*(28 –
z)/3)
b(z) = -26/3 z + 1448/3
Q(vtop) = 240 * (32 – 14.388) * (17.612 – (32 – 14.388)/2) + (357.97 – 240) * (28 – 14.388) /
2 * (17.612 – 4 – 2*(28 – 14.388)/3) = 40,864.9 in3
Comment: we do not find exact value for Q(vtop) because vtop and b(vtop) values are rounded.
December 2011
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For 28’’ ≤ z ≤ 32’’, (considering the bottom fiber as reference)

Q(z) = b(z) * (32 – z) * (vbottom – (32 – z)/2))
b(z) = 240’’
Q(28’’) = 240 * (32 – 28) * (17.612 – (32 – 28)/2) = 14,987.5 in3
Comment: we do not find exact value for Q(28’’) because vbottom value is rounded.
Note: if we consider the top fiber as reference, we get:

Q(z) = 396 * 10 * (vtop – 10/2) + 240 * (z – 10) * (vtop – 10 – (z – 10)/2) + (396 – 240) * [(28 –
10)/2] * (vtop – 10 – (28 – 10)/3)
Q(32’’) = 396 * 10 * (14.388 – 10/2) + 240 * (32 – 10) * (14.388 – 10 – (32 – 10)/2) + (396 –
240) * [(28 – 10)/2] * (14.388 – 10 – (28 – 10)/3) = 1.9 in3
Comment: we do not find exact value for Q(32’’) = 0 because vtop value is rounded.
Determination of the cut levels:

- z = 9.78125’’ (top of anchor plate)
- z = 10’’ (change of width)
- z = 14.388’’ (neutral axis of the section)
- z = 14.5 ‘’ (axis of the anchorages)
- z = 19.21875’’ (bottom of anchorage palte)
- z = 28’’ (change of width)
- z = 32’’ (bottom fiber)
Shear force at cut level z:

Vx(z) = ' - Ftendons
Ftendons = 0 for z < 14.5’’
Ftendons = Fh for z ≥ 14.5’’
For 0 ≤ z ≤ 10’’,
f(z) = 0.655 + 0.0009375 z (ksi Unit)
e’(z) = 396’’ (constant value)
Vx(z) = 396 * (ftop + f(z)) z / 2
For 10’’ ≤ z ≤ 28’’,

f(z) = 0.655 + 0.0009375 z (ksi Unit)
e’(z) = -26/3 z + 1448/3
Vx(z) = 396 * (ftop + f(10)) 10 / 2 + [-0.0009375*26/3 * z3 /3 + (0.0009375 * 1448 / 3 –
0.655 * 26 / 3) * z2 / 2 + 0.655 * 1448 / 3 * z] - [-0.0009375*26/3 * 103 /3 + (0.0009375 *
1448 / 3 – 0.655 * 26 / 3) * 102 / 2 + 0.655 * 1448 / 3 * 10] - Ftendons
December 2011
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For 28’’ ≤ z ≤ 32’’,

f(z) = 0.655 + 0.0009375 z (ksi Unit)
Vx(z) = 396 * (ftop + f(10)) 10 / 2 + [-0.0009375*26/3 * 283 /3 + (0.0009375 * 1448 / 3 –
0.655 * 26 / 3) * 282 / 2 + 0.655 * 1448 / 3 * 28] - [-0.0009375*26/3 * 103 /3 + (0.0009375
* 1448 / 3 – 0.655 * 26 / 3) * 102 / 2 + 0.655 * 1448 / 3 * 10] + 240 * (f(28) + f(z)) (z – 28) /
2
Axial force at cut level z:

Nx(z) = ' - Ftendons
Ftendons = Ft for z ≥ 14.5’’
(t) = Ft Q(t) / b(t) I
I = 854,673 in4 (0.356 m4)
For 0 ≤ z ≤ 10’’,
(t) = [Ft / (b(t) * I)] * b(t) * t * (vtop – t/2) (ksi Unit)
e’(t) = b(t) = 396’’ (constant value)
Nx(z) = (Ft / I) * ∗ ∗ 396
∗
Nx(z) = (Ft / I) * 396 ∗ ∗ –
2 396 ∗ 3
Nx(z) = (Ft / I) * 396 ∗ ∗ 2 – 6
Nx(10) = (-435 / 854,673) * [396*14.388*102/2 – 396*103/6] = -111.4 kips
For 10’’ ≤ z ≤ 28’’,

Q(t) = 396 * 10 * (vtop – 10/2) + b(t) * (t – 10) * (vtop – 10 – (t – 10)/2) + (396 – b(t)) * [(t –
10)/2] * (vtop – 10 – (t – 10)/3)
e’(t) = b(t) = -26/3 t + 1448/3 for 10 < t < vtop
b(t) : width of slab at the ordinate t calculated from the top fiber: b(t) = e’(t)
Nx(z) = '
(t) = Ft * Q(t) / (b(t) * I) (ksi Unit)

Nx(z) = ' + '
b(t) = e’(t) = -26/3 t + 1448/3 for 10 < t < vtop
December 2011
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Nx(z) = Nx(10) + '
Nx(z) = Nx(10) + (Ft / I) *
Q(t) = 396 * 10 * (vtop – 10/2) + b(t) * (t – 10) * (vtop – 10 – (t – 10)/2) + (396 – b(t)) * [(t –
10)/2] * (vtop – 10 – (t – 10)/3)
Q(t) = 3960 * (vtop – 5) + b(t) * (t – 10) * ((vtop – 10/2) – t/2) + (396 – b(t)) * (t – 10)/2 * ((vtop
– 20/3) – t/3)
Q(t) = 3960 * (vtop – 5) + [(1448 – 26 t)/3] * (t – 10) * ((vtop – 5) – t/2) + (396 – (1448 – 26 t)/3)
* (t – 10)/2 * ((vtop – 20/3) – t/3)
Q(t) = 3960 * (vtop – 5) + [-26 t2 /3 + 1708 t / 3 - 14480 / 3] * [(vtop – 5) – t/2] + [(26 t –
260)/3] * [(t – 10)/2] * [(vtop – 20/3) – t/3]
Q(t) = 3960 * (vtop – 5) + [26 t3 /6 - (1708/6 + 26(vtop – 5)/3) t2 + (14480/6 + 1708 (vtop –
5)/3) t - 14480 (vtop – 5) / 3] + [26 t2/6 - 520 t/6 + 2600/6] * [(vtop – 20/3) – t/3]
Q(t) = 3960 * (vtop – 5) + [26 t3 /6 - (1708/6 + 26(vtop – 5)/3) t2 + (14480/6 + 1708 (vtop –
5)/3) t - 14480 (vtop – 5) / 3] + [-26 t3 /18 + (520/18 + 26(vtop – 20/3)/6) t2 - (2600/18 +
520 (vtop – 20/3)/6) t - 2600 (vtop – 20/3) / 6]
= 3960 * (vtop – 5) * (z – 10) + [26 z4 /24 - (1708/6 + 26(vtop – 5)/3) z3 / 3 +

(14480/6 + 1708 (vtop – 5)/3) z2 / 2 - (14480 (vtop – 5) / 3) z] + [-26*z4 /72 + (520/18 +
26(vtop – 20/3)/6)*z3/3 - (2600/18 + 520 (vtop – 20/3)/6)*z2/2 - (2600 (vtop – 20/3) / 6) z] -
[26*104 /24 - (1708/6 + 26(vtop – 5)/3)*103/3 + (14480/6 + 1708 (vtop – 5)/3)*102/2 -
(14480 (vtop – 5) / 3)*10] - [-26*104 /72 + (520/18 + 26(vtop – 20/3)/6)*103/3 - (2600/18 +
520 (vtop – 20/3)/6)*102/2 - (2600 (vtop – 20/3) / 6)*10]
Nx(z) = Nx(10) + (Ft/I) * {3960 * (vtop – 5) * (z – 10) + [26 z4 /24 - (1708/6 + 26(vtop – 5)/3) z3 /
3 + (14480/6 + 1708 (vtop – 5)/3) z2 / 2 - (14480 (vtop – 5) / 3) z] + [-26*z4 /72 + (520/18
+ 26(vtop – 20/3)/6)*z3/3 - (2600/18 + 520 (vtop – 20/3)/6)*z2/2 + (2600 (vtop – 20/3) / 6) z]
- [26*104 /24 - (1708/6 + 26(vtop – 5)/3)*103/3 + (14480/6 + 1708 (vtop – 5)/3)*102/2 -
(14480 (vtop – 5) / 3)*10] - [-26*104 /72 + (520/18 + 26(vtop – 20/3)/6)*103/3 - (2600/18 +
520 (vtop – 20/3)/6)*102/2 + (2600 (vtop – 20/3) / 6)*10]}
Nx(z) = -111.4 kips + (-435 kips/ 854,673 in4) * {37,176.48*(z–10) + [1.0833*z4 -

3 2 4 3
122.0098*z + 3,879.1173*z - 45,312.7467*z] + [-0.3611*z + 20.7827*z -
406.8133*z2 + 3,345.9111*z] - [10,833.3333 - 122,009.7778 + 387,911.7333 -
453,127.4667] - [-3,611.1111 + 20,782.6667 - 40,681.3333 + 33,459.1111]}
Nx(vtop) = Nx(14.388) = -111.4 kips + (-435/854,673)*{[163,130.394] + [-165,909.025] +

[10,350.966] - [-176,392.178] - [9,949.333]} = -200 kips
Nx(14.5) = -111.4 kips + (-435/854,673)*{[167,294.160] + [-165,525.197] + [13,328.822] - [-

176,392.178] - [9,949.333]} = -203.8 kips
December 2011
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Nx(14.5+) = -111.4 kips + (-435/854,673)*{[167,294.160] + [-165,525.197] + [13,328.822] -

[-176,392.178] - [9,949.333]} - Ft = -203.8 kips – (-435 kips) = 231.2 kips
Nx(19.21875) = -111.4 kips + (-435/854,673)*{[342,720.675] + [-156,374.943] +

[12,308.705] - [-176,392.178] - [9,949.333]} - Ft = -297.2 kips – (-435 kips) = 137.8 kips
Nx(28) = -111.4 kips + (-435/854,673)*{[669,176.640] + [-240,031.230] + [9,013.432] - [-

176,392.178] - [9,949.333]} - Ft = -419.1 kips – (-435 kips) = 15.9 kips
For the values of z belonging from vtop = 14.388’’ to h = 32’’, it can be considered the
parameter y = 32 – z varying from 0 to vbottom (= h – vtop).
For 28’’ ≤ z ≤ 32’’,

Q(t) = b(t) * (32 – t) * (vbottom – (32 – t)/2))
b(t) = 240’’ (constant value)
Nx(z) = ' ‐ Ftendons = ‐(Ft / I) * ‐ Ftendons
Nx(z) = (-Ft / I) * b t ∗ 32 – t ∗ vbottom – 32 – t /2 - Ftendons
Nx(z) = (-Ft / I) * 240 ∗ 32 – t ∗ vbottom – 16 t/2 - Ftendons
32
Nx(z) = (-Ft / I) * 240 ∗ 32 vbottom – 16 vbottom – 16 ∗ t t2 /2 -
2
Ftendons
Nx(z) = (-Ft / I) * 240 ∗ 32 v – 16 ∗ t v – 16 ∗ t /2 t /6 -
Ftendons
Nx(z) = (-Ft / I) * {[240 ∗ 32 v – 16 ∗ 32 v – 16 ∗ 32 /2
32 /6 240 ∗ 32 v – 16 ∗ z v – 16 ∗ } - Ftendons
Nx(z=28) = ((435) / 854,673) * {[240*(32*(17.612-16)*32 + (16-(17.612-16))*322/2 – 323/6)] -

[240*(32*(17.612-16)*28 + (16-(17.612-16))*282/2 – 283/6)]} = 15.9 kips
Ftendons = 0 with this equation since the reference is the bottom fiber and there is no
anchorage located at z values between 28’’ and 32’’.
December 2011
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Note: by using y = 32 – z, the equations become:

(t) = -Ft * Q(t) / (b(t) * I) (ksi Unit)
Note : when inverting the direction for y, the vertical component of post-tensioning force also
changes the sign (negative in this case with z going downwards: from top to bottom; positive
in this case with y going upwards: from bottom to top)
Q(t) = b(t) * t * (vbottom – t/2)
Nx(y) = ' ‐ Ftendons = (‐Ft / I) * ‐ Ftendons
Nx(y) = (-Ft / I) * b t ∗ t ∗ vbottom – t/2 - Ftendons
Nx(y) = (-Ft / I) * 240 ∗ t ∗ vbottom t/2 - Ftendons
Nx(y) = (-Ft / I) * 240 ∗ vbottom t t2 /2 - Ftendons
Nx(y) = (-Ft / I) * 240 ∗ v - Ftendons
Nx(y) = (-Ft / I) * [240 * (vbottom y2 / 2 – y3 / 6)] - Ftendons
Nx(y = 4) = Nx(z=28) = ((435) / 854673) * [240 * (17.612 * 42 / 2 - 43 / 6)] – (0) = 15.9 kips
Ftendons
Ftendons = 0 for y < h – 14.5 = 17.5’’
Ftendons = +435 kips for y > 17.5’’
- Determination of the reduced shear force: (Refer to the Table next page for details)
Vxr(z) = Max{ Vx(z) 1 ; 0}

- Determination of the reinforcing steel for the general zone at the cut level z:
| |
Ac(z) =
fs = 2/3 fy = 2/3 * 60 = 40 ksi (276 MPa)
December 2011
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vtop (inch) 14.388 vbottom (in) 17.612

Vertical Distribution Area (in2) 10644 Inertia (in4) 854673
Stage Fh (kips) M (in-kips) ftop (ksi) fbottom (ksi) Ft (kips)
tendon 14 7115.59 -796.95 0.655 0.685 -435.21
a (inch) 9.4375 e' (inch) variable lr (inch) 32 f'c (psi) 4000

ft (psi) 327
Check Vxe
Stage z (inch) bz (inch) fz (ksi) Vx (kips) d (psi) Q(z) (in3) v (psi) total (psi)  Nx (kips) (kips) Ac (in2)
9.78125 396 0.664 2555.0 403.26 36786.21 -47.30 355.95 OK -107.336 2368.3 61.89
stressing 10 396 0.664 2612.6 412.34 37175.78 -47.80 364.53 OK -111.455 2430.0 63.54
tendon 14.38782 357.97 0.669 3714.9 648.61 40865.85 -58.13 590.48 ! -200.060 3610.0 95.25
14 14.5 357.00 0.669 3741.7 655.07 40863.60 -58.29 596.78 ! -202.367 3638.1 96.01
14.5 357.00 0.669 -3373.8 -590.66 40863.60 -58.29 -648.95 ! 232.841 3259.0 75.65
19.21875 316.10 0.673 -2308.6 -456.45 37014.41 -59.63 -516.08 ! 137.872 2176.9 50.98
28 240 0.681 -655.8 -170.77 14987.69 -31.80 -202.57 OK 15.916 388.6 9.32
32 240 0.685 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 OK 0.000 0.0 0.00
Ac
(in2) 61.89
The values in italic and blue shall not be considered since the corresponding cut level z are
within the vertical depth of the anchorage plate.
Comment: the section 19.21875 is normally not jsutified since the shear stress total (= 516
psi) is greater than 1.5 ftj = 490 psi. However, the shear stress exceeds the permissible
value by approximately 5%. It could therefore be accepted. If not, it means the tensioning for
the 14th tendons has to wait for a concrete strength of approximately 4,300 psi (29.65 MPa)
which gives a tensile strength of 345 psi (2.38 MPa) and 1.5 * 345 psi = 517.5 psi greater
than 516 psi.
It shall be placed ahead of the anchorages a total quantity of Ac = 61.89 in2 (399 cm2) of
vertical stirrups over a depth of ⅔ lr = 21.33’’ (54 cm).
Reminder of local zone required reinforcement (per anchorage):

As = 0.58 in2 (3.75 cm2) To be placed just ahead of the anchorage.
Abv = Abv* = 2.44 in2 (15.74 cm2) to be placed within a depth of 29’’ ahead of the
anchorage
Total of As + Abv for the 14 tendons:

A = 14 * (0.58 + 2.44) = 42.28 in2 (272.77 cm2)
The general zone is requiring more reinforcing steel than the local zone. In addition to the
local zone reinforcing steel , it shall be implemented on site an amount of:
Ac – A = 19.61 in2 (126.52 cm2).
December 2011
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Comment:
If the calculations are carried out considering the tendons as straight and horizontal (not with
a slope of 3.5 degrees downwards), the axial force effect disappear and the general zone
reinforcing steel is modified as follows:

Vertical Distribution Area (in2) 10644 Inertia (in4) 854673
Stage Fh (kips) M (in-kips) ftop (ksi) fbottom (ksi) Ft (kips)
tendon 14 7128.89 -798.44 0.656 0.686 0.00
a (inch) 9.4375 e' (inch) variable lr (inch) 32 f'c (psi) 4000

ft (psi) 327
Check Vxe
Stage z (inch) bz (inch) fz (ksi) Vx (kips) d (psi) Q(z) (in3) v (psi) total (psi)  Nx (kips) (kips) Ac (in2)
9.78125 396 0.665 2559.9 404.02 36786.21 0.00 404.02 OK 0.000 2373.5 59.34
stressing 10 396 0.666 2617.5 413.12 37175.78 0.00 413.12 OK 0.000 2435.3 60.88
tendon 14.388 357.97 0.670 3722.0 649.84 40865.85 0.00 649.84 ! 0.000 3617.3 90.43
14 14.5 357.00 0.670 3748.8 656.30 40863.60 0.00 656.30 ! 0.000 3645.4 91.13
14.5 357.00 0.670 -3380.1 -591.75 40863.60 0.00 -591.75 ! 0.000 3265.4 81.64
19.21875 316.10 0.674 -2312.9 -457.30 37014.41 0.00 -457.30 OK 0.000 2181.5 54.54
28 240 0.682 -657.0 -171.09 14987.69 0.00 -171.09 OK 0.000 390.3 9.76
32 240 0.686 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 OK 0.000 0.0 0.00
Ac
(in2) 59.34
The calculations give a little bit less amount of reinforcing steel required: 59.34 in2 instead of
61.89 in2 previously. The difference is negligible (4%) and that is why I personally neglect
slope of tendons at anchorage except for important slope (greater than 20 degrees).
Comment: For such a slab, it is much better to place the anchorage in two rows in order to
decrease a lot the required amount of reinforcing steel for the general zone. The optimized
location of anchorages is the obligation of the Designer. A good solution is to place 4
anchorage at a top row and 3 anchorage at a bottom row per side (keep the symmetry).
With this solution, the shear stresses will decrease since the bottom fiber of the bottom
anchorages will be closer to the bottom fiber and the top fiber of the top anchorages will be
closer to the top fiber: less shear stress, so less reinforcing steel required for the general
zone.
December 2011
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33’-0’’ = 396’’ (10.06 m)
17’- 4’’ = 208’’ (5.28 m) 10’’

14 ½’’
18’’
6’-6’’ = 78’’ 4’’
(1.98 m) 10’-0’’ = 120’’ (3.05 m) 10’-0’’ = 120’’ (3.05 m)
6’-6’’ = 78’’
(1.98 m)
Figure 21
The tendons are straight and horizontal (no slope in plan) with regards to a plan view. The
tendons are located symmetrically with respect to the vertical axis of the section.
ah (dimension of anchorage plate along the horizontal direction) = 7 7/8’’ (20 cm)
The different cut levels are as follows: cut levels are measured with respect to the vertical
axis of the figure here above (positive towards the left).
- y = 120’’: change of depth
- y = 104’’ + ah/2 = 107.9375’’ (107 15/16’’): left side of tendon 1
- y = 104’’ - ah/2 = 100.0625’’ (100 1/16’’): right side of tendon 1
- y = -8’’ + ah/2 = -4.0625’’ (-4 1/16’’): left side of tendon 8
- y = -8’’ - ah/2 = -11.9375’’ (-11 15/16’’): right side of tendon 8
December 2011
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- y = 104’’ + ah/2 = -68.0625’’ (-68 1/16’’): left side of tendon 12
- y = 104’’ - ah/2 = -75.9375’’ (-75 15/16’’): right side of tendon 12
- y = 104’’ + ah/2 = -84.0625’’ (-84 1/16’’): left side of tendon 13
- y = 104’’ - ah/2 = -91.9375’’ (-91 15/16’’): right side of tendon 13
- y = -120’’: change of depth
- y = -198’’: right fiber
Flexural Moment is positive when it gives compression at the left fiber and tension at the
right fiber of the section figure 21.
The anchorages are located as indicted in the table below:

Tendons 12 C15 Super
F0 (kips) 561.330 h (inch) 32
b top
Fi (kips) 505.197 (inch) 396
b bottom
(inch) 240
Anchorages: z (inch) y (inch)
1 14.5 104
2 14.5 88
3 14.5 72
4 14.5 56
5 14.5 40
6 14.5 24
7 14.5 8
8 14.5 -8
9 14.5 -24
10 14.5 -40
11 14.5 -56
12 14.5 -72
13 14.5 -88
14 14.5 -104
(numbered from left to right)
The tendons are stressing in this order:

Tendon 5; Tendon 11; Tendon 3; Tendon 9; Tendon 13; Tendon 7; Tendon 1; Tendon 12;
Tendon 4; Tendon 8; Tendon 14; Tendon 2; Tendon 6; Tendon 10.
Comment:
The determination of the stressing order is very important in order to control the potential
cracks due to tensile stresses during intermediate stressing stages in case the flexural
moment is inducing too important tensile stresses to the concrete section.
December 2011
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The table below indicates the stressing sequence and the obtained stresses at edge fibers
due to the horizontal flexural moment:
Horizontal Distribution Area (in2) 10644 Inertia (in4) 107495496

Stage N (kips) M (in-kips) fleft fright
stressing 5 561.33 22453.2 0.094 0.011
stressing 11 1066.527 -11226.6 0.080 0.121
stressing 3 1571.724 32332.608 0.207 0.088
stressing 9 2076.921 14819.112 0.222 0.168
stressing 13 2582.118 -33230.736 0.181 0.304
stressing 7 3087.315 -23800.392 0.246 0.334
stressing 1 3592.512 34128.864 0.400 0.275
stressing 12 4097.709 -12124.728 0.363 0.407
stressing 4 4602.906 23351.328 0.475 0.389
stressing 8 5108.103 15717.24 0.509 0.451
stressing 14 5613.3 -42212.016 0.450 0.605
stressing 2 6118.497 13022.856 0.599 0.551
stressing 6 6623.694 21555.072 0.662 0.583
stressing 10 7128.891 -2245.32 0.666 0.674
all stressed 7072.758 0 0.664 0.664
It can be seen with this table that the stresses are controlled at each stage since there is no
tensile stresses and the maximum compressive stresses are obtained for the last stages.
This will of course induce an optimization in the required general zone reinforcing steel.
Stresses at left and right fibers along the horizontal direction:

fleft = F / A + M * vleft / I
fright = F / A - M * vright / I
vleft = vright = btop / 2 = 198’’
The calculation consider the axis 0y* where the point O corresponds to the left fiber (y =
198’’) and the axis y* is oriented positive when going towards the right (the right fiber is
therefore at the abscissa y* = 396’’).
So the abscissa y* corresponding to the cut levels y listed above are deduced by the
equation:
y* = 198 - y
- Shear force due to F and M: Vx(y*)

∗
Vx(y*) = - Ftendons
f(z) = fleft – (fleft – fright) z / 396
b(z) is varying from 0 ≤ z ≤ 78’’ and 318’’ ≤ z ≤ 396’’
b(z) = 32’’ (constant value) for 78’’ ≤ z ≤ 318’’
December 2011
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Ftendons: will vary depending on the stressing sequence and the location of the tendons
effectively stressed at each stressing stage. (Refer to example detailed below)
Vx(78’’) = - Ftendons
Ftendons = 0 for this part since there is no tendon anchored into the cantilever part.
b(z) = 10 + (18/78) z

Vx(78’’) = 10

Vx(78’’) = 10
∗

Vx(78’’) = 10
∗ ∗
Vx(78’’) = 10 ∗
For 78’’ ≤ y* ≤ 318’’

∗
Vx(y*) = + ‐ Ftendons
∗
Vx(y*) = Vx(78’’) + ‐ Ftendons
∗
= 32’’ * [(f(y*) * f(78)) / 2] * (y* - 78’’)
Vx(y*) = Vx(78’’) + 32’’ * [(f(y*) * f(78)) / 2] * (y* - 78’’) ‐ Ftendons
For 318’’ ≤ y* ≤ 392’’

∗
Vx(y*) = + ‐ Ftendons
∗
Vx(y*) = Vx(318’’) +
Note: there is no tendons anchored in the cantilever: Ftendons = 0 for the values of y*
corresponding to the right cantilever.
∗ ∗
= 10 396 ∗
∗
(Similar equation as for the left cantilever)
December 2011
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- Pure distribution Shear stress due to Vx(y*):

d(y*) = 2 Vx(y*) / (e’ lR)
lr = 198’’ (corresponding to half the width of the deck).
In such a configuration, the regulation length cannot be taken equal to the width of the
section since anchorage devices are distributed over the width. Such an assumption would
be too optimistic and would not design enough reinforcing steel to be placed ahead of the
anchorage plates.
Due to the geometry of the section and the location of the anchorages, the regulation length
will be close to half the width of the section.
The change of depth between the cantilever and the central part is taken into account by
considering two values of e’ at the cut level y* corresponding to the connection of the
cantilever to the central part: y* = 78’’ and y* = 318’’. The two values of e’ are 28’’ for the
cantilever part and 32’’ for the central part.

total = d(y*) + v(y*) ≤ 1.5 ftj
v(y*) = 0 (tendons are straight and with no slope in plan)
total = d(y*) + v(y*) = d(y*) + 0 ≤ 1.5 ftj = 1.5 * 327 psi = 490 psi (3.38 MPa)

Vxr(y*) = Max{ Vx(y*) 1 ; 0}
∗
| ∗ | ∗
Ac(y*) =
fs = 2/3 fy = 2/3 * 500 = 333.3 MPa (48.35 ksi)
N(y*) = 0 (tendons are straight and with no slope in plan)
The table next page presents the case that governs the design: when stressing the
fourteenth tendon (tendon 10 when numbered from the left to the right).
December 2011
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ah (inch) 7.875 e' (inch) variable lr (inch) 198 f'c (psi) 4000
ft (psi) 327
Stage y (inch) fy (ksi) y* (inch) Vx (kips) d (psi) Check  Vxe (kips) Ac (in2)
120.000 0.667 78.000 987.848 356.37 OK 895.432 22.39
120 0.667 78.000 987.848 311.82 OK 867.141 21.68
107.9375 0.668 90.063 1245.455 393.14 OK 1149.715 28.74
100.0625 0.668 97.938 908.490 286.77 OK 777.239 19.43
91.9375 0.668 106.063 1082.105 341.57 OK 971.912 24.30
84.0625 0.668 113.938 745.224 235.23 OK 585.217 14.63
75.9375 0.668 122.063 918.926 290.07 OK 789.165 19.73
68.0625 0.668 129.938 582.129 183.75 OK 377.294 9.43
59.9375 0.669 138.063 755.918 238.61 OK 598.175 14.95
stressing 52.0625 0.669 145.938 419.205 132.32 OK 134.761 3.37
43.9375 0.669 154.063 593.081 187.21 OK 392.028 9.80
tendon 10 36.0625 0.669 161.938 256.452 80.95 OK 0.000 0.00
27.9375 0.669 170.063 430.415 135.86 OK 153.379 3.83
20.0625 0.669 177.938 93.870 29.63 OK 0.000 0.00
11.9375 0.670 186.063 267.920 84.57 OK 0.000 0.00
4.0625 0.670 193.938 -68.540 -21.64 OK 0.000 0.00
-4.0625 0.670 202.063 105.597 33.33 OK 0.000 0.00
-11.9375 0.670 209.938 -230.780 -72.85 OK 0.000 0.00
-20.0625 0.670 218.063 -56.556 -17.85 OK 0.000 0.00
-27.9375 0.670 225.938 -392.848 -124.01 OK 89.320 2.23
-36.0625 0.671 234.063 -218.537 -68.98 OK 0.000 0.00
-43.9375 0.671 241.938 -610.878 -192.83 OK 415.683 10.39
-52.0625 0.671 250.063 -436.481 -137.78 OK 163.295 4.08
-59.9375 0.671 257.938 -772.604 -243.88 OK 618.269 15.46
-68.0625 0.671 266.063 -598.120 -188.80 OK 398.761 9.97
-75.9375 0.671 273.938 -934.159 -294.87 OK 806.515 20.16
-84.0625 0.672 282.063 -759.588 -239.77 OK 602.608 15.07
-91.9375 0.672 289.938 -1095.543 -345.82 OK 986.702 24.67
-100.0625 0.672 298.063 -920.885 -290.68 OK 791.400 19.79
-107.9375 0.672 305.938 -1256.756 -396.70 OK 1161.876 29.05
-120 0.672 318.000 -997.311 -314.81 OK 877.749 21.94
-120 0.672 318.000 -997.311 -359.78 OK 905.771 22.64
-198 0.674 396.000 0.000 0.00 OK 0.000 0.00
Ac (in2) 29.05
Comment: It shall be checked at each stage that the value of Vx is 0 at the last row which is
the case here.
Comment: The section that governs is the outer edge of an outer anchorage which was
expected due to the cantilever.
Comment: The maximum shear stress is 396.7 psi which is less than 490 psi as permissible
value.
December 2011
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The table below recapitulates for each stressing sequence the maximum values of the
different parameters used for the computation of the general zone reinforcing steel:
Stage Tendon Vx max d max Vxe Ac Cut level y

Stressed kips psi kips in2 inch
1st 5 295.5 +93.28 0 0 +43.9375
2nd 11 -382.8 -120.83 71.3 1.78 -59.9375
3rd 3 536.7 +169.42 314.6 7.86 +75.9375
4th 9 614.6 +193.99 420.6 10.51 +75.9375
5th 13 -676.8 -213.64 500.6 12.52 -91.9375
6th 7 -761.5 -240.39 605.0 15.12 -91.9375
7th 1 716.4 +226.12 549.9 13.75 +107.9375
8th 12 -952.5 -300.67 827.3 20.68 -91.9375
9th 4 -959.3 -302.82 835.0 20.88 -91.9375
10th 8 -1095.1 -345.69 986.3 24.66 -91.9375
11th 14 -1091.3 -344.49 982.1 24.55 -107.9375
12th 2 1106.6 +349.29 998.8 24.97 +107.9375
13th 6 1216.7 +384.06 1118.7 27.97 +107.9375
14th 10 -1256.8 -396.70 1161.9 29.05 -107.9375
15th All stressed ±1241.3 ±391.81 1145.2 28.63 ±107.9375
vertical stirrups over a depth of ⅔ lr = 132’’ (335 cm).

Abh = Abh* = 2.18 in2 (14.06 cm2) to be placed within a depth of 16’’ ahead of the
anchorage

A = 1 * (0.58 + 2.18) = 2.76 in2 (17.81 cm2)
Ac – A = 26.29 in2 (169.61 cm2).
Note: For AASHTO, ACI, or Canadian project, it shall be placed instead of As and Abh the
following values:
Aedge = 1.27 in2 (8.17 cm2) To be placed just ahead of the anchorage.
Abursting = 2.54 in2 (16.34 cm2) to be placed within a depth of 16’’ ahead of the anchorage
December 2011
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As the general zone requires much more reinforcing steel, it will be placed in the local zone
the reinforcing steel determined in accordance with ACI, AASHTO, or CSA.
Selection of reinforcing steel:

- Vertical distribution of post-tensioning effect:
vertical stirrups over a depth of ⅔ lr = 21.33’’ (54 cm).

anchorage

A = 14 * (0.58 + 2.44) = 42.28 in2 (272.77 cm2)
Ac – A = 19.61 in2 (126.52 cm2).
Figure 22 – Required reinforcing steel for example 2
Vertically:
- 1st layer: 2 bars #5 per anchorage: 2 * 0.307 in2 = 0.614 in2 > 0.58 in2 required
OK
- 2nd and 3rd layers: 2 bars #6 per layer per anchorage: 2 * 2 * 0.44 in2 = 1.76 in2
- 4th, 5th and 6th layers: 2 bars #6 per layer per anchorage: 3 * 2 * 0.44 in2 = 2.64 in2
- Total 2nd to 6th layers: 1.76 + 2.64 = 4.40 in2 per anchorage > 2.44 in2 required OK
- Total all layers for all anchorages: Ac = 14 * (0.61 + 4.40) = 70.14 in2 > 61.89 in2
required OK
- 1st layer placed at a maximum of 2’’ ahead of the anchorage plate,
- 2nd layer placed at a distance of 3’’ from the 1st layer
- 3rd layer placed at a distance of 4’’ from the 2nd layer,
December 2011
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- 4th layer placed at a distance of 4’’ from the 3rd layer,
- 5th layer placed at a distance of 4’’ from the 4th layer,
- 6th layer placed at a distance of 4’’ from the 5th layer.
- So the 6th layer is at a distance of 21’’ ahead of the anchorage plate, which is less
than the 21.33’’ distance where all reinforcing steel shall be placed for the vertical
direction.
Horizontally: (All the required bars are not shown in figure 22)
- 1st layer: 6 bars #6 per anchorage: 6 * 0.44 in2 = 2.64 in2 > 1.27 in2 required OK
- 2nd, 3rd and 4th layers: 4 bars #6 per layer per anchorage: 3 * 4 * 0.44 in2 = 5.28 in2
> 2.54 in2 required OK
- 5th and 6th layers: 2 bars #8 + 2 bars #6 per layer per anchorage: 2 * 2 * (0.785 +
0.44) in2 = 4.90 in2
- Additional layers: 2 bars #6 per layer, 19 layers in addition to be placed within a depth
of 132’’ ahead of the anchorage plate: 19 * 2 * 0.44 in2 = 16.72 in2
- Total all layers for all anchorages: Ac = 2.64 + 5.28 + 4.90 + 16.72 = 29.54 in2 >
29.05 in2 required OK
4.3 Precast beam (AASHTO girder type)
This example concerns a post-tensioned precast beam deck (bridge structure), single span,
the cross-section of which is:
8’-6’’
9’’
6’’
6’’
46’’
6’-8’’
8’’
12’’
7’’
8’-6’’
24’’
Figure 23 – Geometry of the beam
This section is the current section. The web could be widened at support in order to justify
the post-tensioning distribution stresses for local zones.
December 2011
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Material characteristics:
- Concrete strength: fc = 6,000 psi (41.37 MPa)
- Tensile concrete strength: ft = 6 [fc]0.5 = 465 psi (3.20 MPa)
Note: French code considers: ft = 0.06 * 41.37 + 0.6 = 3.08 MPa (447 psi)
At stressing, concrete will be 7 days old and the expected concrete strength at this age is:
- Concrete strength: fcj = 4,000 psi (27.58 MPa)
- Tensile concrete strength: ftj = 6 [fcj]0.5 = 379 psi (2.61 MPa)
Note: French code considers: ftj = 0.06 * 27.58 + 0.6 = 2.25 MPa (326 psi)
Calculations will consider the value of 326 psi as tensile strength for concrete 7 days old.
- Reinforcing steel yield strength: fy = 60 ksi (414 MPa)
- Post-tension steel:
o Guaranted Ultimate Tensile Strength: fpu = 270 ksi (1860 MPa)
o Stressing at 75% of GUTS value:
o Stresses after immediate losses assumed to be 90% of stressing stresses
o Tendons are 7 C15 Super (strands 0.62’’): Ap = 7 * 0.231 in2 = 1.617 in2
(10.43 cm2)
o Number of tendons: 4 total, spacing 20’’ (508 mm) vertically
o Slope of tendons in the vertical direction: variable (see table below).
o Anchorage plate: 7’’ * 6’’ (18 cm per 15 cm)
Tendon Level / bottom fiber Slope / horizontal

inch (mm) degrees
1 68’’ (1,727 mm) -8
2 48’’ (1,219 mm) -6
3 28’’ (711 mm) -4
4 8’’ (203 mm) -1
Initial post-tensioning force:

F0 = 0.75 * 270 ksi * 1.617 in2 = 327.5 kips (1,457 kN)
Force after anchorage set:

Fi = 0.9 F0 = 295 kips (1,312 kN)
December 2011
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4.3.1 Local Zone
With a web of 8’’ wide, the local zone of tendon 4 is a rectangular section 8’’ wide per 16’’
high (16’’ = 2 * 8’’). This is the critical local zone for stressing verification due to shorter
dimensions:

av (dimension according to the height) = 7’’ (18 cm)
ah (dimension according to the width) = 6’’ (15 cm)
Vertically
tbj = 0.50 (1 – av/dv) (F0) / (dh dv) = 720 psi > 1.25 ftj = 407.5 psi OK
Note: The local zone shall be widened. It cannot be deepened since vertically the location of the
anchorages is imposed by the design.
Horizontally
tbj = 0.50 (1 – ah/dh) (F0) / (dh dv) = 320 psi < 1.25 ftj = 407.5 psi
Note: fcj > 4,000 psi (Minimum strength required at stressing)
Required width of the web at the end section of the beam:

dh > [0.5 (1 – av/dv) F0] / (dv * 1.25 ftj) = [0.5 (1 – 7/16) * 327,500] / (16 * 407.5) = 14.13’’
or
dh > [0.5 (1 – av/dv) F0] / (dv * 1.25 ftj) = [0.5 (1 – 7/20) * 327,500] / (20 * 407.5) = 13.06’’
The width of the web at the end of the beam will be 15 ½’’ (39.4 cm): see next page.
The calculations are therefore considering the width of 15 ½’’ over a distance equal to 20’’
minimum from the end. The length of 20’’ corresponds to the local zone depth for the
tendons 1, 2, and 3.
20’’ 30’’
15 ½’’ 8’’
Figure 24 – End beam geometry
December 2011
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Local zone Calculation:


Dimension of the local zone per anchorage: Same local zone for tendons 1, 2, or 3
o dv (vertical) = 2 * 20’’ / 2 = 20’’ (508 mm)
o dh (horizontal) = 15 ½’’ (394 mm) (width of the web)

Post-tension forces for a tendon:
- Stressing force: F0 = 0.75 * 270 ksi * 1.617 in2 = 327.5 kips (1,457 kN)
- At transfer: Fi = 0.9 F0 = 295.0 kips (1,312 kN)
The table below summarizes the stresses for each local zone and for both directions:
F0 (kips) 327.5 f'cj (psi) 4000 ftj (psi) 326
Tendon av ah dv dh fxmj < 2/3 f'cj ftejv < 1.25 ftj ftejh < 1.25 ftej
inch inch inch inch psi psi psi
1 7 6 20 15.5 1057 OK 343.5 OK 323.9 OK
2 7 6 20 15.5 1057 OK 343.5 OK 323.9 OK
3 7 6 20 15.5 1057 OK 343.5 OK 323.9 OK
4 7 6 16 15.5 1321 OK 371.5 OK 404.8 OK
So with the proposed adjustment at the end of the beam, the stresses are checked
everywhere.
Spalling and Bursting Reinforcing Steel per local zone:

Tendon As Ae min Aev* Aev Aeh* Aeh
in2 in2 in2 in2 in2 in2
1 0.34 1.27 1.38 1.38 1.30 1.30
2 0.34 1.27 1.38 1.38 1.30 1.30
3 0.34 1.27 1.38 1.38 1.30 1.30
4 0.34 1.27 1.19 1.27 1.30 1.30
Ultimate Limit State: As = 0.04 (1.35*F0) / (60/1.15) = 0.34 in2 (2.19 cm2)
December 2011
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Abv min = 0.15 (1.35*F0) / (60/1.15) = 1.27 in2 (8.19 cm2)
Abv* = 0.25 (1-av/dv) (1.35*F0) / (60/1.15) = 1.38 in2 (8.90 cm2) for tendons 1, 2, and 3
Abv = Abv* = 1.38 in2 (8.90 cm2)

Abh min = 0.15 (1.35*F0) / (60/1.15) = 1.27 in2 (8.19 cm2)
Abh* = 0.25 (1-ah/dh) (1.35*F0) / (60/1.15) = 1.30 in2 (8.39 cm2) for all tendons
Abh = Abh* = 1.30 in2 (8.39 cm2)
The bursting reinforcing steel Abv shall be placed vertically within the depth of 16’’ (0.40 m)
for the section of 1.27 in2 (tendon 4) and 1.38 in2 (tendons 1, 2, and 3) within the depth of
20’’ (50 cm).
The bursting reinforcing steel Abh shall be placed horizontally within the depth of 15 ½’’ (0.38
m) for all tendons.
4.3.2 General zone Calculation


For the vertical distribution, we consider the simplified cross-section without the chamfers:
top flange 9’’ deep per 102’’ wide; web 8’’ wide per 64’’ deep; bottom flange 7’’ deep per 24’’
wide.
102’’
9’’
64’’
8’’
24’’ 7’’
Figure 25 – Simplified cross-section for vertical distribution
December 2011
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The regulation length is equal to the depth of the beam, say 80’’. The width of the web is
varying over the distance of 80’’ from the anchorage plates. That is why to be on the safe
side, calculations consider the minimum width of the web which is 8’’: standard cross-
section: see figure 25.
Geometrical characteristics of the simplified section:

Area:
A = 102’’ * 9’’ + 64’’ * 8’’ + 24’’ * 7’’ = 1,598 in2 (1.031 m2)
Statical moment Q: calculated with respect to the top fiber

Q = 102’’ * 9’’ * 9’’ / 2 + 64’’ * 8’’ * (9’’ + 64’’/2) + 24’’ * 7’’ * (80’’ – 7’’/2) = 37,975 in3
(0.622 m3)
Distance from the top fiber to the center of gravity:

vtop = Q / A = 37,975 / 1,598 = 23.764’’
Distance from the bottom fiber to the center of gravity:

vbottom = h - Q / A = 80’’ - 37,975 / 1,598 = 56.236’’
Inertia I: calculated with respect to the top fiber

I = 102’’ * 9’’3 / 3 + 64’’ * 8’’ * (9’’ + 64’’/2)2 + 64’’3 * 8’’ / 12 + 24’’ * 7’’ * (80’’ – 7’’/2)2 + 24’’ *
7’’3 / 12 = 2,044,085 in4 (0.851 m4)
Inertia I: calculated with respect to the center of gravity

I = I – A vtop2 = 2,044,085 – 1,598 * 23.7642 = 1,141,650 in4 (0.475 m4)
The stressing sequence will be:

- Tendon 3 first stressed
- Tendon 1 second stressed
- Tendon 4 third stressed
- Tendon 2 fourth and last stressed
The cut level sections are as follows:

- Top of anchorage plate tendon 1: z = 8 ½’’ (12’’ – 7’’/2 = 8 ½’’)
- Bottom fiber of top flange: z = 9’’
- Bottom of anchorage plate tendon 1: z = 15 ½’’ (12’’ + 7’’/2 = 15 ½’’)
- Center of gravity of the section: z = 23.764’’
- Top fiber of bottom flange: z = 73’’
December 2011
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- Bottom fiber of bottom flange: z = 80’’
Tendons are going downwards with different angles with respect to the horizontal.

Fh = Fstressing cos(angle)
Mh = Fh * e
Ft = Fstressing sin (angle)

ftop = Fh / A + Mh vtop / I = Fh / 1,598 + Mh * 23.764 / 1,141,650
f(z) = Fh / A + Mh (vtop – z) / I = Fh / 1,598 + Mh * (23.764 – z) / 1,141,650
fbottom = Fh / A - Mh vbottom / I = Fh / 1,598 - Mh * 56.236 / 1,141,650

b(z) = 102’’ for 0 ≤ z ≤ 9’’
b(z) = 8’’ for 9’’ ≤ z ≤ 73’’
b(z) = 24’’ for 73’’ ≤ z ≤ 80’’
Shear stress due to Ft:

(z) = Ft Q(z) / b(z) I
I = 1,141,650 in4
For 0 ≤ z ≤ 9’’,
Q(z) = b(z) * z * (vtop – z/2)
b(z) = 102’’
Q(9) = 17,684 in3
For 9’’ ≤ z ≤ 73’’,

Q(z) = 102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) + 8 * (z – 9) * (vtop – 9 – (z – 9)/2)
b(z) = 8’’
Q(vtop) = Q(23.764) = 18,556 in3
Q(73’’) = 8,859 in3
For 73’’ ≤ z ≤ 80’’,

Q(z) = 102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) + 8 * (73 – 9) * (vtop – 9 – (73 – 9)/2) + 24 * (z – 73) * (vtop – 73 –
(z – 73)/2)
b(z) = 24’’
Q(73’’) = 8,859 in3
Q(80’’) = 0
December 2011
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It can be considered the bottom fiber as reference: this gives:

For vtop = 23.764 ≤ z ≤ 73’’,
Q(z) = 24 * 7 * (vbottom – 7/2) + 8 * (73 – z) * (vbottom – 7 – (73 – z)/2)
b(z) = 8’’
Q(vtop) = 18,556 in3
For 73’’ ≤ z ≤ 80’’,

Q(z) = b(z) * (80 – z) * (vbottom – (80 – z)/2))
b(z) = 24’’
Q(73) = 8,859 in3

Ftendon i = 0 for z < anchorage tendon i
Ftendon i = Fh tendon i for z ≥ anchorage tendon i when tendon i is stressed
For 0 ≤ z ≤ 9’’,
f(z) = Fh / 1,598 + Mh * (23.764 – z) / 1,141,650
Vx(z) = 102 * (ftop + f(z)) * z / 2
For 9’’ ≤ z ≤ 73’’,

f(z) = Fh / 1,598 + Mh * (23.764 – z) / 1,141,650
Vx(z) = 102 * (ftop + f(9)) * 9 / 2 + 8 * (f(9) + f(z)) * (z – 9) / 2 - Ftendons
For 73’’ ≤ z ≤ 80’’,

f(z) = Fh / 1,598 + Mh * (23.764 – z) / 1,141,650
Vx(z) = 102 * (ftop + f(9)) * 9 / 2 + 8 * (f(9) + f(73)) * (73 – 9) / 2 + 24 * (f(73) + f(z)) * (z – 73)
/ 2 - Ftendons
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Ftendon i = Ft tendon i for z ≥ anchorage tendon i
(t) = Ft Q(t) / b(t) I
I = 1,141,650 in4
For 0 ≤ z ≤ 9’’,
(t) = [Ft / (b(t) * I)] * [b(t) * t * (vtop – t/2)]
Nx(z) = ' = ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
∗
Nx(z) = (Ft / I) * b(t) * ∗

Nx(z) = (Ft / I) * b(t) * ∗
Nx(z) = (Ft / I) * b(t) * ∗
Nx(9) = 102 * (Ft / I) * [23.764 * 92 / 2 - 93 / 6]
For 9’’ ≤ z ≤ 73’’,

Q(t) = 102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) + 8 * (t – 9) * (vtop – 9 – (t – 9)/2)
e’(t) = 8’’ (constant value) for 9’’ < t < 73’’
Nx(z) = '
Nx(z) = ' + '

b(t) = e’(t) = 8’’ for 9 < t < 73
Nx(z) = Nx(9) + '
Nx(z) = Nx(9) + (Ft / I) *
Q(t) = 102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) + 8 * (t – 9) * (vtop – 9 – (t – 9)/2)
Q(t) = 102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) + 8 * (t – 9) * (vtop – 9/2 – t/2)
Q(t) = 102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) + 8 * (-t2/2 + (vtop – 9/2 + 9/2) t – 9(vtop – 9/2))
Q(t) = 102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) + 8 * (-t2/2 + vtop t – 9(vtop – 9/2))
December 2011
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= 102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) * (z – 9) + 8 * (-z3/6 + vtop z2/2 – 9(vtop – 9/2)z) - 8 * (-93/6

+ vtop 92/2 – 9(vtop – 9/2)*9)
Nx(z) = Nx(9) + (Ft/I)*{102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) * (z – 9) + 8 * (-z3/6 + vtop z2/2 – 9(vtop – 9/2)z) - 8 *

(-93/6 + vtop 92/2 – 9(vtop – 9/2)*9)} - Ftendons
Nx(vtop) = Nx(23.764) = 102 * (Ft / I) * [23.764 * 92 / 2 - 93 / 6] + (Ft / I) * {102 * 9 * (vtop –

9/2) * (vtop – 9) + 8 * (-vtop3/6 + vtop3/2 – 9(vtop – 9/2)*vtop) - 8 * (-93/6 + vtop 92/2 – 9(vtop –
9/2)*9)} – Ftendon 1 (once tendon 1 is stressed)
Nx(73’’) = 102 * (Ft / I) * [23.764 * 92 / 2 - 93 / 6] + (Ft / I) * {102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) * (73 – 9)

+ 8 * (-733/6 + vtop*732/2 – 9(vtop – 9/2)*73) - 8 * (-93/6 + vtop 92/2 – 9(vtop – 9/2)*9)} –
Ftendon i (once tendon 1, tendon 2, tendon 3, or tendon 4 is stressed)
For 73’’ ≤ z ≤ 80’’,

Q(t) = 102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) + 8 * (73 – 9) * (vtop – 9 – (73 – 9)/2) + 24 * (t – 73) * (vtop – 73 – (t
– 73)/2)
e’(t) = b(t) = 24’’
Nx(z) = '
Nx(z) = ' + '

b(t) = e’(t) = 24’’ for 73 < t < 80
Nx(z) = Nx(73) + '
Nx(z) = Nx(73) + (Ft / I) *
Q(t) = 102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) + 8 * (73 – 9) * (vtop – 9 – (73 – 9)/2) + 24 * (t – 73) * (vtop – 73 –
(t – 73)/2)
Q(t) = 102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) + 8 * 64 * (vtop – 9/2 – 73/2) + 24 * (t – 73) * (vtop – 73/2 – t/2)
Q(t) = 102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) + 8 * 64 * (vtop – 82/2) + 24 * (-t2/2 + (vtop – 73/2 + 73/2) t –
73(vtop – 73/2))
Q(t) = 102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) + 8 * 64 * (vtop – 82/2) + 24 * (-t2/2 + vtop t – 73(vtop – 73/2))
= [102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) + 8 * 64 * (vtop – 82/2)] * (z -73) + 24 * (-z3/6 + vtop z2/2

– 73(vtop – 73/2)z) - 24 * (-733/6 + vtop 732/2 – 73(vtop – 73/2)*73)
Nx(z) = Nx(73) + (Ft/I)*{ [102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) + 8 * 64 * (vtop – 82/2)] * (z -73) + 24 * (-z3/6 + vtop
z2/2 – 73(vtop – 73/2)z) - 24 * (-733/6 + vtop 732/2 – 73(vtop – 73/2)*73)} - Ftendons
December 2011
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Nx(80) = Nx(73) + (Ft/I)*{ [102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) + 8 * 64 * (vtop – 82/2)] * (80 -73) + 24 * (-803/6
+ vtop 802/2 – 73(vtop – 73/2)80) - 24 * (-733/6 + vtop 732/2 – 73(vtop – 73/2)*73)} - Ftendons
Note : Nx(80’’) = 0 systematically.
Tendons 7 C15 Super h (inch) b (inch)

Fo (kips) 327.443 top flange 9 102
Fi (kips) 294.698 web 64 8
bot flange 7 24
1 11.7640801 0 Values with respect to center of gravity
2 -8.2359199 0
3 -28.2359199 0
4 -48.2359199 0
Q (in3) 37975
vbottom
vtop (inch) 23.76408 (in) 56.23592
Inertia
Vertical Distribution Area (in2) 1598 (in4) 1141650
Slope
Stage (deg.) Fh (kips) M (in-kips) ftop (ksi) fbottom (ksi) Ft (kips)
tendon 3 -4 326.64 -9223.12 0.012 0.659 -22.84
tendon 1 -8 618.24 -4486.23 0.293 0.608 -66.13
tendon 4 -1 913.20 -20659.78 0.141 1.589 -67.29
tendon 2 -6 1206.11 -21762.58 0.302 1.827 -100.94
all stressed 1173.55 -21494.38 0.287 1.793 -97.52
Stage: Tendon 3 stressed

a (inch) 7 e' (inch) variable lr (inch) 80 f'c (psi) 4000
ft (psi) 327
Stage z (inch) bz (inch) fz (ksi) Vx (kips) d (psi) Q(z) (in3) v (psi) total (psi) Check  Nx (kips) Vxe (kips) Ac (in2)
8.5 102 0.081 40.5 9.94 16918.71 -3.32 6.62 OK -1.543 0.0 0.04
stressing 9 8 0.085 44.8 139.93 17684.43 -44.23 95.71 OK -1.716 17.6 0.48
tendon 15.5 8.00 0.138 50.6 158.03 18283.16 -45.72 112.31 OK -4.059 26.5 0.76
3 23.76408 8.00 0.204 61.9 193.37 18556.34 -46.41 146.96 OK -7.112 42.2 1.23
28.5 8.00 0.243 70.3 219.84 18466.62 -46.18 173.65 OK -8.867 53.1 1.55
35.5 8.00 0.299 85.5 267.25 18005.41 -45.03 222.22 OK -11.426 71.3 2.07
48.5 8.00 0.404 122.1 381.56 16108.87 -40.29 341.28 OK -15.891 112.1 3.20
55.5 8.00 0.461 -180.3 -563.51 14527.66 -36.33 -599.84 ! 4.800 173.6 4.22
68.5 8.00 0.566 -126.9 -396.69 10551.13 -26.39 -423.07 OK 1.509 117.4 2.90
73 8.00 0.602 -105.9 -330.99 8859.63 -22.16 -353.14 OK 0.634 94.4 2.34
75.5 24 0.622 -69.2 -72.06 5830.48 -4.86 -76.92 OK 0.266 0.0 0.00
80 24 0.659 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 OK 0.000 0.0 0.00
December 2011
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The shear stress total is not checked for ordinate z = 55.5 (bottom of anchorage plate of
tendon 3).
However, it is calculated with a width of 8’’ for the web.
The real width is more taking into account the widening of the web at the end of the beam
(see figure 24):
The width average of the end zone over the length of 80’’ (equal to the regulation length lr)
is:
bweb average = [20’’ * 15 ½’’ + 30’’ * (15 ½’’ + 8’’) / 2 + 30’’ * 8’’] / 80’’ = 11.225’’
Calculations are updated to take into account the real average width of the web over the
regulation length.
For the vertical distribution, we consider the simplified cross-section without the chamfers:
top flange 9’’ deep per 102’’ wide; web 11.225’’ wide per 64’’ deep; bottom flange 7’’ deep
per 24’’ wide.
102’’
9’’
64’’
11.225’’
24’’ 7’’
Figure 26 – Simplified cross-section for vertical distribution
Geometrical characteristics of the simplified section:

Area:
A = 102’’ * 9’’ + 64’’ * 11.225’’ + 24’’ * 7’’ = 1,804.4 in2 (1.164 m2)
Statical moment Q: calculated with respect to the top fiber

Q = 102’’ * 9’’ * 9’’ / 2 + 64’’ * 11.225’’ * (9’’ + 64’’/2) + 24’’ * 7’’ * (80’’ – 7’’/2) = 46,437.4
in3 (0.761 m3)
Distance from the top fiber to the center of gravity:

vtop = Q / A = 46,437.4 / 1,804.4 = 25.7356’’ (653.7 mm)
December 2011
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Distance from the bottom fiber to the center of gravity:
vbottom = h - Q / A = 80’’ - 46,437.4 / 1,804.4 = 54.2644’’ (1,378.3 mm)
Inertia I: calculated with respect to the top fiber

I = 102’’ * 9’’3 / 3 + 64’’ * 11.225’’ * (9’’ + 64’’/2)2 + 64’’3 * 11.225’’ / 12 + 24’’ * 7’’ * (80’’ –
7’’/2)2 + 24’’ * 7’’3 / 12 = 2,461,494 in4 (1.0246 m4)
Inertia I: calculated with respect to the center of gravity

I = I – A vtop2 = 2,461,494 – 1,804.4 * 25.73562 = 1,266,398 in4 (0.527 m4)
The stressing sequence will be:

- Tendon 3 first stressed
- Tendon 1 second stressed
- Tendon 4 third stressed
- Tendon 2 fourth and last stressed
The cut level sections are as follows:

- Bottom fiber of top flange: z = 9’’
- Center of gravity of the section: z = 25.736’’
- Top fiber of bottom flange: z = 73’’
- Bottom fiber of bottom flange: z = 80’’
Tendons are going downwards with different angles with respect to the horizontal.

Fh = Fstressing cos(angle)
Mh = Fh * e
Ft = Fstressing sin (angle)

ftop = Fh / A + Mh vtop / I = Fh / 1,804.4 + Mh * 25.7356 / 1,266,398
f(z) = Fh / A + Mh (vtop – z) / I = Fh / 1,804.4 + Mh * (25.7356 – z) / 1,266,398
fbottom = Fh / A - Mh vbottom / I = Fh / 1,804.4 - Mh * 54.2644 / 1,266,398
December 2011
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b(z) = 102’’ for 0 ≤ z ≤ 9’’
b(z) = 11.225’’ for 9’’ ≤ z ≤ 73’’
b(z) = 24’’ for 73’’ ≤ z ≤ 80’’
Shear stress due to Ft:

(z) = Ft Q(z) / b(z) I
I = 1,266,398 in4
For 0 ≤ z ≤ 9’’,
Q(z) = b(z) * z * (vtop – z/2)
b(z) = 102’’
Q(9) = 19,494 in3
For 9’’ ≤ z ≤ 73’’,

Q(z) = 102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) + 11.225 * (z – 9) * (vtop – 9 – (z – 9)/2)
b(z) = 11.225’’
Q(vtop) = Q(25.7356) = 21,066 in3
Q(73’’) = 8,528 in3
For 73’’ ≤ z ≤ 80’’,

Q(z) = 102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) + 11.225 * (73 – 9) * (vtop – 9 – (73 – 9)/2) + 24 * (z – 73) * (vtop –
73 – (z – 73)/2)
b(z) = 24’’
Q(73’’) = 8,528 in3
Q(80’’) = 0
It can be considered the bottom fiber as reference: this gives:

For vtop = 25.7356 ≤ z ≤ 73’’,
Q(z) = 24 * 7 * (vbottom – 7/2) + 11.225 * (73 – z) * (vbottom – 7 – (73 – z)/2)
b(z) = 11.225’’
Q(vtop) = 21,066 in3
For 73’’ ≤ z ≤ 80’’,

Q(z) = b(z) * (80 – z) * (vbottom – (80 – z)/2))
b(z) = 24’’
Q(73) = 8,528 in3
December 2011
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Ftendon i = Fh tendon i for z ≥ anchorage tendon i when tendon i is stressed
For 0 ≤ z ≤ 9’’,
f(z) = Fh / 1,804.4 + Mh * (25.7356 – z) / 1,266,398
Vx(z) = 102 * (ftop + f(z)) * z / 2
For 9’’ ≤ z ≤ 73’’,

f(z) = Fh / 1,804.4 + Mh * (25.7356 – z) / 1,266,398
e’(z) = 11.225’’ (constant value)
Vx(z) = 102 * (ftop + f(9)) * 9 / 2 + 11.225 * (f(9) + f(z)) * (z – 9) / 2 - Ftendons
For 73’’ ≤ z ≤ 80’’,

f(z) = Fh / 1,804.4 + Mh * (25.7356 – z) / 1,266,398
Vx(z) = 102 * (ftop + f(9)) * 9 / 2 + 11.225 * (f(9) + f(73)) * (73 – 9) / 2 + 24 * (f(73) + f(z)) * (z
– 73) / 2 - Ftendons

Ftendon i = Ft tendon i for z ≥ anchorage tendon i
(t) = Ft Q(t) / b(t) I
I = 1,266,398 in4
For 0 ≤ z ≤ 9’’,
(t) = [Ft / (b(t) * I)] * [b(t) * t * (vtop – t/2)]
Nx(z) = ' = ∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
∗
Nx(z) = (Ft / I) * b(t) * ∗
Nx(z) = (Ft / I) * b(t) * ∗
Nx(z) = (Ft / I) * b(t) * ∗
Nx(9) = 102 * (Ft / I) * [25.7356 * 92 / 2 - 93 / 6]
December 2011
Page 85 of 100


For 9’’ ≤ z ≤ 73’’,

Q(t) = 102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) + 11.225 * (t – 9) * (vtop – 9 – (t – 9)/2)
e’(t) = 11.225’’ (constant value) for 9’’ < t < 73’’
Nx(z) = '
Nx(z) = ' + '

b(t) = e’(t) = 11.225’’ for 9 < t < 73
Nx(z) = Nx(9) + '
Nx(z) = Nx(9) + (Ft / I) *
Q(t) = 102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) + 11.225 * (t – 9) * (vtop – 9 – (t – 9)/2)
Q(t) = 102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) + 11.225 * (t – 9) * (vtop – 9/2 – t/2)
Q(t) = 102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) + 11.225 * (-t2/2 + (vtop – 9/2 + 9/2) t – 9(vtop – 9/2))
Q(t) = 102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) + 11.225 * (-t2/2 + vtop t – 9(vtop – 9/2))
= 102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) * (z – 9) + 11.225 * (-z3/6 + vtop z2/2 – 9(vtop – 9/2)z) –

11.225 * (-93/6 + vtop 92/2 – 9(vtop – 9/2)*9)
Nx(z) = Nx(9) + (Ft/I)*{102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) * (z – 9) + 11.225 * (-z3/6 + vtop z2/2 – 9(vtop – 9/2)z)
– 11.225 * (-93/6 + vtop 92/2 – 9(vtop – 9/2)*9)} - Ftendons
Nx(vtop) = Nx(25.7356) = 102 * (Ft / I) * [vtop * 92 / 2 - 93 / 6] + (Ft / I) * {102 * 9 * (vtop –

9/2) * (vtop – 9) + 11.225 * (-vtop3/6 + vtop3/2 – 9(vtop – 9/2)*vtop) – 11.225 * (-93/6 + vtop 92/2 –
9(vtop – 9/2)*9)} – Ftendon 1 (once tendon 1 is stressed)
Nx(73’’) = 102 * (Ft / I) * [vtop * 92 / 2 - 93 / 6] + (Ft / I) * {102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) * (73 – 9) +

11.225 * (-733/6 + vtop*732/2 – 9(vtop – 9/2)*73) – 11.225 * (-93/6 + vtop 92/2 – 9(vtop – 9/2)*9)}
– Ftendon i (once tendon 1, tendon 2, tendon 3, or tendon 4 is stressed)
For 73’’ ≤ z ≤ 80’’,

Q(t) = 102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) + 11.225 * (73 – 9) * (vtop – 9 – (73 – 9)/2) + 24 * (t – 73) * (vtop –
73 – (t – 73)/2)
e’(t) = b(t) = 24’’
Nx(z) = '
December 2011
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Nx(z) = ' + '

b(t) = e’(t) = 24’’ for 73 < t < 80
Nx(z) = Nx(73) + '
Nx(z) = Nx(73) + (Ft / I) *
Q(t) = 102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) + 11.225 * (73 – 9) * (vtop – 9 – (73 – 9)/2) + 24 * (t – 73) * (vtop –
73 – (t – 73)/2)
Q(t) = 102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) + 11.225 * 64 * (vtop – 9/2 – 73/2) + 24 * (t – 73) * (vtop – 73/2 –
t/2)
Q(t) = 102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) + 11.225 * 64 * (vtop – 82/2) + 24 * (-t2/2 + (vtop – 73/2 + 73/2) t –
73(vtop – 73/2))
Q(t) = 102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) + 11.225 * 64 * (vtop – 82/2) + 24 * (-t2/2 + vtop t – 73(vtop – 73/2))
= [102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) + 11.225 * 64 * (vtop – 82/2)] * (z -73) + 24 * (-z3/6 + vtop

z2/2 – 73(vtop – 73/2)z) - 24 * (-733/6 + vtop 732/2 – 73(vtop – 73/2)*73)
Nx(z) = Nx(73) + (Ft/I)*{ [102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) + 11.225 * 64 * (vtop – 82/2)] * (z -73) + 24 * (-z3/6
+ vtop z2/2 – 73(vtop – 73/2)z) - 24 * (-733/6 + vtop 732/2 – 73(vtop – 73/2)*73)} - Ftendons
Nx(80) = Nx(73) + (Ft/I)*{ [102 * 9 * (vtop – 9/2) + 11.225 * 64 * (vtop – 82/2)] * (80 -73) + 24 * (-
803/6 + vtop 802/2 – 73(vtop – 73/2)80) - 24 * (-733/6 + vtop 732/2 – 73(vtop – 73/2)*73)} -
Ftendons
Note : Nx(80’’) = 0 systematically.
Comment :
A concrete strength of 5,000 psi minimum is required for stressing the tendons and not
4,000 psi as considered in the assumptions at the beginning.
December 2011
Page 87 of 100


Tendons 7 C15 Super h (inch) b (inch)

F0 (kips) 327.443 top flange 9 102
Fi (kips) 294.698 web 64 11.225
bot flange 7 24
1 13.73565 0 Values with respect to center of gravity
2 -6.26435 0
3 -26.26435 0
4 -46.26435 0
Q (in3) 46437.4
Vertical Distribution Area (in2) 1804.4 1804.4 1266398
Slope
Stage (deg.) Fh (kips) M (in-kips) ftop (ksi) fbottom (ksi) Ft (kips)
tendon 3 -4 326.64 -8579.12 0.007 0.549 -22.84
tendon 1 -8 618.24 -3267.34 0.276 0.483 -66.13
tendon 4 -1 913.20 -18859.34 0.123 1.314 -67.29
tendon 2 -6 1206.11 -19384.65 0.274 1.499 -100.94
all stressed 1173.55 -19180.66 0.261 1.472 -97.52

a (inch) 7 e' (inch) variable lr (inch) 80 f'c (psi) 5000
ft (psi) 387
8.5 102 0.064 30.8 7.54 18628.06 -3.29 4.24 OK -1.522 0.0 0.04
stressing 9 11.225 0.068 34.1 75.99 19494.32 -31.32 44.67 OK -1.694 0.0 0.04
tendon 15.5 11.225 0.112 40.7 90.56 20478.27 -32.90 57.66 OK -4.042 0.0 0.10
3 25.73565 11.225 0.181 57.5 128.01 21066.28 -33.85 94.16 OK -7.895 0.0 0.20
28.5 11.225 0.200 63.4 141.17 21023.39 -33.78 107.39 OK -8.944 10.5 0.49
35.5 11.225 0.247 80.9 180.28 20531.17 -32.99 147.29 OK -11.573 39.5 1.28
48.5 11.225 0.335 123.4 274.92 18157.80 -29.18 245.74 OK -16.146 96.3 2.81
55.5 11.225 0.383 -175.0 -389.76 16094.07 -25.86 -415.62 OK 4.527 155.8 3.78
68.5 11.225 0.471 -112.7 -251.08 10802.20 -17.36 -268.44 OK 1.337 83.0 2.04
73 11.225 0.501 -88.2 -196.41 8528.41 -13.70 -210.11 OK 0.551 50.1 1.24
75.5 24 0.518 -57.6 -60.01 5617.55 -4.22 -64.23 OK 0.231 0.0 0.00
80 24 0.549 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 OK 0.000 0.0 0.00
Shear stress: total max = 416 psi < 1.5 * 387 = 580 psi OK
General Zone Reinforcing Steel required for this stage:
Ac = 3.78 in2 to be distributed over 2/3 lr = 53’’.
December 2011
Page 88 of 100



8.5 102 0.298 249.0 61.03 18628.06 -9.54 51.49 OK -4.407 0.0 0.11
stressing 9 11.225 0.299 264.2 588.50 19494.32 -90.69 497.81 OK -4.904 251.5 6.41
tendon 15.5 11.225 0.316 -37.6 -83.65 20478.27 -95.26 -178.92 OK 33.870 0.0 0.00
1 25.73565 11.225 0.343 0.3 0.64 21066.28 -98.00 -97.35 OK 22.715 0.0 0.00
28.5 11.225 0.350 11.0 24.57 21023.39 -97.80 -73.23 OK 19.676 0.0 0.00
35.5 11.225 0.368 39.2 87.36 20531.17 -95.51 -8.15 OK 12.065 0.0 0.00
48.5 11.225 0.401 95.3 212.35 18157.80 -84.47 127.88 OK -1.174 60.2 1.53
55.5 11.225 0.419 -166.4 -370.58 16094.07 -74.87 -445.45 OK 13.106 146.2 3.33
68.5 11.225 0.453 -102.7 -228.82 10802.20 -50.25 -279.07 OK 3.870 70.1 1.66
73 11.225 0.465 -79.6 -177.20 8528.41 -39.67 -216.88 OK 1.594 37.4 0.90
75.5 24 0.471 -51.5 -53.64 5617.55 -12.22 -65.87 OK 0.670 0.0 0.00
80 24 0.483 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 OK 0.000 0.0 0.00
Note: The section z = 9’’ and z = 73’’ shall not be considered since they corresponds to
sections within an anchorage plate depth (tendon 1 and tendon 4 respectively).

8.5 102 0.249 161.4 39.55 18628.06 -9.70 29.85 OK -4.484 0.0 0.11
stressing 9 11.225 0.257 174.3 388.17 19494.32 -92.27 295.89 OK -4.990 155.0 4.00
tendon 15.5 11.225 0.354 -95.3 -212.18 20478.27 -96.93 -309.11 OK 29.108 60.1 0.77
4 25.73565 11.225 0.506 -45.9 -102.18 21066.28 -99.71 -201.89 OK 17.758 0.0 0.00
28.5 11.225 0.547 -29.5 -65.78 21023.39 -99.51 -165.29 OK 14.666 0.0 0.00
35.5 11.225 0.652 17.6 39.11 20531.17 -97.18 -58.07 OK 6.921 0.0 0.00
48.5 11.225 0.845 126.8 282.31 18157.80 -85.95 196.36 OK -6.549 100.3 2.67
55.5 11.225 0.949 -96.7 -215.42 16094.07 -76.18 -291.60 OK 7.621 62.0 1.36
68.5 11.225 1.143 55.9 124.58 10802.20 -51.13 73.45 OK -1.777 0.0 0.04
73 11.225 1.210 -212.0 -472.23 8528.41 -40.37 -512.60 OK 1.622 196.2 4.86
75.5 24 1.247 -138.3 -144.08 5617.55 -12.44 -156.52 OK 0.681 27.4 0.67
80 24 1.314 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 OK 0.000 0.0 0.00
December 2011
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8.5 102 0.405 294.4 72.15 18628.06 -14.56 57.60 OK -6.726 0.0 0.17
stressing 9 11.225 0.412 315.2 702.05 19494.32 -138.43 563.62 OK -7.486 304.6 7.80
tendon 15.5 11.225 0.512 57.1 127.17 20478.27 -145.41 -18.25 OK 23.153 0.0 0.00
2 25.73565 11.225 0.668 124.9 278.17 21066.28 -149.59 128.58 OK 6.125 98.0 2.30
28.5 11.225 0.711 146.3 325.82 21023.39 -149.28 176.54 OK 1.487 123.4 3.05
35.5 11.225 0.818 -119.3 -265.70 20531.17 -145.79 -411.49 OK 24.095 91.2 1.68
48.5 11.225 1.017 14.6 32.45 18157.80 -128.94 -96.48 OK 3.887 0.0 0.00
55.5 11.225 1.124 -195.3 -434.96 16094.07 -114.28 -549.24 OK 14.863 178.1 4.08
68.5 11.225 1.323 -16.8 -37.32 10802.20 -76.71 -114.02 OK 0.764 0.0 0.00
73 11.225 1.392 -242.8 -540.85 8528.41 -60.56 -601.41 ! 2.434 229.0 5.66
75.5 24 1.430 -158.2 -164.77 5617.55 -18.66 -183.43 OK 1.022 61.2 1.50
80 24 1.499 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 OK 0.000 0.0 0.00
Stage: All Tendons stressed

8.5 102 0.389 281.7 69.05 18628.06 -14.06 54.99 OK -6.498 0.0 0.16
All 9 11.225 0.397 301.8 672.14 19494.32 -133.73 538.41 OK -7.232 290.7 7.45
tendons 15.5 11.225 0.495 42.5 94.68 20478.27 -140.48 -45.80 OK 23.758 0.0 0.00
stressed 25.73565 11.225 0.650 108.3 241.27 21066.28 -144.52 96.76 OK 7.308 77.4 1.75
28.5 11.225 0.692 129.2 287.67 21023.39 -144.22 143.45 OK 2.827 103.2 2.51
35.5 11.225 0.798 -105.4 -234.66 20531.17 -140.85 -375.51 OK 22.407 73.5 1.28
48.5 11.225 0.995 25.5 56.77 18157.80 -124.56 -67.79 OK 2.884 0.0 0.00
55.5 11.225 1.101 -186.1 -414.54 16094.07 -110.41 -524.95 OK 14.185 168.1 3.85
68.5 11.225 1.298 -11.1 -24.66 10802.20 -74.10 -98.76 OK 0.564 0.0 0.00
73 11.225 1.366 -238.4 -531.03 8528.41 -58.51 -589.54 ! 2.351 224.4 5.55
75.5 24 1.404 -155.3 -161.80 5617.55 -18.02 -179.82 OK 0.987 56.6 1.39
80 24 1.472 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 OK 0.000 0.0 0.00
December 2011
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Synthesis:
The stage that governs the design is the stage where the tendon nº 2 is stressed which is
satisfactory. It can be seen that the amount of reinforcing steel is close to the one obtained
at the end (stage all tendons stressed) and to the first one (stressing of tendon nº 3). The
proposed stressing sequence is therefore the good one.
General Zone Reinforcing Steel required for the vertical distribution of the post-tensioning
forces:
Comment:
What would be the stresses and required reinforcing steel if the tendons where horizontal
with no slope?
Stage: Tendon 2 stressed (still governing the design)

8.5 102 0.408 297.1 72.82 18628.06 0.00 72.82 OK 0.000 0.0 0.00
stressing 9 11.225 0.415 318.1 708.44 19494.32 0.00 708.44 ! 0.000 307.5 7.69
tendon 15.5 11.225 0.515 57.3 127.68 20478.27 0.00 127.68 OK 0.000 0.0 0.00
2 25.73565 11.225 0.671 125.5 279.45 21066.28 0.00 279.45 OK 0.000 98.7 2.47
28.5 11.225 0.714 147.0 327.31 21023.39 0.00 327.31 OK 0.000 124.1 3.10
35.5 11.225 0.821 -120.2 -267.68 20531.17 0.00 -267.68 OK 0.000 92.3 2.31
48.5 11.225 1.020 14.1 31.42 18157.80 0.00 31.42 OK 0.000 0.0 0.00
55.5 11.225 1.127 -196.3 -437.10 16094.07 0.00 -437.10 OK 0.000 179.2 4.48
68.5 11.225 1.326 -17.3 -38.54 10802.20 0.00 -38.54 OK 0.000 0.0 0.00
73 11.225 1.395 -243.3 -541.86 8528.41 0.00 -541.86 OK 0.000 229.5 5.74
75.5 24 1.433 -158.5 -165.07 5617.55 0.00 -165.07 OK 0.000 61.7 1.54
80 24 1.502 0.0 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 OK 0.000 0.0 0.00
To neglect the slopes of the tendons will induce a little bit more reinforcing steel (+ 10%).
But it will give much lower shear stress (-25%) and will authorize a stressing at 4,000 psi
instead of 5,000 psi required.
December 2011
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For the horizontal distribution, we consider the real cross-section with the chamfers: see
figure 23.
The tendons are centered with respect to the section horizontally.
The stage that governs the design is therefore the one when the fourth tendon (here tendon
nº2) is stressed because the force is maximum.
We do not consider the widening of the web at the end since the regulation length is now the
width of the beam: 102’’ (the widened zone of 20’’ represent 20% of the regulation length).
The stresses are uniform horizontally:

f = Ftendons / A = 1,212.5 / 1,730 = 0.7009 ksi = 700.9 psi
Ftendons = 3 * Fi + 1.0 F0 = 3 * 295 + 327.5 = 1,212.5 kips
Area: area of the section with the chamfers.

A = 102’’ * 9’’ + 64’’ * 8’’ + 24’’ * 7’’ + 2 * 6’’ * 6’’ / 2 + 2 * 8’’ * 12’’ / 2 = 1,730 in2
(A = 1.116 m2)
ah (dimension of anchorage plate along the horizontal direction) = 6’’ (15 cm)
The different cut levels are as follows: cut levels are measured with respect to the vertical
axis of the figure 23 (positive towards the left).
- y = 51’’: left edge of the top flange
- y = 12’’: left edge of the bottom flange
- y = 10’’: change of thickness in the top flange
- y = 4’’: left edge of the web
- y = ah/2 = 3’’: left side of tendon anchorage plates
- y = - ah/2 = -3’’: right side of tendon anchorage plates
- y = -4’’: right edge side of the web
- y = -10’’: change of thickness in the top flange
- y = -12’’: right edge of the bottom flange
- y = -51’’: right edge of the top flange
- Shear force due to F: Vx(y*)

∗
Vx(y*) = - Ftendons
f(t) = 0.7009 ksi
b(t) is varying from 0 ≤ t ≤ 102’’ (see next page)
December 2011
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y* is the distance from the left fiber to the cut level section considered:
b(t) = 9’’ for 0 ≤ y* ≤ 39’’
b(t) = (3/2) y* - (85/2) for 39’’ ≤ y* ≤ 41’’

b(t) = 16’’ for y* = 39’’ (9’’ for the top flange and 7’’ for the bottom flange)
b(t) = (5/2) y* - (167/2) for 41’’ ≤ y* ≤ 47’’

b(t) = 80’’ for 47’’ ≤ y* ≤ 55’’
b(t) = -(5/2) y* + (343/2) for 55’’ ≤ y* ≤ 61’’

b(t) = -(3/2) y* + (221/2) for 61’’ ≤ y* ≤ 63’’

b(t) = 9’’ for 63’’ ≤ y* ≤ 102’’
For 0 ≤ y* ≤ 39’’:
f(t) = 0.7009 ksi (constant value)
Vx(y*) = f(t) * b(t) * y*
Vx(39’’) = 0.7009 * 9’’ * 39’’ = 246 kips
d(y*) = 2 Vx(y*) / (e’ lR) = 0.536 ksi = 536 psi

lr = 102’’ (corresponding to the width of the beam).
e’ = 9’’
total = d(y*) + v(y*) ≤ 1.5 ftj


Vxr(y*) = Max{ Vx(y*) 1 ; 0} = 0.942 Vx(y*) = 232 kips
∗
December 2011
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| ∗ | ∗
Ac(y*) = = 232 / 40 = 5.80 in2
fs = 2/3 fy = 2/3 * 60 = 40 ksi (275.8 MPa)
N(y*) = 0 (tendons are straight and with no slope in plan)
This section has to be distributed over a length of 2/3 lR (= 68’’) from the end section.
For 39’’ ≤ y* ≤ 41’’:

b(t) = 1.5 t - 42.5
Vx(41’’) = Vx(39’’) + f(t) * [(1.5 * 412 / 2 – 42.5 * 41) – (1.5 * 392 / 2 – 42.5 * 39)]
Vx(41’’) = 270.5 kips
Comment: Vx(41’’) = Vx(39’’) + f(t) * (41’’ – 39’’) * (b(39’’) + b(41’’)) / 2
Vx(41’’) = 246 + 0.7009 * (41’’ – 39’’) * (16’’ + 19’’) / 2 = 270.5 kips
d(41’’) = 2 Vx(41’’) / (e’ lR) = 0.279 ksi = 279 psi

e’ = 19’’
total = d(y*) + v(y*) ≤ 1.5 ftj


Vxr(41’’) = Max{ Vx(41’’) 1 ; 0} = 0.786 Vx(41’’) = 213 kips

| |
Ac(41’’) = = 213 / 40 = 5.33 in2
fs = 2/3 fy = 2/3 * 60 = 40 ksi (275.8 MPa)
N(41’’) = 0 (tendons are straight and with no slope in plan)
December 2011
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For 41’’ ≤ y* ≤ 47’’:

b(t) = 2.5 t - 83.5
Vx(47’’) = Vx(41’’) + f(t) * (47’’ – 41’’) * (b(47’’) + b(41’’)) / 2
Vx(47’’) = 382 kips
d(47’’) = 2 Vx(47’’) / (e’ lR) = 0.220 ksi = 220 psi

e’ = 34’’
total = d(y*) + v(y*) ≤ 1.5 ftj


Vxr(47’’) = Max{ Vx(47’’) 1 ; 0} = 0.656 Vx(47’’) = 251 kips

| |
Ac(47’’) = = 251 / 40 = 6.28 in2
fs = 2/3 fy = 2/3 * 60 = 40 ksi (275.8 MPa)
For 47’’ ≤ y* ≤ 55’’:

Vx(48’’) = Vx(47’’) + f(t) * (48’’ – 47’’) * b(t)
Vx(48’’) = 438 kips
d(48’’) = 2 Vx(48’’) / (e’ lR) = 0.107 ksi = 107 psi

e’ = 80’’
total = d(y*) + v(y*) ≤ 1.5 ftj


Vxr(48’’) = Max{ Vx(48’’) 1 ; 0} = 0 kips

December 2011
Page 95 of 100


| |
Ac(48’’) = = 0 / 40 = 0 in2
fs = 2/3 fy = 2/3 * 60 = 40 ksi (275.8 MPa)
Vx(54’’) = Vx(48’’) + f(t) * (54’’ – 48’’) * b(t) - F

Vx(54’’) = 438 kips + 0.7009 * 6’’ * 80’’ - 1,212.5 kips = -438 kips
The section is symmetrical and it is shown that Vx(54’’) is the opposite of Vx(48’’) which was
expected. No need to check the other sections since they are the opposite of the here above
ones.
Synthesis:
General Zone Reinforcing Steel required for the horizontal distribution of the post-tensioning
forces:
Selection of reinforcing steel:

- Vertical distribution of post-tensioning effect:
It shall be placed ahead of the anchorages a total quantity of Ac = 4.08 in2 (26.32 cm2) of

anchorage

A = (0.34 + 1.38) = 1.72 in2 (11.10 cm2)
Ac – A = 2.36 in2 (15.23 cm2).
December 2011
Page 96 of 100


- Horizontal distribution of post-tensioning effect:
It shall be placed ahead of the anchorages a total quantity of Ac = 6.28 in2 (40.52 cm2) of

Abh = Abh* = 1.30 in2 (8.38 cm2) to be placed within a depth of 15 ½’’ ahead of the
anchorage

A = (0.34 + 1.30) = 1.64 in2 (10.58 cm2)
Ac – A = 4.64 in2 (29.94 cm2).
Stirrups #4
Bars #4
Figure 27 – First Layer just ahead of anchorage plates
December 2011
Page 97 of 100


Stirrups #5
Bars #6
Figure 28 – Second and Third Layers ahead of anchorage plates
Second layer placed 5’’ ahead from the first layer.

Third layer placed 5’’ ahead from the second layer.
First layer gives: 2 bars #4 per anchorage and per direction: 0.38 in2 in place for 0.34 in2
required: OK
Second and Third layers give:

2 * 2 bars #6 per anchorage vertically: 1.76 in2 in place for 1.38 in2 required: OK
2 * 2 bars #5 per anchorage horizontally: 1.24 in2 in place for 1.30 in2 required: OK
Comment: horizontally we placed 0.04 in2 more for the spalling that can be taken into
account for the bursting reinforcement, so we place 1.28 in2 for 1.30 in2 (1.5% acceptable).
December 2011
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Bars #6
Bars #5
Figure 29 – Other Layers ahead of anchorage plates
5 layers vertically in addition to figure 27 and 28 placed within 53’’ long from end beam:
represents 10 bars #5 or 3.10 in2.
3.10 in2 + 1.76 in2 + 0.38 in2 = 5.24 in2 in place total for 4.08 in2 required. OK
6 layers vertically in addition to figure 27 and 28 placed within 68’’ long from end beam:
represents 12 bars #6 or 5.28 in2.
5.28 in2 + 1.24 in2 + 0.38 in2 = 6.90 in2 in place total for 6.28 in2 required. OK
Layers are placed at the following distance from end beam:

2’’ – 7’’ – 12’’ – 18’’ – 24’’ – 30’’ – 36’’ – 42’’ – 48’’
Comment: horizontally it shall be placed for better distribution of reinforcing steel, 2/3 of 6.28
in2 over half 68’’ long from anchorage plate. Here we have placed:
½ * 5.28 in2 + 1.24 in2 + 0.38 in2 = 4.26 in2 in place total greater than ⅔* 6.28 in2 = 4.19 in2
required. OK
December 2011
Page 99 of 100


5. ADDITIONAL CALCULATIONS
5.1 Anchorage not placed at an end section
When an anchorage is not placed at an end section, the distribution reinforcing steel shall
be placed ahead of the anchorage plates and also behind the anchorage plates with the
reduction factors indicated in table 1 (and reinforcing steel placed as indicated in figure 10).
In addition to this, longitudinal reinforcing steel crossing the anchorage plate section shall be
placed.
- French standard:
Al = (F/2 –  fb) / fs
F: maximum force at the anchorage

: area of the section where reinforcing steel Al shall be placed (see figure below)
fb: minimum concrete stress concomitant with F at the anchorage plate level due to all other
loads than the load due to the tendon anchored at this section
fs: = 2/3 fy
Note 1: fb can be negative (means tensile stress)
Note 2: in case the anchorage is placed temporarily at an end section, the reinforcing steel
Al is determined by the following formula:
Al = (F/4 –  fb) / fs
Figure 30 : definition of area 
December 2011
Page 100 of 100


- AASHTO LFRD 2010:

(Clause 5.10.9.3.4b)
Eq. 5.10.9.3.4b-1: Tia = 0.25 Ps - fcb Acb
Tia: the tie-back tension force at the intermediate anchorage (kip)
Ps: the maximum unfactored anchorage stressing force (kip)
fcb: the unfactored dead load compressive stress in the region behind the anchor (ksi)
Acb: the area of the continuing cross-section within the extensions of the sides of the anchor
plate or blister (the area of the blister or of the rib shall not be taken as part of the cross
section) (in2)
Conclusion: It is the same equation as the French Standard second case indeed.
Aia = Tia / (0.6 fy): Reinforcing steel as tie-backs
5.2 Reinforcing steel for blisters
- French Standard:
Figure 31: Blister Reinforcing Steel Principle
The reinforcing steel to be placed for blister shall be distributed as in figure 31 whatever the
standard is:
- A first area A1 corresponding to the spalling and bursting reinforcing steel (or local
zone). The zone A1 is generally less or equal to 8’’ long.
- A transition zone A2 where the tendon is still straight.
- A zone A3 corresponding to the curvature part of the tendon.
A1 = 0.2 * 1.35 * F / (fy / 1.15)

F: maximum unfactored prestressing force
A2 = 0.2 * 1.35 * F / (fy / 1.15) if the blister is cast with the segment (no cold joint)
December 2011
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A2 = 0.5 * 1.35 * F / (fy / 1.15) if the blister is not cast with the segment (cold joint)
A3 = 1.35 * F * sin  / (fy / 1.15)
END OF THE DOCUMENT
December 2011
Page 102 of 100

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Training

– Post‐tension Bursting Effect

1 Presentation of the document 2

1. PRESENTATION OF THE DOCUMENT

Only the case of post-tension tendons is considered in this document.

S’R SA SR

Figure 2: 2D plans for design

2.1 End Section for SA

2.1.1 Rectangular Section – Tendon Centered and perpendicular to SA

Figure 3: Stress distribution for centered tendon

2.1.2 Rectangular Section – Tendon Not Centered and perpendicular to SA

Figure 4: Stress distribution for tendon with eccentricity

The stress distribution effect can be split in two parts:

Figure 5: balance of stresses in the regulation prism

The considered beam is balanced by:

F’: value of the prestressing force at section SR.

2.1.3 Rectangular Section – Several tendons straight and perpendicular to SA

The regulation length is still lR = e.

The symmetrical prisms are determined as follows:

2.1.4 Rectangular Section – General case

The considered beam is balanced by: (see figure 6)

Figure 6: General and Local zones for a general case

Figure 7: Superposition of equilibrium states

Equilibrium according to the resistance of Materials theory:

General Equilibrium of the pure distribution effect of prestressing:

Figure 8: General equilibrium of the pure distribution of prestressing

At the cut section BC, the forces are as follows:

Fj: value of the prestressing forces at section SA.

2.1.5 Section constituted by several rectangular sections – General case

The design still considers two zones:

The part of the rectangular section I between sections SA and SR is considered as a

Figure 9: Example for a T section

- Shear force: Vx = F1x (1) – X – R2(1)

Fj: value of the prestressing forces at section SA.

2.2 SA is not an end section

Case Between SA and SR Between SA and S’R

Table 1: Coefficients to be applied when SA is not an end section

Case a: SA is always an end section

The corresponding reinforcing steel sections are called:

3. DISTRIBUTION REINFORCING STEEL

3.1 Materials, Forces

LFRD AASHTO version 2010.

Table 5.9.3.1: stress limits for pre-stressing tendons

ACI318 incorporates the detailed AASHTO provisions by reference.

Comment: ACI318-08 is considering a greater force than AASHTO

Stress limits for prestressing tendons (Same as AASHTO)

Table 8.1 (Article 8.4.6): Material resistance factor

Table 8.2 (Article 8.7.1): Prestressing tendon stress limits

- At jacking: 0.80 fpu for low relaxation strand

3.1.4 Eurocode EC2

Case a: Local discontinuity: b (width of the element) ≤ H (depth of the element) / 2

It refers to article 6.5 which refers to appendix J.

F is determined in accordance with appendix J: Factor of 1.2 applied to the post-tensioning

3.1.5 French Standard BPEL

fci: compressive strength of concrete at jacking

ftj = 0.06 fcj + 0.6 in MPa

- Nominal Strength (Ultimate Limit state):

3.2 Local Zone

The local zone corresponds to the spalling and bursting reinforcement.

A local zone is always a prism centered with respect to one anchorage.

Local zone for

Figure 11: Local Zone Definition

a: width of the anchorage plate in the plan 