Sma2116 Engineering Maths II

SMA2116 ENGINEERING MATHS II
Chipo Mufudza
Applied Mathematics Department
NUST
August 20, 2018

Outline
1 Course outline
2 Multiple Integrals
3 Vector Calculus
4 Vector Integral function
5 Integral theorem
6 Fourier Series
Mufudza C. (Faculty of Applied Sciences) SMA2116 ENGINEERING MATHS II August 20, 2018 2 / 66
Course Outline I
LECTURER: DR C. MUFUDZA
OFFICE N0: na Ext na
OFFICE HOURS Friday 14:00-16:00, Thursday 8:00-15:30
This course aims at introducing students to dealing with functions of more
than one variable and Fourier series. At the end of the course students
must be able to evaluate multiple integrals, change from one co-ordinate
system to another, use the integral theorems and to evaluate the Fourier
series for a given function. The pre-requisite to this course are calculus
and linear algebra.
Course Outline
1 Multiple integrals
Double integrals
Iterated integrals
Changing a double integral from Cartesian to polar coordinates
Surface integrals
Triple integral
Course Outline II
Changing the order of integration in triple integrals
Changing from the Cartesian to spherical coordinate system
Change of variables in integrals (changing from the xy-plane to the
uv-plane)
2 Vector calculus
Scalar and vector fields
Directional derivatives
Gradient, divergence and curl of a vector
3 Vector integral function
line integrals
line integrals independent of the path
4 Integral theorem
Green’s theorem
Stoke’s theorem
Divergence/Gauss’s theorem
5 Fourier’s series
Derivation of Fourier Coefficients
Course Outline III
Fourier series of odd and even functions
Fourier sine, cosine and whole range
Complex form
Fourier transform and integrals
Assessment
At leas two in class tests will be given as a continous assesement during
the semester before a final exam, with the following weighting
Tests: 25% Exam: 75%
References
1 Calculus with analytic geometry by Dennis Zill
2 Vector Analysis Schaum’s outline Series
3 Vector Calculus by Miroslav Lovric
4 Elementary applied Partial Differential Equation by Richard Haberman
5 Introduction to Fourier Analysis by Norman Morrison
Double Integrals I
Reminder Rb
General definite Integral a f (x)dx implies
Integral over a ≤ x ≤ b i.e. a ≤ b
Normally thought of area problem between a ≤ x ≤ b into n
subintervals of width ∆x
Double Integrals II
Double Integrals III
Each rectangle has height f (x ∗ ) the the area

X
A≈ f (xi∗ )∆x
Z b n
X
f (x)dx = lim f (x)∆x
a x→0
i=0
Double Integrals over Regions

Refers to a function of 2 variables f(x, y) with functions of one
variable integrated over an interval (2D space)
Double Integrals IV
1 A rectangle R 2 over R = [a, b] ∗ [c, d] assuming f (x, y ) ≥ 0 and

a ≤ x ≤ b, c ≤ y ≤ d. The region is shown as below
Double Integrals V
S is given by graphing f (x, y ) over R giving V = x y f (x ∗ , y ∗ )∆x
P P
and Z Z XX
f (x, y )dA = lim f (x ∗ , y ∗ )∆x
x,y →0
x y
2 Non Rectangular Regions (Not always the case) where R is any region
Z Z
f(x, y)dx
R
Regions are basically given by 2 types case 1 and case 2 as shown below
Double Integrals VI
Case 1 R : a ≤ x ≤ b and g1 (x) ≤ y ≤ g2 (x) where the boundary
R g (x)
functions are continuous. we have the partial integral g12(x) f (x, y )dy
is function of x alone, we may integrate the resulting function w.r.t x

Z Z b g2 (x) Z "Z #
b g2 (x)
f(x, y)dydx = f(x, y)dy dx
a g1 (x) a g1 (x)
. This an integral of f over type 1 region. NB: Idea is to carry

iterative integrations
Case 2 R : c ≤ y ≤ d and h1 (x) ≤ y ≤ h2 (x). The same iterated
integral of f over type 2
Z Z d h2 (x) Z "Z #
d h2 (x)
f(x, y)dydx = f(x, y)dx dy
c h1 (x) c h1 (x)
General Properties
Double Integrals VII
1
Z Z Z Z Z Z
f(x, y) + g(x, y)dA = f(x, y)dA + g(x, y)dA
R R R
2 Z Z Z Z
cf(x, y)dA = c f(x, y)dA
R R
where c is any constant.
3 If the region R : R1 ∪ R2 can be split into two separate regions then
the integral can be written as:
Z Z Z Z Z Z
f(x, y) + g(x, y)dA = f(x, y)dA + g(x, y)dA
R R1 R2
R R R R
4 If f(x, y) ≥ g(x, y) on R then R f(x, y)dA ≥ R g(x, y)dA
Examples I
1 Evaluate the integral of f (x, y ) = 2xy over R : −1 ≤ x ≤ 2 and

x ≤ y ≤ x2 + 1
Solution
sketch the graph and integrate over type 1
Z "Z 2
2
#
x +1 Z 2
2 +1
2xydy dx = xy 2 |xx (1)
−1 x −1
Z 2
x(x 2 + 1)2 − x(x)2 dx

=
−1
Z 2
x 5 + x 3 + x dx

=
−1
= 1/6x 6 + x 4 /4 + 1/2x 2 |2−1 = 63/4
Examples II
√
4xy − y 3 dA where R : y = x and y = x 3
R R
2 R
Solution: We need to establish the inequalities of x and y sketching
by two curves the sketch below:
Examples III
√ see 2 inequalities from the sketch 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and

Thus we can
x3 ≤ y ≤ x
√
Z Z Z 1 Z x
3
4xy − y dA = 4xy − y 3 dydx (2)
R 0 x3
1 √x
Z
2xy 2 − 1/4y 4 x 3 dx

=
0
Z 1
= 7/4x 2 − 2x 7 + 1/4x 1/2 dx
0

= 7/12x 3 − 1/4x 8 + 1/52x 1/3 |10
= 55/156
Change of Order of Integration I
in some cases integration is easier to integrate when order of

integration is reversed type I(typeII) or type II (type I).
Example I
Evaluate Z Z
2
xe y dA
R
over the region R in the first quadrant bounded by the graph of
y = x 2 , x = 0, y = 4
Change of Order of Integration II
Change of Order of Integration III
Exercises
R R sin x
1 Evaluate the following R
dxdy where R : y ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 1
x
2 Find the volume for the solid under the surface Z = xy and above the
triangle with
R Rvertices (1, 1), (4, 1) and (1, 2)
3 Evaluate R (2x − y )dA where R is the region defined by parabola
x = y 2 and straight line x − y = 2
4 More Exercises in Tutorials
Double Integral in Polar form I
When we have regions described in term of a disk rather than

Cartesian plane say radius 2.
Then
R R we still have to determine inequalities in terms of x and y. i.e
f (x, y )dA where disk of radius 2 can be defined as
R √ √
R : −2 ≤ x ≤ 2 and − 4 − x2 ≤ y ≤ 4 − x2
These are complex we can change to polar in the following
0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π and 0 ≤ r ≤ 2 which are easier
General Regions in Polar Coordinates: The figure 19a) shows the
region in polar regions whilst the area is shown on 19b).
The region will be represented by α ≤ θ ≤ β and h1 (θ) ≤ r ≤ h2 (θ)
Double Integral in Polar form II
a) b)
Figure: Double Polar regions
Double Integral in Polar form III
Considering the mesh for radial lines and arcs we have ∆r = r0 − ri
where r0 is radius of outer arc and and ri is the inner arc.
Geometrically length of edge is ri ∆θ where ∆θ is angle between two
radial lines
Area of sector A = 12 r 2 θ and assume r0 ≈ ri = r then ∆A = r ∆r ∆θ
assuming the limits then we have
dA = rdrdθ
cartesian to polar we have x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ and r 2 = x 2 + y 2

The double Integral in polar coordinates will be
Z Z Z β Z h2 (θ)
f(x, y)dA = f(r cos θ, r sin θ)rdrdrθ
R α h1 (θ)
The double integral s normally given as the Volume
Double Integral in Polar form IV
Examples
1 Evaluate
R R the integral by converting to polar coordinates
R 2xy dxdy R is the portion of the region between radius 2 and 5
centered at the origin that lies in the first quadrant.
R R
2 Evaluate R (2x + 3y )dxdy where R is the region in the first
quadrant bounded by circles x 2 + y 2 = 1 and x 2 + y 2 = 4
3 Findp the volume of the solid that lies below the hemisphere
z = 9 − x 2 − y 2 above xy plane inside cylinder x 2 + y 2 = 1
1. Solutions
Boundaries inequality for r: 2 ≤ r ≤ 5 and we only want the portion
that is in the first quadrant we get 0 ≤ θ ≤ π2
Double Integral in Polar form V
π
Z Z Z
2
Z 5
(2xy )dxdy = 2(r cos θ)(r sin θ)rdrdθ (3)
R 0 2
π
Z
2
Z 5
= r 3 sin 2θdrdθ
0 2
Z π
2 1 4
= r sin(2θ)|52 dθ
0 4
Z π
609 2
= sin(2θ)dθ
0 4
609 π
= − cos(2θ)|02
8
609
=
4
2. Solution
Double Integral in Polar form VI
Z Z Z θ= π2 Z r =2
(2x + 3y )dxdy = (2r cos θ + 3r sin θ)rdrdθ (4)
R θ=0 r =1
Z θ= π Z r =2
2
= (2r 2 cos θ + 3r 2 sin θ)drdθ
θ=0 r =1
θ= π2 2
2r 3
Z
3
= cos θ + r sin θ dθ
θ=0 3 1
Z θ= π
2 16
= cos θ + 8 sin θ
θ=0 3

2
− cos θ + sin θ dθ
3
Z θ= π
2 14
= cos θ + 7 sin θ dθ
θ=0 3
π/2
14 35
= sin θ = 7 cos θ =
3 0 3
Application of Double Integrals I
These can be applied to many examples in Physics, Engineering and

medicine. Examples include the following:
Centre of mass, Moment of Inertia (Homework)
Surface Area
Volumes
Triple Integrals I
Reminder
R
1 f (x)dx ⇒ region under f (x) is Area 2D: Mass of a thin wire 1D
RR R
2 R f (x, y )dA ⇒ region under f (x, y ) is Volume 3D: mass of
lamina is 2D
R RR
3 R f (x, y , z)dV ⇒ region under f (x, y , z) is Volume 4D: mass of
volume is 3D
Definition Let F be a continuous function of 3 variables defined on a
rectangular box B, and let P be equal to P = {Bijk } be partition of B
then
A Riemann sum of F over B wrt to partition P is the sum of the form:
l X
X m X
n
∗ ∗ ∗
F (xijk , yijk , zijk )∆V
i=1 j=1 k=1
∗ , y∗ , z∗ )
where (xijk ijk ijk
Triple Integrals II
Z Z Z l X
X m X
n
∗ ∗ ∗
f (x, y , z) = lim F (xijk , yijk , zijk )∆V
R l,m,n→0
i=1 j=1 k=1
where Z can be h1 (x, y ) ≤ z ≤ h2 (x, y )

Z Z Z Z Z "Z h2 (x,y )
#
f (x, y , z)dV = f (x, y , z)dz dA
B R h1 (x,y )
Thus we can have 6 possible orders of integration:

dzdxdy, dzdydx, dydxdz, dydzdx, dxdydz, dxdzdy
Examples
1 Evaluate the triple integral of x 2 y + yz 2 over
B : {(x, y , z) : −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ 3, 1 ≤ z ≤ 2}
RR R
2 Evaluate T zdv where T is the solid in the first octant bounded
by the graph of z = 1 − x 2 and y = x
Triple Integrals III
Solution
Z 2Z 3Z 1 2 3 1
x 3y
Z Z
2 2 2
(x y + yz )dxdydz = + xyz dydz
(5)
1 0 −1 z=1 y =0 3 x=−1
Z 2Z 3
2 y /3 + yz 2 dydz

=
1 0
2 2 3
y 2z 2
Z
y
= 2 + dz
1 6 2 0
2
9z 2
Z
= 2 9/6 +
dz
1 2
2
= 1/3 z + z 3 1 = 24

2. Z simple : 0 ≤ z ≤ 1 − x 2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ x NB
0 = 1 − x 2 ⇒ x = ±1 but we ignore negative as we consider first octant.
Triple Integrals IV
Z Z Z Z 1 Z x Z 1=x 2
zdv = z dzdydx (6)
x=0 y =0 z=0
Z 1 Z x
1
(1 − x 2 ) − 0 dydx

=
x=0 y =0 2
Z 1 Z x
1
= (1 = 2x 2 + x 4 )dydx
2 x=0 y =0
1 1
Z
x
= y − 2x 2 y + x 4 y y =0 dx
2 x=0
1 1
Z
= x − 2x 3 + x 5 dx
2 x=0
1
1 x 2 2x 4 x 6

1
= − + =
2 2 4 6 0 12
Triple Integrals in Cylindrical cordinates I
In the cylindrical coordinate system, a point P in 3D is represented by

the ordered triple (r , θ, z) where r , θ are polar coordinates of the
projection of P onto the xy plane and z is the directed distance from
the xy plane to P.
to convert a point in rectangular (x, y , z) from to cylindrical
coordinate we use the following equations:
y
r 2 = x 2 + y 2 , tan θ = , z = z,
x
p y
x 2 + y 2 , θ = tan−1 ( ), z = z
r=
x
Reversing from cylindrical to rectangular we use
x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, z = z, dV = rdzdrdθ
Triple Integrals in Cylindrical cordinates II
Let region E be 2 simple region described by
E = {(x, y , z)|(x, y ) ∈ R, u1 (x, y ) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y )}
where R is the projection of of E on xy plane. This can be given as

E = (r , θ, z)|α ≤ θ ≤ β, h1 (θ) ≤ r ≤ h2 (θ) and
u1 (r cos θ, r sin θ) ≤ z ≤ u2 (r cos θ, r sin θ) Thus the triple Integral in
cylindrical cordinates can be give as
Z Z Z Z β Z h2 (θ) Z u2 (r cos θ,r sin θ)
f (x, y , z)dV = rf (r cos θ, r sin θ, z)
E α h1 (θ) u1 (r cos θ,r sin θ)
dzdrdθ
NOTE we have done this over for which is in XY plane but this can
be modified in the yz plane or xz plane.
Examples
Triple Integrals in Cylindrical cordinates III
RR R
1 Evaluate E
ydV where E is the region that lies below the plane
z = x + 2 above the xy -plane and between the cylinders x 2 + y 2 = 1
and x 2 + y 2 = 4.
2 Convert
Z 1 Z √1−y 2 Z √x 2 +y 2
xyz dzdxdy
−1 0 x 2 +y 2
to an integral to cylindrical coordinates.

Solution:
1. start converting z in terms of cylindrical coordinates
0 ≤ z ≤ x + 2 ⇒ 0 ≤ z ≤ r cos θ + 2.
– we are above xy plane so the plane is z = 0.
Triple Integrals in Cylindrical cordinates IV
–Region R is the region between the two circles x 2 + y 2 = 1 and
x 2 + y 2 = 4 in the xy -plane giving 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π and 1 ≤ r ≤ 2
Z Z Z Z 2π Z 2 Z r cos θ+2
ydV = (r sin θ)rdzdrdθ (7)
E 0 1 0
Z 2π Z 2
= r 2 sin θ(r cos θ + 2)drdθ
0 1
Z 2π Z 2
1 3
= r sin(2θ) + 2r 2 sin θdrdθ
0 1 2
Z 2π 2
1 4 2 3
= r sin(2θ) + r sin θ dθ
0 8 3 1
Z 2π
15 14
= sin(2θ) + sin θdθ
0 8 3
2π
15 14
= − cos(2θ) − cos θ =0
16 3 0
Triple Integrals in Cylindrical cordinates V
2. We have inequalitiesp p
−1 ≤ y ≤ 1, 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 − y 2 , x 2 + y 2 ≤ z ≤ x 2 + y 2 .
The first 2 inequalities define R: the lower and upper bounds of x so
we have at least part of the right half a circle of radius 1 centered at
the origin. So the ranges for R in cylindrical coordinates are:
π π
≤θ≤ , 0≤r ≤1
2 2
The limits of the range of z are r 2 ≤ z ≤ r . Therefore
Z 1 Z √1−y 2 Z √x 2 +y 2 Z π Z 1Z r
2
xyz dzdxdy = r (r cos θ)(r sin θ)zdz
−1 0 x 2 +y 2 − π2 0 r2
π
Z
2
Z 1Z r
= zr 3 cos θ sin θdzdrdθ
− π2 0 r2
Triple Integrals in Spherical Cordinates I
Recall: definition of Spherical Coordinates
The conversion formulas are: x = ρ sin ϕ cos θ, y = ρ sin ϕ sin θ, z =

ρ cos ϕ, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = ρ2 , r = ρ sin ϕ.
Triple Integrals in Spherical Cordinates II
We have following restrictions
ρ ≥ 0, 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ π
. When the region of integration is bounded by portions of spheres where:

ρ is the distance from origin to a point P
ϕ is the angle between the positive z axis and ρ
θ is the angle between the positive and negative x axis and r .
This will mean we will have the ranges for the variables
a ≤ ρ ≤ b, α ≤ θ ≤ β, δ ≤ ϕ ≤ γ
Then
∆V = ρ2i sin ϕj ∆ρ∆ϕ∆θ (9)

2
dV = ρ sin ϕdρdθdϕ.
Triple Integrals in Spherical Cordinates III
Therefore the
integral will become
Z Z Z Z γ Z β Z b
F (x, y , z) = ρ2 sin ϕF (ρ sin ϕ cos θ, ρ sin ϕ sin θ, ρ cos ϕ)d
E δ α a
Triple Integrals in Spherical Cordinates IV
EXAMPLES
RR R
1 Evaluate T xdV where T is the part of the region in the first
octant lying inside the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1
RR R
2 Evaluate T xzdV where T is bounded by sphere
p
2 2 2
x + y + z = 4 and cone z = x 2 + y 2
Solution
1 First Octant implies x ≥ 0, y ≥ 0, z ≥ 0
π π
T = (ρ, ϕ, θ)|0 ≤ ρ ≤ 1, 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ , 0≤θ≤
2 2
x = sin ϕ cos θ
dV = ρ2 sin ϕdρdϕdθ
Triple Integrals in Spherical Cordinates V
π π
Z Z Z Z
2
Z
2
Z 1
xdV = ρ sin ϕ cos θρ2 sin ϕdρdϕdθ
T θ=0 ϕ=0 ρ=0
π π
Z
2
Z
2
Z 1
= ρ sinϕ cos θdρdϕdθ
3
0 0 0
Z π Z π
2 2
= ρ4 sinϕ cos θdϕdθ
0 0
Z π Z π
1 2 2
= sinϕ cos θdϕdθ
4 0 0
Z π Z π
1 2 2 1
= (1 − cos 2ϕ) cos θdϕdθ
4 0 0 2
Z π Z π
1 2 2
= (1 − cos 2ϕ) cos θdϕdθ
8 0 0
Z π
1 2 sin 2θ
= θ− cos θdθ
8 0 2
Z π
1 2 π π π
2
π
= cos θdθ = sin θ| 0 = 20, 2018
Mufudza C. (Faculty of Applied Sciences) 8 ENGINEERING
SMA2116 2 MATHS 16
II 16
August 39 / 66
Change of Variable for Multiple Integrals I
Reminder in Single variable: Change of variable when we integrate a

function of one
R var. to transform the given integrated into one easier
to evaluate f (x)dx we let x = g (u), du = g 0 (u) → dx = g 0 (u)du
dx
Z b Z d
f (x)dx = f (g (u))g 0 (u)dudx
a c
The we have f (x, y ) = f (g (u, v )) for 2 var.

In double integrals we have R converted to polar when coordinates
are circular with x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ
In General we want to change region R by transformation T:
R ∈ (x, y) to plane region D ∈ (u, v)
Change of Variable for Multiple Integrals II
Transformation is one relationship between R and D:
T (u, v ) = (x, y ) : x = g (u, v ), y = h(u, v )
The Jacobian: transformation of T defined by

x = g (u, v ), y = h(u, v ) then
∂x ∂x
∂(x, y ) ∂u ∂v
J= =
∂(u, v ) ∂y ∂y
∂u ∂v
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
−=
∂u ∂v ∂v ∂u
If F is cont. and Jacobian is non zero the
Z Z Z Z
f (x, y )dA = f (g (u, v ), h(u, v ))Jdudv
R D
Change of Variable for Multiple Integrals III
where
∂(x, y , z)
dV = dudvdw
∂(u, v , w )
Example: R R
1. Evaluate R (x + y )dA where R is the region bounded by
y = −2x, y = 12 x − 15 1
2 , y = −2x + 10, y = 2 x with transformation
x = u + 2v , y = v − 2v
2. Show that when changung to polar cordinates we have dA = rdrdθ
Solution
Change of Variable for Multiple Integrals IV
Change of variables and finding boundaries:
y = −2x ⇒ v − 2u = −2(u + 2v ), i.e v = 0

1 15 1
y= x− ⇒ v − 2u = (u + 2v ), ie u = 0
2 2 2
y = −2x + 10 ⇒ v − 2u = −2(u + 2v ) + 10, i.e v = 2
1 1
y= x ⇒ v − 2u = (u + 2v ), ie u = 3
2 2
∂(x, y )
J=| |=5
∂(u, v )
The final inequalities will be
0 ≤ u ≤ 3, 0 ≤ v ≤ 2
Change of Variable for Multiple Integrals V
Integral becomes
Z Z Z 2Z 3
(x + y )dA = (u + v )|J|dudv
R 0 0
Z 2Z 3
= 5(u + v )dudv
0 0
Z 2
= 5 [u 2 /2 + uv ]30 dv
0
= [9/2v + 3v 2 /2]20 = 75
Vector Calculus I
Vector: quantity with magnitude and direction

Calculus: quantity with magnitude only
Vector Field: a vector field on two(three) dimensional space is a
→
function F that assigns to each point (x,y) or (x,y,z) a two (three
→ →
dimensional) vector given by F (x, y ) or F (x, y , z).
standard notation is given by :
→ → →
F (x, y ) = P(x, y ) i +Q(x, y ) j
→ → → →
F (x, y , z) = P(x, y , z) i +Q(x, y , z) j +R(x, y , z) k
The functions P,Q,R are sometimes called scalar functions
Calculus Field: If to each point x, y , z of region R in space the
corresponds a number of scalar φ(x, y , z) then φ is called scalar
function of the position and we say that a scalar field φ has been
defined.
Example: Sketch each of the following vector fields:
Vector Calculus II
→ → →
1 F (x, y ) = −y i +x j
→ → → →
2 F (x, y ) = 2x i −2y j −2x k
Solution
1 To graph the vector fields we need some values of the function Thus
plugging in values
→ 1 1 1 → 1 →
F ( , )=− i + j
2 2 2 2
→ 1 1 1 → 1 →
F ( ,− ) = i + j
2 2 2 2
→ 3 1 1 → 3 →
F ( , )=− i + j
2 4 4 2
Vector Calculus III
→ →
Thus we have vector − 21 i + 12 j at point 12 , 12 and so on.
Vector Calculus IV
Exercise: → → → →
→ →
Sketch the following F (x, y ) = 2 j , F (x, y ) = y i −x j , F
→ →
(x, y ) = √ y i −√ x j
x 2 +y 2 x 2 +y 2
Vector Calculus V
Gradient of Vector field: If F is a scalar function f (x, y , z) then
gradient vector field is given by ∇f = hfx , fy , fz i
Find the gradient vector field of the following:
1 f (x, y ) = x 2 sin(5y )
2 f (x, y ) = ze −xy
3 Sketch the gradient vector field for f (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2
4 Solution:
1 ∇f =
2x sin(5y ), 5x 2 cos(5y )

2 ∇f = −yze −xy , −xze −xy , e −xy

→ →
3 sketch ∇f (x, y ) = 2x i +2y j
Conservative Vector field: it exist when there exist a fuction f :

such that
→ ∂f → ∂f → ∂f →
F = ∇f = i + j + k
∂x ∂y ∂z
→ →
If F is conservative then the function F is called the potential for F ie
if it is a gradient field
Vector Calculus VI
Dot Product/inner product

Let a = a1 i + a2 j + a2 k and b = b1 i + b2 j + b2 k then the dot product
of a and b is
   
a1 b1
a.b =  a2  .  b2  = a1 b1 + a2 b2 + a3 b3
a3 b3
Divergence of vector: is a measure of how much fluid flow enters

the neighbourhood around P compared to how much leaves the
neighbourhood.
If more fluid is enters the neighbourhood around P than leaves then
divergence is negative around P
If more fluid is leaves the neighbourhood around P than enters then
divergence is positive around P If more same fluid enters as leaves the
neighbourhood around P than leaves then divergence is zero around P
Vector Calculus VII
Divergence diagrams
Vector Calculus VIII
F (x, y , z) = Pi + Qj + Rk
 ∂   
∂x i Pi
∂
div F = ∇.F =  ∂y j  .  Qj 
∂ Rk
∂x k
Exercise
Find the divergence of
1 F (x, y ) = xi + yj
2 F (x, y ) = yi
1
3 F (x, y ) = x+1 i
Solution
∂ ∂
1 div F = ∇.F = ∂x (x) + ∂y (y )
=1+1=2
∂ ∂
2 div F = ∇.F = ∂x (y ) + ∂y (0)=0
∂ 1
3 div F = ∇.F = ∂x ( x+1 ) = ln(x + 1)
Vector Calculus IX
Curl of Vector: It is the measurement of rotation of a vector field in
the neighbourhood of P.
Positive curl means fluid flow flows clockwise direction (Paddle)
Zero Curl means no rotation (irrotational)
If F (x, y , z) = Pi + Qj + Rk then
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
Curl F = ∇ ∗ F = ∂x ∂y ∂x
P Q R
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= ∂y ∂z i −j ∂x ∂z +k ∂x ∂y
Q R P R P Q

∂R ∂Q ∂R ∂P ∂Q ∂P
= − i −j − +k −
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y
Exercise
Find the curl of the following vectors
Vector Calculus X
1 F (x, y ) = xi + yj
2 F (x, y ) = yi
1
3 F (x, y ) = x+1 i
4 Show that
∇.(∇ ∗ F ) = 0
∇.(φF ) = φ(∇.F ) + F . (∇φ) where φ is potential of F
Solution
1
∂R ∂Q ∂R ∂P ∂Q ∂P
− i −j − +k − =0
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y
2 0
3 0
∂Q
4 ∇ ∗ F = ∂R ∂R ∂P
+ k ∂Q ∂P

∂y − ∂z i −j ∂x − ∂z ∂x − ∂y
∂ ∂R ∂Q
−
   
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂  .  ∂R − ∂P 
∇.(∇ ∗ F ) =  ∂y ∂x ∂z
∂ ∂Q ∂P
∂y ∂x − ∂y
∂2R ∂2Q ∂2R ∂2P ∂2Q ∂2P
= ∂x∂y − ∂x∂z − ∂y ∂x + ∂y ∂z + ∂z∂x − ∂z∂y = 0
Line Integrals I
Reminder: Parametric Equations

Curve Parametric Equations
Circle: x 2 + y 2 = r 2 x = r cos t, y = r sin t, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2π
y = f (x) x = t, y = f (t)
x = f (y ) x = g (t), y = t
Line segment from r(t) = (1 − t) hx0 , y0 , z0 i + t hx1 , y1 , z1 i
(x0 , y0 , z0 ) to (x1 , y1 , z1 ) OR
x=(1-t)x0 + tx1
y=(1-t)y0 + ty1
z=(1-t)z0 + tz1
Line Integrals II
Suppose we have a curve a smooth curve and given by parametric

equations x = h(t), y = g (t), a ≤ t ≤ b
The parametrized of the curve as vector function is given by
r(t) = h(t)i + g (t)j, a ≤ t ≤ b
The curve is called smooth if r(t) 6= 0 for all t

Definition: Line Integral
Z
f (x, y )ds
C
ds acknowledge the facat that we are moving along curve, C instead
of dx/dy thus we also call it Line integral of f with respect to arc
length
Line Integrals III
r 2
dx 2
Rb dy
Arc length: L = a ds, ds = dt + dt dt. Thus we have
s
dx 2
Z Z b 2
dy
f (x, y )ds = f (h(t), g (t)) + dt
C a dt dt
r 2
dx 2 dy

Remember dt + dt = kr(t)k where kr(t)k is the magnitude
or norm.
Thus integral
Z Z b
f (x, y )ds = f (h(t), g (t)) kr(t)k dt
C a
Example
c is curve r(t) = 2ti + t 3 j
R
1 R yds2 where
2 C
(x + y )ds where C is right half circle x 2 + y 2 = 9
2
Line Integrals IV
x 3 ds where C is the curve shown

R
3 C
Solution
Line Integrals V
1 r(t) = x(t)i + y (t)j, x(t)p= 2t, y (t) = t 3√

r0 t = 2i + 3t 2 j, |r(t)| = 22 + (3t 2 )2 = 4 + 9t 4
The Integral becomes
Z 1 p
t3 4 + 9t 4 dt
t=0
u = 4 + 9t 4 , du = 36t 3 dt : t = 1, u = 13, t = 0, u = 4 Then

Integral in u
13 √ 1 2u 3/2 13
Z
1
udu = . 4 = 0.7199
36 u=4 36 3
Line Integrals VI
2 For circle x = r cos t, y = r sin t given the half circle r = 3 thus

x(t) = 3 cos t, y (t) = 3 sin t
p
r (t) = (3 cos t)i + (3 sin t, )j ⇒ kr (t)k = 9 sin2 t + 9 cos2 t = 3
−π π
For half circle 2 ≤t≤ 2. The integral becomes
Z −π Z −π
2 2
(9 sin2 t + 9 cos2 t)3dt = 27 dt = 27π
−π −π
2 2
C1 : x = t, y = −1, −2 ≤ t ≤ 0
C2 : x = t, y = t 3 − 1, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
C3 : x = 1, y = t, 0≤t≤2
Line Integrals VII
Now for each line integral over each of these curves:
Z Z 0 p Z 0
3 3
4x ds = 4t 12 + 02 dt = 4t 3 dt = t 4 |0−2 = −16
C1 −2 −2
Z Z 1
p 1 2
4x 3 ds = 4t 3 12 + (3t 2 )2 dt = (1 + 9t 4 )3/2 |10
C2 0 9 3
= 2.268
Z Z 2 p Z 2
4x 3 ds = 4t 3 02 + 12 dt = 4dt = 8
C3 0 0
Finally, the line integral that we were asked

Z Z Z Z
3 3 3
4x ds = 4x ds + 4x ds + 4x 3 ds
C C1 C2 C3
= −16 + 2.268 + 8
= −5.732
4 Line Integrals with respect to variable x/y

Line Integrals VIII
Suppose a 2D curve is give as x = x(t), y = y (t), a ≤ t ≤ b then Line

with respect to x and y are given as:
Z Z b
f (x, y )dx = f (x(t), y (t))x 0 (t)dt
C a
Z Z b
f (x, y )dy = f (x(t), y (t))y 0 (t)dt
C a
They often appear together as
Z Z
Pdx + Qdy = P(x, y )dx + Q(x, y )dy
C C
R R
Fact −C
f (x, y )dy = − C
f (x, y )dy
5 Examples
sin(πy )dy + yx 2 dx where C is the line segment from (0,2)
R
1 Evaluate C
to (1,4) R
2 Evaluate C ydx = xdy + zdz where c is given by
x = .y = y − sin t, z = t 2 , 0 ≤ t 2 ≤ 2π
Line Integrals IX
6 Solution 1. The parametric curve

r (t) = (1 − t) < 0, 2 > +t < 1, 4 >=< t, 2 + 2t >. The line integral
becomes
Z
sin(πy )dy + yx 2 dx
C
Z Z
= sin(πy )dy + yx 2 dx
C C
Z 1 Z 1
= sin(π(2 + 2t)(2))dt + (t)2 (2 + 2t)(1)d
0 0
1
−1 2 3 1 4
= cos(2π + 2πt)10 + t + t
π 3 2 0
7
=
6
Line Integrals X
2.
Z Z Z
ydx + xdy zdz =
C C C
Z 2π Z 2π Z 2π
sin t(− sin t)dt + cos t(cos t)dt + t 2 (2t)dt =
0 0 0
Z 2π Z 2π Z 2π
2
− sin tdt + 1(1 + cos(2t))dt + 2t 3 dt =
0 0 0
8π 4
Line Integrals of Vector Fields I
1 Line int over a vector field

→
F (x, y , z) = P(x, y , z)i + Q(x, y , z)j + R(x, y , z)k over a smooth
→
curve r (t) = x(t)i + y (t)j + z(t)k, a ≤ t ≤ b. Then the Line
Integral of F along C is
Z t=b Z
→ →0
F ( r (t)) r (t)dt = F .dr
t=a C
where [dr = dx dy dz], thus we have

Z Z b
F1 dx + F2 dy + F3 dz = [F1 x 0 + F2 y 0 + F3 z 0 ]dt
C a
Line Integrals of Vector Fields II
2 Examples: Find the value of the integral F (r ) = −yi − xyj and C is

the circular arc from A to B represented by r (t) = cos ti + sin tj and
0 ≤ t ≤ π2 then x(t) = sin t and y (t) = sin t and
F (r (t)) = y (t)i − x(t)y (t)j = sin ti − cos t sin tj where
dr = − sin ti + cos tj then
Z Z π
2
F (r ).dr = [− sin t, − cos t sin t].[− sin t, cos t]dt
C 0
Z π Z π
2 2 1 π 1
= [sin2 t − cos2 t sin t]dt = (1 − cos 2t)dt = − 0 − = 0.4521
0 0 2 4 3
check Kreyzig 423

Sma2116 Engineering Maths II

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SMA2116 ENGINEERING MATHS II

August 20, 2018

Each rectangle has height f (x ∗ ) the the area

Double Integrals over Regions

1 A rectangle R 2 over R = [a, b] ∗ [c, d] assuming f (x, y ) ≥ 0 and

is function of x alone, we may integrate the resulting function w.r.t x

. This an integral of f over type 1 region. NB: Idea is to carry

1 Evaluate the integral of f (x, y ) = 2xy over R : −1 ≤ x ≤ 2 and

√ see 2 inequalities from the sketch 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 and

in some cases integration is easier to integrate when order of

When we have regions described in term of a disk rather than

Figure: Double Polar regions

cartesian to polar we have x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ and r 2 = x 2 + y 2

The double integral s normally given as the Volume

These can be applied to many examples in Physics, Engineering and

where Z can be h1 (x, y ) ≤ z ≤ h2 (x, y )

Thus we can have 6 possible orders of integration:

In the cylindrical coordinate system, a point P in 3D is represented by

x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, z = z, dV = rdzdrdθ

E = {(x, y , z)|(x, y ) ∈ R, u1 (x, y ) ≤ z ≤ u2 (x, y )}

where R is the projection of of E on xy plane. This can be given as

to an integral to cylindrical coordinates.

Recall: definition of Spherical Coordinates

The conversion formulas are: x = ρ sin ϕ cos θ, y = ρ sin ϕ sin θ, z =

. When the region of integration is bounded by portions of spheres where:

∆V = ρ2i sin ϕj ∆ρ∆ϕ∆θ (9)

Reminder in Single variable: Change of variable when we integrate a

The we have f (x, y ) = f (g (u, v )) for 2 var.

T (u, v ) = (x, y ) : x = g (u, v ), y = h(u, v )

The Jacobian: transformation of T defined by

Change of variables and finding boundaries:

y = −2x ⇒ v − 2u = −2(u + 2v ), i.e v = 0

The final inequalities will be

Vector: quantity with magnitude and direction

2 ∇f = −yze −xy , −xze −xy , e −xy

Conservative Vector field: it exist when there exist a fuction f :

Dot Product/inner product

Divergence of vector: is a measure of how much fluid flow enters

Reminder: Parametric Equations

Suppose we have a curve a smooth curve and given by parametric

r(t) = h(t)i + g (t)j, a ≤ t ≤ b

The curve is called smooth if r(t) 6= 0 for all t

x 3 ds where C is the curve shown

1 r(t) = x(t)i + y (t)j, x(t)p= 2t, y (t) = t 3√

u = 4 + 9t 4 , du = 36t 3 dt : t = 1, u = 13, t = 0, u = 4 Then

2 For circle x = r cos t, y = r sin t given the half circle r = 3 thus

Finally, the line integral that we were asked

4 Line Integrals with respect to variable x/y

Suppose a 2D curve is give as x = x(t), y = y (t), a ≤ t ≤ b then Line

6 Solution 1. The parametric curve

1 Line int over a vector field

where [dr = dx dy dz], thus we have

2 Examples: Find the value of the integral F (r ) = −yi − xyj and C is

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