0

Figure 2.5 (a) Figure 2.5 (b)

Figure 2.5 (c) Figure 2.5 (d)

To obtain equation to solve all possible combination of plane stress, we derive the
equations for stresses shown on Figure 2.5(a). In Figure 2.5(b) shows the fores acting on
the surfaces. Our task is to derive equations for 𝜎𝑛 and 𝜏 by writing the equations of
equilibrium for the free body. In order to able sum the forces parallel and perpendicular to
the inclined surface, we must resolve the forces shown in Figure 2.5(b) into components in
those direction. These components are shown in Figure 2.5(c).
From Figure 2.5(b) we can know every forces acting on the surfaces :
• Horizontal Forces on Surface AC (←)
𝐹1 = 𝜎𝑥 . 𝐴𝐶
• Vertical Forces on Surface AC (↓)
𝐹2 = 𝜏𝑦𝑥 . 𝐴𝐶
• Vertical Forces on Surface BC (↓)
𝐹3 = 𝜎𝑦 . 𝐵𝐶
• Horizontal Forces on Surface AC (←)
𝐹4 = 𝜏𝑦𝑥 . 𝐵𝐶
From the free-body diagram of Figure 2.5(d), we have :
Σ𝐹 ⊥ = 0 :
𝑃𝑛 ( 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝐵 𝑜𝑟 𝑁𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 )
𝜎𝑛 =
𝐴𝐵
𝐹1 . cos 𝛼𝑥 . +𝐹2 . sin 𝛼𝑥 + 𝐹3 . sin 𝛼𝑥 + 𝐹4 . cos 𝛼𝑥
𝜎𝑛 =
𝐴𝐵
𝜎𝑥 . 𝐴𝐶 . cos 𝛼𝑥 𝜏𝑦𝑥 . 𝐴𝐶 . sin 𝛼𝑥 𝜎𝑦 . 𝐵𝐶 . sin 𝛼𝑥 𝜏𝑦𝑥 . 𝐵𝐶 . cos 𝛼𝑥
𝜎𝑛 = + + +
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵
𝜎𝑥 . 𝐴𝐶 . cos 𝛼𝑥 𝜏𝑦𝑥 . 𝐴𝐶 . sin 𝛼𝑥 𝜎𝑦 . 𝐵𝐶 . sin 𝛼𝑥 𝜏𝑦𝑥 . 𝐵𝐶 . cos 𝛼𝑥
𝜎𝑛 = + + +
𝐴𝐶 𝐴𝐶 𝐵𝐶 𝐵𝐶
cos 𝛼𝑥 cos 𝛼𝑥 sin 𝛼𝑥 sin 𝛼𝑥
𝜎𝑛 = 𝜎𝑥 . cos 2 𝛼𝑥 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 . sin 𝛼𝑥 . cos 𝛼𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 . sin2 𝛼𝑥 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 . sin 𝛼𝑥 . cos 𝛼𝑥
𝜎𝑛 = 𝜎𝑥 . cos 2 𝛼𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 . sin2 𝛼𝑥 + 2 𝜏𝑦𝑥 . sin 𝛼𝑥 . cos 𝛼𝑥 (1)
To obtain an expression having a more usefull form, we substitute the trigonometric
identities
1 1
cos2 𝛼𝑥 = ( 1 + cos 2𝛼𝑥 ) sin2 𝛼𝑥 = ( 1 − cos 2𝛼𝑥 )
2 2
1
sin 𝛼𝑥 . cos 𝛼𝑥 = sin 2𝛼𝑥
2

Into E.q. (1) by making substitutions and simplifying the resulting expression we
arrive at
𝜎𝑛 = 𝜎𝑥 . cos 2 𝛼𝑥 + 𝜎𝑦 . sin2 𝛼𝑥 + 2 𝜏𝑦𝑥 . sin 𝛼𝑥 . cos 𝛼𝑥
1 1 1
𝜎𝑛 = 𝜎𝑥 . ( 1 + cos 2𝛼𝑥 ) + 𝜎𝑦 . ( 1 − cos 2𝛼𝑥 ) + 2 𝜏𝑦𝑥 . sin 2𝛼𝑥
2 2 2
𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦 𝜎𝑦
𝜎𝑛 = + . cos 2𝛼𝑥 + − . cos 2𝛼𝑥 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 . sin 2𝛼𝑥
2 2 2 2
𝜎𝑦+𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥
𝜎𝑛 = − . cos 2𝛼𝑥 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 . sin 2𝛼𝑥 (eq. 2.3)
2 2

Similarly, the forces parallel to the inclined plan may be summed, as shown below :
Σ𝐹 ∥ = 0 :
𝑃𝑡 ( 𝑇𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑆𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝐵 )
𝜏=
𝐴𝐵
𝐹1 . sin 𝛼𝑥 − 𝐹2 . cos 𝛼𝑥 − 𝐹3. cos 𝛼𝑥 + 𝐹4 . sin 𝛼𝑥
𝜏=
𝐴𝐵
𝜎𝑥 . 𝐴𝐶 . sin 𝛼𝑥 𝜏𝑦𝑥 . 𝐴𝐶 . cos 𝛼𝑥 𝜎𝑦 . 𝐵𝐶 . cos 𝛼𝑥 𝜏𝑦𝑥 . 𝐵𝐶 . sin 𝛼𝑥
𝜏= − − +
𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵 𝐴𝐵
𝜎𝑥 .𝐴𝐶 .sin 𝛼𝑥 𝜏𝑦𝑥 .𝐴𝐶 .cos 𝛼𝑥 𝜎𝑦 .𝐵𝐶 .cos 𝛼𝑥 𝜏𝑦𝑥 .𝐵𝐶 .sin 𝛼𝑥
𝜏= 𝐴𝐶 − 𝐴𝐶 − 𝐵𝐶 + 𝐵𝐶
cos 𝛼𝑥 cos 𝛼𝑥 sin 𝛼𝑥 sin 𝛼𝑥

𝜏 = 𝜎𝑥 . sin 𝛼𝑥 . cos 𝛼𝑥 − 𝜏𝑦𝑥 . cos2 𝛼𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 . sin 𝛼𝑥 . cos 𝛼𝑥 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 . sin2 𝛼𝑥

 Again, making the same trigonometric substitutions, and simplifying the resulting
expression, we have
𝜏 = 𝜎𝑥 . sin 𝛼𝑥 . cos 𝛼𝑥 − 𝜏𝑦𝑥 . cos2 𝛼𝑥 − 𝜎𝑦 . sin 𝛼𝑥 . cos 𝛼𝑥 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 . sin2 𝛼𝑥
1 1 1 1
𝜏 = 𝜎𝑥 . 2 sin 2𝛼𝑥 − 𝜏𝑦𝑥 . 2 ( 1 + cos 2𝛼𝑥 ) − 𝜎𝑦 . 2 sin 2𝛼𝑥 + 𝜏𝑦𝑥 . 2 ( 1 − cos 2𝛼𝑥 )
𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜏𝑦𝑥 𝜏𝑦𝑥
𝜏=− sin 2𝛼𝑥 − − cos 2𝛼𝑥 + − cos 2𝛼𝑥
2 2 2 2 2
𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥
𝜏=− sin 2𝛼𝑥 − 𝜏𝑦𝑥 . cos 2𝛼𝑥 (eq. 2.3)
2

Rearange equation 2.3, we can obtained the following expression for Mohr stress
circle :
𝜎𝑦+𝜎𝑥 2
(𝜎𝑛 − ) + 𝜏2
2

(2) (3)
𝜎𝑦+𝜎𝑥 2 𝜎𝑦+𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦+𝜎𝑥
(𝜎𝑛 − ) = (𝜎𝑛 − )(𝜎𝑛 − )
2 2 2

𝜎𝑦+𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦+𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦+𝜎𝑥 2

= (𝜎𝑛)2 − (𝜎𝑛 . ) − (𝜎𝑛 . )+( )
2 2 2

𝜎𝑦+𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦+𝜎𝑥 2
= (𝜎𝑛)2 − 2 (𝜎𝑛 . )+( )
2 2

𝜎𝑦+𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 2 𝜎𝑦+𝜎𝑥

=( − . cos 2𝛼𝑥 +𝜏𝑦𝑥. sin 2𝛼𝑥) − 2 (( −
2 2 2

𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦+𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦+𝜎𝑥 2

. cos 2𝛼𝑥 +𝜏𝑦𝑥. sin 2𝛼𝑥) . )+( )
2 2 2

𝜎𝑦+𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦+𝜎𝑥

= (( − . cos 2𝛼𝑥 +𝜏𝑦𝑥. sin 2𝛼𝑥)( −
2 2 2

𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦+𝜎𝑥 2
. cos 2𝛼𝑥 +𝜏𝑦𝑥. sin 2𝛼𝑥)) − 2 (( ) −
2 2

𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦+𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦+𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦+𝜎𝑥 2

( )( ) . cos 2𝛼𝑥 + ( ) . 𝜏𝑦𝑥. sin 2𝛼𝑥) + ( )
2 2 2 2

𝜎𝑦+𝜎𝑥 2 𝜎𝑦+𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦+𝜎𝑥

=( ) −( ( . cos 2𝛼𝑥 ) ) + ( ( ) 𝜏𝑦𝑥. sin 2𝛼𝑥) −
2 2 2 2

𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦+𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 2

−( ( . cos 2𝛼𝑥) ) + ( . cos 2𝛼𝑥) −
2 2 2
𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦+𝜎𝑥
( ( . cos 2𝛼𝑥 ) 𝜏𝑦𝑥. sin 2𝛼𝑥) + ( ( ) 𝜏𝑦𝑥. sin 2𝛼𝑥) −
2 2

𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦+𝜎𝑥 2
( ( . cos 2𝛼𝑥 ) 𝜏𝑦𝑥. sin 2𝛼𝑥) + (𝜏𝑦𝑥. sin 2𝛼𝑥)2 − 2 ( ) +
2 2

𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦+𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦+𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦+𝜎𝑥 2

2 (( )( ) . cos 2𝛼𝑥 ) − 2 (( ) . 𝜏𝑦𝑥. sin 2𝛼𝑥) + ( )
2 2 2 2

𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 2 𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥
=( . cos 2𝛼𝑥) − 2 ( ( . cos 2𝛼𝑥 ) 𝜏𝑦𝑥. sin 2𝛼𝑥) + (𝜏𝑦𝑥. sin 2𝛼𝑥)2 (2)
2 2
 𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 2
𝜏 2 = (− ( ) sin 2𝛼𝑥 − 𝜏𝑦𝑥 . cos 2𝛼𝑥)
2
𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥
= (− ( ) sin 2𝛼𝑥 − 𝜏𝑦𝑥 . cos 2𝛼𝑥) (− ( ) sin 2𝛼𝑥 − 𝜏𝑦𝑥 . cos 2𝛼𝑥)
2 2
2
𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥
= (( ) sin 2𝛼𝑥) + (( ( ) sin 2𝛼𝑥) (𝜏𝑦𝑥 . cos 2𝛼𝑥)) +
2 2

𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥
(( ( ) sin 2𝛼𝑥) (𝜏𝑦𝑥 . cos 2𝛼𝑥)) + (𝜏𝑦𝑥 . cos 2𝛼𝑥)2
2
2
𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥
= (( 2
) sin 2𝛼𝑥) + 2 (( 2
sin 2𝛼𝑥) (𝜏𝑦𝑥 . cos 2𝛼𝑥)) + (𝜏𝑦𝑥 . cos 2𝛼𝑥)2 (3)

Suming equations (2) and (3),

𝜎𝑦 + 𝜎𝑥 2
= (𝜎𝑛 − ) + 𝜏2
2
𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 2 𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥
=( . cos 2𝛼𝑥) − 2 ( ( . cos 2𝛼𝑥 ) 𝜏𝑦𝑥. sin 2𝛼𝑥) + (𝜏𝑦𝑥. sin 2𝛼𝑥)2 +
2 2
2
𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥
(( ) sin 2𝛼𝑥) + 2 (( sin 2𝛼𝑥) (𝜏𝑦𝑥 . cos 2𝛼𝑥)) + (𝜏𝑦𝑥 . cos 2𝛼𝑥)2
2 2

2 2
𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥
=( . cos 2𝛼𝑥) + (𝜏𝑦𝑥. sin 2𝛼𝑥)2 + (( ) sin 2𝛼𝑥) + (𝜏𝑦𝑥 . cos 2𝛼𝑥)2
2 2

𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 2 𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 2
=( ) . cos 2 2𝛼𝑥 + (𝜏𝑦𝑥)2 . sin2 2𝛼𝑥 + ( ) . sin2 2𝛼𝑥 +
2 2

(𝜏𝑦𝑥)2 . cos2 2𝛼𝑥

𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 2 𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 2
=( ) . (1 + cos 2𝛼𝑥) + (𝜏𝑦𝑥)2 . (1 − cos 2𝛼𝑥) + ( ) . (1 − cos 2𝛼𝑥) +
2 2

(𝜏𝑦𝑥)2 . (1 + cos 2𝛼𝑥)

𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 2 𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 2 𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 2
=( 2
) +( 2
) . cos 2𝛼𝑥 + (𝜏𝑦𝑥)2 − (𝜏𝑦𝑥)2 . cos 2𝛼𝑥 + ( 2
) −

𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 2
( ) . cos 2𝛼𝑥 +(𝜏𝑦𝑥)2 + (𝜏𝑦𝑥)2 . cos 2𝛼𝑥)
2

𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 2 𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 2
=( ) + (𝜏𝑦𝑥)2 + ( ) +(𝜏𝑦𝑥)2
2 2

𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 2
= 2( ) + 2(𝜏𝑦𝑥)2
2
𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 2
2( ) +2(𝜏𝑦𝑥)2
2
= 2

𝜎𝑦−𝜎𝑥 2
=( ) + (𝜏𝑦𝑥)2 (eq. 2.4)
2