NAME.

HUSNAIN SAQIB
CLASS. 8-E
ROLL NO. 18
SUBJECT. SCIENCE
TOPIC. ATOMIC STRUCTURE
[Q1] What is an Atom?

An Atom is a fundamental piece of matter.

(Matter is anything that can be touched physically.)
Everything in the universe (except energy) is made of
matter, and, so, everything in the universe is made
up of atoms.

An atom itself is made up of three tiny kinds of

particles called subatomic particles: protons,
neutrons, and electrons. The protons and the
neutrons make up the center of the atom called the
nucleus and the electrons fly around above the
nucleus in a small cloud. The electrons carry a
negative charge and the protons carry a positive
charge. In a normal (neutral) atom the number of
protons and the number of electrons are equal.
Often, but
not always,
the number
of neutrons
is the same,
too.
[Q2] Who discovered Atom explain?

D
emocritus was a Greek philosopher who was
the first person to use the term atom
(atomos: meaning indivisible). He thought
that if you take a piece of matter and divide it and
continue to divide it you will eventually come to a
point where you could not divide it any more. This
fundamental or basic unit was what Democritus
called an atom. He called this the theory of the
universe: All matter consists of atoms, which are bits
of matter too small to be seen. There is an empty
space between Atoms and Atoms are completely
solid, Atoms have no internal structure each atom (of
a different substance) is different in size, weight and
shape.

[Q3] Name the sub atomic particles of an Atom?

P
articles that are smaller than the atom are
called subatomic particles. The three
main subatomic particles that form
an atom are protons, neutrons, and electrons.
[Q4] Explain in detail the sub atomic particles an
Atom?

Protons

P
rotons were discovered by Ernest Rutherford
in the year 1919, when he performed his gold
foil experiment. He projected alpha particles
(helium nuclei) at gold foil, and the positive alpha
particles were deflected. He concluded that protons
exist in a nucleus and have a positive nuclear charge.
The atomic number or proton number is the number
of protons present in an atom. The atomic number
determines an element (e.g., the element of atomic
number 6 is carbon).

Electrons

E
lectrons were discovered by Sir John Joseph
Thomson in 1897. After many experiments
involving cathode rays, J.J. Thomson
demonstrated the ratio of mass to electric charge of
cathode rays. He confirmed that cathode rays are
fundamental particles that are negatively-charged;
these cathode rays became known as electrons.
Robert Millikan, through oil drop experiments, found
the value of the electronic charge.
Electrons are located in an electron cloud, which is
the area surrounding the nucleus of the atom. There
is usually a higher probability of finding an electron
closer to to the nucleus of an atom. Electrons can
abbreviated as e-. Electrons have a negative charge
that is equal in magnitude to the positive charge of
the protons. However, their mass is considerably less
than that of a proton or neutron (and as such is
usually considered insignificant). Unequal amounts
of protons and electrons create ions: positive cations
or negative anions.

Neutrons

Neutrons were discovered by James Chadwick in

1932, when he demonstrated that penetrating
radiation incorporated beams of neutral particles.
Neutrons are located in the nucleus with the
protons. Along with protons, they make up almost
all of the mass of the atom. The number of neutrons
is called the neutron number and can be found by
subtracting the proton number from the atomic
mass number. The neutrons in an element determine
the isotope of an atom, and often its stability. The
number of neutrons is not necessarily equal to the
number of protons.
[Q5] Describe Ruther Fords model of an Atom?

R
utherford model, also called nuclear
atom or planetary model of the atom,
description of the structure
of Atoms proposed (1911) by the New Zealand-born
physicist Ernest Rutherford. The model described
the at Atom as a tiny, dense, positively charged core
called a nucleus, in which nearly all the mass is
concentrated, around which the light,
negative constituents, called Electrons, circulate at
some distance, much like planets revolving around
the Sun.

[Q6] Who discovered electrons explain with an

experiment?

J.J. Thomson discovered electrons and J.J

Thomson experiments with cathode ray tubes
showed that all atoms contain tiny negatively
charged subatomic particles or electrons. Thomson
proposed the plum pudding model of the atom,
which had negatively-charged electrons embedded
within a positively-charged "soup."