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SOLPLUS®
IRCOSPERSETM
COLORBURST TM
Hyperdispersants
SOLSPERSE®
SOLPLUS®
IRCOSPERSETM
COLORBURST TM
SOLSPERSE®
SOLPLUS®
IRCOSPERSETM
Lubrizol Hyperdispersants
A scientific approach to dispersion
Absorption
(colour strength)
Optical effect
Scattering
(hiding power)
2
SOLSPERSE® Hyperdispersants
A scientific approach to dispersion
Figure 2
Without Hyperdispersant -
poor dispersion
Viscosity
With Hyperdispersant -
good dispersion
Shear rate
3
Theoretical background to effective stabilisation
There are two principal mechanisms for the stabilisation of pigmented dispersions;
electrostatic stabilisation and steric stabilisation. Both mechanisms require the
absorption of stabilising molecules on the pigmented surface.
Classic colloidal science explains electrostatic stabilisation Charge stabilisation will not be effective in media of low
in terms of an electrical double-layer. A charge is dielectric constant (the vast majority of organic solvents and
generated on the pigment surface, and a more diffuse plasticisers), and steric stabilisation is required to maintain
cloud of oppositely charged ions develops around it. As dispersed particles in a stable non-flocculated state.
two particles approach each other the charge effectively
provides a barrier to closer particle interactions. Steric stabilisation relies on the adsorption of a layer of
resin or polymer chains on the surface of the pigment.
Electrostatic stabilisation is effective in media of reasonably As pigment particles approach each other these adsorbed
high dielectric constant, principally water; although even in polymeric chains intermingle and in so doing they lose a
water-based systems, steric stabilisation, or a combination degree of freedom which they would otherwise possess.
of steric and charge stabilisation will often provide better This loss of freedom is expressed, in thermodynamic terms,
overall performance. Therefore both mechanisms of as a reduction in entropy, which is unfavourable and provides
stabilisation are found in the SOLSPERSE® Hyperdispersants the necessary barrier to prevent further attraction.
for use in aqueous systems. (see figure 3)
Figure 3 Figure 4
Stabilising
Medium Compound Medium
4
Alternatively one can consider that, as the chains intermingle, Figure 5
solvent is forced out from between particles. This leads to
an imbalance in solvent concentration which is resisted Conventional system without Hyperdispersant
by osmotic pressure which tends to force solvent back
between the particles, thus maintaining their separation.
(see figure 4)
Steric Repulsion
because it means the chains will be free to extend into the Interparticle distance
medium, and possess the above mentioned freedom. In
systems where the chains are not so well solvated they will
prefer to lie next to each other on the surface of the pigment, Summation
(free energy minimum)
providing a very much smaller barrier to inter-particle
attraction.
VAN der WAALS Attraction
The greater steric repulsion generated by SOLSPERSE®
Hyperdispersants moves the minimum in the Potential Energy
Curve, and thus reduces the overall viscosity. (see figure 5)
Steric Repulsion
Summation
Potential energy
5
The design of SOLSPERSE® Hyperdispersants
Hyperdispersants are two-component structures. The There is generally an optimum chain length over and above
anchoring group provides strong adsorption onto the which the effectiveness of the stabilising material ceases
pigment surface. Polymeric chains which are attached to the to increase; indeed in some cases, molecules with longer
anchor group provide the stabilisation. (The Hyperdispersant than optimum chains can be less effective. Ideally the
may also carry ionic charges for those designed for aqueous chains should be free to move in the dispersing medium.
dispersion). To achieve this, chains with anchor groups at one end only
have shown to be the most effective in providing steric
It is the particular combination of the anchoring group stabilisation. (see figure 6)
and polymeric chains which leads to the effectiveness of
SOLSPERSE® Hyperdispersants. Figure 6
6
Anchor groups
It does not matter whether the previously discussed polymer With particularly difficult non-polar pigments a very
chains are provided by Hyperdispersants containing successful anchoring approach is the use of SOLSPERSE®
either single chains or up to many hundreds of chains; synergists. These synergists are used in combination with
indeed both types are available. The essential requirement a polymeric Hyperdispersant. The synergists are pigment
is that the chains are successfully anchored to the pigment derivatives which have a strong affinity for certain pigment
surface, and that the surface of the particles are covered types and thereby furnish the pigment surface with anchoring
with sufficient density of chains to ensure minimum particle- sites for the conventional polymeric SOLSPERSE ®
particle interaction. Hyperdispersants. (see figure 7)
As the nature of a pigment‘s surface depends on its This versatile approach in the design of Hyperdispersants
chemical type, many different chemical groups are has enabled Lubrizol to produce a range of products which
used as anchor groups for Hyperdispersants; indeed the take into account the need for anchoring mechanisms
SOLSPERSE® Hyperdispersant range contains several which do not adversely interfere with the cure of
different types of anchor groups. These vary in anchoring reactive systems such as acid catalysed, isocyanate
ability from products only suitable for inorganic pigments, cured or reactive monomer coatings. This is particularly
to products suitable for the whole range of pigments in use important when one considers the growing importance of
today. In dispersants for aqueous systems the anchor group Hyperdispersants in tinters for mixing schemes, where
is hydrophobic relative to the rest of the Hyperdispersant many different resins are frequently encountered.
and also contains specific functionalities to interact with the
pigment.
Figure 7
7
Hyperdispersant dosage
8
Practical demonstration of need for correct dosage
Figure 9
Strength +15%
(Final Paint) +10%
+ 5%
10 14 18 22
% SOLSPERSE Hyperdispersants
®
SOLSPERSE®
MILLBASES CONTROL Hyperdispersant
(100% active)
9
Formulation guidelines when using
SOLSPERSE® Hyperdispersants
In order to obtain the very best from SOLSPERSE® Hyperdispersants, it is essential that
certain guidelines are followed:
Minimal resin
Hyperdispersants are widely used in applications where In the presence of SOLSPERSE® Hyperdispersants,
resins are a component of the millbase e.g. inks and good “wetting” or “grinding” resins need not necessarily
paints. be selected for use in the dispersion medium. Other resins,
more suitable to end-film properties, can be used, since
Anchoring of the Hyperdispersant to the pigment surface Hyperdispersants will provide the essential pigment wetting
can be affected by competition between the resin and the function. (see figure 10)
Hyperdispersant for the surface of the particle. Once the
Hyperdispersant anchor group is attached to the pigment We recommend that minimum resin solids are used in the
surface it will remain firmly attached. Molecules of resin, millbase, but present in sufficient quantities to produce the
however, are transiently adsorbed on the surface of the necessary let-down stability; or to produce final coatings
pigment, and even though not firmly anchored they can with the appropriate resin and solvent contents. If relatively
still hinder the Hyperdispersant anchoring process. The good wetting resins are used, we recommend using
competition for the pigment surface, resulting from using 10% to 20% resin solids solution as the grinding medium,
“good wetting” resins, is the most severe case. and for relatively poor wetting resins, the minimum amount
up to the level conventionally used.
Figure 10
Range of % resin-solids recommended
in millbase grinding medium
60
50
40
30
20
10
10
Surface active agents
As with resins, surface active agents may also affect The effect on pigment concentration of reducing resin and
the performance of Hyperdispersants; again through adding Hyperdispersant is illustrated diagrammatically. (see
competition for the surface of the pigment. Surface active figure 11)
agents such as surfactants and anti-foams may have to be
omitted from the millbase, and if still required, added during Appendix 1 gives guidelines on how to determine the amount
the let-down. Similarly, matting agents and anti-settling of pigment required in a Hyperdispersant millbase.
agents should also be added at the let-down stage
because Hyperdispersants have adverse affects on them if Figure 11
11
Formulation benefits when using
SOLSPERSE® Hyperdispersants
Control at 15
low shear
(60s-1)
10
60s-1
3. Greater productivity
Control at 5
high shear 1000s-1 By incorporating the appropriate SOLSPERSE ®
(1000s-1)
0 Hyperdispersant into the millbase, it is possible, through the
10 12.5 15 17.5 20 viscosity reducing effect, to increase the pigment content in
% Hyperdispersant on pigment a millbase. The relationship between pigment concentration
and viscosity, with and without Hyperdispersant is illustrated
opposite. (see example 2)
12
Example 2 4. Greater millbase flexibility
Yellow iron oxide
millbases in alkyd resin SOLSPERSE® Hyperdispersants will permit higher pigment
15 control millbase loadings in the millbase; not only improving productivity,
Vicosity in 20% alkyd
(Poise) resin solution but also reducing the amount of potentially incompatible
10 SOLSPERSE® medium which is carried through from the millbase to the
Hyperdispersant
3000 sec -1
millbase in 10% alkyd final coating formulation. SOLSPERSE® Hyperdispersant
5 resin solution millbases therefore have wider “acceptance” in a range of
“Efficient
dispersion” base finishes, especially if a “wide compatibility resin” can
Viscosity
0 be used; important for the production of tinters for mixing
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 schemes.
% Pigment in millbase
In addition, since Hyperdispersants act as wetting agents
there is less need to select grinding media purely for their
Example 3
Millbases wetting power. The formulator can therefore be more
conventional Hyperdispersant flexible in the choice of dispersing medium. (see example 5)
10% Resin-solids
64% 58.5% solution
20% solvent solvent containing
Resin-solids
solution SOLSPERSE® 5. Higher colour strength
Hyperdispersant
6.5% resin
16% resin
35% Increases in colour strength arise from a reduction in the
20% pigment
pigment average size of pigment particles. Optimum milling
conditions are increased by balancing opposing variables.
Letdown Increasing the pigment content in the millbase increases
the number of particle collisions, and this increases the
Millbase 100 100 Millbase
rate of breakdown of the pigment. However, increasing the
Resin or binder 84 168.5 Resin or binder pigment concentration will increase viscosity, thus reducing
Solvent 216 the kinetic energy of the grinding charge; the beads or balls,
431.5 Solvent which reduces their ability to break down pigment particles.
Total paint 400
The effect of using SOLSPERSE® Hyperdispersants is to
Pigment content 5%
P:B 0.2:1 Total paint 700 modify these variables. Hyperdispersants will permit milling
Pigment content 5%
P:B 0.2:1 at higher pigment concentrations, leading to more rapid
break down of particles; at the same time they will prevent
viscosity building up in the system during the grinding
Example 4 process. Finally they will impart colloidal stability to the finer
Transparent yellow particles so that they do not flocculate and their full intrinsic
iron oxide in long-oil alkyd colour strength is utilised. This is illustrated in example
6 with rapid and ultimately increased colour strength
45 development.
Contrast ratio (%)
conventional
40
Hyperdispersant
35
30
25 „acceptable“
20 transparency
15
10
30 60 90 120 150
13
Formulation benefits when using
SOLSPERSE® Hyperdispersants
Example 5 Example 6
conventional Hyperdispersant
150
48% 52% 140
Tinctorial strength, %
solvent solvent 20% Resin-solids
solution 120 Hyperdispersant
40% containing
Resin-solids 100
SOLSPERSE®
solution Hyperdispersant 80 control
32% resin 13% resin 60
40
35% 20
20% pigment
pigment 0
If above tinters are used to tint a white base to give 5 parts coloured 0 10 20 30 40 50
pigment in the finished paint then the amounts of solvent and resin
transferred are: Milling time (Min)
Solvent 12 7.43
Resin 8 1.86
Pigment 5 5
A maximum particle size greater than 5 microns is generally The particle size distribution in a dispersed pigment system
considered unacceptable for gloss paint finishes, whilst in high influences the brightness of a surface coating, and in
quality gloss coatings, 3 microns is the acceptable limit. Most particular, the presence of large particles tends to introduce
inks contain particles dispersed to less than 1 micron. a “dulling” effect. SOLSPERSE® Hyperdispersants, because
of their ability to produce a narrower particle size distribution,
Large particles, present in the coating, may occur either give brighter colours.
through a failure to disperse effectively or through flocculation
or “shock-seeding” during let-down.
8. Better flocculation resistance
SOLSPERSE® Hyperdispersants will aid the efficiency of the
grinding process, directly through their ability to wet-out newly Flooding and flotation of surface coatings are dependent
created pigment surface, or indirectly through their ability to on the relative densities, sizes and state of dispersion of
increase the millbase pigment concentration. pigment particles in a system. As a result of this latter
factor, flooding and flotation are adversely affected by
Hyperdispersants will also reduce the incidence of large pigment flocculation. Although Hyperdispersants cannot
particles due to flocculation effects. affect the relative densities of pigments, they are able,
through effective stabilisation, to prevent flocculation. This
improvement in flocculation resistance not only leads to
better optical properties, as outlined previously, but also to
improved flooding and flotation properties; and thereby a
general improvement in the reproducibility of a coating by
different application methods.
14
Appendix I
Formulating a SOLSPERSE® Hyperdispersants millbase
The theoretical amount of polymeric SOLSPERSE® agent required in a millbase is 2 mg of polymeric agent per square metre
of pigment surface area.
Example: Pigment surface area - 70 m2/g. Therefore 140 mg polymeric agent/1g pigment are required = 14 g agent/100 g
pigment i.e. 14% AOWP. Synergists (if required) are used with the polymeric agent in ratios between 4:1 and
9:1 polymeric : synergist (see document SOLSPERSE® Synergists, HD0/3/012-GB )
Example:
Stage 2: Determines the higher pigment
content required
(Can be performed on lab. shaker e.g. Red Devil)
Using the % AOWP of polymeric agent (calculated above) + synergist
(if required) prepare a series of millbases with increasing pigment
contents in a GRINDING MEDIUM containing APPROXIMATELY 10%
SOLID RESIN. Note: the ratio of Hyperdispersant : pigment must be
maintained. The pigment concentration giving the same viscosity as the
control should now be used in Stage 3.
Example:
Stage 3: Determines the optimum amount of
SOLSPERSE® Hyperdispersant
(Can be performed on lab. shaker e.g. Red Devil)
Using the higher pigment content established in Stage 2.
Carry out a series of POLYMERIC agent dosages around the theoretical
% AOWP (+ any synergist required) to optimise the required agent dosage.
Determine best Hyperdispersant dosage by measuring desired property.
15
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Website: www.solsperse.com
E-mail: additives@lubrizol.com
The information contained herein is believed to be reliable, but no representations, guarantees or warranties of any kind are made as to its accuracy, suitability for particular applications or the
results to be obtained. The information is based on laboratory work with small-scale equipment and does not necessarily indicate end product performance. Because of the variations in methods,
conditions and equipment used commercially in processing these materials, no warranties or guarantees are made as to the suitability of the products for the applications disclosed. Full-scale testing and
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