Distance�Time Graphs

• For a body at rest

• As the slope is zero, so speed of the body is zero.

• For a body moving with uniform speed

• For accelerated motion.

• The slope of graph is increasing with time

• For decelerated (speeding down) motion.

• Slope of graph is decreasing with time

Velocity�Time Graphs
• When a body moving with a uniform velocity.
• The slope of AB indicates zero acceleration

• When a body starts from rest and moves with uniform acceleration.
• Greater is the slope of v-t graph, greater will be the acceleration
• When a body is moving with uniform acceleration and its initial velocity is not zero.

• When a body is moving with increasing acceleration.

• Slope increases with time.

• When a body is moving with decreasing acceleration.

• Slope decreases with time.

• When a body is moving with a uniform retardation and its initial velocity is not zero.
• As θ > 90°, graph has a negative slope.

Facts that Matter

• An object is said to be in motion when its position changes with time.
• We describe the location of an object by specifying a reference point. Motion is relative. The total
path covered by an object is said to be the distance travelled by it.
• The shortest path/distance measured from the initial to the final position of an object is known as
the displacement.
• Uniform motion: When an object covers equal distances in equal intervals of time, it is said to be
in uniform motion.
• Non-uniform motion: Motions where objects cover unequal distances in equal intervals of time.
• Speed: The distance travelled by an object in unit time is referred to as speed. Its unit is m/s.
• Average speed: For non-uniform motion, the average speed of an object is obtained by dividing
the total distance travelled by an object by the total time taken.

• Velocity: Velocity is the speed of an object moving in definite direction. S.I. unit is m/s.

• Acceleration: Change in the velocity of an object per unit time.

• Graphical representation of motions

(i) Distance-time graph
For a distance-time graph time is taken on x-axis and distance is taken on y-axis.
[Note: All independent quantities are taken along the x-axis and dependent quantities are taken
along y-axis.]
OA = CD = u
OE = CB = v
OC = AD = t
BD = BC – DC (Change in velocity)
AD is parallel to OC.
∴ BC = BD + DC = BD + OA
∴ BC = v and OA = u
We get v = BD + u
∴ BD = v – u ...(1)
In velocity-time graph, slope gives acceleration.

Substituting (2) in (1) we get

BD = v – u
at = v – u
∴ v = u + at
(ii) Equation for position-time relation:
Let us assume,
s = distance travelled by the object
t = in time t
a = with uniform acceleration.
∴ Distance travelled by the object is given by area enclosed with OABC in the graph.
∴ s = OABC
= (area of rectangle OADC) + (area of DABD)

Substituting
OA = u, OC = AD = t and BD = at
We get

(iii) Equation for position-velocity relation:

s = distance travelled by the object

t = in time t
a = moving with uniform acceleration
s = area enclosed by trapezium OABC
 Substitute value of ‘t’ in (1)

• Uniform circular motion: When a body moves in a circular path with uniform speed, its motion is
called uniform circular motion.

1. (a) Identify the kind of motion in the following cases:

(i) A car moving with constant speed turning around a curve.
(ii) An electron orbitting around nucleus.
(b) An artificial satellite is moving in a circular orbit of radius 36,000 km. Calculate its speed if it
takes 24 hours to revolve around the earth.
2. (a) Define average speed.
(b) A bus travels a distance of 120 km with a speed of 40 km/h and returns with a speed of 30
km/h. Calculate the average speed for the entire journey.
3. Define uniform and non-uniform motion. Write one example for each.
4. What does the odometer of an automobile measure? Which of the following is moving faster?
Justify your answer.
(i) A scooter moving with a speed of 300 m per I minute.
(ii) A car moving with a speed of 36 km per hour.
5. A car travels from stop A to stop B with a speed of 30 km/h and then returns back to A with a
speed of 50 km/h. Find
(i) displacement of the car.
(ii) distance travelled by the car.
(iii) average speed of the car.
6. Velocity-time graph for the motion of an object in a straight path is a straight line parallel to the
time axis.
(a) Identify the nature of motion of the body.
(b) Find the acceleration of the body.
(c) Draw the shape of distance-time graph for this type of motion.
7. Draw the shape of the distance-time graph for uniform and non-uniform motion of object. A bus of
starting from rest moves with uniform acceleration of 0.1 ms–2 for 2 minutes. Find
(a) the speed acquired.
(b) the distance travelled.
8. (a) Define uniform acceleration. What is the acceleration of a body moving with uniform velocity?
(b) A particle moves over three quarters of a circle of radius r. What is the magnitude of its
displacement?
9. A bus accelerates uniformly from 54 km/h to 72 km/h in 10 seconds Calculate
(i) acceleration in m/s2
(ii) distance covered by the bus in metres during this interval.
10. A car moves with a speed of 30 km/h–1 for half an hour, 25 km/h–1 for one hour and 40 km/h–1 for
two hours. Calculate the average speed of the car.
11. Derive the equation for velocity-time relation (v = u + at) by graphical method.
12. A car is travelling at 20 km/h, it speeds upto 60 km/h in 6 seconds. What is its acceleration?
13. A car accelerates from 6 ms–1 16 ms–1 in 10 sec. Calculate
 (a) the acceleration and
(b) the distance covered by the car in that time.
14. A circular track has a circumference of 3140 m with AB as one of its diameter. A scooterist
moves from A to B alone the circular path with a uniform speed of 10 m/s. Find
(a) distance covered by the scooterist,
(b) displacement of the scooterist, and
(c) time taken by the scooterist in reaching from A to B.
15. (a) Differentiate between uniform linear and uniform circular motion.
(b) Write any four examples of uniform circular motion.
(c) Is uniform circular motion accelerated motion?
16. (a) Differentiate between speed and velocity.
(b) When is a body said to have uniform velocity?
(c) How can we describe the position of an object?
Illustrate with suitable example.
17. The graph given alongside shows how the speed of a car changes with time.
(i) What is the initial speed of the car?
(ii) What is the maximum speed attained by the car?
(iii) Which part of the graph shows zero acceleration?
(iv) Which part of the graph shows varying retardation?
(v) Find the distance travelled in first 8 hours.

18. Study the velocity-time graph and calculate.

(a) The acceleration from A to B

(b) The acceleration from B to C
(c) The distance covered in the region ABE
(d) The average velocity from C to D
(e) The distance covered in the region BCFE
19. The following table gives the data about motion of a car.
 Time
11.00 11.30 12.00 12.30 1.00
(h)
Distance
0 30 30 65 100
(km)
Plot the graph.
(i) Find the speed of the car between 12.00 hours and 12.30 hours.
(ii) What is the average speed of the car?
(iii) Is the car’s motion an example of uniform motion? Justify.
20. (a) Derive the equation of motion v = u +at, using graphical method.
(b) A train starting from rest attains a velocity of 72 km/h in 5 minutes. Assuming the
acceleration is uniform, find
(i) the acceleration.
(ii) the distance travelled by the train for attaining this velocity.
1. Define acceleration and state its SI unit. For motion along a straight line, when do we consider
the acceleration to be (i) positive (ii) negative? Give an example of a body in uniform acceleration.
2. Find the total displacement of the body from the following graph:

3. A car travels at 54 km/h for first 20 s, 36 km/h for next 30 s and finally 18 km/h for next 10 s. Find
its average speed.
4. Define acceleration and give its SI unit. When is acceleration of a body negative? Give two
examples of situations in which acceleration of the body is negative.
5. Distinguish between uniform motion and non, uniform motion. Is uniformly accelerated motion
uniform motion? Give one example each of uniform and non-uniform motion.
6. The speedometer readings of a car are shown below. Find the acceleration of the car and its
displacement.
Time Speedometer
9:25 am 36 km/h
9:45 am 72 km/h
7. Define uniform circular motion and give example of it. Why is it called accelerated motion?
Fill in the blanks:
1. When s-t graph is parallel to x-axis, the body is____________.
2. When v-t graph is parallel to x-axis, the body is____________.
3. The slope of v-t graph for a body in uniformly accelerated motion is____________.
4. The slope of displacement-time graph for a car parked in a parking area is____________.
5. Acceleration is a____________quantity,
True/False:
6. Velocity of an object in uniform circular motion is constant.
7. A car moving on a crowded road with a number of traffic red signals is in non-uniform motion.
8. Displacement of a body can be positive or zero, but never negative.
9. Angular displacement is measured in radians.
10. A freely falling body is uniformly accelerated.
1. (a) Identify the kind of motion in the following cases:
 (i) A car moving with constant speed turning around a curve.
(ii) An electron orbitting around nucleus.
(b) An artificial satellite is moving in a circular orbit of radius 36,000 km. Calculate its speed if it
takes 24 hours to revolve around the earth.
2. (a) Define average speed.
(b) A bus travels a distance of 120 km with a speed of 40 km/h and returns with a speed of 30
km/h. Calculate the average speed for the entire journey.
3. Define uniform and non-uniform motion. Write one example for each.
4. What does the odometer of an automobile measure? Which of the following is moving faster?
Justify your answer.
(i) A scooter moving with a speed of 300 m per I minute.
(ii) A car moving with a speed of 36 km per hour.
5. A car travels from stop A to stop B with a speed of 30 km/h and then returns back to A with a
speed of 50 km/h. Find
(i) displacement of the car.
(ii) distance travelled by the car.
(iii) average speed of the car.
6. Velocity-time graph for the motion of an object in a straight path is a straight line parallel to the
time axis.
(a) Identify the nature of motion of the body.
(b) Find the acceleration of the body.
(c) Draw the shape of distance-time graph for this type of motion.
7. Draw the shape of the distance-time graph for uniform and non-uniform motion of object. A bus of
starting from rest moves with uniform acceleration of 0.1 ms–2 for 2 minutes. Find
(a) the speed acquired.
(b) the distance travelled.
8. (a) Define uniform acceleration. What is the acceleration of a body moving with uniform velocity?
(b) A particle moves over three quarters of a circle of radius r. What is the magnitude of its
displacement?
9. A bus accelerates uniformly from 54 km/h to 72 km/h in 10 seconds Calculate
(i) acceleration in m/s2
(ii) distance covered by the bus in metres during this interval.
10. A car moves with a speed of 30 km/h–1 for half an hour, 25 km/h–1 for one hour and 40 km/h–1 for
two hours. Calculate the average speed of the car.
11. Derive the equation for velocity-time relation (v = u + at) by graphical method.
12. A car is travelling at 20 km/h, it speeds upto 60 km/h in 6 seconds. What is its acceleration?
13. A car accelerates from 6 ms–1 16 ms–1 in 10 sec. Calculate
(a) the acceleration and
(b) the distance covered by the car in that time.
14. A circular track has a circumference of 3140 m with AB as one of its diameter. A scooterist
moves from A to B alone the circular path with a uniform speed of 10 m/s. Find
(a) distance covered by the scooterist,
(b) displacement of the scooterist, and
(c) time taken by the scooterist in reaching from A to B.
15. (a) Differentiate between uniform linear and uniform circular motion.
(b) Write any four examples of uniform circular motion.
(c) Is uniform circular motion accelerated motion?
16. (a) Differentiate between speed and velocity.
(b) When is a body said to have uniform velocity?
(c) How can we describe the position of an object?
Illustrate with suitable example.
17. The graph given alongside shows how the speed of a car changes with time.
(i) What is the initial speed of the car?
 (ii) What is the maximum speed attained by the car?
(iii) Which part of the graph shows zero acceleration?
(iv) Which part of the graph shows varying retardation?
(v) Find the distance travelled in first 8 hours.

18. Study the velocity-time graph and calculate.

(a) The acceleration from A to B

(b) The acceleration from B to C
(c) The distance covered in the region ABE
(d) The average velocity from C to D
(e) The distance covered in the region BCFE
19. The following table gives the data about motion of a car.
Time
11.00 11.30 12.00 12.30 1.00
(h)
Distance
0 30 30 65 100
(km)
Plot the graph.
(i) Find the speed of the car between 12.00 hours and 12.30 hours.
(ii) What is the average speed of the car?
(iii) Is the car’s motion an example of uniform motion? Justify.
20. (a) Derive the equation of motion v = u +at, using graphical method.
(b) A train starting from rest attains a velocity of 72 km/h in 5 minutes. Assuming the
acceleration is uniform, find
(i) the acceleration.
(ii) the distance travelled by the train for attaining this velocity.