Body 1

I.
Introduction
Mollusca is a very large phylum of invertebrates with 34,000 to 120,000
described species, and with a total diversity possibly reaching up to 200,000 (Roseberg,
2014). It is one of the most important taxa whose members reside in different ecological
environments and have great abundance, diversity and wide distribution. They can live in
freshwater, terrestrial and in marine habitats.
Molluscs, in general, are a structurally heterogeneous group and have different
forms like slugs, mussels, octopus and snails (Borisovets et al., 2015). They have soft
bodies which usually have a foot and head part. They are further characterized by the
presence of a rasping organ called a radula. Some have bodies that are covered with a
hard exoskeleton, as in the shells of clams, snails or the plates of the chitons, to protect
themselves from the predators (University of California Museum of Paleontology, no
year). The larval stages may play an important part in the aquatic food chain as part of the
plankton community (Weiss et al., 2002). They are important to humans since they can be
a source of food, tools, and even accessories.
With the rapid decline in the abundance and diversity of molluscs due to
overharvesting, pollution and habitat destruction (Bunje 2013, Haszprunar et al., 2012,
Sala 2016), there is a need for an assessment of the diversity of these organisms to
evaluate their conservation status and the extent of possible damage in the marine
ecosystem.
The Municipality of Jasaan has a number of tourist spots including the Agutayan
White Island. This, together with the continuing establishment of factories and other
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infrastructures in Jasaan, pose a direct threat not only to the molluscan population but to
its marine ecosystem as a whole. This study may also contribute in raising awareness
about the importance of molluscs not only in the marine ecosystem but also for the local
communities of Jasaan.
Furthermore, this will also provide information on the habitat preferences of
mollusc communities and may serve as reference for future conservation plans.
II. Objectives
The general objective of the study is to assess the molluscs in the intertidal zones
of Jasaan, Misamis Oriental.
The specific objectives are:
a) to identify the mollusc species found in the intertidal zones of Jasaan,
particularly in Solana, Jampason and in the non- marine protected area of
Agutayan Island;
b) to determine the relative abundance of each species;
c) to determine the species diversity of molluscs in the area;
e) to determine the distribution pattern of mollusc species; and
f) to determine their zonation patterns.
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III. Significance of the study
Due to the recognized use of molluscs as ecological indicators, monitoring their
status is important. They are sensitive to environmental changes and detect pollutants
over time. Their rapid decline in abundance and diversity may not only affect the balance
of the ecosystem they are in, but also affect the direct consumers and the higher
hierarchies of the food chain (Alfaro 2005).
This study updates previous studies conducted in Jasaan on macrobenthic
assemblages particularly on the mollusc communities. The location of Jasaan and the
establishment of new resorts and infrastructures make it susceptible to adverse changes in
the environment. The results for this study may also be used by the local government in
the management of its marine resources as well as in their conservation efforts especially
since the selected areas can be easily accessed by both local folks and tourists.
Assessment of the diversity of molluscs in Jasaan not only provides a reference point for
the preservation of the health of its marine ecosystem but also early warning of habitat
deterioration due to human influences. The study will hopefully convey to the public to
be more mindful of their actions along with their effects on the natural environment.
IV. Scope and Limitation of the study
The field sampling for this study was done from the months of September to
October 2018. Collection of specimens was done during low tide at daytime so possible
variations in abundance due to tidal and seasonal factors were not included. A one-time
sampling design for each site was used. Since the study focuses only on the biodiversity
of molluscs, ecological relationships of species were not determined. The taxonomic
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identification of the specimens down to lowest possible taxon was based on external
morphology only so no molecular analysis/DNA fingerprinting was done. Burrowing
molluscs were also excluded from sampling.
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V. Literature Review
Molluscs play an important role in sustaining various ecosystems whether as food
for larger animals or for recycling animal and plant wastes. They also serve as excellent
ecological indicators and essentially provide a window for the health of the ecosystem
they are in (Parent, 2008). An assessment of the molluscan diversity in a given area can
be used to measure the conservation of target organisms especially if they are endangered
or decreased in number due to the activities in natural disasters or anthropogenic
activities in the previous years (Vallejo, 2001).
Marine molluscs are mostly found in intertidal zones, forming distinct
communities between the high and low tide lines. Organisms that live in this zone need to
bargain with troublesome natural conditions, being both submerged in ocean water and
exposed to the air. Temperature variances, strong solar radiation and drying up for
prolonged periods exceedingly impact these organisms (Smith et al., 2009). They bear
the physical impacts of waves, which move rocks and sediment in the water which can
damage them. The freshwater brought from freshwater sources or rain saturates or soaks
them occasionally. In addition, there is a higher risk of predation, not only from ocean-
based animals but also from terrestrial animals as well.
Because of its location, the intertidal zone also accumulates most of the
anthropogenic wastes such as nutrients, pesticides, phosphates, nitrates and some heavy
metals. These wastes directly affect the diversity, abundance and distribution as well as
the community structure of benthic, filter-feeding organisms such as molluscs (Walag et
al., 2016). Such organisms are sensitive to environment changes which make them good
indicators of pollution and habitat deterioration.
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Molluscs in intertidal zones are generally studied using a random quadrat
sampling method. Others use point-intercept within the quadrat method which is much
more precise. This method is similar to the point-intercept along a transect line method,
but with multiple intersections within the square frame to be counted (Moyses et al.,
2007). The line transect distance sampling method provides unbiased estimates of
abundance when organism are distributed randomly or line transect are laid out randomly,
sample size are large and other assumptions of the method are met; such, however, is
rarely the case in real life (Nomani et al., 2012). A time restricted sampling can also be
done. For a duration of one hour at low tide, 0.5m x 0.5m quadrats are placed randomly
on shore where representative species can then be collected and recorded; or intensive
visual searches and thorough examination of a variety of habitats for the same duration
can also be done to provide an acceptable estimate of the biodiversity of molluscs (Wells
et al., 2008). Another way would utilize a bottomless drop sampler with mesh walls to
collect specimens. Unlike in the previous sampling method, this type of sampling is not
time restricted because mobile organisms within the sampler are trapped within the mesh
walls. This type also samples the entire water column and also allows quantitative
sampling not only on sandy substrates but also in vegetated habitats (Almeida et al.,
2008). Samples can then be collected via hand held nets. Among these methods, transect
– quadrat method is much easier yet effective approach in the general study of molluscs.
The diversity of marine macrobenthic organisms like molluscs in the intertidal
zones can be associated with the habitat they are in. In a study conducted at Moreton Bay,
Queensland, Australia, molluscs in vegetated intertidal areas were found to be more
diverse than those in the unvegetated sandflats. Molluscs accounted for 61% of all
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macrofaunal assemblages found in vegetated zones while only 22.8% are in the
unvegetated areas. Such differences may be attributed to the decreased efficiency of
foraging activity of predators due to the presence of seagrass which provides protection
for the molluscs. Aside from this, greater species richness in vegetated areas is also
influenced by greater levels of food availability and habitat stability (Barnes and Barnes,
2012).
On the rocky beach of the intertidal zone of the Pacheco Beach in the state of
Ceara, Brazil, tens of thousands of molluscs were classified into 67 species, 52 genera
and 39 families (Veras et al., 2013). Predominant were the gastropods (73.1%), followed
by the bivalves (22.4%) and chitons (4.5%). Caecum ryssotitum de Folin, 1867, was the
most abundant taxon which has 68.8% of total specimen findings. Species were mostly
collected in middle littoral zone around 60m and 90m. In a similar study in the west
coast of Gujara, India, a total of 17 mollusc species were identified and recorded, more
than other macrofauna (Gohil and Kundu, 2012).
Rocky and sandy substrates hold a variety of mollusc communities. In their study
of the diversity and ecology of molluscs in the southern part of Jeju Island, Korea,
Noseworthy and Choi (2010) found 121 species in all habitats which comprised of 97
gastropods, 16 bivalves and 8 polyplacophorans. The most abundant species in rocky
substrates were Nodilittorina radiata and Nerita japonica for the upper intertidal, N.
japonica and Littorina brevicula for the mid-intertidal, and Acanthopleura japonica,
Ischnochiton comptus and Onithochiton hirasei for the lower intertidal. Sandy substrates
yielded 45 species of molluscs where Homalopoma sangarense, a bivalve, was most
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abundant. Musculus nanus was the dominant species inhabiting the dominant seaweed
Sargassum sp.
A study in the rocky shores of Phuket, Thailand (Sorensen 2012) showed that
mollusc zonation is observed to be similar to the global zonation. Fifty-one species were
found and mostly were dominated by gastropods that are well adapted to the zones in the
area. Different environmental factors such as temperature, air, wave action and the
wetness or dryness of substrates control the zonation. It is caused by the preference of
larval settlements as well as adult movement in response to environmental conditions,
competition and predation (Levinton, 2001).
The presence of seagrasses also affects the abundance and variety of molluscs.
When faunal assemblages were compared across four intertidal habitats namely sand,
mud, seagrass and seagrass patches in a lagoon in Ria Formosa, Portugal, molluscs were
most abundant and were more species rich (species richness = 1.5 ± 0.4) in areas with
seagrass (Almeida et al., 2008).
The composition and abundance of mollusc species therefore greatly vary. In the
rocky shores of Guerrero, Mexico Pedro et al. (2012) found 62 mollusc species, 50 of
which belonged to gastropods and were most abundant, followed by 9 bivalves and 3
polyplacophorans. Barra de Potosi Protegido had the highest overall species richness (42
species) while Piedra Tlacoyunque had the lowest (29 species). Meanwhile, among the
Class Bivalvia of the rocky intertidal zone of Marine Priority Region 32, Mexico, Arcidae
and Mytilidae Families had highest species richness while Chamidae Family had highest
abundance. Chama coralloides was the most abundant species. The diversity index was
estimated 3.65 bits/individuals (Florez-Garza et al., 2014).
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In Mumbai, India, Ganesan et al., (2017) found 61 species represented by 46
gastropods, 14 bivalves and 1 polyplacophora in mangrove ecosystems. Salinator fragilis
was more pronounced in The Andaman and Nicobar Island mangroves. The highest
diversity was in the mangrove area of Versova, north-western part of Mumbai. In
contrast, Rahmawati et al. (2015) found 15 species of gastropods belonging to 7 families
in the western coast of Aceh Besar District, Indonesia, which was also mangrove
ecosystem. Terebralia sulcata was most abundant in all of the four sampling locations.
Shannon-Weiner diversity index was 1.834 which was considered by the authors to be in
a low category.
In the Philippines, similar studies on molluscs have also been done. Although
numerous, these are still insufficient to supply systemic records about the taxonomy and
ecology of these species as studies concerning the diversity and variations of intertidal
molluscs were done mostly in the shorelines of Luzon and Visayas. Despite this, the high
biological diversity observed in the country may be attributed to the unique geological
and physical geographic history of the Philippines (Vallejo, 2001). Like the studies done
in other countries, the kind and abundance of the species and the dominants vary
according to location.
Batomalaque et al. (2014) studied the spatial distribution of molluscs along the
coasts of Grande Island, Subic Bay. The distribution varied according to the substrate
composition and particle size. Bivalves dominated the sandy substrates while in the
substrates composed of pebbles and rocks, siphonarids, planaxids, trochids, and nerites
were most dominant. Nudibranchs were mainly found in rocky substrates. Adult trochids
and some species of Cellana were particular in areas exposed to strong currents while
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juvenile trochids and planaxids were abundant in regions with calm water. Boulders and
woody substrates were mostly dominated by littorinids and nacellids.
Among 4 sites in Pangasinan, Barangay Pilar, Bolinao had the highest mollusc
diversity with a species evenness of 0.1870 and species dominance of 0.8303 (De Vera et
al., 2015). From the Tubbataha Reef National Marine Park, Palawan, Dolorosa and
Schoppe (2007) identified 19 species belonging to 8 families, 15 of which are univalves.
A total of 12 intertidal species were noted, 13 species at the shallow (~5m) and 5 at
deeper (>10m) areas. Species from Tridacnidae and Trochidae were the most abundant.
For the northwestern part of Bohol, 35 bivalve species were recorded with
Scapharca indica as most abundant (24%), followed by Scapharca cornea (22%),
Anomalocardia squamosa (7.9%), Gafrarium tumidum (6.5%) and Trachycardium
rugosum (6%) among bivalves in mangrove and seagrass ecosystems (Vito, 2018). The
changes in the general evenness indices revealed that the earthquake in 2013 had an
effect on the stability of the bivalve community in the area.
The seagrass beds of Benoni, Glan, Sarangani Province, reportedly had very
diverse Gastropods (Herceda et al. 2016). Shannon’s index showed that family
Nassariidae (H=2.20) was the most dominant followed by Conidae (H=2.15), Cerithiidae
(H=2.10), Ranellidae (H=2.03), Neritidae (H=1.98), Cypraeidae (H=1.96), Strombidae
(H=1.87), Naticidae (H=1.79), Trochidae (H=1.40), and Olividae (H=1.06). Manzo et al.
(2014) compared intertidal mollusc diversity in Kawas, Alabel with that of Tinoto,
Maasim in the same province and reported 57 species for both sites. Cerithium echinatum
and Cypraea annulus were found to be most abundant in Kawas, Alabel and Tinoto,
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Maasim respectively. Results also show a significant difference in the diversity of
molluscs along the Sarangani Bay.
Jumawan et al. (2015) studied the species diversity and spatial structure of
intertidal molluscs in Padada, Davao del Sur. Species from class Gastropoda (17 species)
and Bivalvia (14 species) were identified. Diversity indices and species importance
values were also determined. The spatial structure of mollusks showed variability across
the sampling area as revealed by cluster dendrogram and non-metric multidimensional
scaling (nMDS).
In a 2017 study at Tubajon, Laguindingan, Misamis Oriental, 32 species of
molluscs were found in mangrove and non-mangrove areas of the intertidal zone, one
belonging to Class Bivalvia while the rest to Class Gastropoda (Asum and Madrona,
unpublished). Fifteen species were found in the mangrove area, while 22 were in the non-
mangrove area with only 5 species common for both areas. The most abundant were
Canarium urceus (31.5%) and Euplica bidentata (23.14%) for the mangrove and non-
mangrove areas respectively.
Masangcay et al. (2017) did a similar study on the rocky intertidal areas of Lugait,
Misamis Oriental. A total of 43 species were identified, of which 41 belong to 18 families
of Class Gastropoda and 2 to 2 families of Class Bivalvia. Cerithium stercusmuscarum
was found to be greatly abundant.
Roa-Quiaoit et al. (2010) assessed the macrobenthic assemblages in Jasaan
(Lower Jasaan, Bobontugan and Jampason). Lower Jasaan had the most diversity with H
= 1.92 followed by Jampason with H = 1.57 and Bobontugan with H = 1.47. The
dominant and most abundant species was a gastropod, Nassarius sp. A recent update in
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2013 at Lower Jasaan revealed that Nassarius sp. still dominated the intertidal zones of
Jasaan and accounted for 21.69% of the total abundance of macrobenthos (Roa-Quiaoit
et al., unpublished).
Studies on the abundance of molluscs in the Philippines as well as their
distribution patterns are still lacking despite the high biological diversity observed in the
country (Springsteen and Leobrera 1986). Existing studies in Southern Mindanao are still
not enough to provide sufficient information in the inventory and community structure of
molluscs in the country (Jumawan et al. 2015). Henceforth, conducting more studies on
the subject of molluscs is an essential necessity for future conservation plans as well as
for the monitoring of these organisms.
VI. Methods
A. Study area
The study was conducted in three sites in the municipality of Jasaan. These sites
are located in Barangay Solana (Figure 2A), Barangay Jampason (Figure 2B) and at the
non-MPA of Agutayan Island (Figure 2C). Their coordinates are found in Table 1.
Table 1. Coordinates of the 3 Sampling sites
Location Coordinates
Solana 8°37’5.9478” N, 124°45’41.2158” E
Jampason 8°40’39.4134” N, 124°44’21.858” E
Agutayan Island 8°40’20.8266” N, 124°41’24.8274” E
The coastline of Solana extends approximately 1.5 km and its intertidal zone is
composed mostly of sand and rocks but patches of sea grasses are also found (Plate 1).
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The coastline of Jampason is approximately 2 km and most of the intertidal substrate is of
rocks and corals with sea weeds (Plate 2). The non-MPA intertidal substrate of Agutayan
Island on the other hand is composed of sand, some rocks and dead corals with sea grass
patches extending from its 600 meter shoreline (Plate 3).
B
Jampason
Agutayan Island
Solana
AA B
C
Figure 1. Location of Study areas (A) Philippines, (B) Mindanao Island and (C) Jasaan.
C 13
Figure 2. Sampling sites in (A) Solana, (B) Jampason and (C) Agutayan Island.
1. Barangay Solana
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Figure 3. Rocky shore of Barangay Solana.
2. Barangay Jampason
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Figure 4. Rocky shore of Barangay Jampason.
3. Agutayan Island
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Figure 5.
Sea grass bed of Agutayan Island.
B. Duration and Frequency of Investigation
Sampling per transect was done once during the low tide at daytime over a span
of three months (September - November 2018).
C. Establishment of Sampling Sites
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In each sampling sites, five 100 meter transect lines distanced according to the
length of its shoreline were placed (Figure 3). Transect lines were placed at 300 meters,
400 meters and 120 meters apart for Solana, Jampason and Agutayan Island respectively.
100 m
300 m
Figure 6. Illustration of transect-quadrat layout.
D. Sampling Procedure
Transect-quadrat method was used as the sampling procedure (Figure 3). A 0.5 m
x 0.5 m stainless steel quadrat and a rope calibrated every 1 meter was used as the
transect line (Figure 4). Five 100 meter transects were laid in each site (Figure 5). All
molluscs observed in each quadrat were counted and recorded. Prominent features like
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shell color and other observable structures for each species as well as substrate type for
each quadrat were also recorded on site for easy identification and analysis.
Figure 7. Calibrated rope, 0.5 m x 0.5 m quadrat and two underwater slates.
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Figure 8. Setting
of transect line.
E. Collection of Samples
Representatives of molluscs within each quadrat were collected, cleaned and
placed in separate plastic bags (Figure 6). Each plastic bag was labeled according to site,
transect line number and quadrat number.
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Figure 9. Collection of specimens.
F. Preservation of Samples
The obtained samples were rinsed and cleaned using tap water and were initially
preserved in 10% buffered formalin. After at least 3 days, the samples were transferred
into plastic containers with 70% ethyl alcohol and were labeled according to transect and
quadrat number (Figure 7).
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Figure 10. Preservation of samples with 70% ethanol.
G. Identification of Samples
Obtained specimens were identified down to lowest possible taxon based on
external morphology and other prominent features using reliable identification guides
such as that of Laureta (2008) and Flanders Marine Institute (No year). A dichotomous
key was constructed using the external morphology of the each mollusc species obtained.
H. Photo documentation
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Representatives of each species were photographed with a digital camera for
documentation purposes. The photos were cropped, scaled and arranged in plates
according to their corresponding taxonomic classification.
I. Statistical Tools
1. Relative Abundance
The Relative Species Abundance was used to determine how a species’
numbers compare to other species for each defined location.
R A (%) = Total number of individuals in a species x 100%

Total number of individuals, all species
2. Shannon-Wiener Index (H)
The Shannon-Wiener function was used for the calculation of the species
diversity (H).
H= -Σpi (ln pi)
Where:
pi= proportion of total sample belonging to species (ni/N)

ni= number of individuals per species
N= total number of individuals of all species
ln= Natural log
3. Species evenness
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Species Evenness (E) provides a numerical measurement of how equal the
species’ abundances are.
E = H/H’max
Where:
H = number derived from Shannon diversity index
H’max = maximum value of H’ = lnS
S = total number of species
4. Coefficient of Dispersion
The coefficient of dispersion (CD) was used to evaluate the pattern of
distribution of each of the species:
CD = Variance/ Mean
Variance (S) = /n- (n-1)
Mean(x) =
Where:
n = No. of quadrats
x = No. of species
Dispersion is Clumped if CD = 1(>1);
Regular if CD = 1 (<1); and Random if CD = (<1>).
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VII. Results and Discussion
A. Species composition
A total of 48 mollusc species were found in the three sampling sites (Table 2).
Barangay Solana has 19, including one (1) unidentified species, belonging to 9 families:
Arcidae, Cardiidae, Cerithiidae, Columbellidae, Conidae, Muricidae, Nassariidae,
Strombidae, Veneridae and Volutidae. Barangay Jampason has 29 species and 15 families:
Cardiidae, Cassidae, Columbellidae, Conidae, Cypraeidae, Fasciolariidae, Littorinidae,
Mitridae, Muricidae, Neritidae, Olividae, Strombidae, Turbinidae, Veneridae and
Volutidae. Agutayan Island has 16 species under 10 families: Cardiidae, Cerithiidae,
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Columbellidae, Conidae, Cypraeidae, Malleidae, Muricidae, Naticidae, Strombidae and
Volutidae. Among the 48 species observed, only 3 species were common to all three
sampling sites. These species are Conus muriculatus sugillatus, Vasticardium
nigropunctatum and Canarium labiatum.
Table 2. Species found in Jasaan, Misamis Oriental

Family Species Solana Jampason Agutayan
Arcidae Scapharca inaequivalvis   
Cardiidae Vasticardium nigropunctatum   
Cassidae Casmaria fumosus   
Cerithiidae Cerithium coralium   
Cerithium rostratum   
Clypeomorus bifasciata   
Clypeomorus pellucida   
Columbellidae Pyrene flava   
Euplica scripta   
Pyrene testudinaria   
Conidae Conus tiaratus   
Conus muriculatus sugillatus   
Conus tessulatus   
Cypraeidae Cypraea annulus   
Cypraea eglantina   
Cypraea errones   
Cypraea moneta   
Fasciolariidae Latirolagena smaragdula   
Turrilatirus craticulatus   
Turrilatirus turritus   
Littorinidae Echinolittorata punctata   
Malleidae Malleus malleus   
Mitridae Strigatella paupercula   
Muricidae Chicoreus palmarosae   
Coralliophila neritoidea   
Morula granulata   
Nassarius albescens   
Nassariidae
Nassarius pullus   
Nassarius incrassatus   
Nassarius limnaeformis   
Nassarius sp 1   
Nassarius sp 2   
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Naticidae Polinices sebae   
Nerita exuvia   
Neritidae
Nerita sp 1   
Nerita planospira   
Nerita plicata   
Nerita polita   
Nerita senegalensis   
Olividae Oliva annulata   
Canarium labiatum   
Strombidae
Canarium urceus   
Turbinidae Turbo chrysostomus   
Veneridae Sunneta scripta   
Volutidae Callipara queket   
Cymbiola vespertilio   
Lyria beauii   
Unidentified Unidentified species   
The Dichotomous key and the taxonomy and description of features of the species
found in Jasaan, Misamis Oriental are given below.
Dichotomous Key of Molluscs in Jasaan, Misamis Oriental
1a. Mollusk is 2- shelled---------------------------------------------------2

1b. Mollusk is single shelled----------------------------------------------5
2a. Shell hammer shaped ------------------------------------------------Malleus malleus

2b. Shell Circular shaped------------------------------------------------3
3a.Growth line vertical---------------------------------------------------4

3b. Growth line horizontal---------------------------------------------- Sunneta scripta
4a. Siphon end straight--------------------------------------------------Scapharca inaequivalvis

4b. Siphon end curved-------------------------------------------- Vasticardium nigropunctatum
5a. Shell surface smooth ------------------------------------------------6

5b. Shell surface rough-------------------------------------------------12
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6a.Ventral teeth large-----------------------------------------------------7
6b. Ventral teeth missing-----------------------------------------------10
7a. Dorsal ring present--------------------------------------------------Cypraea annulus

7b. Dorsal ring absent----------------------------------------------------8
8a. Body outline unequal----------------------------------------------Cypraea moneta

8b. Body outline equal-------------------------------------------------9
9a. Dorsal bands visible---------------------------------------------- Cypraea errones

9b. Dorsal spots visible------------------------------------------------Cypraea eglantina
10a. Aperture widely open all the way to its shoulder--------------11

10b. Apertures not widely open all the way to its shoulder--------14
11a. Prominent color is yellow---------------------------------------- Canarium urceus

11b. Prominent color grey or pale white------------------------------Canarium labiatum
12a. Body outline branch- like in appearance------------------------ Chicoreus palmarosae

12b. Shells ridged---------------------------------------------------------13
13a. Ridges colored black----------------------------------------------- Turrilatirus turritus

13b. Ridges not colored -------------------------------------------------Turrilatirus craticulatus
14a. Body outline cone-shaped---------------------------------------------15

14b. Body outline not cone-shaped---------------------------------------- 17
15a. Shell surrounded with small humps-------------------------------------- Conus tiaratus

15b. Shell not surrounded with humps------------------------------------------16
16a. Shell with orange bands----------------------------------------- Conus tessulatus

16b. Shell with brown bands------------------------------------- Conus muriculatus sugillatus
17a. Spire low-----------------------------------------------------------------------18

17b. Spire prominent--------------------------------------------------------------22
18a. Shell surface smooth--------------------------------------------------------19

18b. Shell surface with ribs—---------------------------------------------------20
19a. Shell brownish -------------------------------------------------------- Nerita planospira

19b. Shell black ------------------------------------------------------------- Nerita senegalensis
20a. shell with multiple colors----------------------------------------------- 47

20b. shell single colored------------------------------------------------------ 21
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21a.Body is black--------------------------------------------------------------Nerita exuvia
21b.Body is white-------------------------------------------------------------Nerita plicata
22a. aperture circular in form------------------------------------------------23

22b. aperture longitudinal in form------------------------------------------24
23a. Black spiral ridges------------------------------------------------ Latirolagena smaragdula

23b.Body is grey-------------------------------------------------------- Echinolittorina punctata
24a. Apex is pointed------------------------------------------------------------25

24b. Apex is curved----------------------------------------------------------- Pyrene flava
25a. Dorsal side with assymetrical patterns------------------------------- Pyrene testudinaria

25b. Dorsal side with dotted patterns-------------------------------------- Euplica scripta
26a. Shell smooth--------------------------------------------------------------27

26b. Ridges circular-----------------------------------------------------------Morula granulata
27a. Spire with horns-------------------------------------------------------- Cymbiola vespertilio

27b. Spire smooth-------------------------------------------------------------28
28a. Outer lip teethed----------------------------------------------------- Strigatella paupercula

28b. Outer lip not teethed---------------------------------------------------29
29a. Aperture with small opening---------------------------------------- 30

29b. Aperture with large opening---------------------------------------- Oliva annulata
30a. Spire low----------------------------------------------------------------31

30b. Spire prominent-------------------------------------------------------33
31a. inner and outer lip colored purple ------------------------------- Coralliophila

neritoidea
31b. inner and outer lip yellowish ---------------------------------------32
32a. columella blackish---------------------------------------------------- Polinices sebae

32b. columella yellowish-------------------------------------------------- Turbo chrysostomus
33a. columella prominent -------------------------------------------------34

33b. columella less prominent --------------------------------------------35
34a. shell Greyish ---------------------------------------------------------- Nassarius pullus

34b. shell Brownish ------------------------------------------------------- Nassarius albescens
35a. Apex pointed-----------------------------------------------------------36

35b. Apex blunt--------------------------------------------------------------37
30
36a. body whorl with pattern--- ---------------------------------------Nassarius limnaeformis
36b. body whorl without pattern-------------------------------------- Callipara queketti
37a. spiral ridges prominent ---------------------------------------------38

37b. spiral ridges less prominent -------------------------------------- Nassarius sp. 1
38a. spiral ridges greyish ------------------------------------------------ Nassarius incrassatus

38b. spiral ridges black and white ---------------------------------------39
39a. aperture Circular -----------------------------------------------------40

39b. aperture longitudinal ------------------------------------------------41
40a. spire short ------------------------------------------------------------ 42

40b. spire long ---- ---------------------------------------------------------43
41a. spire black ------------------------------------------------------------unidentified species

41b. spire grey ------------------------------------------------------------ Lyria beauii
42a. outer lip pale white ------------------------------------------------- Nassarius sp. 2

42b. outer lip yellowish ------------------------------------------------ Casmaria fumosus
43a. shell smooth ------------------------------------------------------- Cerithium rostratum
44b. shell rough -----------------------------------------------------------45
45a. axial ribs arranged -------------------------------------------------46

45b. axial ribs scattered ----------------------------------------------- Clypeomorus bifasciata
46a. shell light brown -------------------------------------------------- Clypeomorus pellucida

46b. shell dark brown --------------------------------------------------- Cerithium coralium
47a. Shell patterns are large --------------------------------------------- Nerita polita

47b. Shell patterns are small ---------------------------------------------- Nerita sp. 1
31
Taxonomy of Molluscs in Jasaan, Misamis Oriental
Class: Gastropoda
Family: Cypraeidae
Species: Cypraea eglantina
32
Plate 1. Cypraea eglantina. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is 3cm in length. This cowry is elongated, shiny and has smooth
external features. The basic color of the dorsal part is dark brown, with greyish
spots and has many thin horizontal lines. The edges show several darker brown
dots.
Reference: Flanders Marine Institute, no year; Laureta, 2008.
Species: Cypraea errones
Plate 2. Cypraea errones. Dorsal and ventral view
33
Description: The shell is 2.5 cm in length. The dorsal part is pale brown or greenish, and
has dark green vertical bands or spots. The base and the teeth are white.
Reference: Flanders Marine Institute, no year.
Species: Cypraea annulus
Plate 3. Cypraea annulus. Dorsal and ventral view
34
Description: The shell is 2 cm in length. The shell is mostly white or pale yellow in color,
and with two yellow or orange stripes along the sides of the shell. These stripes
mostly touches at each other at the end, giving the figure of a ring
References: Flanders Marine Institute, no year; Laureta, 2008.
35
Species: Cypraea moneta
Plate 4. Cypraea moneta . Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell has a smooth rounded dorsal surface and is 2 cm in length, with
roughly subhexagonal shape. The center has a darker yellow or greyish color at
the dorsal side and a white outline laterally. It has irregular edges. A faded band
can be seen across the shell. The opening is wide and white, with distinct
denticules
36
Family: Strombidae
Species: Canarium urceus
Plate 5. Canarium urceus. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is 3 cm in length. The dorsal side of the shell is yellowish on its
body whorl and its tips are dark in color. The outer lip of the shell is pale white.
The apex of the gastropod is pointed at the tip
37
Species: Canarium labiatum
Plate 6. Canarium labiatum. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is 3 cm in length. The dorsal side or the body whorl of the shell is
knobby at the edges and shows unique brown patterns. The base color of the shell
is pale white to greyish. The outer lip of the shell is yellowish to darker color of
yellow.
38
Family: Neritidae
Species: Nerita exuvia
Plate 7. Nerita exuvia. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is 1.5 cm in length. The shape of its dorsal is mostly circular or
oblong. The dorsal side has parallel ridges marked with black color stripes. The
ventral side is pale white in color. The coverage of the lip of the shell is wide and
almost the same size of its shell
Reference: Flanders Marine Institute, no year
39
Species: Nerita planospira
Plate 8. Nerita planospira. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is 2 cm in length and is broadly ovate and low spired. It has a
smooth surface, the ventral side has a large parietal wall. The external color is
yellowish and black spots coloring at some point. The aperture and the edge of
the columella are dentate with fine teeth.
40
Species: Nerita plicata
Plate 9. Nerita plicata. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is about 1 cm in length and is broadly ovate, with well-marked
ridges. Columella has three strong teeth, outer lip with 2 strong and 3 weak teeth.
Color of its exterior is generally dull white or pink
41
Species: Nerita senegalensis
Plate 10. Nerita senegalensis. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is 1 cm in length and is broadly ovate. Columella with three strong
teeth, outer lip with 2 strong and 3 weak teeth. Color of its exterior is generally
black or dark brown, the ventral side of the shells or the lip has white color
42
Genus: Nerita sp. 1
Plate 11. Nerita sp 1. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is 1 cm in length and is ovate, with marked ridges. It has patterns
of lines in black or brownish color. The base color is pale white with interior of
the shell is also pale white and smooth outer lip.
43
Species: Nerita polita
Plate 12. Nerita polita. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The gastropod is about 1 cm in length. The shell is ovate, with unique
markings in dorsal side. The base color is pale white, with black patterns. The
ventral side of the shell is color white, with 2 strong outer lip and 3 weak teeth.
44
Family: Conidae
Species: Conus tiaratus
Plate 13. Conus tiaratus. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell has white, spotted axial ribs surrounding the whole body of the
shell and somewhat regularly arranged. The last whorl is usually broadly conical,
outline variably convex. The color of the shell is pale white or pinkish and is
about 2 cm in length.
45
Species: Conus muriculatus sugillatus
Plate 14. Conus muriculatus sugillatus. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is 2 cm in length. The solid shell has straight sides, and a short
conical spire. The shoulder is sharply angulated and tuberculated. The body whorl
is strongly striate towards the base, encircled throughout with lines of granules.
The color of the shell is pale white, with two light chestnut or yellowish brown,
broad, irregular and somewhat indistinct large bands.
46
Species: Conus tessulatus
Plate 15. Conus tessulatus. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is 4 cm in length. The top is rather flat with a rather pointed spire
and rounded shoulders. The ground color of the shell is white, covered with red,
chestnut bands or orange squares and rectangles. The siphonal canal of the shell is
sometimes tinged with black or purple.
47
Family: Columbellidae
Species: Euplica scripta
Plate 16. Euplica scripta. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is about 1.5 cm in length. The oblong shell is subfusiform. The
spire is turreted, conical and pointed. It is has seven or eight folded whorls, often
tuberculated, and a pointed apex. The upper edge of each whorl is very slightly
compressed, which renders the sutures. The base color is pale white and has
zigzag brown or black lines
48
Species: Pyrene testudinaria
Plate 17. Pyrene testudinaria. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is 1.5 in length. The small shell is pretty thin, ovate, conical and
smooth. The spire is composed of six convex whorls, with pointed apex. The base
color is black and has pale white or yellowish spots that are placed distant to each
other. The aperture is ovate. The outer lip on its ventral side is denticulated within,
and thickened outwardly.
49
Species: Pyrene flava
Plate 18. Pyrene flava. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is 2cm in length. Base color is pale white, with orange to yellowish
patterns around the shell. The shell has a stout spine with curve apex. The lips got
teeth in the aperture part. The apex of the shell is dull, the outer lip is pale white
or yellowish in color.
50
Family: Littorinidae
Species: Echinolittorina punctata
Plate 19. Echinolittorina punctata. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: Specimen length is aboy 1.5 cm. This shell is ovocate-conical, without an
umbilicus. The outer surface shows a spiral sculpture without nodules, with a
pattern of irregular dark or brown stripes. The opening in the ventral side or the
mouth is rounded and the radula is long.
51
Family: Fasciolariidae
Species: Latirolagena smaragdula
Plate 20. Latirolagena smaragdula. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is approximately 5 cm in length. The dorsal side has longitudinal
black strips that cover the whole body. The shell is ovulate and has a brown base
color. The outer lip of the shell is clear white, the columella also is clear white
52
Species: Turrilatirus turritus
Plate 21. Turrilatirus turritus. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell about 2.5 cm in length. The base color is orange or brown. The
whole body of the shell is covered with black longitudinal strips that surrounds
the shell. The shell has pointy apex and the columella has the same color orange
or pale white with the outer lip
Species: Turrilatirus craticulatus
53
Plate 22. Turrilatirus craticulatus. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is 3 cm in length. The base color is orange to brown. The body is
covered with darker brown bands that surround the shell. The apex of the shell has
fine edge and the columella has the same color of pale white or orange with the
outer lip.
Family: Olividae
Species: Oliva annulata
54
Plate 23. Oliva annulata. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell length is about 2 cm. The coloration can vary from light to dark.
The base color of these shells are pale white to brown with numerous dark brown
triangular shapes on its shells. The lip of the shell is pale white in color
Reference: Flanders Marine Institute, no year; Laureta, 2008).
Family: Mitridae
Species: Strigatella paupercula
55
Plate 24. Strigatella paupercula. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is about 1.5 cm in length. Vertical black and white stripes are
prominent with a body whorl without ridges. The lip is thick and has teeth. Black
longitudinal stripes cover the white colored base. The apex of the shell is worn-
down edge and so is the siphonal canal.
Family: Muricidae
Species: Coralliophila neritoidea
56
Plate 25. Coralliophila neritoidea. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is 2 cm in length. The dorsal side of the shells has pale white to
yellowish covering. The mouth of these shells is purple around the lip. The entire
lip of the shell is open. It has blunt apex and the siphonal canal is entirely open
with the lip of the shell.
Species: Morula granulata
57
Plate 26. Morula granulata. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is 2 cm in length. The shell is conical, oblong in shape. Shell is
compact and the body whorl is covered with six rows of nodules. The outer lip is
dentate with four to five teeth within. The aperture is blackish in color. The
columella and the inner lip are pale white
Species: Chicoreus palmarosae
58
Plate 27. Chicoreus palmarosae. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is 5 cm length and has a unique outer covering. It has branches that
surround the shell. It has the base color of pale white to grey. The aperture of the
shell is circular
Family: Volutidae
Species: Cymbiola vespertilio
59
Plate 28. Cymbiola vespertilio. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is 6 cm in length. The shell is light brown with unique dark
brown markings which resemble the wing of a bat. The aperture is elongated in
their first whorl and has an inner lip characterized by a number of deep plaits.
Species: Callipara queketti
60
Plate 29. Callipara queketti. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is 2 cm in length. This shell is commonly tiny in size. It has
irregular brown markings. The base color of the shell is pale white. The lips of the
shell is also pale white. The apex of the shell is dark in color and it has fine edge.
The siphonal canal of the shell is widely open.
61
Species: Lyria beauii
Plate 30. Lyria beauii. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell length is about 1.5 cm. A prominent black and white stripes are
visible throughout its shell covering body. Ridges and ramps are also present in
the body. Teeth in the lips of the shell are also present.
62
Family: Naticidae
Species: Polinices sebae
Plate 31. Polinices sebae. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell length is 3 cm and is globular in shape. Its color is pale white at
its base and internally and with yellow to dark yellow markings externally on
dorsal side. Its aperture is almost half of its body shell.
Family: Turbinidae
63
Species: Turbo chrysostomus
Plate 32. Turbo chrysostomus. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is 5 cm in length. The solid shell has an ovate-pointed shape. Its
color pattern is brownish or white. The six whorls are convex, spirally lirate and
longitudinally regularly sublamellose striate. The numerous lirae are unequal,
sometimes with a coronal and several median carinae, bearing vaulted recurved
spines. The golden-orange color of the aperture, though sometimes rather pale, is
diagnostic of this form. The operculum is flat and brown inside with four whorls.
The outer surface is very convex, smooth and shining, brown or yellowish in the
middle portion
Family: Nassariidae
Species: Nassarius pullus
64
Plate 33. Nassarius pullus. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is 1.5 cm in length. The prominent shell color is brown to grey
with some white as its base color. It has unique pattern that looks like a brown
strips. The ventral side or near the mouth has the prominent color of pale white
and the inside of the shell has dark brown color
Species: Nassarius albescens
65
Plate 34. Nassarius albescens . Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is 1.5 cm in length. The prominent shell color is brown and pale
white with patterns that surrounds the dorsal side of the shell. The prominent
shells color of the mouth side is pale white.
Species: Nassarius incrassatus
66
Plate 35. Nassarius incrassatus. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: Shell length is 1.5 cm. A prominent greyish color is surrounding the tiny
conical body. It has ridges and ramps present in the whole body of the shells. The
teeth in the lips are present with pale white color.
Species: Nassarius limnaeformis
67
Plate 36. Nassarius limnaeformis. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is 1.5 cm in length. The outer shell or the dorsal side has
prominent color of pale white with patterns of black that surrounds in the shell
body. The apex of the shell has fine edge and the siphonal canal is widely open.
Genus: Nassarius
68
Plate 37. Nassarius sp. 1. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is 2 cm in length. It has the base color if pale white to grey and it
has ramps in the outer shell. The lips of the shell is pale white. The apex of the
shell has fine edge, the columella of the shell is thick and has the pale white color.
69
Plate 38. Nassarius sp. 2. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is about 1 cm in length and has prominent white and black color
that surrounds the whole body of the shell. It has ridges and ramps covering of the
shell. It has teeth in the lips and the color of the ventral side is greyish to pale
white.
Family: Cerithiidae
Species: Clypeomorus pellucida
70
Plate 39. Clypeomorus pellucida. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell length is 1.5 cm. Shell is solid and heavy, convex in outline. Spiral
rows of elongate brownish nodules are aligned on axial folds, with about 20 fine
spiral riblets crossing the axials. It has strong spiral ribs at the base, anterior canal
is short but deep; posterior canal is deep, edged by ridge on parietal wall. Outer
lip is flared with varix externally. External color is darkish brown.
Species: Cerithium coralium
71
Plate 40. Cerithium coralium. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is 2 cm in length. The convex is spiral rows of elongated brownish
nodules. The external color if this shell is darkish brown. It has spiral ribs at the
base. It has ridges on its parietal wall. The prominent color is brown with darker
brown that forms patterns.
Species: Cerithium rostratum
72
Plate 41. Cerithium rostratum. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is about 1 cm in length. Spiral rows of elongate brownish nodules
are aligned on axial folds. It has strong spiral ribs at the base, anterior canal is
short but deep; posterior canal is deep, edged by ridge on parietal wall. Outer lip
is flared with varix externally. External color of this shell is brown.
Species: Clypeomorus bifasciata
73
Plate 42. Clypeomorus bifasciata. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is 2.5 cm in length. It has prominent color of black and pale white.
The black color forms patterns of dots that surround the dorsal side of shell. It has
ridges and bulky axial ribs that surround the shells. The outer lip is flared with
varix externally.
Family: Cassidae
Species: Casmaria fumosus
74
Plate 43. Casmaria fumosus. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is about 2 cm in length and is round and bulky axial ribs,
prominently surrounded by dark brown and yellowish colors. The dark brown
color form ridges around the shell. The lips of the shell have the yellowish color
or pale white.
75
Class: Bivalvia
Family: Malleidae
Species: Malleus malleus
Plate 44. Malleus malleus . Outer and inner side of the shell
Description: The shell has an outline that looks like a hammer. The shells are nearly
equivalved, but the hinge line is extremely long and is at nearly a right angle to
the rest of the valve. The usual color for these type of shells is black or dark grey.
The edges of the shells are irregular.
76
Family: Cardiidae
Species: Vasticardium nigropunctatum
Plate 45. Vasticardium nigropunctatum. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell has a length of 2 cm. This clam is oval and sculptured with
radiating vertical growth lines. The shell is cream-colored to gray. The siphons are
separated at the tips.
Family: Arcidae
77
Species: Scapharca inaequivalvis
Plate 46. Scapharca inaequivalvis. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell has a length of 2 cm. This clam is elongated, oval, with radiating
vertical growth lines. The prominent color is pale white. The siphons are
separated at the lips.
Family: Veneridae
78
Species: Sunneta scripta
Plate 47. Sunneta scripta. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell has a length of 2 cm. This clam is elongated, oval, and sculptured
with horizontal growth lines. It has unique patterns of brown strips on its both
dorsal and ventral side of the shell. The shell is cream-colored or yellowish.
The siphons are separated at the tips.
Species: Unidentified
79
Plate 48. Unidentified species. Dorsal and ventral view
Description: The shell is tiny, about 1 cm in length and has the prominent color of brown
to darker brown. The mouth of the shell is totally opened. The dorsal side of the
shell has ridges and the axial ribs are prominent feature of the shell. The external
shell is smooth.
B. Abundance of Species
80
A total of 1445 individuals in the 375 m2 of sampled area were counted in the
three sampling sites in Jasaan, Misamis Oriental. Of these, 413 (28.5%) were in
Barangay Solana, 405 (28.0%) in Barangay Jampason and 627 (43.5%) in the non-MPA
intertidal zone of Agutayan Island.
Table 3. Relative Abundance of Molluscs species in Jasaan, Misamis Oriental
Solana Jampason Agutayan Total

No. RA. No. RA No. RA No. RA
Species of (%) of (%) of (%) of (%)
Ind. Ind. Ind. Ind.
Cerithium rostratum 0 0 0 0 327 52.15 327 22.76

Cypraea annulus 0 0 16 3.95 108 17.22 124 8.63
Lyria beauii 22 5.33 34 8.40 28 4.47 84 5.85
Cerithium coralium 81 19.61 0 0 0 0 81 5.64
Euplica scripta 0 0 0 0 80 11.48 80 5.01
Morula granulata 0 0 64 15.80 0 0 64 4.45
Clypeomorus bifasciata 61 14.77 0 0 0 0 61 4.24
Coralliophila neritoidea 0 0 60 14.81 0 0 60 4.18
Nassarius albescens 49 11.86 0 0 0 0 49 3.41
Canarium labiatum 13 3.15 9 2.22 18 2.87 40 2.78
Cypraea moneta 0 0 20 4.94 19 3.03 39 2.71
Pyrene testudinaria 16 3.87 0 0 20 3.19 36 2.51
Echinolittorina punctata 0 0 35 8.4 0 0 35 2.44
Conus muriculatus sugillatus 10 2.42 14 3.46 9 1.44 33 2.30
Nassarius sp 2 27 6.54 0 0 0 0 27 1.88
Unidentified 1 27 6.54 0 0 0 0 27 1.88
Nassarius pullus 23 5.57 0 0 0 0 23 1.60
Nassarius incrassatus 22 5.33 0 0 0 0 22 1.53
Conus tiaratus 2 20 4.84 0 0 0 0 20 1.39
Nerita plicata 0 0 18 4.44 0 0 18 1.25
Nassarius limnaeformis 16 3.87 0 0 0 0 16 1.11
Canarium urceus 0 0 10 2.47 4 0.64 14 0.97
Casmaria fumosus 0 0 14 3.46 0 0 14 0.97
Cypraea errones 0 0 10 2.47 4 0.64 14 0.97
Turbo chrysostomus 0 0 14 3.46 0 0 14 0.97
Clypeomorus pellucida 12 2.91 0 0 0 0 12 0.84
Nerita sp 0 0 12 2.96 0 0 12 0.84
Vasticardium nigropunctatum 4 0.97 2 0.49 6 0.96 12 0.84
Pyrene flava 0 0 11 2.72 0 0 11 0.77
Turrilatirus craticulatus 0 0 11 2.72 0 0 11 0.77
Nerita exuvia 0 0 9 2.22 0 0 9 0.63
Turrilatirus turritus 0 0 7 1.73 0 0 7 0.49
81
Latirolagena smaragdula 0 0 6 1.48 0 0 6 0.42
Sunneta scripta 4 0.97 2 0.49 0 0 6 0.42
Malleus malleus 0 0 0 0 5 0.80 5 0.35
Nassarius sp 1 4 0.97 0 0 0 0 4 0.28
Nerita planospira 0 0 4 0.99 0 0 4 0.28
Cypraea eglantina 0 0 3 0.74 0 0 3 0.21
Nerita polita 0 0 3 0.74 0 0 3 0.21
Polinices sebae 0 0 0 0 3 0.48 3 0.21
Strigatella paupercula 0 0 3 0.74 0 0 3 0.21
Callipara queketti 0 0 0 0 2 0.32 2 0.14
Chicoreus palmarosae 1 0.24 0 0 1 0.16 2 0.14
Cymbiola vespertilio 0 0 2 0.49 0 0 2 0.14
Nerita senegalensis 0 0 2 0.49 0 0 2 0.14
Oliva annulata 0 0 2 0.49 0 0 2 0.14
Conus tessulatus 0 0 0 0 1 0.16 1 0.07
Scapharca inaequivalvis 1 0.24 0 0 0 0 1 0.07
TOTAL 413 100 % 405 100% 627 100% 1445 100%
Overall, Cerithium rostratum was the most abundant with a relative abundance of
22.76% even though it was only found in Agutayan Island (RA= 52.15 %). Individuals
were found in sea grasses and were rather small in size (~1 cm in length). This differs
from the assessment of macrobenthic assemblages in Jasaan by Roa-Quiaoit et al. (2010)
where individuals from the genus Nassarius were found to be most abundant. The
second most abundant is Cypraea annulus with 8.63%, which is also the second most
abundant in Agutayan Island with 17.22%. Conus tessulatus and Scapharca inaequivalvis
were found to be the least abundant with each having an overall relative abundance of
0.07%.
82
In Barangay Solana, Cerithium coralium was the most abundant with 19.61%.
Most of the individuals of this species were observed in the first transect especially near
the river mouth. They were mostly found in muddy, sandy substrates or a combination of
both. Clypeomorus bifasciata was second with 14.77%. The least abundant were
Scapharca inaequivalvis and Chicoreus palmarosae each with 0.24 %. Both of these
species were reported by the locals to be the most exploited during their gleaning.
Morula granulata and Coralliophila neritoidea were the most abundant in
Barangay Jampason with relative abundances of 15.80% and 14.81%, respectively. M.
granulata was observed to be most abundant in seaweed-inhabited rocky substrates
nearer the shore while C. neritoidea was clustered in the coralline substrates in the
seaward end. The least abundant were Cymbiola vespertilio, Nerita senegalensis, Oliva
annulata, Sunneta scripta and Vasticardium nigropunctatum, each with 0.49%.
Euplica scripta was the third most abundant species in the non-MPA intertidal flat
of Agutayan Island with 11.48%. This species was often observed among seagrasses and
occasionally in dead corals. The least abundant were Conus tessulatus and Chicoreus
palmarosae with 0.16% each.
The locals in Jasaan depend chiefly on the mollusk resources found in the marine
environment aside from fishes and other sea foods. Commercially important species such
as Chicoreus palmarosae, Sunneta scripta, Vasticardium nigropunctatum and Scapharca
inaequivalvis are reportedly often harvested by the settlers near the sea either for
consumption or for sales. With the absence of natural protective covering such a
mangrove forest, overharvesting of these species is possible as these molluscs are easily
83
spotted not only by humans but by their natural predators as well. Figures 8, 9 and 10
below illustrate the relative abundances of molluscs for each site.
Cerithium coralium
Clypeomorus bifasciata
Nassarius albescens
Unidentified species
Nassarius sp 2
Nassarius pullus
Nassarius incrassatus
Lyria beauii
Conus tiaratus 2
Pyrene testudinaria
Nassarius limnaeformis
Canarium labiatum
Clypeomorus pellucida
Conus muriculatus sugillatus
Sunneta scripta
Nassarius sp 1
Vasticardium nigropunctatum
Scapharca inaequivalvis
Chicoreus palmarosae
Figure 11. Relative abundance of molluscs in Barangay Solana, Jasaan, Misamis Oriental.
84
Figure 12. Relative abundance of molluscs in Barangay Jampason, Jasaan, Misamis
Oriental.
Morula granulata
Coralliophila neritoidea
Echinolittorina punctata
Lyria beauii
Cypraea moneta
Nerita plicata
Cypraea annulus
Casmaria fumosus
Conus muriculatus sugillatus
Turbo chrysostomus
Nerita sp
Pyrene flava
Turrilatirus craticulatus
Canarium urceus
Cypraea errones
Canarium labiatum
Nerita exuvia
Euplica scripta
Turrilatirus turritus
Latirolagena smaragdula
Nerita planospira
Cypraea eglantina
Nerita polita
Strigatella paupercula
Cymbiola vespertilio
Nerita senegalensis
Oliva annulata
Sunneta scripta
85
Cerithium rostratum
Cypraea annulus
Euplica scripta
Lyria beauii
Pyrene testudinaria
Cypraea moneta
Canarium labiatum
Conus sugillatus
Malleus malleus
Canarium urceus
Cypraea errones
Polinices sebae
Callipara queketti
Conus tessulatus
Chicoreus palmarosae
86
Figure 13. Relative abundance of molluscs in Agutayan Island, Jasaan, Misamis Oriental.
C. Species Diversity
The overall diversity indices for mollusks in the three sampling sites are H = 3.1,
Hmax=3.89, E=0.80 and D = 0.08. Among the sampling sites, Barangay Jampason
turned out to be the most diverse with H=2.91 and Hmax=3.37, followed by Barangay
87
Solana with H=2.55, Hmax=2.94 and non MPA of Agutayan Island with H=1.62 and
Hmax=2.71. The evenness of species was just slightly higher in Barangay Solana,
E=0.87, than that of Barangay Jampason, E=0.86, and lowest in Agutayan Island at
E=0.60. However, these are considerably higher than the results reported by Asum and
Madrona (unpublished) for Laguindingan, Masangcay et al. (2017) for Lugait, and Roa-
Quiaoit et al. (2010, 2013) in their previous assessment of macrobenthic organisms in
Jampason and other areas in Jasaan. Dominance indeces for Solana, Jampason, and
Agutayan Island are D = 0.10, 0.08, and 0.32 respectively.
Roa-Quiaoit et al. (2008) reported a diversity index of macrobenthic fauna H =
2.90 in Jasaan. In their update in 2013, the diversity index of molluscs in Jampason alone
was H = 2.45. On the other hand, recently in 2015, Doong (unpublished) reported that
molluscs in Solana had a diversity index of H = 2.36. All of these indeces are lower than
the indeces obtained in this study shown in table 4 below which may indicate an
improvement in the diversity of molluscs in the area for the last 6 years in Barangay
Jampason and 4 years in Barangay Solana. It is also possible that the constant harvesting
of edible and preferred molluscs especially M. malleus and V. nigropunctatum by nearby
fishermen, could allow other species like the smaller, inedible molluscs such as C.
rostratum and C. annulus to have a bigger chance at thriving in the area.
Table 4. Summary of Diversity Indeces

Variable Solana Jampason Agutayan (non Overall
MPA)
Number of 19 29 16 48
species
H 2.55 2.91 1.62 3.1
88
H max 2.94 3.37 2.71 3.89
E 0.87 0.86 0.60 0.80
D 0.1 0.08 0.32 0.08
The intertidal zones of Solana and Jampason are mostly rocky compared to the
sandy substrates of the sampling area in Agutayan Island. The differences in the molluscs’
habitat preference may have contributed to the higher diversity of molluscs in the
intertidal flats of Jampason and Solana. The rocky and coralline substrates plus the
presence of seaweeds may also have provided better cover and protection than the sandy
substrate and seagrasses, significantly reducing the chances of predation.
D. Coefficient of Dispersion
Majority of the molluscs found in the sampling sites showed clumping and regular
dispersion patterns as expected in natural ecosystems (Table 5). Only the species
Scapharca inaequivalvis, Chicoreus palmarosae and Conus tessulatus exhibited random
distribution among the species observed in Jasaan. Cerithium rostratum exhibited the
highest coefficient of dispersion value of 10.48. This display of high clumping might be
due to the habitat preference and/or irregular availability of resources.
Table 5. Coefficients of Dispersion of molluscs in the sampling areas.

SPECIES Solana Jampason Agutayan Remarks
Callipara queket 2 Clumped
89
Canarium labiatum 1.66 1.59 1.16 Clumped
Canarium urceus 1.11 1.47 Clumped
Casmaria fumosus 1.59 Clumped
Cerithium coralium 3.41 Clumped
Cerithium rostratum 10.48 Clumped
Chicoreus palmarosae 1 1 Random
Clypeomorus bifasciata 2.22 Clumped
Clypeomorus pellucida 1.56 Clumped
Conus muriculatus sugillatus 1.52 1.3 1.37 Clumped
Conus tessulatus 1 Random
Conus tiaratus 1.82 Clumped
Coralliophila neritoidea 2.36 Clumped
Cymbiola vespertilio 0.99 Regular
Cypraea annulus 1.61 6.58 Clumped
Cypraea eglantina 0.98 Regular
Cypraea errones 1.31 2.48 Clumped
Cypraea moneta 1.62 1.62 Clumped
Echinolittorina punctata 2.91 Clumped
Euplica scripta 2.44 3.71 Clumped
Latirolagena smaragdula 0.95 Regular
Lyria beauii 1.52 2.63 2.03 Clumped
Malleus malleus 1.36 Clumped
Morula granulata 4.44 Clumped
Nassarius albescens 2.95 Clumped
Nassarius incrassatus 2.26 Clumped
Nassarius limnaeformis 1.23 Clumped
Nassarius pullus 5.17 Clumped
Nassarius sp 1 0.97 Regular
Nassarius sp 2 3.13 Clumped
Nerita exuvia 2.27 Clumped
Nerita planospira 0.97 Regular
Nerita plicata 2.96 Clumped
Nerita polita 0.98 Regular
Nerita senegalensis 0.99 Regular
Nerita sp 1.39 Clumped
Oliva annulata 0.99 Regular
Polinices sebae 0.98 Regular
Pyrene flava 2.18 Clumped
Pyrene testudinaria 2.49 1.72 Clumped
Scapharca inaequivalvis 1 Random
Strigatella paupercula 1.65 Clumped
Sunneta scripta 0.97 0.99 Regular
Turbo chrysostomus 1.01 Clumped
90
Turrilatirus craticulatus 3.84 Clumped
Turrilatirus turritus 1.23 Clumped
Unidentified species 2.76 Clumped
Clumped &
Vasticardium nigropunctatum 1.47 0.99 0.95 Regular
E. Horizontal Zonation in Jasaan, Misamis Oriental
Generally, the molluscs tended to decrease in numbers starting from mid transect
seawards. Rocky, coralline or a combination of both substrates hold the most numbers of
molluscs especially in Barangay Jampason. Horizontal zonation of the five most
abundant mollusc species in each sampling site was illustrated in kite diagrams below.
a. Horizontal Zonation in Barangay Solana
The intertidal zone of Barangay Solana is composed mostly of rocky, sandy, with
patches of sea weeds. Rocky, sandy or the combinations of both substrates hold most of
the mollusc individuals in Barangay Solana where species of Cerithum coralium,
Clypeomorus bifasciata, Nassarius albescens, Nassarius sp 2 and unidentified species
were mostly found. Sandy substrates hold lesser mollusc individuals or none at all (refer
to Figure 14). Cerithium coralium were mostly abundant starting 20m to 50m and then
gradually decreases starting mid-transect seawards. Unidentified species on the other
hand were mostly abundant at around 10m to 40m from the shore. Raw data on the
horizontal zonation of molluscs in Barangay Solana is in Appendix #.
91
Barangay Solana
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Distance from shore (m)
Figure 14. Horizontal zonation of most abundant species in Solana.
b. Zonation in Jampason
Rocky substrates of Barangay Jampason hold the majority of the mollusc species
observed in the area. Species including Morula granulata, Lyria beauii, Casmaria
fumosus, Nerita exuvia, and Nerita polita prefer rocky substrates and were highly
92
abundant in areas nearer the shoreline. Individuals of Coralliophila neritoidea were only
found in certain type of corals from 60m to 100m from the shore (Figure 15). Raw data of
the horizontal zonation of molluscs in Barangay Jampason is found in Appendix #.
Barangay Jampason
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Figure 15. Horizontal Zonation of most abundant species in Barangay Jampason.
93
c. Zonation in Agutayan
The non-marine protected area of Agutayan Island is composed mainly of sand
inhabited by sea grasses. Most of the species observed were found among the sea grasses
especially Cerithium rostratum which was found only in sea grass patches. Species of
Cypraea annulus and Cypraea moneta preferred dead corals and rocky substrates and
were found in clusters. Cerithium rostratum was most abundant at about 30m to 60m
from the shore. Cypraea annulus were abundant at the early parts of the transects about
20m to 30m and in mid-transects where dead corals and shells of bigger molluscs where
present (Figure 16). Raw data for the horizontal zonation in Agutayan Island is found in
Appendix #.
Non-MPA area of Agutayan Island
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
94
Figure 16. Horizontal Zonation of Most Abundant species in Agutayan Island.
VIII. Summary and Conclusion
A study on the biodiversity of molluscs in Jasaan, Misamis Oriental, the Solana,
Jampason and in the non-marine protected area of Agutayan Island was done from
September to November of 2018 using the transect- quadrat method. One-time sampling
was conducted per site. Five 100m long transect lines with 20 quadrats per transect were
laid in each site. In each quadrat molluscs were counted individually by species and noted
down along the substrate type. Representative individuals were then collected for each
species.
95
Forty-eight (48) species under 20 families were found and collected in all sites.
There were 19 found in Solana including one (1) unidentified species, 29 species in
Jampason, and 16 in the non-MPA of Agutayan Island. Cerithium rostratum was the most
abundant species overall with a relative abundance of 22.76%. The species was only
observed in Agutayan Island with has an in-site relative abundance of 52.15%.
Meanwhile, Cerithium coralium was the most abundant in Solana, with 19.61% followed
by Clypeomorus bifasciata with 14.77% and Nassarius albescens with 11.86%. Morula
granulata was the most abundant in Jampason with 15.80%; followed by Coralliophila
neritoidea with 14.81% and Lyria beauii with 8.40%.
Majority of the species found in the three sites showed clumping or regular
dispersion patterns as expected in a natural ecosystem. Only Scapharca inaequivalvis,
Chicoreus palmarosae and Conus tessulatus exhibited random distribution in Jasaan.
The overall Shannon-Wiener index of diversity (H) for molluscs in Jasaan was
3.1. In Solana site alone it was H=2.55 with an Hmax of 2.94; in Jampason it was
H=2.91 and Hmax = 3.37; while in Agutayan H=1.62 and Hmax = 2.71. Overall Species
Evenness E=0.80, while in-site E values were 0.87 for Solana, 0.86 for Jampason and
0.60 for the non MPA area of Agutayan Island. These values are higher compared to
previous reports for nearby areas.
Mollusc individuals were observed to have decreasing trend seawards in all sites.
Individuals from Cypraea moneta and Cypraea annulus were mostly found in clusters. It
was also observed that rocky and coralline substrates hold most of the molluscs
especially in the intertidal zone of Barangay Jampason. In the non-MPA of Agutayan
96
Island, Cerithium rostratum were particular in sea grass substrates while Cypaea annulus
preferred dead corals.
IX. Recommendations
It is recommended that conservation efforts and awareness campaign be continued
especially for the people residing near the shore, those living in Jasaan in general, and
visitors. Proper resource management must be done especially since there is an increase
in human settlements and gleaning in the area. Also, the increase in tourists especially in
Agutayan Island poses a higher risk of disturbance in natural habitats both in the island
and in the coasts of the mainland. There must be strict implementation of regulations by
the authorities and also by passenger boat operators especially in cases of fishing,
gleaning and littering.
Further efforts to maintain the cleanliness not only in the sea but also along the
shores of Jasaan must be done not just to maintain the beauty of clean beaches but also to
conserve the diversity of marine organisms.
Regular monitoring should be continued and studies aimed at identifying possible
nocturnal molluscs in the area should be included. Further validation in the taxonomic
classification of observed mollusc species in this study should also be done for more
accuracy in identification and classification.
97
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XI. Appendices
Appendix 1. Computations, Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index in Jasaan, Mis. Or.
Species pi=(ni/N) ln pi pi*ln(pi)

Callipara queketti 0.001391788 -6.577165706 -0.009154023
Canarium labiatum 0.027835769 -3.581433432 -0.099691954
Canarium urceus 0.009742519 -4.631255556 -0.045120096
Casmaria fumosus 0.009742519 -4.631255556 -0.045120096
Cerithium coralium 0.056367432 -2.875863731 -0.162105054
Cerithium rostratum 0.227557411 -1.480352715 -0.336865232
Chicoreus palmarosae 0.001391788 -6.577165706 -0.009154023
Clypeomorus bifasciata 0.042449548 -3.159439022 -0.134116757
Clypeomorus pellucida 0.008350731 -4.785406236 -0.039961639
Conus muriculatus sugillatus 0.022964509 -3.773805325 -0.086663588
Conus tessulatus 0.000695894 -7.270312886 -0.005059369
Conus tiaratus 2 0.013917884 -4.274580613 -0.059493119
Coralliophila neritoidea 0.041753653 -3.175968324 -0.132608281
Cymbiola vespertilio 0.001391788 -6.577165706 -0.009154023
Cypraea annulus 0.086290884 -2.45003132 -0.211415368
Cypraea eglantina 0.002087683 -6.171700597 -0.012884552
Cypraea errones 0.009742519 -4.631255556 -0.045120096
Cypraea moneta 0.027139875 -3.60675124 -0.097886777
Echinolittorina punctata 0.024356298 -3.714964825 -0.09048279
Euplica scripta 0.050104384 -2.993646767 -0.149994828
Latirolagena smaragdula 0.004175365 -5.478553417 -0.022874962
Lyria beauii 0.058455115 -2.839496087 -0.16598307
Malleus malleus 0.003479471 -5.660874974 -0.019696851
Morula granulata 0.04453723 -3.111429803 -0.138574466
Nassarius albescens 0.034098817 -3.378492588 -0.1152026
Nassarius incrassatus 0.015309673 -4.179270433 -0.063983263
Nassarius limnaeformis 0.011134308 -4.497724164 -0.050079044
Nassarius pullus 0.016005567 -4.13481867 -0.066180118
Nassarius sp 1 0.002783577 -5.884018525 -0.016378618
Nassarius sp 2 0.018789144 -3.97447602 -0.074677002
Nerita exuvia 0.006263048 -5.073088309 -0.031772996
Nerita exuvia linne 0.008350731 -4.785406236 -0.039961639
Nerita planospira 0.002783577 -5.884018525 -0.016378618
Nerita plicata 0.012526096 -4.379941128 -0.054863563
Nerita polita 0.002087683 -6.171700597 -0.012884552
Nerita senegalensis 0.001391788 -6.577165706 -0.009154023
Oliva annulata 0.001391788 -6.577165706 -0.009154023
Polinices sebae 0.002087683 -6.171700597 -0.012884552
Pyrene flava 0.007654836 -4.872417613 -0.03729756
Pyrene testudinaria 0.025052192 -3.686793948 -0.09236227
Scapharca inaequivalvis 0.000695894 -7.270312886 -0.005059369
Strigatella paupercula 0.002087683 -6.171700597 -0.012884552
Sunneta scripta 0.004175365 -5.478553417 -0.022874962
Turbo chrysostomus 0.009742519 -4.631255556 -0.045120096
Turrilatirus craticulatus 0.007654836 -4.872417613 -0.03729756
Turrilatirus turritus 0.00487126 -5.324402737 -0.025936548
Unidentified species 0.018789144 -3.97447602 -0.074677002
Vasticardium nigropunctatum 0.008350731 -4.785406236 -0.039961639
H=-(-3.1)=3.1
Hmax = 3.89
E = 0.80
103
Appendix 2. Computations, Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index of Barangay Solana

Canarium labiatum 0.03147699
8 -3.458498235 -0.108863141
Cerithium coralium 0.19612590
8 -1.628998438 -0.319488798
Chicoreus palmarosae 0.00242130
8 -6.023447593 -0.014584619
Clypeomorus bifasciata 0.14769975
8 -1.912573729 -0.282486677
Clypeomorus pellucida 0.02905569 -3.538540943 -0.102814749
Conus muriculatus sugillatus 0.02421307
5 -3.7208625 -0.090093523
Conus tiaratus 0.04842615 -3.027715319 -0.146620597
Lyria beauii 0.05326876
5 -2.93240514 -0.156205601
Nassarius albescens 0.11864406
8 -2.131627295 -0.252904933
Nassarius incrassatus 0.05326876
5 -2.93240514 -0.156205601
Nassarius limnaeformis 0.03874092 -3.250858871 -0.125941264
Nassarius pullus 0.05569007
3 -2.887953377 -0.160830333
Nassarius sp 1 0.00968523 -4.637153232 -0.044911896
Nassarius sp 2 0.06537530
3 -2.727610727 -0.178318377
Scapharca inaequivalvis 0.00242130
8 -6.023447593 -0.014584619
Sunneta scripta 0.00968523 -4.637153232 -0.044911896
Unidentified species 0.06537530
3 -2.727610727 -0.178318377
H= -(-2.55)=
2.55
Hmax= 2.94
E=0.87
104
Appendix 3. Computations, Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index of Barangay Jampason

Canarium urceus 0.024691358 -3.701301974 -0.091390172
Casmaria fumosus 0.034567901 -3.364829737 -0.116315102
Conus muriculatus sugillatus 0.034567901 -3.364829737 -0.116315102
Coralliophila neritoidea 0.148148148 -1.909542505 -0.282895186
Cymbiola vespertilio 0.004938272 -5.310739887 -0.026225876
Cypraea annulus 0.039506173 -3.231298345 -0.127656231
Cypraea eglantina 0.007407407 -4.905274778 -0.036335369
Cypraea errones 0.024691358 -3.701301974 -0.091390172
Cypraea moneta 0.049382716 -3.008154794 -0.148550854
Echinolittorina punctata 0.086419753 -2.448539006 -0.211602136
Euplica scripta 0.019753086 -3.924445525 -0.077519912
Latirolagena smaragdula 0.014814815 -4.212127598 -0.06240189
Lyria beauii 0.083950617 -2.477526542 -0.207989883
Morula granulata 0.158024691 -1.845003984 -0.291556185
Nerita exuvia 0.022222222 -3.80666249 -0.0845925
Nerita planospira 0.009876543 -4.617592706 -0.045605854
Nerita plicata 0.044444444 -3.113515309 -0.138378458
Nerita polita 0.007407407 -4.905274778 -0.036335369
Nerita senegalensis 0.004938272 -5.310739887 -0.026225876
Nerita sp 0.02962963 -3.518980417 -0.104266086
Oliva annulata 0.004938272 -5.310739887 -0.026225876
Pyrene flava 0.027160494 -3.605991794 -0.097940518
Strigatella paupercula 0.007407407 -4.905274778 -0.036335369
Sunneta scripta 0.004938272 -5.310739887 -0.026225876
Turbo chrysostomus 0.034567901 -3.364829737 -0.116315102
Turrilatirus craticulatus 0.027160494 -3.605991794 -0.097940518
Turrilatirus turritus 0.017283951 -4.057976918 -0.070137873
H= -(-2.9)= 2.9
Hmax= 3.37
E= 0.86
105
Appendix 4. Computations, Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index of Agutayan Island

Cerithium rostratum 0.5215311 -0.65098637 -0.339509638
Cypraea annulus 0.172248804 -1.758815314 -0.302953834
Euplica scripta 0.114832536 -2.164280422 -0.248529809
Lyria beauii 0.044657097 -3.10874203 -0.138827395
Cypraea moneta 0.03030303 -3.496507561 -0.105954775
Conus sugillatus 0.014354067 -4.243721963 -0.060914669
Malleus malleus 0.007974482 -4.831508628 -0.038528777
Canarium urceus 0.006379585 -5.05465218 -0.032246585
Cypraea errones 0.006379585 -5.05465218 -0.032246585
Polinices sebae 0.004784689 -5.342334252 -0.025561408
Callipara queketti 0.003189793 -5.74779936 -0.018334288
Conus tessulatus 0.001594896 -6.440946541 -0.010272642
Chicoreus palmarosae 0.001594896 -6.440946541 -0.010272642
H= -(-1.62)= 1.62
Hmax= 2.7
E=0.60
Appendix 5. Counts of mollusc individuals per transect in Barangay Solana
Species T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 TOTAL
Canarium labiatum 2 3 2 6 0 13
Cerithium coralium 0 1 30 42 8 81
Chicoreus palmarosae 0 0 0 0 1 1
Clypeomorus bifasciata 0 2 18 35 6 61
Clypeomorus pellucida 1 4 0 0 7 12
Conus muriculatus sugillatus 0 5 2 0 3 10
Conus tiaratus 0 2 12 4 2 20
Lyria beauii 0 3 3 11 5 22
Nassarius albescens 10 21 6 5 7 49
Nassarius incrassatus 7 0 5 6 4 22
Nassarius limnaeformis 1 5 2 5 3 16
Nassarius pullus 4 13 0 1 5 23
Nassarius sp 1 0 1 2 1 0 4
Nassarius sp 2 4 4 9 10 0 27
Pyrene testudinaria 0 8 6 1 1 16
scapharca inaequivalvis 1 0 0 0 0 1
106
Sunneta scripta 1 0 2 0 1 4
Unidentified species 10 9 3 3 2 27
Vasticardium nigropunctatum 0 1 2 0 1 4
TOTAL 41 82 104 130 56 413
Appendix 6. Counts of mollusc individuals per transect in Barangay Jampason
Canarium urceus 4 1 1 2 2 10
Casmaria fumosus 1 4 0 5 4 14
Conus muriculatus sugillatus 4 2 2 4 2 14
Coralliophila neritoidea 8 7 30 7 8 60
Cymbiola vespertilio 2 0 0 0 0 2
Cypraea annulus 4 0 2 4 6 16
Cypraea eglantina 0 1 0 1 1 3
Cypraea errones 1 3 0 3 3 10
Cypraea moneta 2 2 3 6 7 20
Echinolittorina punctata 17 0 13 5 0 35
Euplica scripta 0 3 0 3 2 8
Latirolagena smaragdula 2 2 0 2 0 6
Morula granulata 12 28 3 10 11 64
Nerita exuvia 1 1 0 2 5 9
Nerita planospira 0 0 1 0 3 4
Nerita plicata 15 0 3 0 0 18
Nerita polita 1 0 0 0 2 3
Nerita senegalensis 0 0 2 0 0 2
Nerita sp 2 0 6 2 2 12
Oliva annulata 1 1 0 0 0 2
Pyrene flava 1 1 0 3 6 11
Strigatella paupercula 1 2 0 0 0 3
Sunneta scripta 2 0 0 0 0 2
Turbo chrysostomus 2 5 2 3 2 14
Turrilatirus craticulatus 0 8 0 3 0 11
Turrilatirus turritus 2 2 1 0 2 7
TOTAL 88 85 72 77 83 405
107
Appendix 7. Counts of mollusc individuals per transect in Agutayan Island
Cerithium rostratum 42 136 26 51 72 327
Cypraea annulus 8 62 17 19 2 108
Euplica scripta 0 4 31 28 9 72
Pyrene testudinaria 1 1 2 7 9 20
Cypraea moneta 3 1 13 2 0 19
Conus sugillatus 3 0 0 3 3 9
Malleus malleus 2 0 2 1 0 5
Canarium urceus 0 0 1 0 3 4
Cypraea errones 0 4 0 0 0 4
Polinices sebae 1 0 0 2 0 3
Callipara queketti 0 0 2 0 0 2
Conus tessulatus 0 1 0 0 0 1
Chicoreus palmarosae 1 0 0 0 0 1
TOTAL 12
65 214 112 6 110 627
Appendix 8. Computation, Coefficient of Dispersion in Barangay Solana
Species SD Variance Mean Coefficient of Dispersion

Canarium labiatum 0.46395315 0.215252525 0.13 1.66
Cerithium coralium 1.630393148 2.658181818 0.78 3.41
Chicoreus palmarosae 0.1 0.01 0.01 1.00
Clypeomorus bifasciata 1.162503394 1.351414141 0.61 2.22
Clypeomorus pellucida 0.432983542 0.187474747 0.12 1.56
Conus muriculatus
sugillatus 0.389249472 0.151515152 0.1 1.52
Conus tiaratus 0.603022689 0.363636364 0.2 1.82
Lyria beauii 0.578748214 0.334949495 0.22 1.52
Nassarius albescens 1.201808402 1.444343434 0.49 2.95
Nassarius incrassatus 0.704674149 0.496565657 0.22 2.26
Nassarius limnaeformis 0.443129368 0.196363636 0.16 1.23
Nassarius pullus 1.090408134 1.188989899 0.23 5.17
Nassarius sp 1 0.196946386 0.038787879 0.04 0.97
108
Nassarius sp 2 0.919540948 0.845555556 0.27 3.13
Pyrene testudinaria 0.631176551 0.398383838 0.16 2.49
Scapharca inaequivalvis 0.1 0.01 0.01 1.00
Sunneta scripta 0.196946386 0.038787879 0.04 0.97
Unidentified species 0.862870474 0.744545455 0.27 2.76
Vasticardium
nigropunctatum 0.242878363 0.058989899 0.04 1.47
Appendix 9. Computations, Coefficient of Dispersion in Barangay Jampason
Coefficient of
Species SD Variance Mean dispersion
Canarium urceus 0.333333333 0.111111111 0.1 1.11
Casmaria fumosus 0.471832876 0.222626263 0.14 1.59
Conus muriculatus sugillatus 0.426874949 0.182222222 0.14 1.30
Coralliophila neritoidea 1.18917678 1.414141414 0.6 2.36
Cymbiola vespertilio 0.140705294 0.01979798 0.02 0.99
Cypraea annulus 0.506921786 0.256969697 0.16 1.61
Cypraea eglantina 0.171446608 0.029393939 0.03 0.98
Cypraea errones 0.362371538 0.131313131 0.1 1.31
Cypraea moneta 0.568535244 0.323232323 0.2 1.62
Echinolittorina punctata 1.008799667 1.017676768 0.35 2.91
Euplica scripta 0.442216639 0.195555556 0.08 2.44
Latirolagena smaragdula 0.238683257 0.056969697 0.06 0.95
Lyria beauii 0.945163125 0.893333333 0.34 2.63
Morula granulata 1.684870285 2.838787879 0.64 4.44
Nerita exuvia 0.451596495 0.203939394 0.09 2.27
Nerita planospira 0.196946386 0.038787879 0.04 0.97
Nerita plicata 0.730020063 0.532929293 0.18 2.96
Nerita polita 0.171446608 0.029393939 0.03 0.98
Nerita senegalensis 0.140705294 0.01979798 0.02 0.99
Nerita sp 0.408989887 0.167272727 0.12 1.39
Oliva annulata 0.140705294 0.01979798 0.02 0.99
Pyrene flava 0.49020713 0.24030303 0.11 2.18
Strigatella paupercula 0.222701503 0.04959596 0.03 1.65
Sunneta scripta 0.140705294 0.01979798 0.02 0.99
Turbo chrysostomus 0.376587549 0.141818182 0.14 1.01
Turrilatirus craticulatus 0.649708559 0.422121212 0.11 3.84
Turrilatirus turritus 0.29318867 0.085959596 0.07 1.23
Vasticardium nigropunctatum 0.140705294 0.01979798 0.02 0.99
109
Appendix 10. Computations, Coefficient of Dispersion in Agutayan Island
Coefficient of
Species SD Variance Mean Dispersion
Callipara queketti 0.2 0.04 0.02 2.00
Canarium urceus 0.242878363 0.058989899 0.04 1.47
Cerithium rostratum 5.854903841 34.27989899 3.27 10.48
Chicoreus palmarosae 0.1 0.01 0.01 1.00
Conus sugillatus 0.350900717 0.123131313 0.09 1.37
Conus tessulatus 0.1 0.01 0.01 1.00
Cypraea annulus 2.691175253 7.242424242 1.1 6.58
Cypraea errones 0.315268044 0.099393939 0.04 2.48
Cypraea moneta 0.312047652 0.097373737 0.06 1.62
Euplica scripta 1.633487933 2.668282828 0.72 3.71
Lyria beauii 0.753175097 0.567272727 0.28 2.03
Malleus malleus 0.261116484 0.068181818 0.05 1.36
Polinices sebae 0.171446608 0.029393939 0.03 0.98
Pyrene testudinaria 0.586032715 0.343434343 0.2 1.72
Vasticardium nigropunctatum 0.238683257 0.056969697 0.06 0.95
Appendix 11. Computations, Dominance Index in Solana
species n/N (n/N)^2

0.19612590 0.03846537
Cerithium coralium 8 2
0.14769975 0.02181521
Clypeomorus bifasciata 8 8
0.11864406 0.01407641
Nassarius albescens 8 5
0.06537530
Nassarius sp 2 3 0.00427393
0.06537530
Unidentified species 3 0.00427393
0.05569007 0.00310138
Nassarius pullus 3 4
0.05326876 0.00283756
Lyria beauii 5 1
0.05326876 0.00283756
Nassarius incrassatus 5 1
110
0.00234509
Conus tiaratus 0.04842615 2
0.00150085
Nassarius limnaeformis 0.03874092 9
0.00150085
Pyrene testudinaria 0.03874092 9
0.03147699 0.00099080
Canarium labiatum 8 1
0.00084423
Clypeomorus pellucida 0.02905569 3
0.02421307 0.00058627
Conus muriculatus sugillatus 5 3
Nassarius sp 1 0.00968523 9.38037E-05
Sunneta scripta 0.00968523 9.38037E-05
Vasticardium
nigropunctatum 0.00968523 9.38037E-05
0.00242130
Chicoreus palmarosae 8 5.86273E-06
0.00242130
scapharca inaequivalvis 8 5.86273E-06
D= 0.10
species n/N (n/N)^2 Appendix12.

Canarium labiatum 0.0222222 0.0004938272
Canarium urceus 0.0246914 0.0006096632 Computations,
Casmaria fumosus 0.0345679 0.0011949398
Conus muriculatus sugillatus 0.0345679 0.0011949398 Dominance index
Coralliophila neritoidea 0.1481481 0.0219478738
in Cymbiola vespertilio 0.0049383 0.0000243865 Jampason
Cypraea annulus 0.0395062 0.0015607377
Cypraea eglantina 0.0074074 0.0000548697
Cypraea errones 0.0246914 0.0006096632
Cypraea moneta 0.0493827 0.0024386526
Echinolittorina punctata 0.0864198 0.0074683737
Euplica scripta 0.0197531 0.0003901844
Latirolagena smaragdula 0.0148148 0.0002194787
Lyria beauii 0.0839506 0.0070477061
Morula granulata 0.1580247 0.0249718031
Nerita exuvia 0.0222222 0.0004938272
Nerita planospira 0.0098765 0.0000975461
Nerita plicata 0.0444444 0.0019753086
Nerita polita 0.0074074 0.0000548697
Nerita senegalensis 0.0049383 0.0000243865
Nerita sp 0.0296296 0.0008779150
Oliva annulata 0.0049383 0.0000243865
Pyrene flava 0.0271605 0.0007376924
Strigatella paupercula 0.0074074 0.0000548697
Sunneta scripta 0.0049383 0.0000243865
Turbo chrysostomus 0.0345679 0.0011949398
Turrilatirus craticulatus 111
0.0271605 0.0007376924
Turrilatirus turritus 0.017284 0.0002987349
Vasticardium nigropunctatum 0.0049383 0.0000243865
D= 0.08
Appendix 13. Computations, Dominance Index in Agutayan Island
species n/N (n/N)^2

0.27199468
Cerithium rostratum 0.5215311 9
Cypraea annulus 0.1722488 0.02966965
0.1148325 0.01318651
Euplica scripta 4 1
0.00199425
Lyria beauii 0.0446571 6
0.0318979 0.00101747
Pyrene testudinaria 3 8
0.0303030 0.00091827
Cypraea moneta 3 4
0.0287081 0.00082415
Canarium labiatum 3 7
0.0143540 0.00020603
Conus sugillatus 7 9
112
Vasticardium nigropunctatum 0.0095693 9.1573E-05
8
Species n/N (n/N)^2
Malleus malleus 0.0079744 6.35924E-05
Callipara queket 0.001384083 1.91569E-06
8
Canarium labiatum 0.027681661 0.000766274
Canarium urceus 0.0063795 4.06991E-05
Canarium urceus 9 0.009688581 9.38686E-05
Casmaria
cypraea erronesfumosus 0.009688581
0.0063795 9.38686E-05
4.06991E-05
Cerithium coralium 9 0.056055363 0.003142204
Cerithium
Polinices sebae rostratum 0.226297578
0.0047846 0.051210594
2.28932E-05
Chicoreus palmarosae 9 0.001384083 1.91569E-06
Clypeomorus
Callipara queket bifasciata 0.042214533
0.0031897 0.001782067
1.01748E-05
Clypeomorus pellucida 9 0.008304498 6.89647E-05
ConusConus muriculatus sugillatus0.0015949
tessulatus 0.02283737 0.000521545
2.54369E-06
Conus tessulatus
Chicoreus palmarosae 0.000692042
0.0015949 4.78921E-07
2.54369E-06
Conus tiaratus 0.01384083
D=0.320.000191569
Coralliophila neritoidea 0.041522491 0.001724117
Cymbiola vespertilio 0.001384083 1.91569E-06
Cypraea annulus 0.085813149 0.007363897
Cypraea eglantina 0.002076125 4.31029E-06
Appendix Cypraea errones 0.009688581 9.38686E-05 14.
Cypraea moneta 0.026989619 0.00072844
Echinolittorina punctata 0.024221453 0.000586679 Computations,
Euplica scripta 0.055363322 0.003065097
Overall Latirolagena smaragdula 0.004152249 1.72412E-05 Dominance
Lyria beauii 0.058131488 0.00337927
Index Malleus malleus 0.003460208 1.1973E-05
Morula granulata 0.044290657 0.001961662
Nassarius albescens 0.033910035 0.00114989
Nassarius incrassatus 0.015224913 0.000231798
Nassarius limnaeformis 0.011072664 0.000122604
Nassarius pullus 0.015916955 0.000253349
Nassarius sp 1 0.002768166 7.66274E-06
Nassarius sp 2 0.018685121 0.000349134
Nerita exuvia 0.006228374 3.87926E-05
Nerita exuvia linne 0.008304498 6.89647E-05
Nerita planospira 0.002768166 7.66274E-06
Nerita plicata 0.012456747 0.000155171
Nerita polita 0.002076125 4.31029E-06
Nerita senegalensis 0.001384083 1.91569E-06
Oliva annulata 0.001384083 1.91569E-06
Polinices sebae 0.002076125 4.31029E-06
Pyrene flava 0.007612457 5.79495E-05
Pyrene testudinaria 0.024913495 0.000620682
Scapharca inaequivalvis 0.000692042 4.78921E-07
Strigatella paupercula 0.002076125 4.31029E-06
Sunneta scripta 0.004152249 1.72412E-05
Turbo chrysostomus 0.009688581 9.38686E-05
Turrilatirus craticulatus 0.007612457 5.79495E-05
Turrilatirus turritus 113 0.004844291 2.34672E-05
Unidentified species 0.018685121 0.000349134
Vasticardium nigropunctatum 0.008304498 6.89647E-05
D= 0.081
XII. Biodata
Name: Ian Christian R. Galgo
Date of Birth: January 18, 1997
Age: 21 years old
Sex: Male
Nationality: Filipino
Contact number: 09978391000
Email address: galgoian0987@gmail.com
114
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS
Primary Education:
Merry Child School (2004-2010)
Secondary Education:
Corpus Christi High School (2010-2014)
Tertiary Education:
Xavier University- Ateneo de Cagayan (2014-present)
Name: Rey John A. Magbuhos
Date of Birth: March 15, 1995
Age: 23 years old
Sex: Male
Nationality: Filipino
Contact Number: 09153390666
Email address: rj.magbuhos.05@gmail.com
EDUCATIONAL QUALIFICATIONS
115
Primary Education:
San Lorenzo Ruiz Learning Center (2001-2007)
Secondary Education:
Holy Cross High School (2007-2011)
Tertiary Education:
Xavier University- Ateneo de Cagayan (2013-present)
116

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I.

Mollusca is a very large phylum of invertebrates with 34,000 to 120,000

freshwater, terrestrial and in marine habitats.

Molluscs, in general, are a structurally heterogeneous group and have different

themselves from the predators (University of California Museum of Paleontology, no

a source of food, tools, and even accessories.

Furthermore, this will also provide information on the habitat preferences of

of Jasaan, Misamis Oriental.

The specific objectives are:

a) to identify the mollusc species found in the intertidal zones of Jasaan,

particularly in Solana, Jampason and in the non- marine protected area of

b) to determine the relative abundance of each species;

c) to determine the species diversity of molluscs in the area;

e) to determine the distribution pattern of mollusc species; and

f) to determine their zonation patterns.

Due to the recognized use of molluscs as ecological indicators, monitoring their

hierarchies of the food chain (Alfaro 2005).

This study updates previous studies conducted in Jasaan on macrobenthic

establishment of new resorts and infrastructures make it susceptible to adverse changes in

IV. Scope and Limitation of the study

of molluscs, ecological relationships of species were not determined. The taxonomic

morphology only so no molecular analysis/DNA fingerprinting was done. Burrowing

molluscs were also excluded from sampling.

Molluscs play an important role in sustaining various ecosystems whether as food

or decreased in number due to the activities in natural disasters or anthropogenic

activities in the previous years (Vallejo, 2001).

Marine molluscs are mostly found in intertidal zones, forming distinct

based animals but also from terrestrial animals as well.

the community structure of benthic, filter-feeding organisms such as molluscs (Walag et

indicators of pollution and habitat deterioration.

The diversity of marine macrobenthic organisms like molluscs in the intertidal

Queensland, Australia, molluscs in vegetated intertidal areas were found to be more

unvegetated areas. Such differences may be attributed to the decreased efficiency of

than other macrofauna (Gohil and Kundu, 2012).

gastropods, 16 bivalves and 8 polyplacophorans. The most abundant species in rocky

yielded 45 species of molluscs where Homalopoma sangarense, a bivalve, was most

wetness or dryness of substrates control the zonation. It is caused by the preference of

larval settlements as well as adult movement in response to environmental conditions,

competition and predation (Levinton, 2001).

seagrass (Almeida et al., 2008).

estimated 3.65 bits/individuals (Florez-Garza et al., 2014).

gastropods, 14 bivalves and 1 polyplacophora in mangrove ecosystems. Salinator fragilis

diversity was in the mangrove area of Versova, north-western part of Mumbai. In

contrast, Rahmawati et al. (2015) found 15 species of gastropods belonging to 7 families

woody substrates were mostly dominated by littorinids and nacellids.

Schoppe (2007) identified 19 species belonging to 8 families, 15 of which are univalves.

Scapharca indica as most abundant (24%), followed by Scapharca cornea (22%),

Anomalocardia squamosa (7.9%), Gafrarium tumidum (6.5%) and Trachycardium

effect on the stability of the bivalve community in the area.

(H=2.10), Ranellidae (H=2.03), Neritidae (H=1.98), Cypraeidae (H=1.96), Strombidae

molluscs along the Sarangani Bay.

the sampling area as revealed by cluster dendrogram and non-metric multidimensional

In a 2017 study at Tubajon, Laguindingan, Misamis Oriental, 32 species of

mangrove areas respectively.

Misamis Oriental. A total of 43 species were identified, of which 41 belong to 18 families

of Class Gastropoda and 2 to 2 families of Class Bivalvia. Cerithium stercusmuscarum

was found to be greatly abundant.

Roa-Quiaoit et al. (2010) assessed the macrobenthic assemblages in Jasaan

Studies on the abundance of molluscs in the Philippines as well as their

for the monitoring of these organisms.

Table 1. Coordinates of the 3 Sampling sites

patches extending from its 600 meter shoreline (Plate 3).

B. Duration and Frequency of Investigation