ENVIRONMENTAL ECONOMY AND VALUATION

Member of Group : Diah Ayu Lestari (018201700013)

Julio Putra David (018201700006)

Author Title Year Publishe Summary

r
Anny Economic 2017 Espacios The present integrative literature review does not
Kariny Valuation Journal intend to exhaust the discussion of economic
Feitosa, of Urban valuation applied to urban solid waste
Julia Solid management. Nevertheless, it can be said that
Elisabete Waste: A environmental economic valuation is an effective
Barden, Review tool to be considered in the process of urban solid
Odorico waste management planning, supporting the
Konrad environmental policies of sustainable development.
The articles examined addressed the contribution
of economic analysis in urban solid waste
management. They showed that the willingness to
pay of citizens ranged from 55% to 85.5%
regarding improvements in the urban solid waste
management system. Regarding willingness to
participate in selective solid waste collection, the
main determining factors were income, education,
and age. In general, younger ad higher-income
individuals with higher level of education would
be more willing to pay for selective waste
collection. Concerning the costs of urban solid
waste management, they tend to be lower when
there is community involvement. Therefore,
communities should be encouraged to participate
in waste management in order to promote
environmental, institutional, and sustainability
Farizal, Indonesia’s 2017 UI Solving the model, the optimal proportion of waste
Radityo Municipal Juornal for Indonesia was 12.37% for WTE program and
Aji, Solid Waste 49.90% for 3R program. This portion will cause
Ammar 3R and the untreated waste of 37.73%. With this
Rachman Waste to proportion, the electrical energy generated through
, Energy WTE program reached 1,229.695 GWh, total
Nasruddi Program emissions can be saved from waste management
n and through both programs was 1,809,208.2 tons CO2
Teuku equivalent, and total land use of 4,036,239.1 m 2.
Meurah When WTE program’s budget was increased to
Indra four times, the proportion of waste processed
Mahlia through this program was increased four times too
(47.81%). The proportion of waste processed
through 3R is dropped to 30.82% and the untreated
waste is dropped to 21.37 %. While the impact of
this scenario was the electrical energy generated
reached 4,781.252 GWh, total emissions produced
reached 1,809,211.5 tons CO2 equivalent and total
land use reached 9,016,594.6 m 2. When the
 emissions limits were decreased by 30%, the
proportion of waste processed by 3R was dropped
to 33.02%, the proportion of untreated waste was
increased to 54.61%, and total land use reached
3,350,714.9 m2. For this scenario, the proportion of
waste through WTE program did not change.

Maxmilia Neraca 2018 Jurnal This PST Evaluator is technically feasible, by

n Antonis Masa dan Ilmiah considering: i) the concept of zero waste for waste
Alexande Neraca TEKNOB management in the PST Penujah can be achieved.
r Energi IZ iii) waste management technology from the
Pengelolah sorting, enumeration process, to chemical
an Sampah transformation technology (pyrolysis), biological
Terpadu – transformation (biological digestion) has been
Penujah mature, has been used quite extensively in the
Kabupaten process processing municipal waste abroad, and
Tegal available on the market. Assuming that: material
(Mass enters the place waste treatment: 5729.17 kg /
Balance hour, composition plastic waste is: 20% LDPE,
and 20% HDPE, 21% PET, 32% PP, 7% PS; catalysts
Integrated used in the pyrolysis process is FCC 10%, reactor
Energy temperature: 430oC - 450 oC, distribution other
Balance Of plastic pyrolysis carbon numbers (LDPE, PP, and
Integrated PS) follow the distribution of carbon numbers
Waste pyrolysis HDPE, it is concluded that: iii) Most
Processing products are produced by PST investigators are:
– Penujah gasoline (2370 liters / hour), fertilizer (910 kg /
Teal hour), and PET chopped (549 kg / hour) .iv) The
District PST Penujah produces a net energy positive at 25
mW.iii) RDF fuel which The pyrolysis unit
required is 697 kg / hour.
Hamdiya Do socio- 2017 Institute Generally, studies on WTP have concentrated on
h psychologi of socio-economic factors to explain WTP behaviour,
Alhassan cal factors Stastistica contrarily; socio-psychological factors such as
influence l, Social attitude, subjective norm and perceived
households’ and behavioural control are rarely used in WTP studies.
willingness Economic This study examined the effect of socio-economic,
-to-pay for Research socio-psychological and situational factors on
improved (ISSER), households’ WTP for improved SWM service in
solid waste Universit Accra and Tamale metropolises in Ghana. The
manageme y of study employed the contingent valuation method to
nt services? Ghana elicit households’ WTP for improved SWM service
Evidence and the Tobit regression model was used for the
from Ghana estimation. The estimation results from the Tobit
regression model reveal that socio-economic
factors, such as income and education increase
households’ WTP for improved SWM services in
AMA, TaMA and the entire study area. In addition,
female-headed households were willing to pay
more for improved SWM services in AMA, TaMA
and entire study area. However, age was found to
decrease households’ WTP for improved SWM
services in TaMA. Regarding socio-psychological
factors, attitude and subjective norm significantly
increase the amount households were willing-to-
 pay for improved SWM services in AMA, TaMA
and the entire study area. In contrast, perceived
behavioural control decrease the amount
households were willing-to-pay for improved
SWM services in TaMA. In addition, households
who were satisfied with the current SWM services
were willing-to-pay more for improved SWM
services in AMA, TaMA and the entire study area.
The contribution of this study in this context is
that, it has brought to fore the factors that
influence households’ WTP for improved SWM
services. Both the theory of planned behaviour
and the utility maximisation theory were found to
be applicable in the Ghanaian case. Secondly, it
has provided conceptual clarity on how socio-
psychological, socio-economic and situational
factors translate into households’ WTP in Accra
and Tamale metropolises. By so doing, the study
has provided an alternative conceptual framework
that explains households’ WTP in Accra and
Tamale metropolises. The findings have several
policy implications. The fact that, households’
WTP for improved SWM services were
significantly influenced by type of occupation and
education of the household head as well as
household total income, suggest that a flat rate
cannot be charged across households; rather the
cross-subsidisation concept is appropriate. Poorer
and uneducated households should be charge a
lower rate than relatively affluent and educated
households. In addition, daily or weekly billing
system should be instituted to encourage payment
for SWM services by residents working in the
informal sector. In order to instil good
environmental behaviour into the public, it is
necessary to organise frequent educational
program geared towards enlightening the populace
on the problems posed by improper waste
management. This will reinforce the positive
attitudes of those who are already committed to
proper waste management and change the
attitudes of those who view waste negatively.
During such programmes community leaders,
family members and role models in the study areas
should be involved to help encourage residents to
practice improved SWM behaviour. Furthermore,
satisfaction with current SWM services, in terms
of collection frequency was also seen as playing a
role in influencing households’ WTP for improved
SWM service. Providing SWM services that meet
the demand of service users in terms of collection
frequency will encourage service users to pay for
solid waste collection services.
Martinez Evaluation 2017 Environm S-LCC is inherently affected by the coverage and
Shancez, of ental robustness of the included emissions. Most
Veronica; Externality Science externality costs were caused by SO2, NOx,
Levis, Costs in and PM2.5, CH4, fossil CO2 and NH3 emissions,
James W; Life-Cycle Technolo while remaining pollutants with available
Damgaar Optimizatio gy accounting prices had minor contributions. It is
d, n of recognized, however, that the contribution of each
Anders; Municipal emission depends on the waste
DeCaroli Solid Waste processes/technologies used as well as the energy
s, Joseph Manageme system. The processes in this model represent
F;Bariaz, nt Systems current and average waste management activities
Morton in an average US county of 500,000 people as well
A; as current national electricity mixes, but other
Astrup, emissions and damages could be important in other
Thomas waste and energy systems. Considerable
Fruergard uncertainties are associated with the magnitude of
externality costs and the large variaitons within
estimates. In addition, accounting price data have
not been published for a wide range of pollutants
and externalities such as the households
willingness-to-pay for time and space associated
with source-segregation. It is also recognized that
accounting prices represent a limited range of
damages (e.g., effects on human health). These
limitations imply that S-LCC should only be used
as a tool for comparative assessments between
possible alternative waste management strategies,
since similar uncertainties apply to all the
technologies modeled. Model results are only
indicators of damage costs and should not
currently be used to estimate definitive damage
costs of individual strategies. To further expand the
use of S-LCC to overcome the above mentioned
challenges in policy making, current externality
cost estimates have to be 1) improved for existing
accounting prices beyond selected damage costs
(e.g., SO2, CO2, NOx, CH4, and metals), 2)
extended with accounting prices for missing but
critical pollutants, and 3) evaluated with respect
to the importance of currently non-quantified
externalities (e.g., time and space used by
households).
ChorMan Life-cycle 2018 Clean In this study, an integrated LC-CBA framework to
Lam, Iris cost-benefit Productio assist decision-making on sustainable food waste
K.M. Yu, analysis on n Journal management was developed and demonstrated in a
Francisco sustainable case study as a successful and suitable tool for
Medel, food waste achieving sustainability. The contributions of this
Daniel manageme study include the development of the LC-CBA
C.W. nt: The case tool, with the following innovative features: (1) the
Tsang of inclusive coverage of the economic,
, Shu- Hong Kong environmental, and social costs and benefits
Chien Internation originated from food waste management; (2) the
Hsu al Airport clear and easily-understood final indicator in
, Chi Sun monetary terms with the external environmental
Poon and social costs integrated, and; (3) the wide
applicability of the LC-CBA tool for sustainable
decision-making on food waste management
 worldwide. The LC-CBA framework was
demonstrated in the case study of sustainable food
waste management at the HKIA. The on-site
incineration with recovery (S5) was identified to
be the most favorable option to be applied in the
HKIA due to the significant energy recovery and
the acceptable level of capital and other costs. The
second-best option would be S2. Although the
environmental benefits from S2 were not high
when compared with other scenarios, low costs
were required and only a low level of treatment
(i.e., dewatering only) was adopted in this
scenario. The sensitivity analysis on the effects of
the variations in waste charge and electricity price
supported the favorability of the on-site
incineration option in the case of HKIA because
the scenario could react fairly well to rising waste
charge and present positive effects when facing a
rise in electricity price. A limitation of this LC-
CBA study is the unknown uncertainties of the
input data and results. The input values used in the
calculations in this study were collected from
government documents, international guidelines
and published literature closely related to the waste
management in Hong Kong, which are considered
to be reasonable and appropriate for the
estimations. Yet, the ranges and errors of most
values are not available, thus uncertainty analysis,
for example using Monte Carlo simulation, is
hardly possible to be conducted. The LC-CBA
demonstrated in the HKIA case only covered the
food waste generated from a single facility, that is
the airport. When more information on food waste
generation is available, the LC-CBA could be
extended to cover the food waste generated from
the whole city. The disamenity effects and the
transportation distance are expected to vary
between different locations. Based on such
differences, the LC-CBA results are expected to
guide decisions to select different food waste
management options for different locations. The
inclusive LC-CBA framework developed in this
study is expected to assist decision-making process
on food waste management towards sustainability
and enhance the selection of the most cost-
effective treatment technologies.

Amani Life cycle 2018 Segepub The LCA was applied in evaluating waste
Maalouf assessment Journal management alternatives towards defining optimal
and for solid integrated systems. The highest environmental
Mutasem waste impacts were associated with scenarios that
El-Fadel manageme include landfilling with minimal material and
nt in energy recovery. Environmental benefits can be
Lebanon: achieved under scenarios that maximize recycling
Economic and composting whereby cost savings in emissions
 implication reached up to 98%. Incineration with energy
s of carbon recovery reduced equivalent emissions most at a
credit varying cost of −70% to +93% depending on the
selected technology and the value of carbon credit.
Despite the decrease in emissions, increased
operational and investment costs favor alternatives
that consider maximizing recycling and
composting with residual landfilling when land is
available. The sensitivity analysis suggested that
greater savings in emissions can be achieved with
improved landfill gas collection efficiency,
application of produced compost, and energy
recovery during incineration. Finally, the break
even analysis showed that maximizing material
recovery and landfilling remains profitable under
the entire range of carbon credit (0.5–50
US$/MTCO2E). While the results provide
guidelines for policy-planning and decision-
makers on the economic viability of investment in
carbon credit, potential changes in costs due to the
dynamics of economy of scale and other
externalities should be considered in the economic
analysis.
Juan- Increasing 2018 Energies The present techno-economic analysis has shown
Rodrigo Profits in (from that profitability of food waste conversion to bulk
Bastidas- Food Waste MDPI) chemicals, e.g., lactic acid or butyric acid, can be
Oyanedel Biorefinery increased 5 to 16 times when compared to the base
and Jens - A Techno- scenario, i.e., production of methane (sold to the
Ejbye Economic grid). From the discussed scenarios, the highest
Schm Analysis profit is obtained by dark fermentation with
separation and purification of butyric acid, 296
USD/t_VS (47 USD/t_foodwaste). From the return
on investment (ROI) and payback time, the best
scenario is the production of polylactic acid, with
98% ROI, and 7.8 years payback time. Production
of butyric acid ROI and payback time was 74%
and 9.1 years. From these profit, ROI, and payback
time perspectives, the present techno-economic
analysis suggests a change in focus from
biogas/biohydrogen into butyric acid and
polylactic acid production from food waste. These
results suggest that industry may refocus effort on
bulk chemicals, e.g., butyric acid and/or polylactic
acid, rather than only focusing on biofuels,
as H2 and CH4.
Hamisu Household’ 2017 Journal of A disaggregate relative importance for attribute
Alhaji s Tourism, levels’ pair indicates that CF3, DM3, SF3, and
Basiru, Preferences Hospitalit PCS3 are the most preferred improvements of
Mohd and y and attributes combination levels, while CF2, DM2,
Rusli Willingness Environm SF2, and PCS2 are considered as least preferred by
Yacob, to Pay for ent the households. Thisindicates the utility people
Alias Solid Waste Managem acquire from improvement in waste collection
Radam, Collection ent services and the situational change from status
Latifah Services quo, which is viable.
Abd Improveme
Manaf, nt and
Abdullahi Kano
Adamu, Metropolis,
Muhamm North
ad Sanusi Western ,
Ibrahim Nigeria
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Abba
Umar
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Muhamm
ad Salisu
Khalil.
George Market 2017 Resources The production of a waste-based agricultural input
K. Feasibility (from such as a faecal sludge and municipal solid waste-
Danso, of Faecal MDPI) based (FSM) compost can significantly benefit
Miriam Sludge and Uganda’s economy. Demand for such a product is
Otoo, Municipal not guaranteed even among end-users such as
William Solid smallholder farmers with limited alternatives. This
Ekere, Waste- study applied choice experiment to estimate
Stanley Based farmers’ WTP for FSM compost and selected
Ddungu Compost as product attributes including certification, nitrate
and Measured fortification and pelletization. Results indicate that
Ganesha by Farmers’ farmers are willing to pay for certified and
Maduran Willingness pelletized compost, but compensation may be
gi -to-Pay for required for them to use fortified compost. The
Product expressed WTP for certified compost is higher than
Attributes: the cost of producing the attributes. Conversely,
Evidence the costs of producing the other two attributes are
from higher than the WTP estimates. While there is the
Kampala, need to develop a product to target farmers who
Uganda are interested in fortified compost, we suggest that
future FSM compost producers focus on a
‘certified and pelletized’ FSM product as this
product type has the highest production cost–WTP
differential and for which future businesses can
capture the highest percentage of the consumer
surplus. Additionally, given that the cost of
providing a pelletized FSM compost exceeds the
WTP, the surplus of providing the certification
attribute can buffer the negative production cost–
WTP differential.