CHARGED-COUPLED DEVICE (CCD)

CCD is included in one of the image sensors, the image sensor is a sensor used to detect and convey
information in the form of images. The workings of this sensor are by changing the input in the
form of light which will be processed into electrons which will convey information in the form of
analog signals. The CCD converts light into electrons and the output of the CCD sensor produces
a voltage, which means an analog device. So that's on a CCD sensor camera, the analog-to-digital
conversion (ADC) process is done outside the sensor chip. For the capture and management of
photon conversion to the electron. The rest is done by a refractive CCD processor fully optimized
for high-quality light capture. CCD can produce photos with better contrast ranges, more accurate
colors and lower signal defects. The CCD sensor is very often compared to CMOS sensor because
the application is almost the same

Picture 1. Design of CCD

The basic device consists of a metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) diode arranged close together in
a continuous insulating layer (oxide) that lines the semiconductor substrate. There are three-
electrode gates at the top of Silicon dioxide, and the applied voltage can control the charging of
storage and transfer of CCD, because surface depletion can be controlled: a slightly higher bias
applied to the center of the electrode will induce a greater MOS depletion center and form a
potential, while a higher bias on the electrode side will cause a minority carrier transfer in n-type
semiconductors. So that the immovable storage area of the MOS can be adjusted to the potential
in the electrode.
Each MOS can appear as pixels, and charging can be changed from one pixel to another with a
digital pulse applied to the top plate (gate). In this way, charging can be transferred line by line to
the serial output register. Because electrons can be produced optically or more precisely from
valence in the conduction band, CCD can be used as a light sensor for the camera. Cameras in
which light penetrates through the gate structure to reach the region where electrons are collected,
called front-illuminated. More sophisticated in production, but with a higher sensitivity camera
where the CCD chip is exposed from the opposite side. This camera is called back-illuminated. To
ensure the charging transport from back to front where electrons are collected, most of the silicon
is thinning.

Picture 2. Working Principle CCD

Next, I will display some of the features of this CCD sensor and also the advantages and
disadvantages of this sensor in tabular form.
Feature CCD
Signal Out of Pixel Electron Packet
Signal Out of Chip Voltage (analog)
Signal Out of Camera Bits (Digital)
Fill Factor High
Amplifier Mismatch N/A
System Noise Low
System Complexity High
Sensor Complexity Low
Camera Component PCB + Multiple Chip + Lens
Performance CCD
Responsivity Moderate
Dynamic Range High
 Uniformity High
Uniform Shuttering Fast, Common
Speed Moderate to High
Windowing Limited
Antiblooming High to None
Biasing Multiple
Clocking Higher Voltage
Advantages Disadvantages
Technologically Mature Wasteful of Power
Simple Sensor Design The Processing Speed is Slower Than CMOS
High Sensitivity Sensitive to Smearing or Blooming (Pixel
Leakage) when Capturing Bright Light
Each Pixel Has the Same Performance

From what has been explained earlier, these sensors can be used for a variety of technologies
including those used for smartphone cameras and digital cameras, some are used as barcode
scanners.