Hildegard E.

Peplau

Theory of Interpersonal Relations

Factors Influencing the Blending of the Nurse-patient Relationship

According to Peplau (1952/1988), nursing is therapeutic because it is a healing

art, assisting an individual who is sick or in need of health care. Nursing can be
viewed as an interpersonal process because it involves interaction between two
or more individuals with a common goal. In nursing, this common goal provides
the incentive for the therapeutic process in which the nurse and patient respect
each other as individuals, both of them learning and growing as a result of the interaction. An individual
learns when she or he selects stimuli in the environment and then reacts to these stimuli.

Dorothea E. Orem

The Self-Care Deficit Nursing Theory.

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Orem developed the Self-Care Deficit Theory of Nursing, which is composed of

three interrelated theories: (1) the theory of self-care, (2) the self-care deficit
theory, and (3) the theory of nursing systems.

“The condition that validates the existence of a requirement for nursing in an

adult is the absence of the ability to maintain continuously that amount and
quality of self-care which is therapeutic in sustaining life and health, in
recovering from disease or injury, or in coping with their effects. With children, the condition is the
inability of the parent (or guardian) to maintain continuously for the child the amount and quality of care
that is therapeutic.” (Orem, 1991)

The Nursing Need Theory was developed by Virginia A. Henderson to define the
unique focus of nursing practice. The theory focuses on the importance of increasing
the patient’s independence to hasten their progress in the hospital. Henderson’s
theory emphasizes on the basic human needs and how nurses can assist in meeting
those needs.

The assumptions of Virginia Henderson‘s Need Theory are: (1) Nurses care for
patients until they can care for themselves once again. Although not precisely
explained, (2) patients desire to return to health. (3) Nurses are willing to serve and
that “nurses will devote themselves to the patient day and night.” (4) Henderson also believes that the
“mind and body are inseparable and are interrelated.”

Physiological Components

1. Breathe normally

2. Eat and drink adequately

3. Eliminate body wastes

4. Move and maintain desirable postures

5. Sleep and rest

6. Select suitable clothes – dress and undress

7. Maintain body temperature within normal range by adjusting clothing and modifying environment

8. Keep the body clean and well groomed and protect the integument

9. Avoid dangers in the environment and avoid injuring others

Psychological Aspects of Communicating and Learning

10. Communicate with others in expressing emotions, needs, fears, or opinions.

14. Learn, discover, or satisfy the curiosity that leads to normal development and health and use the
available health facilities.

Spiritual and Moral

11. Worship according to one’s faith

Sociologically Oriented to Occupation and Recreation

12. Work in such a way that there is sense of accomplishment

13. Play or participate in various forms of recreation

Madeleine Leininger
Transcultural Nursing Theory

The Transcultural Nursing Theory or Culture Care Theory by Madeleine Leininger involves knowing and
understanding different cultures with respect to nursing and health-illness
caring practices, beliefs and values with the goal to provide meaningful and
efficacious nursing care services to people according to their cultural values and
health-illness context.

It focuses on the fact that different cultures have different caring behaviors and
different health and illness values, beliefs, and patterns of behaviors.