21st literature 2.
Legends
Pre- colonial- oral transmission was the
primary means of communicating and
presenting Philippines literature.
Riddles- guessing the games of objects
represent by other objects.
Proverbs- more serious because they were
intended to teach values.
Epics- opposite end of the riddles and
proverbs.
Myths- served to explain how the world was
created.
Legends- appeared to have basis real life.
Fables- short tales that usual highlighted
animals.
Lullabies- existed for the sake of putting
infants at ease.
POPULAR EPIC EXAMPLES;
1. Biag ni Lam-ang (IIocano epic)
2. Kabunlan and Bendian (Ibaloy)
3. Kumintang(Tagalog)
4. Kudaman(Palawan)
5.Maragtas at Hinilawod (Panay- Bisaya)
6. Tuwaang Midsakop (Manobo)
7. Hari sa Bukit (Negros Bisaya)
8. Darangen (Mindanao)
9. Bantugan (Muslim)
10. Hudhod at Alim (Ifugao)
SHORTER FORM OF FRICTION INCLUDED;
1. Myths
3. Fables
Remember the death of family member or
community. Kanogon- Cebuano ang ibi for
kalinga.
The name for lullaby oyayi for tagalong.
Andang for aeta.
Metrical Romance- popular secular poetry.
- Other version of epic,
METRICAL ROMANCE INCLUDED;
1. korido (octosyllabic four-line stanza)
2. awit (dodecasyllabic four-line stanza)
Floranta at Laura- the most prominent awit
of all time.
Ibong Adarna- another staple reading o high
school Filipino student up to the present
time.
SPANIARDS BROUGHT A VARIETY OF
DRAMATIC FORMS TO ENRICH PHILIPPINE
THEATER THESE INCLUDE THE;
1. Sarwela
2.sinakulo
3. komedya
Sinakulo- dramatized the pasyon.
-it was a live-action simulation of
Christ passion and death.
Moro-moro or comedia de capa y espada-
even battles between Christian and muslim
itself a longstanding issue was dramatized.
FORMS OF RELIGIOUS NARRATIVE PROSE
1. tratado
2. ejemplo 3. Anselmo Jorge de Fajardo

3. dialogo 4. Feliciano

Doctrina Christiana- first book printed in 5. Jacinto Castillo

the Philippines. Which was publish in 1593.
RIZAL TWO POLITICAL NOVELS – were two
masterpieces that portrayed the colorful
characters of the Philippines society during
Rizal’s time.
Ilustrado- make their indelible mark on the
history of Philippine literature.
-paved the way for new literary
paradigms.

1. Noli Me tangere HEROIC FEARLESSNESS THEY WROTE

ABOUT REALITIES OF COLONIZATION
2. El Filibuusterismo
1. Marcelo H. Del Pilar ( ‘’Pasyong Dapat
SHORT FRICTION WRITERS DURING Ipag-alab nang puso nang tauong baba sa
SPANISH COLONIZATION kalupitan nang fraile ’’)

1. Enrique Laygo 2. Graciano Lopez Jaena ( ‘’Fra Botod’’)-

spearheaded the reformation movement.
2. Jesus Balmori
3. Andres Bonifacio (‘’Ang dapat mabatid ng
3. Benigno del Rio ma tagalog’’)
ESSAY WRITERS IN SPANISH 4. Emilio Jacinto (‘’Ang ningning at ang
1. Teodoro M. Kalaw liwanag’’)- were more radical in the sense
that they pushed for outright revolution.
2. Claro M. Recto
Mi Ultimo Adios- the legacy of his literature
3. Epifanio de Los Santos blossomed in both writers and prose.

20th Century- American culture began to -Rizal wrote an untitle

established its firm grip on the Filipino poem.
identity.
Adios- perhaps the most compelling
METRICAL ROMANCE EMERGED IN; farewell in literary history.

1. Bicolano COLLECTIONS OF POEM IN ENGLISH

2. Pampango 1. Never mind and other poem (Procopio

Solidum)
3. Pangasinese
2. Filipino Poetry (Rodolfo Dato)
WRITERS OF METRICAL ROMANCE
3. My Wife’s hands ( Conrado Ramirez)
1. Jose De la Cruz
4.Day on the farm ( Luis Dato)
2. Ananias Zorilla
5. Soledad ( Angela Manalang Gloria) 7. Alfredo Navarro Salanga

THE COURTLY LOVE LITERATURE Amado V. Hernandez- named National

Artist for literature published ‘’bayan
1. Marlowe malaya’’ in 1970.
2. Raleigh POETS WHO RAISED THEIR VOICE IN
3. Shakespeare PROTEST THROUGH THEIR WORKS

BRILLIANT FRICTIONISTS IN THE 1. Bienvenido Lumbera

VERNACULARS INCLUDED; 2. Jose Lacaba
1. Gremer Chan Reyes 3. Emmanuel Lacaba
2. Mig Alvarez Enriquez 4. Mila Aguilar
3. Godofredo Roperos 5. Teo Antonio
4. Dionisio Gabriel 6. Lamberto E. Antonio
5. Ricardo Oebanda 7. Edgardo Maranan
6. Alica Tan-Gonzales 8. Kris Montanez
7. Lina Espina- Moore 9. Tomas F. Agulto
8. Wilfredo Nolledo 10. Jesus Santiago
ESSAYISTS WERE PROLIFIC IN SEVERAL THE LEGACY OF PHILIPPINE SHORT STORIES
OUTLETS; IN ENGLISH
1. magazine 1. Dead Star (Paz Marquez Benitez)
2.newspaper 2. Stealer of Hearts ( Jose Villa Panganiban)
3.anthologies 3. Footnote to youth (Jose Garcia Villa)
TALENTED ESSAY WRITERS; 4. How My Brother Leon Brought home a
1. Sylvia Mayuga wife ( Arturo Rotor)

2. Juan Gatbonton 5. the Wound and the scar

3. Napoleon G. Rama 20th century- the political landscape of the

Philippines was a key influence on the
4. Nestor Mata literature produced.

5.Maximo Soliven PALANCA WINNERS IN CATEGORY OF

DRAMA DURING THIS TIME
6. Amando Dayrit
1. Isabel Taylor 2. Dominador I. IIilo ( The Diplomat and
other poems)
2. Wilfredo Nolledo
3. Bienvenido N. Santos (The Wounded
3. Alberto Florentino Stag)
4. Jesus Peralta 4. Ricardo Demetillo (No Certain Weather)
BIG NAMES IN CONTEMPORARY PHILIPPINE 5.Manuel A. Viray ( After this Exile)
POETRY
6. Cirilo F. Bautista ( The Cave)
1. J. Neil Garcia
ELEMENTS OF STORY
2. Danton Remoto
1. Characters
3. Marne Kilates
2. Setting
4. Juaniyo Arcellana
3. Plot
5. Grace Monte de Ramos
- Exposition or Introduction
6.Merlinda Bobis
-Rising Action
7. Cesar Ruiz Aquino
-Climax
8. Jim Agustin
-Falling Action
9. Ma. Luisa Aguilar- Carino
-Resolution or Ending
10. Lina Sagaral Reyes
4. Conflict
11. Herminio Beltran Jr.
-Man vs Man
12. Fanny Liego
-Man vs Society
13. Cesare Syjuco
-Man vs Nature
TWO IMPORTANT PILLAR OF PHILIPPINE
LITERATURE – established the siliman Man vs Himself
writers workshop in 1961.
5. Theme
1. Ediberto
SHORT FRICTION IN THE VERNACULAR
2. Edith Tiempo
1. Clemente Alejandria (Bicolano)
HIGHLY DISTINCT FLAVOR OF PHILIPPINE
POETRY 2. Benjamin Pascual (IIocano)

1. Nick Joaquin ( Prose and Poems) 3. Nicolasa Ponte- Perfecto (Bicolano)

4. Liwayway Arceo (Tagalog)

5. Lorenzo Dilag Fajardo (IIonggo)

6. Macario Pineda (Tagalog)

7. Rosario Tuason Baluyut (Pampango)

8. Abe S. Gonzales (IIonggo)

9. Genoveva Edrroa –Matute ( Tagalog)

Children and Women- were heavenly

featured in Matute’s stories.

1922-1931 – nearly 40 plays were produced

or published in the Philippines.

Zoilo Galang – broke new ground with

essays as well.

-published “life and success”.

OTHES FAMOUS ESSAY WRITERS OF THE

AMERICAN COLONIAL PERIOD

1. Mauro Mendez

2. Maria Kalaw- Katigbak

3. Alfredo Gonzalez

4. Cristino Jamias

5. Antonio Estrada

6. Josefa Estrada

7. Pura Santillan-Castrence

8. Francisco B. Icasiano

9. A.E. Litiatco

10. Amado Dayrit

Manuel A. Viray- most notable critics

Jose Garcia Villa- provided his own criticism

in his “Roll of Honor”.

Salvador P. lopez- published “Literatureand

society”.