INTRODUCTION

Structural Steel Iron - principal component

Carbon - contributes to strength but reduces ductility
It refers to a number of steels that, because of their economy and
desirable mechanical properties, are suitable for load carrying members
in structures. Structural steel is 100% recyclable and one of the most
reused materials in the world.

ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials) Designation

For Ferrous Metals- the designation has the prefix letter “A” followed by
two or three numerical digits.
Ex. ASTM A36
ASTM A514
Three groups of hot rolled structural steels used in buildings
1. Carbon Steel: Fy= 220-290 MPa
2. High Strength Low Alloy Steel (HSLA) : Fy= 480-840 MPa
3. Quenched and Tempered Alloy Steel : Fy= 480-690 MPa

Steel Treatments:
1. Quenching - rapid cooling
2. Tempering - reheating
HOT-ROLLED STRUCTURAL STEEL
COLD-FORMED
STRUCTURAL
STEEL
Properties of Steel:
1. Yield Stress, Fy
Unit tensile stress at which the stress strain curve exhibits a well
defined increase strain (deformation) without an increase in stress.
2. Ultimate Tensile Strength, Fu
Largest unit stress that the materials achieve in a tension test.
3. Modulus of Elasticity, E
The slope of the initial straight-line proportion of the stress strain
diagram, Esteel= 200,000 MPa
4. Ductility
Ability of the material to undergo large inelastic deformation without
failure
5. Toughness
Ability of the material to absorb energy and is characterized by the
area under a stress strain curve up to rupture
6. Weldability
Ability of steel to be welded without changing its
mechanical properties
7. Poisson’s Ratio, µ
Ratio of the transverse strain to the longitudinal strain
8. Shear Modulus, G
Ratio of the shearing stress to shearing strain during
the elastic behavior. It is often called Modulus of Rigidity.
9. Modulus of Resilience
maximum energy that the material can absorb per unit volume before
it becomes permanently deformed. It is characterized by the area under the
Stress-Strain diagram up to the yield point.

10. Modulus of Toughness

energy absorbed by the material per unit volume up to rupture.
It is characterized by the area under the entire Stress-Strain diagram up to
rupture
.
Stress-Strain Diagram of Ductile/Mild Steel

δ=
4
6

5
3 2
1

∈=

1. Proportional Limit 4. Ultimate Tensile Strength, Fu

2. Elastic Limit 5. Theoretical Rupture Strength
3. Yield Point, Fy 6. Actual Rupture Strength
Typical Properties of ASTM A36 STEEL
E= 200,000 MPa
Fy= 248 MPa
Fu= 400 MPa
Density= 7780 kg/m3
Shear Modulus, G= 77,200 MPa
Coeff. Of thermal expansion, α=11.7 x10-6 / Co
Typical Structural Steel Sections
1. Wide Flange Section ex. W6 x 20
nominal weight per linear length (w)
w=20 lbs/ft
flange
nominal depth (d)
d=6 inches
d
web

bf
2. Standard I-Section ex. S24x121

w=121 lbs/ft
d=24 in

3. Angular Section ex. 20 x 20 x 3

20

3
20

4. Channel Section ex. C 15 x 50

d=15 in
w=50 lbs/ft
d
tw

bf
Section Properties
a. Dimensions
b. Area / Perimeter
c. Center of Gravity / Centroid ( )
d. Moment of Inertia Ix , Iy
e. Section Modulus Sx , Sy
f. Radius of Gyration rx , ry

Centroid of an Area (First Moment of Area)

ATxc =

ATyc =

Varignon’s Theorem
AT = A1x1 + A2x2 + ... +Anxn

AT = A1y1 + A2y2 + ... +Anyn

Moment of Inertia (Second Moment of Area)
It measures the ability of a member to resist bending

Ix =

Iy =

Polar Moment of Inertia, J

J= =

J = Ix + Iy
Radius of Gyration, r
An imaginary distance from the centroidal axis at which
the entire area can be assumed to exist without affecting
the moment of inertia

r=
SAMPLE PROBLEM 1

Calculate the combined section properties of the built-up section shown.

It is composed of a Wide Flange Section, W21x83 with a Channel Section,
C15x50 on top of it.
 MOMENT OF INERTIA W/ RESPECT TO
AN INCLINED AXIS

SAMPLE PROBLEM 2

For the Given Section shown.

a. Determine the moment of inertia w/ respect to x-axis
b. Determine the moment of inertia w/ respect to y-axis
c. Determine the moment of inertia w/ respect to x’-axis

30°

tw=40
Sample Problem 3.a

A certain area has the following properties:

Ix = 40 x 106 mm4
Iy = 100 x 106 mm4
Ixy = 40 x 106 mm4

a. Determine the max and min moment of inertia

b. Determine the angle that the axis of max moment of inertia
makes w/ the x-axis.
Sample Problem 3.b

A certain area has the following properties:

Ix = 110 x 106 mm4

Iy = 50 x 106 mm4
Ixy = 40 x 106 mm4

a. Determine the max and min moment of inertia

b. Determine the angle that the axis of max moment of inertia
makes w/ the x-axis.