Module 01

SEMESTER 07
HEATING VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

SEMESTER 07 MODULE 01
THERMODYNAMICS
Thermodynamics is the branch of physical science that deals with the

relations between heat and other forms of energy (such as mechanical,
electrical, or chemical energy), and, by extension, of the relationships
between all forms of energy.
THERMODYNAMICS
- Thermodynamics is the branch of science that deals with

energy transfer & its effects on properties (physical & chemical)
of the substance.
- Amount of heat ( or work) transfer taking place while arriving at

one state from another is the main concern in thermodynamics.
- Aim of thermodynamics is to convert disorganised from of

energy ( heat) into organised form of energy
Terminology
BOUNDARY
SYSTEM
SURROUNDINGS
Terminology
System
- It is a fixed mass or region in a space ( control volume ) where our

study is focussed.
Surrounding
- Everything external to the system is called surrounding
Boundary
- The real or imaginary envelope which encloses a system and
separate it from its surroundings
Terminology
Fixed/rigid boundary
Movable/flexible boundary
Boundary
Imaginary
Real
Terminology
Types of system
Open system
Closed system Isolated system
Terminology
Types of system
Open system: System in which mass and energy exchange between system and
surrounding.
Closed system: System in which only energy is exchanges between system and
surrounding.There is no mass transfer.
Isolated system: Neither energy nor mass exchange between system and
surrounding.
Terminology
Properties of a system
Pressure, temperature, volume, density, etc which describes

the physical condition of a thermodynamic system is known as
the thermodynamic properties.
Terminology
Thermodynamic properties.
Extensive properties Intensive properties
Extensive (or extrinsic) properties: Properties which are dependent on the mass of the
system
eg: Volume, enthalpy, kinetic energy, potential energy etc
Intensive (or intrinsic) properties: Properties which are independent of the mass of the
system
eg: density, temperature , pressure etc

Terminology
Terminology
State: Any condition of the system is known as the state of the system
Process: Change in state is called process
Cycle: When a thermodynamic system changes from one state to another, it is

said to have undergone a process. At the end of the last process if the system
returns to its original state, it is said to have completed one thermodynamic cycle.
Zeroth law of thermodynamics:
If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, separately,

then they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other.
Consider 3 systems A, B and C.
When body A is in thermal equilibrium with a body B, and also separately

with body C, then B and C will be in thermal equilibrium with each other.
- Using zeroth law of thermodynamics the equality of

temperature of two systems can be checked without actually
bringing the two systems in contact.
Let a reference system known as thermometer be brought in contact

with 2 systems separately. If thermometer shows same reading in
both cases, then two systems are said to be at same temperature.
Thermal equilibrium:
When two bodies of different temperatures are brought into

contact, after sometime they attain a common temperature and
are then said to exist in thermal equilibrium.
Thermodynamic equilibrium:
A system is said to be in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium when no

change in its property (pressure, temperature, density, etc) is
registered, if the system is isolated from the surroundings.
A state of a physical system in which it is in mechanical, chemical, and

thermal equilibrium and in which there is therefore no tendency for
spontaneous change.
Thermodynamic equilibrium:
Mechanical equilibrium : No unbalanced forces within the system.
Thermal equilibrium : No variation of temperature within the system.
Chemical equilibrium : No chemical reaction within the system.
A system which is in mechanical, thermal and chemical equilibrium is said to

there in thermodynamic equilibrium
Temperature
It is the sense of hotness or coldness of a body when we touch

the body
Temperature of a system is an intensive property that

determines whether or not a system is in thermal
equilibrium with another system
Temperature scale
To calculate temperature in Celsius scale, when given in

Fahrenheit scale
To calculate temperature in Celsius scale, when given in Kelvin

scale
t0C = Tk – 273.15
First law of thermodynamics:
First law is a theorem of conservation of energy.
For a system operating in a cycle,

net heat transfer = net work transfer
∮dQ =∮dw
∮(dQ – dW) = 0
∮ stands for the summation over the cyclic process or cyclic integral
(Σ Q) cycle = (Σ W)cycle
First law of thermodynamics for a non cyclic process
- If a system undergoes a change of state during which both

heat transfer and work transfer are involved, net energy
transfer will be stored or accumulated within the system.
- If Q is the amount of heat transferred to the system and W is

the amount of work transferred from the system during the
process,
The net energy transfer Q-W will be stored in the system
Q-W = ∆U,
where ∆U is the increase in the energy of the system
( all are measured in joules J )
Different forms of energy:
Thermodynamics is the science of energy transfer and its effect on

the physical properties of a substance
Energy is the capacity to do work
In thermodynamics
-Energy in transit
-Energy in storage
Energy in transit
- Work and heat interactions are the forms of energy in transit.
- Observed at the boundaries of a system
- They are not properties of a system
- They are path functions.

Energy in storage
Two modes in which energy can be stored in a system
Macroscopic energy mode

Microscopic energy mode
Macroscopic and Microscopic Approach
Thermodynamic analysis :
By considering gross behaviour of matter (Macroscopic

Approach)
By considering behaviour of individual molecules of the

matter. (Microscopic Approach)
Macroscopic Approach
Concerned with the effect of many molecules together
- These effects can be perceived by human senses and can be

measured directly
- Popularly known as classical Thermodynamics

Microscopic Approach
-Matter is considered to be composed of molecules and the

analysis is carried out by considering the position, velocity
and energy of each molecule at a given instant.
- We are concerned with events happening at the molecular

level
- Due to the availability of large amount of data available for

analysis, statistical techniques are used
- Also known as statistical Thermodynamics.

Macroscopic Approach Microscopic Approach

Energy in storage
Two modes in which energy can be stored in a system
Macroscopic energy mode
- Macroscopic energy mode includes Macroscopic KE + PE of a system
- Other forms of energy (Macroscopic) which can also be possessed by a

system are magnetic energy, electrical energy and surface tension
energy.
Energy in storage
Microscopic energy mode
- Microscopic energy mode refers to the energy stored in the

molecular and atomic structure of the system
- Molecules are in random thermal motion – constantly

colliding with one another and the walls
-Molecules can have translational kinetic energy, rotational

kinetic energy, vibrational energy, electronic energy,
chemical energy and nuclear energy Called as molecular
internal energy or simply internal energy, denoted by
the symbol U
In engineering thermodynamics, the concern is with Potential Energy

(PE) and Kinetic Energy (KE) only
Total Energy of the system
For a stationary closed system
so,
Equation becomes, Q –W = ∆U
Enthalpy:
The sum of internal energy and pressure volume product
It is denoted by H
H = U + pV
U = internal energy, p= pressure, V = Volume
U, p and V are properties of the system, H is also a property of the

system
-It is an extensive property

-ve
+ve
-q
+q
-w
+w
If heat loss by the system -ve If system gains heat +ve
Work done by the system -ve Work done on the system +ve
If Q is the amount of heat transferred to the system and W is the

amount of work transferred from the system during the process,
Q-W = ∆U,
Q+(-W) =∆U
If Q is the amount of heat transferred from the system and W is the

amount of work transferred to the system during the process,
(- Q) + (+W) = ∆U
where ∆U is the increase in the energy of the system

( alll are mesared in joules J )
Problem 01:
60J of work is done on a gas, and the gas loses 150J of heat to its
surrounding .
What is the change in Internal energy ?

Problem 01: A)
∆U = - (Q )+ (+ W)
-150 + 60
-90 J
Problem 02:
A gas starts with 200J of internal energy. While you add

180J of heat to the gas , the gas does 70 J of work.
What is the final Internal energy of the gas?

Problem 02: A)
∆U = +(Q )+ (- W)
+180 J + (-70)J
+110 J
∆U= Uf -U i
Uf = ∆U + U i
=110 J + 200J
=310 J
Problem 03:
While 40J of work are done on a gas, the internal energy

goes down by 150J.
What was the value of heat added to the gas?

Problem 03: A)
- (∆U ) = (Q ) + (+W)
-150 J = Q + 40J
Q= -150 J - 40 J
= -190 J
Problem 04:
What is the change internal energy of a system which

does 4.50x 10^5 J of work while 3.00 x 10^6 J of heat
transfer occurs into the system, and 8.00X10^6 J of heat
transfer occurs to the environment?
Problem 04: A)
(∆U ) = (Q ) + (-W)
= (Q1-Q2) -W
=( 3.00x 10^6 - 8.00x 10^6)- 4.50x 10^5

=(-5x 10^6) - 4.5x 10^5
= (-50x 10^5) - (4.5 x 10^5)
= -54.5 x 10^5
= -5.45x10^6 J
Steady flow equation:

As per law of conservation of energy ,
Energy at inlet = Energy at outlet
Energy carried into the system+ flow work +Q = Energy carried out of the
system+ flow work +W
KEi+ PEi+Ui + m x P1V1 +Q = KEo+ PEo+mx P2V2+W
1/2 m1c1^2+ m1gZ1 +m1U1 +m1P1V1+Q = 1/2m2c2^2+ m2g Z2+

m2U2+m2P2V2+W
m1=m2=m
m(1/2xC1^2+gZ1+U1+P1V1) +Q = m (1/2 C2^2+gZ2+U2+P2V2) +W
m(1/2xC1^2+gZ1+h1) +Q =m (1/2 C2^2+gZ2+h2) +W

Throttling process
Throttling is the process in which a fluid passing through a

restricted passage loses pressure.
Eg: Water passing through a faucet is an example of throttling process

Throttling process-important points
- Pressure will decease after throttling
- No change in enthalpy from State 1 to state 2- isenthalpic

process (H1=H2)
- No work done (W)
- Process will be Adiabatic (Q=0)
- Process is irreversible
- For ideal gas process will be isothermal (T1=T2)
- For real gas temperature can increase , decrease or

constant, According to Joule Thomson coefficient.
Properties of pure substances :
- Pure substance: Substance having homogeneous

chemical composition through out it’s mass.
- It may constitute of more than one element or component
- It may exist in more than one phase



( Pressure - Volume diagram)

The T-S Diagram ( Temperature- entropy diagram)

SEMESTER 07 Properties of pure substances : MODULE 01
( Pressure - Temperature diagram)

The h-s Diagram ( enthalpy - entropy diagram/ mollier diagram)

Quality or dryness factor (x)
M- mass of a Sample of two phase mixer

M=Mf +Mg
x= mass of the vapour /mass of sample
= Mg/ M
= Mg/( Mf+Mg)
Spontaneous process
- Will occurs without any outside intervention

- It is irreversible process which has natural tendency
to occur.
- eg: Dissolution of sugar in water

- melting of ice at room temperature
Non spontaneous process
- Will occurs with the help of outside intervention

Reversible and irreversible process :
- A thermodynamical process taking a system from initial to final state is

reversible if the process can be turned back such that both the system
and surroundings return to their original states, when the
conditions are reversed.
- For a system to be reversible it should be free from dissipative forces
such as friction, viscosity etc. Also it should be a slow process.
- Any process cannot be reversed by reversing the conditions is

called an irreversible process. It is also called the natural process
because all the process occurring in nature are irreversible.
eg: Current flow from high potential to law potential

Heat flow between two bodies having a temperature gradient between them
etc.
Entropy:
Entropy, the measure of a system's thermal energy per unit
temperature that is unavailable for doing useful work. Because
work is obtained from ordered molecular motion, the amount of
entropy is also a measure of the molecular disorder, or
randomness, of a system.
Denoted by S
Q-W = ∆U (First law of thermo dynamics)
Q= ∆U+ W
Q/T = (∆U+ W)/T
∆S = (∆U+ W)/T
Entropy:
Entropy of fusion: It is the entropy change taking place when one mole of
the substance changes from solid state to liquid state at its melting point
∆Sf = ∆Hf / Tf
Entropy of vaporisation:
∆Sv = ∆Hv/ Tv
Entropy:
Question 01: A thermal energy source at 800K loses 2000KJ heat to a sink at
(a) 500K, (b) 750K
- Determine which heat transfer process is more irreversible.
Entropy:
Question 02: A thermal energy source at 800K loses 2000KJ heat to a sink at
(a) 500K, (b) 750K
- Determine which heat transfer process is more irreversible.
(a) ∆S source = -2000/800= -2.5KJ/K

∆S sink = +2000/500 = +4KJ/K
∆S total+ -2.5 +4= +1.5 KJ/K
(b) ∆S source = -2000/800= -2.5KJ/K

∆S sink = +2000/750 = +2.7KJ/K
∆S total+ -2.5 +2.7= +0.2KJ/K
∆S(a) > ∆S(b)

Process (a) is more irreversible
Entropy:
Question 02: Calculate the entropy change for vaporisation of water. Given
enthalpy change for liquid water to steam at 100 degree Celsius is
40.8KJ/ mol.
Entropy:
Question 01: Calculate the entropy change for vaporisation of water. Given
enthalpy change for liquid water to steam at 100 degree Celsius is
40.8KJ/ mol.
∆Sv = ∆Hv/ Tv
Q= 40.8 x 10^3 J/mol
t0C = Tk – 273.15
T= 100+273. 15= 373.15
∆S = 40.8 x 10^3 / 373.15
Entropy:
Question 03: Calculate the change in entropy for fusion of 1 mol of ice.
The melting point of ice is 273K and molar enthalpy for ice =6.0KJ/ mol
Entropy:
Question 03: Calculate the change in entropy for fusion of 1 mol of ice. The
melting point of ice is 273K and molar enthalpy for ice =6.0KJ/ mol
∆Sf = ∆Hf / Tf
Q= 6 x 10^3 J/mol t0C = Tk – 273.15
T= 273. 15= 273 Tk = t0C +273.15
∆S =21.98J/K/mol
Tk = t0C +273
Second law of thermodynamics :
During any spontaneous process, the total

entropy change for a system and its surroundings
is positive.
The entropy of the universe always increases in

the course of every spontaneous change.
The entropy criterion can be summed up as follows:
∆S total > 0 ; Process is spontaneous

∆S total =0 ; Equilibrium state
∆S total < 0 ; Process is non-spontaneous
Vapour Compression cycle principles :
1.

2.
If Surrounding temperature less than

the boiling point of the liquid, liquid
will continue in liquid state only. If
Surrounding temperature more than
the boiling point of the liquid, liquid
will change to vapour form.
3.


END OF THE MODULE
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SEMESTER 07

HEATING VENTILATION AND AIR CONDITIONING

Thermodynamics is the branch of physical science that deals with the

- Thermodynamics is the branch of science that deals with

- Amount of heat ( or work) transfer taking place while arriving at

- Aim of thermodynamics is to convert disorganised from of

- It is a fixed mass or region in a space ( control volume ) where our

Pressure, temperature, volume, density, etc which describes

Extensive properties Intensive properties

eg: density, temperature , pressure etc

Process: Change in state is called process

Cycle: When a thermodynamic system changes from one state to another, it is

Zeroth law of thermodynamics:

If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, separately,

Consider 3 systems A, B and C.

When body A is in thermal equilibrium with a body B, and also separately

- Using zeroth law of thermodynamics the equality of

Let a reference system known as thermometer be brought in contact

When two bodies of different temperatures are brought into

A system is said to be in a state of thermodynamic equilibrium when no

A state of a physical system in which it is in mechanical, chemical, and

Mechanical equilibrium : No unbalanced forces within the system.

Thermal equilibrium : No variation of temperature within the system.

Chemical equilibrium : No chemical reaction within the system.

A system which is in mechanical, thermal and chemical equilibrium is said to

It is the sense of hotness or coldness of a body when we touch

Temperature of a system is an intensive property that

To calculate temperature in Celsius scale, when given in

To calculate temperature in Celsius scale, when given in Kelvin

First law of thermodynamics:

First law is a theorem of conservation of energy.

For a system operating in a cycle,

- If a system undergoes a change of state during which both

- If Q is the amount of heat transferred to the system and W is

Different forms of energy:

Thermodynamics is the science of energy transfer and its effect on

Energy is the capacity to do work

- Work and heat interactions are the forms of energy in transit.

- Observed at the boundaries of a system

- They are not properties of a system

- They are path functions.

Two modes in which energy can be stored in a system

Macroscopic energy mode

Macroscopic and Microscopic Approach

By considering gross behaviour of matter (Macroscopic

By considering behaviour of individual molecules of the

Concerned with the effect of many molecules together

- These effects can be perceived by human senses and can be

- Popularly known as classical Thermodynamics

-Matter is considered to be composed of molecules and the

- We are concerned with events happening at the molecular

- Due to the availability of large amount of data available for

- Also known as statistical Thermodynamics.

Macroscopic Approach Microscopic Approach

Two modes in which energy can be stored in a system

Macroscopic energy mode

- Macroscopic energy mode includes Macroscopic KE + PE of a system

- Other forms of energy (Macroscopic) which can also be possessed by a

Microscopic energy mode

- Microscopic energy mode refers to the energy stored in the

- Molecules are in random thermal motion – constantly

-Molecules can have translational kinetic energy, rotational

In engineering thermodynamics, the concern is with Potential Energy