UNIT-II TRANSFORMER

PART – A (2 MARKS)
1. Distinguish between core and shell type transformer.

S.No Core type trans ormer Shell type transformer

1. In this type transformer has both In this type transformer winding
side winding of the core, which installed in mid arm of the core. Simply
means it has both arm winding. it is installed in mid-point of the core.

2. In this type transformer has only one In this type transformer has two path
path of the magnetic circuit or it has of the magnetic circuit or it has two
one path two flow of flux. flux path
3. In this type transformer has similar In this type transformer has different
core side area. Its core side is similar area of core side. Its core side area is
than shell type transformer. It is half dissimilar.
than shell type transformer.
4. It has two arm of core or its core has It has three core arms or it has three
two core arms. arms of core.
2. What is an ideal transformer and how does it differ from a practical transformer?
 An ideal transformer is an imaginary transformer which does not have any loss in it, means
no core losses, copper losses and any other losses in transformer.
 Efficiency of this transformer is considered as 100%. Ideal transformer cannot possible
physically. But it gives powerful tool in the analysis of a practical transformer. Properties of
ideal and practical transformer is very close each other.
3. Define Regulation in a transformer.
 The regulation is defined as change in the magnitude of the secondary terminal voltage,
when full load i.e. rated load of specified power factor supplied at rated voltage is reduced
to no load, with primary voltage maintained constant expressed as the percentage of the
rated terminal voltage.

4. List out any four general applications of transformer.

Applications
 Electrical power engineering for transmission and distribution
 As an instrument transformer for measuring current (C.T) and
 measuring Voltage(P.T)
 As step down and step up transformer to get reduced or increased output voltage.
 Radio and TV circuits, Telephone circuits, Control & instrumentation circuits.

5. Draw the no load phasor diagram of a transformer.

6. What do you mean by step down transformer?

A step down transformer has less turns on the secondary coil that the primary coils. The
induced voltage across the secondary coil is less the applied voltage across the primary coil or
in other words the voltage is “stepped-down”.
7. What is prime mover?
The basic source of mechanical power which drives the armature of the generator is called
prime mover.
8. Write down the e.m.f equation of a transformer.
The emf equation of a transformer is,𝐸1 =4.44fФ𝑚 𝑁1 volts and𝐸2 =4.44fФ𝑚 𝑁2 volts
where f is frequency, Ф𝑚 is the maximum value of the flux in the core, 𝑁1 &𝑁2 is the
primary and secondary number of turns respectively.
where
E1=Primary voltage(V)
E2=Secondary voltage (V)
f=Frequency(Hz)
Ф𝑚 = Maximum flux(wb)
9. Define voltage transformation ratio of transformer
The ratio of the secondary voltage to the primary voltage of a transformer is called its
voltage transformation ratio. It is equal to the ratio of secondary number of turns to the
primary number of turns.

10. What are the conditions for maximum efficiency and zero regulation of a
 transformer?
The maximum efficiency occurs when, 𝑃𝑖= 𝐼2 2 𝑅2𝑒 = 𝑃𝑐𝑢
i.e. Copper losses=Iron losses,,
The leading power factor at which a transformer gives zero voltage regulation is,
𝑉
cos 𝜑 = cos {tan−1 [𝑉𝑅 ] }
𝑋
11. Why transformers are rated in kVA.
 Copper loss of a transformer depends on current and iron loss on voltage.
 Hence total losses depend on Volt-Ampere and not on the power factor.
 That is why the rating of transformer are in Kva and not in Kw.
12. What are the typical uses of auto transformer?
The typical uses of auto transformer:
 To give small boost to a distribution cable to correct for the voltage drop.
 As induction motor starters.

13. What is core loss?

 When a magnetic material undergoes cyclic magnetization, two kinds of power losses
occur on it.
 Hysteresis and eddy current loss which together are known as core loss.
14. Define all day efficiency of a transformer.
 Ratio of total energy output to total energy input (output+ losses) over a day is calculated.
 Such ratio is called energy efficiency or all day efficiency of a transformer.
15. Give the principle of transformer.
 The main principle of operation of a transformer is mutual inductance between two
circuits which is linked by a common magnetic flux. A basic transformer consists of two
coils that are electrically separate and inductive, but are magnetically linked through a
path of reluctance.
16. Which equivalent circuit parameters can be determined from the open circuit test
on a transformer?
 From the open circuit test the exciting branch parameters can be obtained which includes
resistance R o indicating core loss component and no load inductances Xo indicating
magnetizing reactance.
17. Give the difference in connection between OC &SC tests for transformer.
 In OC test, one winding is kept open and rated voltage is given to the other winding.
 While in SC test, one winding is shorted and the voltage is applied to the other
winding till the rated current flows through the short circuit winding.
 18. Why is the core of transformer laminated?
 The eddy current losses are reduced using the laminated construction. The path of the eddy
currents is broken due to the insulating sheets present between the laminations.
 This prevents the flow of eddy currents through the core and reduces the eddy current
losses.
19. When will a Bucholz relay operate in a transformer?
 Bucholz relay is a protective device in a transformer.
 If the temperature of the coil exceeds its limit,Bucholz relay operates and gives
an alarm.

20. Define leakage inductance.

 Inductance offered by the winding due to the leakage flux associated with it is called
leakage inductance.
 It is the ratio of leakage flux linkages with the winding to the current passing through the
winding.
PART – B
1. A 1100/110 V, 22kVA single phase transformer has primary resistance and reactance 2Ω and 5 Ω
respectively. The secondary resistance and reactance are 0.02 Ω and 0.045Ω respectively. Calculate
(1)Equivalent resistance and reactance of secondary referred to primary
(2)Total resistance and reactance of primary referred to secondary.
(3)Equivalent resistance and reactance of primary referred to secondary.
(4)Total resistance and reactance referred to secondary.
(5) (5) Total copper loss. (16)
2. With neat figures, discuss the open circuit and short circuit tests on transformer,
and their purpose. (16)
3. Explain ideal transformer with neat diagram. (16)
4. Explain the construction and principle of operation of three phase transformer with neat
diagrams. (16)
5. Develop equivalent circuit of 1-phase two winding transformer and hence obtain the
total Equivalent parameters referred to primary.
OC test: 220V, 1A, 70W on LV side,
SC test: 20V, 12A, 100W on HV side.
Obtain and draw the Equivalent circuit parameters of the transformer referred to LV side. (16)
6. Explain the working of Auto transformer with neat diagram. (16)
7. A 400 KVA transformer has a primary winding resistance of 0.5 ohm and a secondary winding
resistance of 0.001 ohm. The iron loss is 2.5 kW and the primary and secondary voltages are
5kV and 320 V respectively. If the power factor of the load is 0.85, determine the efficiency of
the transformer
(i) on full load, and
 (ii) on half load. (16)
8. Explain the construction of a single phase transformer. (16)
9. Explain the behavior of single phase transformer on loaded conditions. (16)
10. A single phase transformer with a ratio of 6.6kV / 415 V takes a no-load current of 0.75A at
0.22 p.f. If the secondary supplies a current of 120A at 0.8p.f. Calculate the total current taken
by the primary. (16)
11. A 1-phase transformer is rated at 10 KVA, 50 Hz. The secondary rated voltage is 240 V and
the turn’s ratio is 10. The resistance and leakage reactant as referred to primary are 8.4 and
13.7 respectively. Find voltage regulation at full-load and power factors of 0.8 lagging, 0.8
leading and unity. (16)
12. Explain the operation of the transformer on load condition and draw the phasor diagram for
lagging power factor. (16)
13. Explain open circuit and short circuit test on a single phase transformer. Deduce its equivalent
circuit. (16)
14.14. A 1100/110 V, 22kVA single phase transformer has primary resistance and reactance 2Ω and 5
Ω respectively. The secondary resistance and reactance are 0.02 Ω and 0.045Ω respectively.
Calculate
(1)Equivalent resistance and reactance of secondary referred to primary
(2)Total resistance and reactance of primary referred to secondary.
(3)Equivalent resistance and reactance of primary referred to secondary.
(4)Total resistance and reactance referred to secondary.
(5)Total copper loss. (16)
15. Develop equivalent circuit of 1-phase two winding transformer and hence obtain the total
equivalent parameters referred to primary.
OC test: 220V, 1A, 70W on LV side, SC test: 20V, 12A, 100W on HV side .Obtain and draw
the equivalent circuit parameters of the transformer referred to LV side. (16)