“‘Be,’ and it

“‘
is” ‫فييينكوُنن نكنن‬

Introduction of Physics

Q: What is Science? Define its main Branches.

Ans: The word science derived from the Latin word Scientia, that means to know.
– Science is the knowledge that is obtained from the experiments and observations.
Science is subdivided in two main branches:
i) Physical science
ii)Biological science
Physical science: it is the study of non-living things.
This branch of science is further divided into many branches.
i.e. Physics, Chemistry, Geology, Astrology, Astronomy etc.

Biological science: It is the study of living things.

This branch of science is further divided into many branches.
i.e. Zoology Botany etc.
Q: What is physics?
Ans: The word physics is taken from the Greek word Phusis or Physikos that means
nature, this word was introduced by the ancient scientist Aristotle in the year 350 B.C.
– It is the study of matter and energy and the interaction between them.
– It is the science that is based on experimental observations and measurements of natural
phenomena.

MCQS-1
1. The word Science is taken from ____ c) Both (a) & (b) d) N.O.T
language: 6. Physical Science can be defined as
a) Greek b) Latin the study of:
a) Living things b) Non-living
c) Arabic d) Sindhi things
2. The word Science comes from a verb c) Both (a) & (b) d) N.O.T
“Scientia” meaning _____. 7. Physics is the one of the branches of
a) Nature b) to, know a) Physical Science b)
c) to, think d) N.O.T Biological science
3. ______is the knowledge obtained c) Both (a) & (b) d) N.O.T
from the observation and 8. The word Physics comes a Greek
experiments. verb “Physikos” meaning __________.
a) Science b) Chemistry a) Nature b) to know
c) Both (a) & (b) d) Physics c) To think d) N.O.T
4. Science is sub divided into : 9. Physics can be defined as the study
a) Biological Science b) Physical of:
Science a) Matter b) Energy
c) Both (a) & (b) d) N.O.T c) Both (a) & (b) d) N.O.T
5. Biological Science can be defined as 10. _____is based on experimental
the study of: observations and quantitative
a) Living things b) Non-living measurements.
things a) Science b) Chemistry
c) Both (a) & (b) d) Physics
History of physics
Q: Write about History of Physics.
Ans: The history of physics is old as the history of mankind.
– The first book on physics named as Phusis written by the Greek Philosopher Aristotle.
– The Chinese for the first time manufactured paper (papytue).
– Egyptian used to measure the flood in the river Nile.
– The people of Euphrates and Tigris valleys were aware of calendars and had the
knowledge of geometry.
– The people of Indus valley or Indians were the pioneers of the decimal system.
– Johanne Kepler (1571-1630) presented Kepler’s three law of planetary motion.
– Law of inertia given by Galileo-Galilei.
– Al- Battani made calculations in connection with solar system, change in season, eclipses
of moon and sun.
– Archimedes gave law of floatation (buoyancy), and also invented lever and screw.
– Al- Khawarizmi was founder of Analytical Algebra and wrote a book “Hisabul-Jubr-
wal-Muqabla” on Algebra. He also invented the term logarithm (algorithm).
– Bertrand Russel remarked that, “Omer Khayyam is the only man Known to me who was
both a poet and mathematician”.
– Ibn-al-Haitham was a great physicist of the Islamic world, also known as father of
modern optics. He wrote book named “Kitab-ul-Manazir” on optics (light). He
developed the laws of reflection and refraction. He constructed the pinhole camera.
– Al-Razi wrote about 200 original monographs, half of which pertained to medicine.
– Abu-Rehan Al- Beruni wrote the book named as “Kitab-ul-Qanoon-ul-Masoodi” is
considered as Encyclopedia of astronomy.
– Ibn-e-Sina discovered the use of catheters. He invented silver syringe. He wrote two books
named as Al-Shifa an encyclopedia of philosophy and Al-Qanun-Fil-Tib (Qanoon) on
Medicine.
– George Stephenson invented heat engine.
– Electron was discovered by J.J .Thomson.
– Proton was discovered by Gold Stein.
– Neutron was discovered James Chadwick.
– Nucleus of atom was discovered by Rutherford.
– Wave theory of light was purposed by Huygens.
– Corpuscular theory of light was purposed by I. Newton.
– X-rays was invented by W. Roentgen.
– Radioactivity was discovered by H. Becquerel.
– Three laws of motion were given by I. Newton.
– Law universal Gravitation was given by I. Newton.
MCQS-2
1. Who manufactured paper for the first c) heat engine d) Chemistry
time? 4. Who were the pioneers of decimal
a) Romans b) Indians system?
c) Egyptians d) Chinese a) Romans b) Indians
2. _____ used to measure the flood level c) Egyptians d) Chinese
in the river Nile. 5. ………. Made calculations in
a) Romans b) India connection with solar system,
c) Egyptians d) Chinese change in seasons, eclipses of moon
3. The people of Euphrates and Tigris and sun.
valleys were aware of _____. a) Al Battani b) Al Razi
a) Calendars b) Decimal c) Bertrand Russell d) I. Newton
System
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6. Who remarked that Omer Khayyam is c) Ibn-e-Sina d) Al Razi
the only man known to me who was 18. Kitab Al Qanoon Fil-Tib was a
both a poet and mathematician? book on
a) Al Battani b) Al Razi a) Astronomy b) Philosophy
c) Bertrand Russell d) I. Newton c) Medicine d) Light
7. Who wrote 200 monographs, half of 19. The Author of Al-Qanoon Fil-Tib
which pertained to medicine? was:
a) Al Battani b) Al Razi a) Ibn –al- Haitham b) Al Beruni
c) Bertrand Russell d) I. Newton c) Ibn-e-Sina d) Al Razi
8. George Stephenson invent ……. 20. The circumference of the Earth is
a) Calendars b) Decimal calculated by………
System a) Ibn –al- Haitham b) Al- Beruni
c) heat engine d) Chemistry c) Ibn-e-Sina d) Al Razi
9. Which one of the following book was 21. The Famous Book of Astronomy
written by Ibn-Al- Haitham? ‘Kitab-al-Qanoon Al Masoodi’ was
a )Kitab –al-Manazir b) Al- Shifa written by
c) Al-Qanoon d) N.O.T- a) Ibn –al- Haitham b) Al- Beruni
10. Law of Reflection and Reflection c) Ibn-e-Sina d) Al Razi
are given by: 22. Who gives principle of buoyancy
a) Al Razi b) Al Beruni (Floatation)
c) Ibn-e-Sina d) Ibn –al- a) Galileo Galleli b) J. Stephenson
Haitham c) Archimedes d) John Dalton
11. Who is known as father of 23. Screw & lever were invented by
modern optics? a) Al Beruni b) Ibn-e-Sina
a) Al Razi b) Al Beruni c) Ibn –al- Haitham d) Archimedes
c) Ibn-e-Sina d) Ibn –al- 24. Which of the following is
Haitham Pakistani Scientist?
12. _____ was the first to explain that a) Al Beruni b) Ibn-e-Sina
vision occurs when light reflects c) Abdus Salam d) Archimedes
from an object and then passes to 25. Dr. Abdus Salaam was awarded
ours eyes. noble Prize for his work on.
a) Al Razi b) Al Beruni a) GUT b) Motion
c) Ibn-e-Sina d) Ibn –al- c) Optics d) Wave
Haitham 26. The first book on analytical
13. Kitab- al – Manazir is written on Algebra“Hisab-ul-jabrwal-Moqabla”
_____. was written by:
a) astronomy b) Philosophy a) Ibn –al- Haitham b) Al-Khwarizmi
c) Al Kindi d) Ibn-e-Sina
c) Light d) medicine 27. Al-Khwarizmi invented the term
14. Pinhole Camera was designed by …..
a) Archimedes b) Al Beruni a) Logarithm b) trigonometry
c) Ibn-e-Sina d) Ibn –al- c) Geometry d) set
Haitham 28. The famous Mathematical and
15. Who invented the silver syringe? the Founder of algebra was……….
a) Ibn –al- Haitham b) Al Beruni a)Al-Khwarizmi b) Ibn-e-sina
c) Ibn-e-Sina d) Al Razi c) Jabir- Bin- Hayan d) Yaqoob-ul-kindi
16. Al Shifa was a book on 29. Who gave the theory of
a) Astronomy b) Philosophy relativity?
c) Medicine d) Light a) Bohar b) Einstein
17. The Author of the book Al Shifa c) Roentgen d) Crooks
was: 30. Who gave law of inertia
a) Ibn –al- Haitham b) Al Beruni a) Sir. I. Newton b) Albert Einstein

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c) Galileo Galleli d) Pascal 34. Phenomena of Radioactivity are
31. Who among the following proposed by_____.
discovered X-rays? a) H. Becquerel b) Einstein
a) Marie Curie b) Einstein c) Roentgen d) Crooks
c) W. C Roentgen d) W. Crooks 35. Who made nuclear power to
32. Who among the following is the Pakistan?
credited for the Corpuscular theory? a) Dr. Abdul Qadeer b) Ibn-e-Sina
a) Sir. I. Newton b) Pythagoras c) Abdus Salam d) Archimedes
c) Galileo d) J. Kepler 36. Law of Planetary Motion was
33. Nucleus of an atom is discovered presented by :
by_____. (a) Newton b) Pythagoras
a) Bohar b) Einstein c) Galileo d) J. Kepler
c) Rutherford d) Crooks
Branches of Physics

Q: Define the branches of physics.

Ans: There are two main branches of physics:
i) Classical physics
ii)Modern physics

Classical physics or Newtonian physics

– Classical physics took form when Newton developed his theory of gravity and the
mathematics we commonly known as calculus.
– Refers to the traditional forces that were recognized and developed before the beginning of
the 20th century.
– Newtonian physics were three dimensional: width, height and depth.
– Physics that is based on Newton's laws of motion and does not make use of quantum
mechanics and the theory of relativity.
Branches related with Classical physics:
1. Mechanics is concerned with motion of bodies with or without the influence of force.
It is divided into statics, kinematics and dynamics.

– Statics: Study of bodies at rest.

– Kinematics: Study of motion of bodies without regard to its causes.
– Dynamics: Study of motion and the forces that affect it.

2. Thermodynamics is study of the laws governing the transformation of heat energy to and
from other forms of energy.
– It describes how thermal energy is converted to and from other forms of energy and how it
affects matter.
3. Electromagnetism An electric current gives rise to a magnetic field and a changing
magnetic field induces an electric current.
– The branch of physics that deals with electricity and magnetism.
4. Acoustics It concerned with the production, control, transmission, reception, and effects of
sound.
– The term is derived from the Greek akoustos, meaning “hearing.”
5. Optics is the study of light, is concerned not only with visible light but also with infrared
and ultraviolet radiation, which exhibit all of the phenomena of visible light except visibility,
e.g., reflection, refraction, interference, diffraction, dispersion, and polarization of light.

Optics is divided into two categories:

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– Physical optics: It deals with the production, nature and properties of light.
– Geometrical optics: It deals with the reflection and refraction of light as encountered in
the study of mirrors and lenses.
6. Electrostatics deals with electric charges at rest and their effect.
7. Electrodynamics deals with moving electric charges and their effects.
8. Hydrodynamics deals with the motion of fluids and the forces acting on solid
bodies immersed in fluids and in motion relative to them.

Modern Physics
– Modern physics is a branch of physics in which matter and energy are not separate, but
instead are alternate forms of one another.
– Modern physics refers those developments which are after the 20 th century.
– It deals with Space (width, height and depth) and time.

Branches related with modern physics

1. Atomic Physics is concerned with the structure and properties of the fundamental
particles of atoms.
2. Nuclear Physics is the study of the reactions, structure, and behavior of the nucleus in
the atom.
3. Quantum Physics is the study of the discrete nature of phenomena at the atomic and
subatomic levels.
4. Solid State Physics is the study of structure and all properties of solid materials.
5. Plasma Physics is concerned with the properties of highly ionized particles.

MCQS-3
1. The branch of physics deals with the 6. The branch of physics deals with the
study of production and propagation study of motion of bodies in air:
and properties of Sound: a) Optics b) Aerodynamics
a) Optics b) Acoustics c) Heat d) Medical Physics
c) Astro Physics d) Bio 7. The branch of physics deals with the
Physics study of motion of bodies in water:
2. The branch of physics deals with the a) Optics b) Acoustics
study of highly ionized particles: c) Hydrodynamics d) Bio Physics
a) Nuclear physics b) Acoustics 8. The branch of physics deals with the
c) Plasma Physics d) Bio Physics study of properties of matter
3. The branch of physics deals with the specially solid states:
study of electric Charges at rest: a) Optics b) Acoustics
a) Optics b) Solid state c) thermal Physics d) Solid State Physics
physics 9. The branch of physics deals with the
c) Astro Physics d) Electrostatics study of nucleus of atom and reaction
4. The branch of physics deals with the with nucleus:
study of electric Charges at motion: a) Optics b) Acoustics
a) Classical physics b) Electrodynamics c) Nuclear Physics d) Bio Physics
c) Electricity d) Both (b) & (c) 10. The branch of physics deals with
5. The branch of physics deals with the the study of atom and its
study of motion of bodies with or fundamental particles:
without influence of force: a) Molecular Physics b) Acoustics
a) Mechanics b) Acoustics c) Atomic Physics d) Both (a) & (c)
c) Astro Physics d) Bio Physics

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11. The branch of physics deals with c) Astro Physics d) Bio Physics
the study of physical methods and 16. The branch of physics deals with
techniques related with life: the study of application , geometry
a) Bio Physics b) Medical Physics and instruments of light:
c) Astro Physics d) Both (a) & (b) a) Physical Optics b) Geometrical
12. The branch of physics deals with Optics
the study of stars and galaxies: c) Astro Physics d) Bio Physics
a) Optics b) Acoustics 17. The branch of physics deals with
c) Astro Physics d) Bio Physics the study of low voltage and low
13. The branch of physics deals with current devices:
the study of relation with electricity a) Physical Optics b) Geometrical
and magnetism: Optics
a) Optics b) Acoustics c) Electronics d) Bio Physics
c) Electromagnetism d) Bio Physics 18. The branch of physics deals with
14. The branch of physics deals with the study of conversion of heat into
the study of light: and from others form of energy:
a) Optics b) Acoustics a) Physical Optics b) Geometrical
c) Astrophysics d) Bio Physics Optics
15. The branch of physics deals with c) Astro Physics d)
the study of properties of light: Thermodynamics
a) Physical Optics b) Geometrical
Optics

Measurement

Q: What are the physical quantities? Define types of physical quantities.

Ans: Those quantities which can be compared and measured.
i.e length, mass, time, pressure, temperature, electric current, force etc

Representation of physical quantity:

– A physical quantity is represented completely by its magnitude and unit.
– For example, 10 meter means a length which is ten times the unit of length. Here 10
represent the numerical value of the given quantity and meter represents the unit of
quantity under consideration. Thus in expressing a physical quantity we choose a unit and
then find that how many times that unit is contained in the given physical quantity, i.e.
Physical quantity (Q) = Magnitude × Unit = n × u
– Where, n represents the numerical value and u represents the unit. Thus while
expressing definite amount of physical quantity, it is clear that as the unit (u) changes, the
magnitude (n) will also change but product ‘nu’ will remain same. e.g., acceleration due to
gravity, g = 32 ft/s2 = 9.8 m/s2
– Magnitude of a physical quantity and units are inversely proportional to each other .Larger
the unit, smaller will be the magnitude.

Physical quantities are divided into two types:

i. Fundamental Quantities
ii. Derived quantities

1. Fundamental Quantity is any physical quantity which has own definition and explanation
and independent of other quantity.
– Initially, only these fundamental quantities – length, mass and time were considered.
– With the development of science, four more physical quantities were added these are
temperature, electric current, luminous intensity and amount of substance.
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2. Derived quantity is any quantity which is obtained from fundamental quantity.
i.e speed, acceleration, force, density etc.

Q: What are physical units? And define its types.

Ans: Physical Units: The reference standard used for the measurement of a physical
quantity is called the unit of that physical quantity.

There are two types of physical units:

i. Fundamental units: The units used to measure fundamental quantities are called
fundamental units.
ii. Derived units: The units of derived quantities which depend on fundamental units for
their measurements are called derived units.

Q: What is system of units? Explain different types of systems of units.

Ans: System of units
– Units are classified as fundamental units and derived units. In 1832, Gauss had suggested
to select any three physical quantities as fundamental quantities. Accordingly, many
systems of units came into existence.
– The whole set of units i.e., all the basic and derived units taken together forms a system of
units.

System of units is classified mainly into four types:

Following system of units are applicable in only Mechanics.
i. CGS system
ii. MKSA System
iii. FPS System
iv. SI system of units is applicable to the whole of physics.

C.G.S. system:
– The system is also called Gaussian system of units.
– It stands for Centimeter-Gram-Second system.
– In this system, fundamental quantities i.e., length, mass and time are measured in
centimeter, gram and second respectively.
– It is an old French metric system of unit.
– In this force has derived unit called as dyne.
M.K.S. system:
– The system is also called Giorgio system.
– It stands for Meter-Kilogram-Second system.
– In this system, fundamental quantities i.e. length, mass and time are measured in metre,
kilogram and second respectively.
– It is a French metric system of unit.
– In this system force has derived unit called as newton
F.P.S. system:
– The system is also called British Engineering system or costmary system.
– It stands for Foot-Pound-Second system.
– In this system, length, mass and time are measured in foot, pound and second respectively.
– In this system mass has derived unit called as slug.
– It is a British imperial system.
S.I. system:
– In October 1960, at the Eleventh International General Conference of weights and
measures in Paris, a common system of units was accepted.
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– This system of units called “Systeme Internationale d Units” is the modern metric system of
unit measurement. It is abbreviated as S.I. units.
– S.I. units consist of seven fundamental units, two supplementary units and a large number
of derived units.
– Nowadays, S.I. system has replaced all the other systems of units and is greatly used to
exchange scientific data between different parts of the world.

Physical quantity Unit Symb

ol

Fundamental
Quantities

Length Meter M

Mass Kilogram Kg

Time Second S

Electric current Ampere A

Temperature Kelvin K

Luminous intensity Candela Cd

Amount of substance Mole Mol

Supplementary
Units
Radian Rad
Plane angle
Stredian Sr
Solid Angle

Following conventions should be followed while writing units of physical

quantities:
i. For a unit derived from the name of a person, the symbol or first letter of the symbol is a
capital letter. For example, N for newton, J for joule, W for watt, Hz for hertz. Symbols of
the other units are not written with capital initial letter.
ii. Unit names, including units named after a person are written in lower – case. Example: unit
of force is written as newton and not as Newton; unit of power is written as watt and not as
Watt, symbol for meter is ‘m’, for second is ‘s’, for kilogram is ‘kg’
iii.Symbols of units are not to be expressed in plural form. For example, 10 meters is written
as 10 m and not as 10 ms. This is because, 10 ms, means 10 millisecond. The unit is
always written in singular form, e.g., foot not feet.
iv. No punctuation marks are used after unit, e.g., sec not sees.

Definition of some important SI units

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1) Meter: A meter is equal to 1650763.73 times the wavelength of the light emitted in
vacuum due to electronic transition from 2p 10 state to 5d5 state in Krypton-86. But in 1983,
17th General Assembly of weights and measures adopted a new definition for the meter in
terms of velocity of light. According to this definition, a meter is defined as the distance
traveled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299, 792, 458 of a second.
2) Kilogram: The mass of a cylinder of platinum-iridium alloy kept in the International Bureau
of weights and measures preserved at Serves near Paris is called one kilogram.
3) Second: A second is the duration of 9192631770 periods of radiation corresponding to the
transitions between two hyperfine levels of the ground state of cesium-133 atom.
4) Ampere is the current which, if maintained in two straight parallel conductors of infinite
length, of negligible circular cross section, and placed 1 meter apart in vacuum would
produce between the conductors a force equal to 2 * 10 -7 newton per meter of length.
5) Candela is the luminous intensity, in the perpendicular of a surface 1/600000 square
metre of a black body at the temperature of freezing platinum under a pressure of 101325
newton per square metre.
6) Kelvin, the unit of thermodynamics, is 1/273.16 of the thermodynamics temperature of the
triple point of water.
7) Mole is the amount of substance of a system which contains as many elementary entities
as there re atoms in 0.012 kilogram of carbon-12.
8) Radian: The angle made by an arc of the circle equivalent to its radius at the center is
known as radian. 1 radian = 57o17l45ll.
9) Steradian: The angle subtended at the center by one square meter area of the surface of
a sphere of radius one meter is known as steradian.

MCQS-4
1. To measure physical quantity is called 7. A standard in the form of which a
a) Experiment b) Measurement physical quantity is to be measured is
c) Observation d) hypothesis known as____.
2. ____is quantity which can be measure a) Physical Units b) Chemical Units
and compared. c) Supplementary Units d) N.O.T
a) Chemical Quantity b) Neutral Quantity 8. The units of fundamental quantities
c) Physical quantity d) Biological are called ………..units.
Quantity a) Fundamental b) derived
3. Physical quantity is divided into: c) Supplementary d) N.O.T
a) Fundamental quantity b) Derived Quantity 9. The units of derived quintiles are
c) both (a) & (b) d) chemical quantity known as_____ units
4. Any physical quantity which has own a) Fundamental b) derived
definition and explanation and c) Supplementary d) Basic
independent of other quantity is 10. System of units is the set of ……..
known as a) Fundamental Units b) Derived units
a) Fundamental Quantity b) derived quantity c) Both (a) & (b) d) N.O.T
c) Supplementary Quantity d) N.O.T 11. Number of systems of units are:
5. Any quantity which is obtained from a) 1 b) 2
fundamental quantity is called as: c) 3 d) 4
a) Fundamental Quantity b) derived quantity 12. _____system of units is applicable to
c) Supplementary Quantity d) N.O.T the whole of physics.
6. Basically _____ are fundamental a) SI b) MKS
quantity c) CGS d) FPS
a) Length b) mass 13. Which of the system of units is /
c) Time d) A.O.T are applicable in Mechanics.
a) MKS b) CGS
c) FPS d) A.O.T
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14. A in CGS the fundamental units of 26. Candela is the unit of :
length, mass and time are ______ a) Electric intensity b) luminous
respectively: intensity
a) centimeter, kilogram, second c) Electric current d) temperature
b) centimeter, gram, second 27. kelvin is the unit of :
c) meter, kilogram, second a) Electric intensity b) luminous
d) meter, gram, second intensity
15. In CGS system ….. has derived unit c) Electric current d) temperature
a) Force b) mass 28. ampere is the unit of :
c) Length d) Time a) Electric intensity b) luminous
16. In CGS system the unit of force is: intensity
a) Slug b) dyne c) Electric current d) temperature
c) newton d) ampere 29. Mole is the unit of :
17. A in FPS the fundamental units of a) Amount of Substance b) Electric Current
length, force and time are ______ c) Luminous Intensity d) temperature
respectively: 30. Meter per second (m/s) is the unit
a) centimeter, kilogram, second of
b) foot, pound, second a) Velocity b) speed
c) meter, kilogram, second c) angular velocity d) both (a) & (b)
d) meter, gram, second 31. Meter is the unit of _____.
18. FPS system is also called: a) Distance b) displacement
a) BE system b) Customary c) radius d) A.O.T
System 32. The unit of acceleration is same as
c) both (a) & (b) d) N.O.T unit of_____.
19. In FPS system ….. has derived unit: a) Velocity b) gravity
a) Force b) mass c) angular velocity d) both (a) & (b)
c) Length d) Time 33. The unit of momentum is_____.
20. In FPS system the unit of mass is a) N.m b) N.s
a) Slug b) dyne c) Kg.m/s d) Both (b) & (c)
c) newton d) ampere 34. Erg is the unit of :
21. A in MKSA the fundamental units of a) Force b) Energy
length, mass, time and electric current c) Momentum d) Mass
are ______ respectively: 35. Which of the following quantity is
a) centimeter, kilogram, second, kelvin unit less :
b) centimeter, gram, second, a) Specific Gravity b) strain
coulomb c) co-efficient of friction d) A.O.T
c) meter, kilogram, second, ampere 36. The Unit of PV equivalent to
d) meter, gram, second, newton _________: where P is pressure and V is
22. In MKSA system ….. is derived volume is :
quantity. a) Joule b) N.s
a) Force b) mass c) N.m2 d) N/m
c) Length d) Time 37. The unit of solid angle is :
23. In MKSA system the unit of force is a) stredian b) radian
a) Slug b) dyne c) Hertz d) Diopters
c) newton d) ampere 38. The unit of plane angle is :
24. Number of base SI units are : a) stredian b) radian
a) 4 b) 7 c) Hertz d) Diopters
c) 3 d) 5 39. Which of the following is/ are the
25. Which of following is not a unit of length
fundamental unit in S.I system : a) Fermi b) Angstrom
a) Kelvin b) mole c) micron d) A.O.T
c) candela d) coulomb

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 2
40. If x=a+ bt +ct where x is in meter a) Kg∙ m 2 /s 3 b) kg m/ s2
and t in second, what is the unit of c? c) Kg∙ m 2 / s 2 d) Kg/m s2
a) m / s 2 b) m/s 54. The unit having no dimensions is
c) newton d) Joule known as _____units
41. Light year is a unit of: a) Fundamental b) Derived
a) Time b) mass c) Supplementary d) N.O.T
c) Distance d) Energy 55. Which of the following has not
42. The unit of Planck's constant is: been expressed in proper units?
a) Joule b) Joule/s a) momentum = Kg∙ m/s b) power =
c) Joule/m d) Joule .s Kg∙ m 2 /s 3
43. Kg. m/sec is equivalent to : c) power = Kg∙ m 2 /s d) pressure =
a) N/s b) J.m 2
c) N.s d) N.m Kg/m∙ s
56. Unit of density in SI is:
44. The unit of energy is same as the unit
of a) Kg/m 3 b) pascal
3
a) Power b) momentum c) m/kg d) A.O.T
c) work d) force 57. Which of the following system of
45. The unit of force is ____and its unit is not based on only units of mass
symbol is ____which is the correct pair? length and time?
a) Newton, n b) Newton, N a) SI b) MKS
c) newton, n d) newton, N c) CGS d) FPS
46. Which one is the correct 58. Which of the following symbol of
representation of unit of pressure? unit does not follow practical norms
a) Newton / Meter 2 b) newton / for the use of SI system?
2 a) Kg b) kg.
meter
2 c) k d) A
c) Newton / meter d) newton/
2
59. The unit of universal gravitational
Meter constant is...............
47. Which of following is SI base unit? a) Kg∙ m/s 2 b) N ∙ m−1 /s 2
a) gram b) slug 2 2
c) N ∙ m /kg d) N ∙ m/kg
c) newton d) Kilogram
60. Joule/sec is the unit of...............
48. Which of the following is not unit
a) power b) pressure
of time?
c) angular momentum d) Energy
a) hour b) nano Second
61. The force F is represented by
c) minute d) light year
equation F=pl + ql , where l is the
49. Dyne-sec stands for the unit of
a) power b) momentum length. The unit of p is same as that
c) energy d) force of...............
50. Which of the following is the a) Surface tension b) velocity
proper combination for force c) force d) momentum
62. Write the unit of surface tension in
a) kg b) m/s 2
SI system.
c) Kg∙ m 2 /s 2 d) Kg∙ m/s 2
(a) N ∙ m b) N ∙ m−1
51. The unit of angular acceleration in
c) dyne ∙ cm d) N ∙ m 2
the SI system is
63. Which physical quantity has unit of
a) N /kg b) m/s 2
pascal - second?
c) rad /s 2 d) N ∙ m/ kg a) Velocity b) viscosity
52. N/kg is the unit of: c) coefficient of viscosity d) energy
a) acceleration b) momentum 64. Which physical quantity has unit of
c) velocity d) force joule - second?
53. Which of the following is a) velocity b) plank’s constant
equivalent to one pascal of gas c) energy d) viscosity
pressure?
Page | 11
 2
65. Equation of force F=at + b t c) N ∙ s d) N ∙ s−2
where F is force in Newton t is time in 66. Watt. Sec is equivalent to :
second, then write unit of b. a) N /m b) Kg∙ m 2 /s 2
a) N ∙ s−1 b) N ∙ s2 c) N ∙ m d) Both (b) & (c)
Dimension

Q: What is dimension?
Ans: The concept of physical dimension was introduced by Joseph Fourier in 1822.
– The powers to which fundamental quantities must be raised in order to express the given
physical quantity are called its dimensions.
– It is an expression that relates derived quantity to fundamental quantities. But it is not
related to the magnitude of the derived quantity.
– The way in which the derived quantity is related to the basic quantity can be shown by the
dimensions of the quantity.
– It is used denoted the nature of physical quantity.
– If ‘A’ is any physical quantity then the dimensions of A are represented by [A].
– Mass, length and time are represented by L, M and T respectively, therefore the dimension
of the fundamental quantities are as follows
[Mass]= [M]
[Length]= [L]
[Time] = [T]
Q: Define types of variables and constants.
Ans:
i. Dimensional variables
The quantities like area, volume, velocity, force etc. posses dimensions and do not have a
constant value. Such quantities are called dimensional variables.
ii. Non dimensional quantities
The quantities like strain, angle, specific gravity, are ratios which are mere numbers are
dimensionless quantities and are called numeric. They have neither dimension nor constant
value; they are called non dimensional variables.
iii. Dimensional constants
The quantities like Gravitational constant G, the velocity of light c and plank’s constant h have
dimensions and constant value. They are called dimensional constant.
iv. Non- dimensional constants
The quantities which have no dimensions but have constant value are called non- dimensional
constants. 1, 2, 3……, pi are non dimensional constant.

Q: What is law homogeneity of dimensions?

Ans: In any correct equation representing the relation between physical quantities, the
dimensions of all the terms must be the same on both sides. Terms separated by ‘+’ or ‘–’
must have the same dimensions.

Q: Write the uses of dimensions.

Ans: Dimension is used to:
– To check the correctness of a physical quantity.
– By the principle of homogeneity of dimensions, the dimension of all terms on the sides of
an equation must be the same.
– To find the unit of a given physical quantity in a given system of units
– To find dimensions of physical constants or coefficients
– To convert a physical quantity from one system of units to another
– To check the dimensional correctness of a given physical relation
Page | 12
 Q: What are the limitations of Dimensions?
Ans: The limitations of dimensions are:
– Dimensionless quantities cannot be determined by this method. Constant of proportionality
cannot be determined by this method. They can be found either by experiment (or) by
theory.
– This method is not applicable to trigonometric, logarithmic and exponential functions.
– In the case of physical quantities which are dependent upon more than three physical
quantities, this method will be difficult.
– In some cases, the constant of proportionality also possesses dimensions. In such cases, we
cannot use this system.
– If one side of the equation contains addition or subtraction of physical quantities, we
cannot use this method to derive the expression.

Some Quantities having Same Dimensions

S. Dimensi Quantity
N on
o
1 [M0 L T0] Length, distance, radius, diameter, focal length, angstrom, moment
arm, wavelength
2 [M0 L-1 T0] Power of lens, wave number, rydberg constant.
3 [M0 L T-1] Speed, velocity, orbital velocity, terminal velocity, drift velocity
4 [M0 L0 T-1] Frequency, angular frequency, angular velocity, decay constant
5 [M L2 T-2] Work, internal energy, potential energy, kinetic energy, torque,
moment of force.
6 [M L-1 T-2] Pressure, stress, young’s modulus, bulk modulus, energy density.
7 [M L T-1] Impulse, momentum.
8 [M L T-2] Thrust, force, weight, tension, Normal reaction, centripetal force.
9 [M L0 T-2] Surface tension, surface energy, elastic constant.
10 [M L2 T-1] Angular momentum, plank’s constant.
11 [M0 L0 T0] Strain, refractive index, relative density, angle, solid angle, relative
permittivity (dielectric constant)

Units and Dimension Formula of some important quantities

S. Physical FPS units CGS units MKS units SI Units Dimension

N quantity
o
1 Area ft2 cm2 m2 m2 [L2]
2 Volume ft3 cm3 m3 m3 [L3]
3 Density Slug/ft3 gm/ cm3 Kg/ m3 Kg/ m3 [M L-3]
4 Speed or ft/s cm/s m/s m/s [L T-1]
Velocity
5 Acceleration ft/s2 cm/s2 m/s2 m/s2 [L T-2]
6 Force Pound (lb) Dyne newton newton [M L T-2]
7 Momentum lb.s Dyne. second N.s N•s [M L-1 T-1]
8 power Horse Erg/s J/s or W Watt [M L2 T-3]
power
9 Length (l) Foot (ft) cm m m [L ]
10 Distance Ft cm m m [L ]
Page | 13
11 Energy ft • lb Erg Joule Joule [M L2 T-2]
12 Mass Slug Gram Kilogram Kilogram [M ]
13 Time Second (s) Second Second Second [T]
14 Specific gravity No unit
15 Gravity ft/s2 cm/s2 m/s2 m/s2 [L T-2]
16 Stress lb/ft2 Dyne/cm2 N/m2 N/m2 [M L-1 T-2]
17 Pressure lb/ft2 Dyne/cm2 N/m2 N/m2 [M L-1 T-2]
18 Strain No unit
19 Torque ft • lb Dyne • cm N•m N•m [M L2 T-2]
20 Angular Ft •lb • s Erg • s J•s J•s [M L2 T-1]
momentum
21 Frequency Cycle/ s Cycle/s Cycle/s Hertz (Hz) [T-1]
22 Angular velocity Rad/s Rad/s Rad/s Rad/s [ T-1]
23 Work ft • lb Erg joule joule [M L2 T-2]

MCQS-5
1. The dimension of angular c) [MoLoT-1] d) [ML-1T-1]
displacement is 12. The dimension of angular
a) [M L T-1] b) [ML3T-1] momentum is
c) [Mo Lo To] d) [ML-1T-1] a) [MLT-1] b) [ML2T-1]
o o -1
2. The dimension of angular c) [M L T ] d) [ML-1T-1]
acceleration is 13. The dimension of power is
a) [MLT-1] b) [ML3T-1] a) [MLT-1] b) [ML2 T-3]
o o -2 -1 -1 o o -1
c) [M L T ] d) [ML T ] c) [M L T ] d) [ML-1T-1]
3. The dimension of displacement is 14. The dimension of intensity of
a) [MoL1To] b) [ML3T-1] sound is
o o -1
c) [M L T ] d) [ML-1T-1] a) [MLT-1] b) [ML3T-1]
0 -3
4. The dimension of velocity is c) [M L T ] d) [ML-1T-1]
a) [MLT-1] b) [ML3T-1] 15. The dimension of elastic constant
c) [MoLoT-1] d) [MoL1T-1] or spring constant is
5. The dimension of acceleration is a) [MLT-1] b) [ML3T-1]
a) [MLT-1] b) [ML3T-1] o -2
c) [M L T ] d) [ML-1T-1]
o 1 -2 -1 -1
c) [M L T ] d) [ML T ] 16. The dimension of moment of
6. The dimension of force is inertia is
a) [MLT-2] b) [ML3T-1] a) [MLT-1] b) [ML3T-1]
o o -1 -1 -1 2 O
c) [M L T ] d) [ML T ] c) [M L T ] d) [ML-1T-1]
7. The dimension of momentum is 17. The dimension of impulse is
a) [MLT-1] b) [ML3T-1] a) [MLT-1] b) [ML3T-1]
o o -1 -1 -1 o o -1
c) [M L T ] d) [ML T ] c) [M L T ] d) [ML-1T-1]
8. The dimension of torque is 18. The dimension of pressure is
a) [MLT-1] b) [ML2T-2] a) [MLT-1] b) [ML3T-1]
o o -1 -1 -1 o o -1
c) [M L T ] d) [ML T ] c) [M L T ] d) [ML-1T-2]
9. The dimension of work is 19. The dimension of density is
a) [MLT-1] b) [ML2T-2] a) [MLT-1] b) [ML3T-1]
c) [MoLoT-1] d) [ML-1T-1] c) [M L-3 T0] d) [ML-1T-1]
10. The dimension of kinetic energy is 20. The dimension of Gravitational
a) [MLT-1] b) [ML3T-1] Constant is
o o -1
c) [M L T ] d) [ML2T-2] a) [MLT-1] b) [ML3T-1]
-1 3 -2 -1 -1
11. The dimension of potential energy c) [M L T ] d) [ML T ]
is 21. The dimension of Coefficient of
a) [MLT-1] b) [ML2T-2] viscosity is

Page | 14
a) [MLT-1] b) [ML3T-1] a) refractive index b) relative density
o o -1
c) [M L T ] d) [ML-1T-1] c) π d) A.O.T
o -2
22. The dimension of stress is 37. [ML T ] is an expression for
a) [MLT-1] b) [ML3T-1] a) surface tension b) spring constant
o o -1
c) [M L T ] d) [ML-1T-2] c) surface energy d) A.O.T
23. The dimension of time period is 38. The dimension of sine is
a) [MLT-1] b) [ML3T-1] a) [MLT-1] b) [ML3T-1]
c) [MoLoT1] d) [ML-1T-1] c) [MoLoTo] d) [ML-1T-1]
24. The dimension of frequency is 39. The dimension of surface energy
a) [MLT-1] b) [ML3T-1] is
o o -1
c) [M L T ] d) [ML-1T-1] a) [MLT-1] b) [ML3T-1]
o -2
25. The dimension of heat is c) [M L T ] d) [ML-1T-1]
a) [MLT-1] b) [ML2T-2] 40. The dimension of linear density is
o o -1
c) [M L T ] d) [ML-1T-1] a) [MLT-1] b) [ML3T-1]
o o o
26. The dimension of plank’s constant c) [M L T ] d) [ML-1To]
is 41. The dimension of tension is
a) [MLT-1] b) [ML3T-1] a) [MLT-2] b) [ML3T-1]
c) [MoLoT-1] d) [ML-2T-1] c) [MoLoTo] d) [ML-1T-1]
27. The dimension of volume is 42. The dimension of retardation is
a) [MLT-1] b) [MoL3To] a) [MLT-1] b) [ML3T-1]
o o -1
c) [M L T ] d) [ML-1T-1] o
c) [M L T ]-2
d) [ML-1T-1]
28. The dimension of area is 43. The dimension of areal velocity is
a) [MLT-1] b) [MoL2 To] a) [MLT-1] b) [ML3T-1]
o o -1
c) [M L T ] d) [ML-1T-1] o 2 -1
c) [M L T ] d) [ML-1T-1]
29. Which of the following does not 44. IF X times speed equals power,
have the same dimension? write the dimensional formula for X.
a) Electric flux, electric field, electric dipole a) [MLT-2] b) [ML3T-1]
moment c) [Mo L2 T-1] d) [ML-1T-1]
b) pressure, stress, young’s modulus 45. The dimension of angular
c) Electromotive force, potential difference, momentum similar to that of.
electric voltage a) Plank’s Constant b) Impulse
d) Heat, potential energy, work c) Force d) Energy
30. The dimension of angular velocity 46. The dimension of momentum
is similar to that of.
a) [MLT-1] b) [ML3T-1] a) Plank’s Constant b) Impulse
o o -1
c) [M L T ] d) [ML-1T-1] c) Force d) Energy
-2
31. [MLT ] is an expression for 47. The dimension of weight similar to
a) weight b) Normal Reaction that of.
c) drag force d) A.O.T a) Plank’s Constant b) Impulse
32. [MoL-1 To] is an expression for c) Force d) Energy
a) wave number b) power of lens 48. The dimension of distance similar
c) Rydberg constant d) A.O.T to that of.
-1 o
33. [ML T ] is an expression for a) Plank’s Constant b) Impulse
a) linear density b) areal density c) Force d) length
c) density d) A.O.T 49. The dimension of gravity similar
34. [MoLT-2] is an expression for to that of.
a) gravity b) acceleration a) Plank’s Constant b) Impulse
c) Force/mass d) A.O.T c) Acceleration d) Energy
35. [ML2T-2] is an expression for 50. The dimension of surface tension
a) force × displacement b) power × time similar to that of.
c) torque d) A.O.T a) spring constant b) Impulse
36. [MoLoTo] is an expression for c) Force d) Energy

Page | 15
51. The dimension of work similar to 59. Which of the following quantities
that of. is dimensionless:
a) Plank’s Constant b) Impulse a) Gravitational constant
c) Force d) Energy b) 4 π
52. The dimension of strain similar to c) density
that of. d) length
a) Plank’s Constant b) stress 60. Which of the following is
c) coefficient of friction d) Force dimensional variable:
53. Which of the following a) Gravitational constant
dimensionless constants: b) Planck's constant
a) Gravitational constant c) density
b) Planck's constant d) strain
c) 4 61. Which of the following is the
d) strain proper combination of force?
54. Which of the following non m
dimensional variables: a) kg b) 2
s
a) Gravitational constant 2
kg ∙ m kg ∙ m
b) Planck's constant c) d)
c) density s
2
s2
d) strain 62. Which of the following physical
55. Which of the following non- quantities is of different kind from
dimensional variables: the rest?
a) Gravitational constant a) stress b) pressure
b) Planck's constant c) strain d) young’s Modulus
c) density 63. Which of the following does not
d) angular displacement represent a non-dimensional
56. Which of the following quantities variable?
is dimensionless: a) angular displacement
a) Gravitational constant b) specific gravity
b) Planck's constant c) radian
c) density d) length
d) refractive index 64. Which of the following physical
57. Which of the following quantities quantities is of different kind from
is dimensionless: the rest?
a) Gravitational constant a) stress b) 4 π
b) Planck's constant c) density d) length
c) relative density 65. [ML2T-2] is an expression for
d) density a) force × displacement
58. Which of the following quantities b) power × time
is dimensionless: c) nRT
a) Gravitational constant d) A.O.T
b) Planck's constant 66. dimension of log x is or ex
c) 1/2 a) [MLT-1] b) [ML3T-1]
o o
d) force c) [M L T ] d) [ML-1T-1]

Errors
Q: Define error and its types.
Ans: Error is the difference between actual value and calculated value of any physical
quantity.
– The uncertainty in measurement is called error.

Page | 16
Sources of errors in physics
All measurements of physical quantities are uncertain and imprecise to some limit. There are
three sources of errors.
– Negligence or inexperience of a person.
– Faulty apparatus.
– Inappropriate method or technique.

Types of errors in physics

There are two major types of errors in measurement of physical quantities.
i. Random error
ii. Systematic error

Random error:
– Random error is said to take place when repeated measurements of the quantity, gives
different values under the same conditions.
– Random errors in experimental measurements are caused by unknown and unpredictable
changes in the experiment. These changes may occur in the measuring instruments or in
the environmental conditions.
Reasons of random errors:
It is occurs due to some unknown reasons.

Q: How can we reduce random error?

Ans: The random error can be reduced by taking several readings of same quantity and then
taking their mean value.

Systematic error:
– Systematic errors occurs when all the measurements of physical quantities are affected
equally, these give consistent difference in the readings.
Reasons of systematic errors:
The systematic errors may occur due to:
– Zero error in measuring instrument
– Poor calibration of instrument
– Incorrect calibration on the measuring instruments.

Q: How can we reduce systematic errors?

Ans: We can reduce systematic errors by comparing the instrument with another instrument
which is known to be more accurate. Thus, systematic error is reduced by applying a
correction factor to all the reading taken on an instrument.

Q: How to express an error?

Ans: There are three ways of expressing error:
i. absolute error
ii. relative error
iii. percentile error

1. Absolute Error is the amount of error in your measurements.

– The absolute error is defined as the absolute value (or magnitude) of the difference
between the measured value and the true value.
Formula

 xa = the absolute error

Page | 17
 xm = the measured value

 xt = the true value

The formula for computing absolute error is:

xa = | xm - xt |
2. Relative Error is the ratio of mean absolute error and the actual value.
– The relative error is defined as the absolute error relative to the size of the measurement.
– All you need to do is divide the absolute error by the measured value. In addition to the
variables, let:

er = the relative error

Then the formula for computing relative error is:

er = ea / xm

– You first need to determine absolute error to calculate relative error. Relative error
expresses how large the absolute error is compared with the total size of the object you are
measuring.
– Relative Error = Absolute Error / Known Value

Percentile error is the product of relative error with 100.

– This is the formula for "Percentage Error":
|Approximate Value − Exact ×
Value| 100
|Exact Value| %

– Percent error is related to absolute error and relative error. The difference between an
experimental and known value is the absolute error. When you divide that number by the
known value you get relative error. Percent error is relative error multiplied by 100%.

Errors in Addition and Subtraction

Let (a ± Δa) and (b ± Δb) be two quantities.
Suppose x = (a ± Δa) ± (b ± Δb)
Then error in x i.e. Δx = ±(Δa+Δb)
Hence errors add up under addition or subtraction.

Errors in Multiplication and Division

Let x = (a ± Δa)×(b ± Δb) or x = (a ± Δa)/(b ± Δb)
Then the relative error in x is given by:
Δx/x = ±[(Δa/a + Δb/b)]

Errors in power
Let X = An then Δx/x = n ΔA/A

Significant figures
Q: What are significant figures?

Page | 18
Ans: A Significant Figure or number is a number or digit, which tells
how accurate and precise our measurement is. Measuring anything requires a specific
type of measuring instrument. Significant Figures make measurements easy and state
them precisely.
– Any digit which is known with certainty.

Rule for determining number of significant figures

– All non-zero digits are significant. For example, 866 has three significant figures and 0.866
also has three significant figures..
– Zeros to the left of the first non-zero digit in the number are not significant. For example,
0.008 has only one significant figure and 0.0085 has two significant figures.
– Zeros between non-zero digits are significant. For example, 3.05 has three significant
figures.
– Zeros to the right of the decimal point are significant. For example, 6.00, 0.60 and 0.6000
have 3, 2 and 4 significant figures.
– If a number ends with zeros that does not have decimal, the zeros are not significant. For
example: 3800 has two significant figures.
Q: What is meaning of round off data
Ans: Rounding Off means to reduce or to remove.
We round off numbers to reduce significant figure and give more precise answers.
The rules employed for rounding off a number to the required number of significant digit are
as follows
 If the digit to be removed is more than 5, the digit to be retained is increased by one.
for example, 2.486 If we have to remove 6, we have to round it to 2.49
 If the digit to be removed is less than 5, the digit to be retained i.e. preceding number
is not changed. For example, 5.334 if 4 is to be removed, then the result is rounded upto
5.33.
 If the rightmost digit to be removed is 5, then the preceding number is not changed if it
is an even number but it is increased by one if it is an odd number. For example, if 7.35 is
to be rounded by removing 5, we have to increase 3 to 4 giving 7.4 as the result. However,
if 7.25 is to be rounded off it is rounded off to 7.2.

Some Important Conversions

 1 bar = 106 dyne/cm2 = 105 Nm-2 = 105 pascal

 76 cm of Hg = 1.013×106 dyne/cm2 = 1.013×105 pascal = 1.013 bar.

 1 toricelli or torr = 1 mm of Hg = 1.333×10 3 dyne/cm2 = 1.333 millibar.

 1 kmph = 5/18 ms-1

 1 dyne = 10-5 N,

 1 kg = 2.205 pounds

 1 inch = 2.54 cm

 1 mile = 1.61 km

 1 liter = 1 dm3
Page | 19
 1 newton = 105 dyne

 1 pound = 4.4 N

 1BTU = 1055 joule = 252 cal

 1 H.P = 746 watt

 1 kilowatt hour = 36×105 J

 1 kgwt = g newton

 1 calorie = 4.2 joule

 1 electron volt = 1.602×10-19 joule

 1 erg = 10-7 joule

Some Important Physical Constants

 Velocity of light in vacuum (c) = 3 × 108 ms-1

 Velocity of sound in air at STP = 331 ms-1

 Acceleration due to gravity (g) = 9.81 ms-2

 Avogadro number (N) = 6.023 × 1023/mol

 Density of water at 4oC = 1000 kgm-3 or 1 g/cc.

 Absolute zero = -273.15oC or 0 K

 Atomic mass unit = 1.66 × 10-27 kg

 Quantum of charge (e) = 1.602 × 10-19 C

 Stefan’s constant = 5.67 × 10–8 W/m2/K4

 Boltzmann’s constant (K) = 1.381 × 10-23 JK-1

 One atmosphere = 76 cm Hg = 1.013 × 105 Pa

 Mechanical equivalent of heat (J) = 4.186 J/cal

 Planck’s constant (h) = 6.626 × 10-34 Js

 Universal gas constant (R) = 8.314 J/mol–K

 Permeability of free space = 4π × 10-7 Hm-1

Page | 20
 Permittivity of free space = 8.854 × 10-12 Fm-1

 The density of air at S.T.P. = 1.293 kg m-3

 Universal gravitational constant = 6.67 × 10-11 Nm2kg-2

MCQS
1. If the percentage of A, B and C are a) 1 b) 4
a, b and c respectively, then the c) 5 d) 2
total percentage error in the 10. The number of significant figures
product ABC is in 600 m is
a) abc b) a + b + c a) 1 b) 4
c) 1/a + 1/b + 1/c d) ab + bc + ca c) 5 d) 2
2. Error in the measurement of radius 11. The number of significant figures
of sphere is 2%. Then error in the in 3.80 m is
measurement of volume of sphere is a) 3 b) 4
a) 1% b) 5 % c) 5 d) 2
c) 3% d) 6 % 12. The value of 0.99 – 0.989 is
3. Find the error in heat loss if a) 0.001 b) 0.010 × 10-1
-1
uncertainty in current is 2 %, c) 0.01 × 10 d) 0.1 × 10-2
resistance 1 % and time 1% (heat 13. The number of significant figures
loss =I2 R t) in 0.007 is
a) 6% b) 4% a) 1 b) 4
c) 5 % d) 3 % c) 5 d) 2
4. The percentage errors in the 14. The number of significant figures
measurement of mass and speed in 0.080 is
are 2% and 3% respectively. How a) 1 b) 4
much will be the maximum error in c) 5 d) 2
kinetic energy? 15. The number of significant figures
a) 11% b) 8% in (i) 0.03800 and (ii) 90.00 is
c) 5% d) 1% a) (i) 4 (ii) 5 b) (i) 6 (ii) 5
5. Error in the measurement of radius c) (i) 3 (ii) 6 d) (i) 4 (ii) 4
of a sphere is 1%. The error in the 16. The number of significant figures
calculated value of its volume is: in 3.04 × 1023 is
a) 1% b) 3% a) 1 b) 3
c) 5% d) 7% c) 5 d) 2
6. The percentage error in the distance 17. The number of significant figures
1005 cm is : in 4.06×10-4 is
a) 5 % b) 6% a) 1 b) 4
c) 8 % d) 20 % c) 5 d) 3
7. A force F is applied on body of mass 18. The number 3498 rounded to
m , if error in F is 10% and in m is two significant figures is
5% then error in acceleration is: a) 35 b) 3400
a) 15% b) 2% c) 3500 d) 4000
c) 1% d) 5% 19. The number 3.498 rounded to
8. The significant figure of the number two significant figures is
70034 is: a) 3.400 b) 3.5
a) 1 b) 4 c) 3.4 d) 3.500
c) 5 d) 2 20. The decimal equivalent of 1/20
9. The number of significant figures in up to three significant figures
0.00040 m is a) 0.50 b) 0.05

Page | 21
c) 0.005 d) 0.0500 c) 3.801 cm2 d) 3.80 cm2
21. The number of significant figures 23. The number of significant figures
in 0.01020 is in 0.900 is
a) 3 b) 4 a) 1 b) 4
c) 5 d) 2 c) 5 d) 3
22. What is the area of a disc of 24. If f = x2 , then the relative error in
radius 1.1 cm? f is
a) 3.8 cm2 b) 3.80182 cm2 a) 2 Δx/x b) (Δx/x)2
c) Δx/x d) Δx

Past Papers MCQS of different Universities

1. Diopters is the unit of c) [MLT-2] d) [L2T-2]
a) focal length b) object distance 13. Which one of the following
c) power of lens d) magnifying glass represents the dimension of the
2. SI unit of torque is: velocity?
a) joule b) joule . second a) [MLT] b) [LT-2]
-2
c) newton meter d) newton c) [MLT ] d) [LT-1]
3. Kilowatt-hour is the unit of: 14. The dimensional unit of torque
a) 3.6 × 106 joule b) 746 watt • second is:
c) 550 ft• lb d) A.O.T a) [MLT] b) [LT-2]
4. The quantities like mass, length, c) [M L2 T-2] d) [L2T-2]
velocity, force, temperature and 15. Erg is the unit of energy in
electric current are the examples a) FPS b) MKS
of----- c) CGS d) SI
a) physical quantities b) chemical 16. Unit of potential difference is
quantities a) volt (V) b) Ohm (Ω)
c) base quantities d) derived quantities c) ampere (A) d) farad (F)
5. Who discovered decimal system: 17. Horse power is the unit of
a) Indians b) Egyptians a) power b) Torque
c) Arabs d) Greeks c) Energy d) momentum
6. Electron volt is the unit of 18. The momentum of the body
a) power b) Torque increase by 20% what is the %
c) Energy d) momentum increase in its K.E
7. 1MW=_____? a) 40 % b) 44%
a) 103 W b) 106 W c) 60% d) 20%
c) 109 W d) 1012 W 19. Which one of the following
8. SI unit of velocity: quantities is not regarded as
a) m/s b) kg/s fundamental quantity in physics
c) m/s2 d) m a) length b) mass
9. 1km=-----cm. c) time d) velocity
a) 103 b) 102 20. The unit of rate of change of
6 5
c) 10 d) 10 momentum
10. The dimensional formula of force a) pascal (Pa) b) joule (J)
is: c) watt (W) d) newton (N)
a) [MLT] b) [LT-2] 21. The unit of electric field
c) [MLT-2] d) [L2T-2] intensity is
11. Caloric is the unit of a) volt / meter (V/m) b) Ohm (Ω)
a) power b) Torque c) ampere (A) d) newton/meter
c) Energy d) momentum 22. In B.T.U unit of power is Horse
12. Which one of the following power and is equal to
represents the unit of acceleration? a) 746 watt b) 550 watt
a) [MLT] b) [LT-2] c) 1055 joule d) 373 watt
Page | 22
23. S.I unit of angle in plane is d) kilometer, kilogram, second
a) radian b) steradian 35. The S.I unit of magnetic
c) cycle d) degree induction
24. Unit of power of lens a) weber (Web) b) Henry (H)
a) Diopters b) joule c) Guass (G) d) Tesla (T)
c) watt d) meter 36. Which of the following is the unit
25. S.I unit of luminous intensity is of pressure?
a) ampere b) mole a) Kg m-1s-2 b) kg m/s
c) kelvin d) candela c) kg m2/s d) kg m2/s2
26. The S.I unit of electrical 37. IBTU=_____joules
resistance a) 4.218 b) 1055
a) volt (V) b) Ohm (Ω) c) 746 d) 100
c) ampere (A) d) farad (F) 38. IKW=?
27. The term algorithm was invented a) 103 W b) 106 W
9
by c) 10 W d) 1012 W
a) Alkhuwarzimi b) Ibn e Sina 39. Which of the following is nit unit
c) Al Beruni d) Newton of electric field?
28. 1GW=____? a) volt (V) b) Ohm (Ω)
a) 103 W b) 106 W c) ampere (A) d)
9
c) 10 W d) 1012 W newton/coulomb
29. One coulomb per sec= 40. Derived quantity among the
a) volt / meter (V/m) b) Ohm (Ω) following is
c) ampere (A) d) newton/meter a) mass b) length
30. [ML2T-3 ] represents the c) time d) density
dimension of 41. Dimension of G are
a) power b) Torque a) [MLT] b) [LT-2]
-2
c) Energy d) momentum c) [MLT ] d) [M-1 L3 T-2]
31. Dimension of angular 42. Identity the pair whose
momentum are: dimension are same
a) [MLT] b) [LT-2] a) work, torque b) power, work
-2
c) [MLT ] d) [ML2 T-1] c) momentum, force d) force, energy
32. ½ horse power = 43. Kilogram×meter/sec2 =----
a) 746 watt b) 550 watt a) watt b) joule
c) 1055 joule. d) 373 watt c) pascal d) newton
33. The S.I unit of momentum is: 44. Dimension tells
a) N • s b) J • s a) nature of physical quantity
c) W • s d) N/s b) power of physical quantity
34. In CGS system, the fundamental c) nature of derived quantities
units of length, mass and time d) A.O.T
respectively are: 45. Dimension of angular
a) meter, kilogram, second momentum
b) meter, gram, second a) [MLT] b) [LT-2]
c) centimeter, gram, second c) [ML2 T-1] d) [M-1 L3 T-2]

1. A second is defined as the duration b) momentum & impulse

of vibration of c) work & torque
a) Carbon atom b) Cesium atom d) Mass & weight
c) Radium atom d) Nitrogen atom 3. Al-Beruni determined
2. The dimension of the following is a) Area of the moon
not the same b) Circumference of earth
a) work & energy c) Modern electronics

Page | 23
d) Radioactivity c) 1.5 m/s d) 12 m/s
4. Which of the following is not 15. Which of the following is not the
dimensionally correct? name of a physical quantity?
a) E = mv2 b) Vf = Vi + at a) kilogram b) force
c) s = vt2 d) s = ½ at2 c) work d) length
5. Meter is defined as the distance 16. which of the following is not unit
traveled by light in vacuum in: of energy?
a) 1 second b) 299792458 second a) W s b) kg m/s
c) 1/299792458 second d) 165076373 c) N m d) joule
second 17. Which of the following has not
6. Which of the following is not the been expressed in suitable units?
unit of torque: a) Stress/strain = N/m b) work = N.m
a) joule b) N • m c) momentum = N.s d) Torque = N.m
c) kg • m2 • s-2 d) N.O.T 18. Which of the following does not
7. If the dimensions of a physical have N/m2 as the unit?
quantity are given [La MbTc], then a) Strain b) stress
the physical quantity will not be c) pressure d) bulk modulus
a) Force, if a=1, b=1, c=-2 19. If P is the pressure of a gas and
b) pressure, if a=-1, b=1 c=-2 V is the volume, in what unit could
c) stress if a=-1, b=0, c=-2 the quantity PV be measured?
d) acceleration, lf a=1, b=0, c=-2 a) watt b) N s
8. The physical quantity denoted by c) N m-1 d) joule
mass ×Gravitational Constant × density 20. If p is the momentum of an
a) force b) intensity of object of a mass m, then the
sound p2
expression has the dimension
c) angular momentum d) elastic m
constant of
9. The density of wood is 0.5 g/cm3 in a) power b) energy
cgs system of units. The c) force d) impulse
corresponding value in SI units is 21. Which of the following is
a) 5000 b) 500 dimensionless?
c) 50000 d) 300 v2 v2 r
10. A pressure of 106 dyne/cm2 is a) b)
equivalent to
rg g
a) 105 N/m2 b) 103 N/m2 v2 g
c) d) v2 r g
7
c) 10 N/m 2
d) 10-5 N/m2 r
11. Which the following has unit but 22. The dimensional formula of
no dimension
a) Angula displacement b) length
c) strain d) coefficient of
√
a) mass
Energy
Mass
is same as that of
b) length
friction c) time d) velocity
12. The velocity of a body is 10 23. J m-1 is the unit for
mm/ns it is also a) momentum b) power
a) 3.6 × 103 km/h (b) 3.6 × 107 km/h c) force d) N.O.T
(c) 3.6 km/h (d) 3.6 × 105 km/h 24. The angular frequency is
13. Density of liquid is 15.7 g/cm3. measured in rad s-1. Its dimension in
Its value in the S.I system is length is
a) 15.7 kg/m3 (b) 157 kg/m3 a) -2 b) -1
3
(c) 1570 kg/m (d) 15700 kg/m3 c) 0 d) 2
14. The velocity of a body is 36 25. the ratio of SI unit to CGS unit of
km/h. it is also force is
a) 10 m/s b) 20 m/s a) 103 b) 105
Page | 24
c) 104 d) 10-3 a) 1mm × 1nm b) 1cm × 1km
26. The ratio of 1J to 1 erg is b) 1Gm × 1Km d) 1nm × 1m
a) 107 b) 105 30. Which of the following is the
c) 10-7 d) 10-5 smallest one in magnitude?
27. If 1 kg m2 s-2 = X g cm2 s-2, (a) one meter (b) one
what is the value of X? millimeter
a) 107 b) 105 (c) one micrometer (d) one angstron
c) 10 -7
d) 10-5 1 km
31. =
28. Which of the following has no 1 Gm
unit and no dimension a) 10-6 b) 10-3
6
a) Refractive index b) radius c) 10 d) 103
c) angular displacement d) sin θ 32. Identity the pair whose
29. Which of the following is a dimension are same
smallest value? a) work, torque b) power, work
c) momentum, force d) force, energy

Page | 25
KEYS

MCQS – 1
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
B B A C A B A A C D

MCQS – 2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
D C A B A C B C A D D D C D C B C C
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36
C B B C D C A B A A B C C A C A A D

MCQS – 3
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
B C D B A B C D C D A C C A A B C D

MCQS - 4
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
B C C A B D A A B C D A D B A B B C B A C A
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
C B D B D C A D D D D B B A A B D A C D C C
45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
D B D D B D C A B C C A D C C A A B C B D D

MCQS - 5
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
C C A D C A A B B D B B B C C C A D C C D D
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
C C B D B B A C D D A D D D D C C D A C C A
45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66
A B C D C A D C C D D D C C B C D C D B D C

MCQS - 6
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
B C A B B A A C B A A B
13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
A D D B D C B D B A D A

MCQS – Past papers

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
C C D A A C B A D C C B D C C A A B D D A A
23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44
A A D B A C C A D D A C D A B A D D D A D A