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1 (Solutions)
mathcity.org Textbook of Algebra and Trigonometry for Class XI
Merging man and maths Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 1.0.0
FSc-I – Ex 1.1 2
FSc-I – Ex 1.1 3
FSc-I – Ex 1.1 4
FSc-I – Ex 1.1 5
FSc-I – Ex 1.1 6
FSc-I – Ex 1.1 7
FSc-I – Ex 1.1 8
FSc-I – Ex 1.1 9
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Exercise 1.2 (Solutions)
MathCity.org Textbook of Algebra and
and Trigonometry for Class XI
Merging man and maths Available online at http://www.MathCity.org , Version: 1.0.0
FSc-I- Ex 1.2 - 2 www.MathCity.org
www.MathCity.org FSc-I- Ex 1.2 - 3
FSc-I- Ex 1.2 - 4 www.MathCity.org
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Exercise 1.3 (Solutions)
MathCity.org Textbook of Algebra and
and Trigonometry for Class XI
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FSc-I- Ex 1.3 - 2 www.MathCity.org
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g
M e r gi n g ma n a n d mat h s
Question # 2 (i)
Statement: (p → ~ p) v (p → q)
p q -p p→ ~p p → q ( p → ~ p ) v ( p → q)
T T F F T T
T F F F F F
F T T T T T
F F T T T T
Question # 2 (ii)
Statement: (p A ~ p) ® q
- A
p q p PA ~ P (
p ~ p) ® q
T T F F T
T F F F T
F T T F T
F F T F T
Question # 2 (iii)
Statement: ~(p ® q)«(p A ~ q)
-
p 0 q p®q ~(p ® q)
«(
)
)q
>
>
p
p
i
i
T T F T F F T
T F T F T T T
F T F T F F T
F F T T F F T
FSc I - 2.4 - 2 & Tautology:
The statement which is true for all possible values of the variables in it is called
tautology.
& Contingency:
The statement which is true or false depending upon the truth values of the variables
involved in it is called a contingency.
& Absurdity or Contradiction:
The statement which is false for all the possible values of the variables involved in it is
called an absurdity or contradiction.
Question # 3 (i)
Statement: (p A q) ® p
P q p q
A
pAq®p
T T T T
T F F T
F T F T
F F F T
The last column of the above table shows that the statement is true for all values ofp and
q thus given statement is tautology.
Question # 3 (ii)
Statement: p ® (p v q)
p q pvq p ®(p v q )
T T T T
T F T T
F T T T
F F F T
The last column of the above table shows that the statement is true for all values of p
and q thus given statement is tautology
Question # 3 (iii)
Statement: ~(p ® q) ® p
p 0 p®q ~ (p ® q) ~ (p ® q)®
T T T F p T
T F F T T
F T T F T
F F T F T
The last column of the above table shows that the statement is true for all values ofp and
q thus given statement is tautology.
Question # 3 (iv)
Statement: ~ q A (p ® q) ® ~ p
-
p q -p q p®q ~ q a (p ® q ) ~ q a (p ® q ) ® ~ p
T T F F T F T
T F F T F F T
F T T F T F T
F F T T T T T
The last column of the above table shows that the statement is true for all values ofp and
q thus given statement is tautology.
FSc I - 2.4 - 3
Question # 4 (i)
Statement: ~(p ® q) ® p
p -p PA ~ P
T F F
F T F
The last column of the above table shows that the statement is false for all values ofp
and q thus given statement is absurdity.
Question # 4 (ii)
Statement: p ® (q ® p)
p q q®p p ® (q ® p )
T T T T
T F T T
F T F T
F F T T
The last column of the above table shows that the statement is true for all values ofp
and q thus given statement is tautology.
Question # 4 (iii)
Statement: q v (~ q v p)
P q ~q ~qvp q v (~ q v p )
T T F T T
T F T T T
F T F F T
F F T T T
The last column of the above table shows that the statement is true for all values ofp
and q thus given statement is tautology.
Question # 5
Consider the truth table
p q -p -q p A q p v ( ~ pA ~ q ) v ( p A q ) p v ( ~ pA ~ q )
>
p
T T F F T F T T
T F F T F F T T
F T T F F F F F
F F T T F T T T
The last two column of the above table are identical this shows that the statement p v
(~ p A ~ q) v (p A q) and p v (~ p A ~ q) are equal
i.e. p v (~ pA ~ q) v (p A q) = p v (~ pA ~ q)
Error Analyst
Wa i t i n g for s ome on e
mathcity.org Exercise 2.4 (Solutions)
Textbook of Algebra and Trigonometry for Class XI
Merging man and maths Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 1.0.0
Question # 1(i)
Conditional: ~ p®q
Converse: q ®~ p
Inverse: p ®~ q
Contrapositive: ~q®p
Question # 1(ii)
Conditional: q® p
Converse: p ®q
Inverse: ~ q ®~ p
Contrapositive: ~ p ®~ q
Question # 1(iii)
Conditional: ~ p ®~ q
Converse: ~ q ®~ p
Inverse: p ®q
Contrapositive: q®p
Question # 1(iv)
Do yourself as above
Question # 2 (i)
Statement: ( p ® ~ p ) Ú ( p ® q )
p q ~p p ®~ p p ®q ( p ®~ p) Ú ( p ® q)
T T F F T T
T F F F F F
F T T T T T
F F T T T T
Question # 2 (ii)
Statement: ( p Ù ~ p ) ® q
p q ~p p Ù~ p ( p Ù ~ p) ® q
T T F F T
T F F F T
F T T F T
F F T F T
Question # 2 (iii)
Statement: ~ ( p ® q ) « ( p Ù ~ q )
p Q ~q p ®q ~ ( p ® q) pÙ ~ q ( p Ù ~ q) « ~ ( p ® q)
T T F T F F T
T F T F T T T
F T F T F F T
F F T T F F T
FSc I – 2.4 - 2
Ò Tautology:
The statement which is true for all possible values of the variables in it is called
tautology.
Ò Contingency:
The statement which is true or false depending upon the truth values of the
variables involved in it is called a contingency.
Ò Absurdity or Contradiction:
The statement which is false for all the possible values of the variables involved
in it is called an absurdity or contradiction.
Question # 3 (i)
Statement: ( p Ù q ) ® p
P q pÙq pÙq®p
T T T T
T F F T
F T F T
F F F T
The last column of the above table shows that the statement is true for all values
of p and q thus given statement is tautology.
Question # 3 (ii)
Statement: p ® ( p Ú q )
p q pÚq p ® ( p Ú q)
T T T T
T F T T
F T T T
F F F T
The last column of the above table shows that the statement is true for all values
of p and q thus given statement is tautology
Question # 3 (iii)
Statement: ~ ( p ® q ) ® p
p Q p ®q ~ ( p ®q) ~ ( p ®q) ® p
T T T F T
T F F T T
F T T F T
F F T F T
The last column of the above table shows that the statement is true for all values
of p and q thus given statement is tautology.
Question # 3 (iv)
Statement: ~ q Ù ( p ® q ) ® ~ p
p q ~p ~q p ®q ~ q Ù ( p ® q) ~ q Ù ( p ® q) ® ~ p
T T F F T F T
T F F T F F T
F T T F T F T
F F T T T T T
The last column of the above table shows that the statement is true for all values
of p and q thus given statement is tautology.
FSc I – 2.4 - 3
Question # 4 (i)
Statement: ~ ( p ® q ) ® p
p ~p pÙ ~ p
T F F
F T F
The last column of the above table shows that the statement is false for all values
of p and q thus given statement is absurdity.
Question # 4 (ii)
Statement: p ® (q ® p )
p q q® p p ® (q ® p)
T T T T
T F T T
F T F T
F F T T
The last column of the above table shows that the statement is true for all values
of p and q thus given statement is tautology.
Question # 4 (iii)
Statement: q Ú (~ q Ú p )
P q ~q ~qÚ p q Ú (~ q Ú p )
T T F T T
T F T T T
F T F F T
F F T T T
The last column of the above table shows that the statement is true for all values
of p and q thus given statement is tautology.
Question # 5
Consider the truth table
p q ~p ~q pÙq ~ pÙ ~ q p Ú (~ p Ù ~ q ) Ú ( p Ù q ) p Ú (~ p Ù ~ q )
T T F F T F T T
T F F T F F T T
F T T F F F F F
F F T T F T T T
The last two column of the above table are identical this shows that the statement
p Ú (~ p Ù ~ q ) Ú ( p Ù q ) and p Ú (~ p Ù ~ q ) are equal
i.e. p Ú (~ p Ù ~ q ) Ú ( p Ù q ) = p Ú (~ p Ù ~ q )
Error Analyst
THE END
mathcity.org Exercise 2.5 (Solutions)
Textbook of Algebra and Trigonometry for Class XI
Page 57
J Question # 1
The corresponding formula of logic is
~ ( p ∧ q) = ~ p ∨ ~ q
p q ~p ~q p ∧q ~ ( p ∧ q) ~ p∨ ~ q
T T F F T F F
T F F T F T T
F T T F F T T
F F T T F T T
H Question # 2
The corresponding formula of logic is
( p ∨ q) ∨ r = p ∨ (q ∨ r )
p q r p∨q q∨r ( p ∨ q) ∨ r p ∨ (q ∨ r )
T T T T T T T
T T F T T T T
T F T T T T T
T F F T F T T
F T T T T T T
F T F T T T T
F F T F T T T
F F F F F F F
The last two columns of the above table shows that ( p ∨ q ) ∨ r = p ∨ ( q ∨ r )
and hence ( A ∪ B) ∪ C = A ∪ ( B ∪ C ) .
D Question # 3
The corresponding formula of logic is
( p ∧ q) ∧ r = p ∧ (q ∧ r )
p q r p∧q q∧r ( p ∧ q) ∧ r p ∧ (q ∧ r )
T T T T T T T
T T F T F F F
T F T F F F F
T F F F F F F
F T T F T F F
F T F F F F F
F F T F F F F
F F F F F F F
The last two columns of the above table shows that ( p ∧ q ) ∧ r = p ∧ ( q ∧ r )
and hence ( A ∩ B) ∩ C = A ∩ ( B ∩ C ) .
2.5 - 2
B Question # 4
A ∪ ( B ∩ C ) = ( A ∪ B) ∩ ( A ∪ C )
The corresponding formula of logic is
p ∨ (q ∧ r ) = ( p ∨ q) ∧ ( p ∨ r )
Error Analyst
Ø Question # 1
i) From the given table we have
0 + 0 = 0 and 0 + 1 = 1 ⊕ 0 1
This show that 0 is the identity element. 0 1 1
ii) Since 1 + 1 = 0 (identity element) so the inverse 1 1 0
of 1 is 1.
iii) It is clear from table that element of the given set
satisfy closure law, associative law, identity law and inverse law
thus given set is group under ⊕ .
Also it satisfies commutative law so it is an abelian group.
Ø Question # 2
Suppose G = {0,1, 2,3}
⊕ 0 1 2 3
i) The given table show that each element of the
0 0 1 2 3
table is a member of G thus closure law holds.
ii) ⊕ is associative in G . 1 1 2 3 0
iii) Table show that 0 is identity element w.r.t. ⊕ . 2 2 3 0 1
iv) Since 0 + 0 = 0, 1 + 3 = 0, 2 + 2 = 0, 3 + 1 = 0 3 3 0 1 2
⇒ 0−1 = 0 , 1−1 = 3 , 2 −1 = 2 , 3−1 = 1
v) As the table is symmetric w.r.t. to the principal diagonal. Hence commutative law
holds.
Ø Question # 3
(i) As 0∈ ¤ , multiplicative inverse of 0 in not in set ¤ . Therefore the set of rational
number is not a group w.r.t to “ ⋅ ”.
(ii) a- Closure property holds in ¤ under + because sum of two rational number is
also rational.
b- Associative property holds in ¤ under addition.
c- 0∈ ¤ is an identity element.
d- If a ∈ ¤ then additive inverse − a ∈¤ such that a + (− a ) = (− a ) + a = 0 .
Therefore the set of rational number is group under addition.
(iii) a- Since for a , b ∈ ¤+ , ab ∈ ¤+ thus closure law holds.
b- For a , b, c ∈¤ , a (bc) = (ab)c thus associative law holds.
c- Since 1∈ ¤ + such that for a ∈ ¤ + , a × 1 = 1 × a = a . Hence 1 is the identity element.
1 1 1 1
d- For a ∈ ¤ + , ∈ ¤ + such that a × = × a = 1. Thus inverse of a is .
a a a a
Hence ¤ is group under addition.
+
Ø Question # 4
As E + E = E, E + O = O, O + O = E
⊕ E O
Thus the table represents the sums of the elements of set { E , O} .
E E O
The identity element of the set is E because
E + E = E + E = E & E +O =O+ E = E . O O E
i) From the table each element belong to the set { E , O} .
Hence closure law is satisfied.
ii) ⊕ is associative in { E , O}
iii) E is the identity element of w.r.t to ⊕
iv) As O + O = E and E + E = E , thus inverse of O is O and inverse of E is E.
v) As the table is symmetric about the principle diagonal therefore ⊕ is commutative.
Hence { E , O} is abelian group under ⊕ .
Ø Question # 5
Suppose G = {1,ω ,ω 2 } ⊗ 1 ω ω2
i) A table show that all the entries belong to G. 1 1 ω ω2
ii) Associative law holds in G w.r.t. multiplication. ω ω ω2 1
e.g. 1× (ω × ω 2 ) = 1× 1 = 1 ω2 ω2 1 ω
(1 × ω ) × ω 2 = ω × ω 2 = 1
iii) Since 1 × 1 = 1 , 1× ω = ω × 1 = ω , 1 × ω 2 = ω 2 × 1 = ω 2
Thus 1 is an identity element in G.
iv) Since 1 × 1 = 1 × 1 = 1 , ω × ω 2 = ω 2 × ω = 1 , ω 2 × ω = ω × ω 2 = 1
therefore inverse of 1 is 1, inverse of ω is ω 2 , inverse of ω 2 is ω .
v) As table is symmetric about principle diagonal therefore commutative law holds in G.
Hence G is an abelian group under multiplication.
Ø Question # 6
Given that G is a group under the operation ∗ and a , b ∈ G such that
a∗x =b
As a ∈ G and G is group so a −1 ∈ G such that
a −1 ∗ ( a ∗ x ) = a −1 ∗ b
⇒ ( a −1 ∗ a ) ∗ x = a −1 ∗ b as associative law hold in G.
⇒ e ∗ x = a −1 ∗ b by inverse law.
⇒ x = a −1 ∗ b by identity law.
And for
x∗a =b
⇒ ( x ∗ a ) ∗ a −1 = b ∗ a −1 For a ∈ G , a −1 ∈ G
⇒ x ∗ ( a ∗ a −1 ) = b ∗ a −1 as associative law hold in G.
⇒ x ∗ e = b ∗ a −1 by inverse law.
⇒ x = b ∗ a −1 by identity law.
Ø Question # 7
{
Consider G = a + 3 b | a, b ∈ ¤ }
i) Let a + 3b , c + 3d ∈G , where a, b, c & d are rational.
(a + ) ( )
3b + c + 3d = ( a + c ) + 3 ( b + d ) = a′ + 3b′ ∈ G
where a′ = a + c and b′ = b + d are rational as sum of rational is rational.
Thus closure law holds in G under addition.
FSc-I / 2.8 - 3
ii) For a + 3b , c + 3d , e + 3 f ∈G
( ) (
(a + 3b) + ( c + 3d ) + (e + 3 f ) = (a + 3b) + ( c + e) + 3(d + f ) )
= ( a + ( c + e) ) + 3 ( b + ( d + f ) )
= ( ( a + c ) + e ) + 3 ( (b + d ) + f )
As associative law hold in ¤
( )
= (a + c) + 3(b + d ) + (e + 3 f )
= ( (a + )
3b) + (c + 3d ) + (e + 3 f )
Thus associative law hold in G under addition.
iii) 0 + 3 ⋅ 0 ∈ G as 0 is a rational such that for any a + 3b ∈G
(a + 3b) + (0 + 3 ⋅ 0) = (a + 0) + 3(b + 0) = a + 3b
And (0 + 3 ⋅ 0) + (a + 3b) = (0 + a) + 3(0 + b) = a + 3b
Thus 0 + 3 ⋅ 0 is an identity element in G.
iv) For a + 3b ∈G where a & b are rational there exit rational – a & −b such that
( )
(a + 3b) + (− a ) + 3(−b) = ( a + (− a ) ) + 3 ( b + (−b) ) = 0 + 3 ⋅ 0
& ( ( −a ) + )
3(−b) + (a + 3b) = ( (− a ) + a ) + 3 ( (−b) + b ) = 0 + 3 ⋅ 0
Thus inverse of a + 3b is (−a) + 3(−b) exists in G.
v) For a + 3b , c + 3d ∈G
(a + ) ( )
3b + c + 3d = (a + c ) + 3(b + d )
= (c + a) + 3(d + b) As commutative law hold in ¤ .
= (c + d 3) + (a + 3b)
Thus Commutative law holds in G under addition.
And hence G is an abelian group under addition.
Ø Question 8
Let A, B ∈ P( S ) where A & B are subsets of S.
As intersection of two subsets of S is subset of S.
Therefore A ∗ B = A ∩ B ∈ P( S ) . Thus closure law holds in P (S ) .
For A, B, C ∈ P( S )
A ∗ ( B ∗ C ) = A ∩ ( B ∩ C ) = ( A ∩ B) ∩ C = ( A ∗ B ) ∗ C
Thus associative law holds and P (S ) .
And hence ( P( S ), ∗) is a semi-group.
For A ∈ P( S ) where A is a subset of S we have S ∈ P( S ) such that
A∩ S = S ∩ A = A .
Thus S is an identity element in P (S ) . And hence ( P( S ), ∗) is a monoid.
Ø Question 9
Let x1 and x2 be the required elements.
∗ a b c
By associative law
a c a b
(a ∗ a) ∗ a = a ∗ (a ∗ a)
⇒ c∗a = a∗c b a b c
⇒ x1 = b c x1 x2 a
Now again by associative law
( a ∗ a ) ∗ b = a ∗ ( a ∗ b)
⇒ c ∗ b = a ∗ a ⇒ x2 = c
FSc-I / 2.8 - 4
Question 10
Let G be the all non-singular 2 × 2 matrices over the real field.
i) Let A, B ∈ G then A2×2 × B2×2 = C2×2 ∈ G
Thus closure law holds in G under multiplication.
ii) Associative law in matrices of same order under multiplication holds.
therefore for A, B, C ∈ G
A × ( B × C ) = ( A × B) × C
1 0
iii) I 2×2 = is a non-singular matrix such that
0 1
A2×2 × I 2×2 = I 2×2 × A2×2 = A2×2
Thus I 2×2 is an identity element in G.
iv) Since inverse of non-singular square matrix exists,
therefore for A ∈ G there exist A−1 ∈ G such that AA−1 = A−1 A = I .
v) As we know for any two matrices A, B ∈ G , AB ≠ BA in general.
Therefore commutative law does not holds in G under multiplication.
Hence the set of all 2 × 2 non-singular matrices over a real field is a non-abelian group
under multiplication.
The End
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Quotations
b The tragedy of life is not that it ends so soon, but that we wait so long to begin it.
W. M. Lewis
b An unfortunate thing about this world is that the good habits are much easier to give
up than the bad ones.
W. Somerset Maugham
b The truth is that life is delicious, horrible, charming, frightful, sweet, bitter, and that it
is everything.
Anatole France
b There is big difference between getting ready to act and starting to act. Many are
forever ready to act.
Anonymous
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
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Textbook of Algebra and
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Merging man and maths Available online at http://www.MathCity.org , Version: 1.0.0
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Exercise 4.4 (Solutions)
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{ Question # 1
(i) Let x be a cube root of 8 then
1
x (8)3 x3 8 Review:
1 3
x3 8 0 (x )3 (2)3 0
2
(x 2)(x 2 2x 4) 0 1 3
2
x 2 0 or x 2 2x 4 0 2
2 (2)2 4(1)(4)
x 2 or x
2(1)
2 4 16 2 12
2 2
2 2 3 1 3
2
2 2
1 3 1 3
x 2 or x 2
2 2
x 2 or x 2 2
Hence cube root of 8 are 2,2 and 2 2 .
(ii) Hint
Considering x as a cube root of 8 and Solving as above you will get the following
values of x
2 2 3 2 2 3
x 2 , x , x
2 2
1 3 1 3
x 2 , x 2
2 2
x 2 2 , x 2
Hence cube root of 8 are 2, 2 and 2 2 .
{ Question # 2
1 2 1 w 2 2w 2
8 8
(i)
0 2w 2
8
Q 1 2 0
(2)8 (w 2 )8 256 16
256 15 256 3
5
(ii) 28 w 29 1 27 27 2 1
3 3 2 1
9 9
1 1 2 1 Q 3 1
9 9
2 1
0 Answer Q 1 2 0
(iii) 1 2 1 2
1 2 2 2 1 2 2 Q 1 2 0
0 2 2 0 2 2 2 2
4 3 4(1) = 4 Answer Q 3 1
13 14 2
2 1 Answer Q 1 2 0
1 3 1 3
5 5
(v)
1 3 5 1 3 5 1 3
2 2 Q
2 2 2
1 3
2 5 2 2
5
2
2
32 5 32 10 32 3 2 32 9 1
Q 9 3 (1)3 1
3
32(1) 2 32(1)
32( 2 )
32(1) 32 Q 1 2 0
{ Question # 3
(i) R.H.S= x y x y x 2y
= x y x x 2y y x 2y
= x y x xy xy y
2 2 3 2
= x y x 2 2 xy (1)y 2 Q 3 1
= x y x 1 xy y
2 2
Q 1 2 0
= x y x 2 xy y 2 2 1
=x 3 y 3 L.H.S
(ii) R.H.S= x y z x y 2z x 2y z
= x y z [x 2 2xy xz xy 3y 2 2yz
2xz 4yz 3z 2 ]
= x y z [x 2 ( 2 )xy ( 2 )xz ( 2 4 )yz
3y 2 3z 2 ]
= x y z [x 2 (1)xy (1)xz ( 2 )yz (1)y 2 (1)z 2 ]
Q 4 & 2 1
= x y z [x 2 y 2 z 2 xy (1)yz xz ]
= x y z [x 2 y 2 z 2 xy yz xz ]
x 3 y 3 z 3 3xyz L.H.S
(iii) L.H.S= (1 )(1 2 )(1 4 )(1 8 )............2n factors
[(1 )(1 2 )][(1 4 )(1 8 )]............ n factors
[(1 )(1 2 )][(1 3 )(1 6 2 )]............ n factors
[(1 )(1 2 )][(1 3 )(1 ( 3 )2 2 )]............ n factors
FSC-I - 4.4 - 4
[(1 )(1 2 )][(1 1 )(1 (1)2 2 )]............ n factors
[(1 )(1 2 )][(1 )(1 2 )]............ n factors
n n
(1 )(1 2 ) 1 2 3
0 1n Q 1 2 0 , 3 1
1n 1 R.H.S
{ Question # 4 (i)
Let x 2 x 1 0 ...........(i )
Since is root of (i ) therefore
2 1 0...........(ii )
To prove 2 is root of (i )
2
2
Consider 2 1 4 2 2 1 2
2 1 2 2 1 2 1
2
0 2 1 from (i )
2
2
2 1 0 ...........(iii )
2 is the root of the equation (i ) .
Now subtracting (ii ) from (iii )
2
2
2 1 0
2 1 0
4
0
3 1 0
3 1 0 as 0
3 1
{ Question # 5
Let x be a cube root of 1 then
1
x (1)3 x 3 1
x3 1 0 (x )3 (1)3 0
(x 1)(x 2 x 1) 0
x 1 0 or x2 x 1 0
(1) (1)2 4(1)(1)
x 1 or x
2(1)
1 1 4 1 3
2 2
1 3 1 3
x or x
2 2
1 3i 1 3i
x or x
2 2
1 3i 1 3i
Hence complex cube root of 1 are and .
2 2
FSC-I - 4.4 - 5
{ Question # 6
Since 2 and 2 2 are roots of required equation, therefore
x 2 x 2 2 0
x 2 2x 2 2x 4 3 0
x 2 2x ( 2 ) 4(1) 0 Q 3 1
x 2 2x (1) 4 0 Q 1 2 0
x 2 2x 4 0
is the required equation.
{ Question # 7
(i) Let x be a fourth root of 16 then
1
x (16)4 x 4 16
x 2
2
x 4 16 0 (4)2 0
x 2 4x 2 4 0
x2 4 0 or x2 4 0
x 2 4 or x2 4
x 4 or x 4
x 2i or x 2
Hence the four fourth root of 16 are 2, 2, 2i , 2i .
x 2
2
x 4 625 0 (25)2 0
x 2 25x 2 25 0
x 2 25 0 or x 2 25 0
x 2 25 or x 2 25
x 25 or x 25
x 5i or x 5
Hence the four fourth root of 625 are 5, 5, 5i , 5i .
Question # 8
(i) 2x 4 32 0
2(x 4 16) 0 x 4 16 0
Now do you as in Question # 7 (i)
(ii) 3y 5 243y 0
3y y 4 81 0
3y 0 or y 4 81 0
FSC-I - 4.4 - 6
y 2 (9)2 0
2
y0 or
y 2 9y 2 9 0
y2 9 0 or y2 9 0
y 2 9 or y2 9
y 9 or y 9
y 3i or y 3
Hence S.Set 0, 3, 3i
(iii) x3 x2 x 1 0
x 2 x 1 1(x 1) 0
(x 1)(x 2 1) 0
x 1 0 or x2 1 0
x 1 or x 2 1 x i
Hence S.Set 1, i
(iv) 5x 5 5x 0
5x (x 4 1) 0
5x 0 or x4 1 0
x 2 (1)2 0
2
x 0 or
x 2 1x 2 1 0
x2 1 0 or x2 1 0
x 2 1 or x2 1
x i or x 1
Hence S.Set 0, 1, i
Error Analyst
= ( 6 ) − 4(4)(1) = 36 − 16
2
= ( a + c − 2b )2 > 0
= 20 > 0 Hence roots are real.
Discriminant is not perfect square therefore the
roots are irrational (real) and unequal. Question # 3
(i) ( p + q ) x 2 − px − qb 2 − 4ac = 0
(ii) x2 − 5x + 6 = 0
a = 1 , b = −5 , x = 6 Here a = p + q , b = − p , c = − q
Disc. = b 2 − 4ac Disc. = b 2 − 4ac
= (− p)
2
= (−5)2 − 4(1)(6) − 4( p + q )(− q)
= 25 − 24 = 1 > 0 = p 2 + 4 pq + 4q 2
= ( p + 2q )
Disc. is perfect square therefore roots are 2
rational (real) and unequal.
∴ the roots are rational.
(iii) Do yourself as (i)
(iv) 25 x 2 − 30 x + 9 = 0 (ii) px 2 − ( p − q) x − q = 0
Do yourself
a = 25 , b = −30 , c = 9
Disc. = b 2 − 4ac Question # 4
= (−30)2 − 4(25)(9) (i) ( m + 1) x 2 + 2 ( m + 3) x + m + 8 = 0
= 900 − 900 = 0 a = m + 1 , b = 2 ( m + 3) , c = m + 8
∴ roots are rational (real) and equal.
Disc. = b 2 − 4ac
Question # 2(i) = ( 2 ( m + 3) ) − 4 ( m + 1)( m + 8 )
2
1
x2 − 2 m + x + 3 = 0
m ( ) (
= 4 m 2 + 6m + 9 − 4 m 2 + 8m + m + 8 )
FSc-II / Ex- 4.7 - 2
(
= 4 m 2 + 6m + 9 − m 2 − 8m − m − 8 ) (
⇒ b 2 x 2 + a 2 m2 x 2 + c 2 + 2mcx − a 2b 2 = 0 )
= 4 ( −3m + 1) ⇒ b 2 x 2 + a 2 m 2 x 2 + 2a 2 mcx + a 2 c 2 − a 2b 2 = 0
For equal roots, we have
Disc. = 0
⇒ (b 2
)
+ a 2 m 2 x 2 + 2a 2 mcx + a 2 c 2 − b 2 = 0 ( )
⇒ 4 ( −3m + 1) = 0 Here A = b 2 + a 2 m 2 , B = 2a 2 mc ,
⇒ − 3m + 1 = 0 C = a 2 (c 2 − b 2 )
1 Disc. = B 2 − 4 AC
⇒ 3m = 1 ⇒ m =
3 = (2a 2 mc )2 − 4(b 2 + a 2 m 2 ) ⋅ a 2 (c 2 − b2 )
(ii) & (iii)
Do yourself
(
= 4a 4 m 2c 2 − 4a 2 c 2b2 − b 4 + a 2c 2 m2 − a 2b 2 m 2 )
Question # 5
(
= 4a 2 a 2 m 2 c 2 − c 2 b 2 + b 4 − a 2 c 2 m 2 + a 2b 2 m 2 )
x 2 + ( mx + c ) = a 2
2 = 4a 2 ( −b c 2 2
+ b 4 + a 2 b 2 m2 )
⇒ x 2 + m 2 x 2 + 2mcx + c 2 − a 2 = 0 For equal roots we must have
Disc. = 0
( )
⇒ x 2 1 + m 2 + 2mcx + c 2 − a 2 = 0
Here A = 1 + m , B = 2mc , C = c − a
2 2 2 (
⇒ 4 a 2 b 2 −c 2 + b 2 + a 2 m 2 = 0 )
So Disc. = B 2 − 4 AC ⇒ − c2 + b2 + a2 m2 = 0 Q a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0
(
= ( 2mc ) − 4 1 + m 2 c 2 − a 2
2
)( ) ⇒ c2 = a2 m2 + b2
= 4m 2 c 2 − 4 (c 2
− a 2 + m2c2 − m2 a2 ) Question # 8
(
= 4 m2 c 2 − c 2 + a 2 − m 2 c 2 + m 2 a 2 ) (a 2
) (
− ba x 2 + 2 b2 − ac x + c 2 − ab = 0 )
= 4 ( −c 2
+ a 2 + m2 a 2 ) A = a 2 − bc , B = 2 b 2 − ac , C = c 2 − ab ( )
For equal roots, we have Disc. = B − 4 AC 2
Disc. = 0
( ) ( )( )
2
= 2 b2 − ac − 4 a 2 − bc c 2 − ab
−c + a + m a = 0
2 2 2 2
⇒ c 2 = a 2 + m2 a2 (
= 4 b 4 + a 2 c 2 − 2ab 2 c )
⇒ c = a 1+ m
2 2
( 2
) (
− 4 a c − a 3b + bc3 − ab 2c
2 2
)
as required.
(
= 4 b 4 + a 2 c 2 − 2ab 2 c
Question # 6 − a 2 c 2 + a3b + bc 3 − ab 2 c )
( mx + c ) = 4ax
2
⇒ m x + 2mcx + c − 4ax = 0
2 2 2
(
= 4 a3b + b 4 + bc 3 − 3ab 2c )
⇒ m 2 x 2 + 2 ( mc − 2a ) x + c 2 = 0 (
= 4b a 3 + b3 + c 3 − 3abc )
A = m 2 , B = 2 ( mc − 2a ) , C = c 2 For equal roots, we must have
B 2 − 4 AC = 0
Disc. = B 2 − 4 AC
= 2 ( mc − 2a ) − 4m c
2 2 2 (
⇒ 4b a 3 + b3 + c 3 − 3abc = 0 )
⇒ 4b = 0 or a3 + b3 + c3 − 3abc = 0
(
= 4 m 2 c 2 + 4a 2 − 4amc − m 2c 2 ) ⇒ b = 0 or a3 + b3 + c3 = 3abc
= 4 ( 4a 2
− 4amc )
For equal roots, we must have For updates and news visit
Disc. = 0 http://www.mathcity.org
(
⇒ 4 4a 2 − 4amc = 0 )
⇒ 16a ( a − mc ) = 0 Error Analyst
⇒ a − mc = 0 ⇒ a = mc Waiting for Someone
a a
⇒ = c or c =
m m
Question # 7
x 2 ( mx + c )
2
+ = 1
a2 b2
⇒ b 2 x 2 + a 2 ( mx + c ) = a 2b 2
2
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mathcity.org Exercise 5.1 (Solutions)
Textbook of Algebra and Trigonometry for Class XI
Merging man and maths Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 1.0.0
1 1
Question # 1 =
x −1 ( x − 1)( x + 1)
2
x 2 ( x 2 + 1) x4 + x2
Question # 2 = x2 + 2
( x + 1)( x − 1) ( x 2 − 1)
x2 − 1 x4 + x2
= x2 + 2 +
2 x4 − x 2
(x 2
− 1)
− +
2x2
= x2 + 2 +
2 2 x2 − 2
( x + 1)( x − 1)
− +
2
2 A B
Now consider = +
( x + 1)( x − 1) x + 1 x − 1
Multiplying both sides by ( x + 1)( x − 1)
2 = A ( x − 1) + B ( x + 1) ................ (i )
Put x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = −1 in equation (i)
2 = A ( −1 − 1) + B ( 0 ) ⇒ 2 = − 2A + 0 ⇒ A = −1
Now put x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 1 in equation (i)
2 = A ( 0 ) + B (1 + 1) ⇒ 2 = 0 + 2B ⇒ B =1
2 −1 1
So = +
( x + 1)( x − 1) x +1 x −1
Hence
(
x2 x2 + 1 ) = x2 + 2 +
−1
+
1
( x + 1)( x − 1) ( x + 1) ( x − 1)
1 1
= x2 + 2 − + Answer
( x + 1) ( x − 1)
FSc I / Ex 5.1-2
2x + 1
Question # 3
( x − 1)( x + 2)( x + 3)
Resolving it into partial fraction
2x + 1 A B C
= + +
( x − 1)( x + 2)( x + 3) x −1 x + 2 x + 3
Multiplying both side by ( x − 1)( x + 2)( x + 3)
2 x + 1 = A ( x + 2)( x + 3) + B ( x − 1) ( x + 3) + C ( x − 1)( x + 2) ............ (i )
Put x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 1 in equation (i)
2(1) + 1 = A (1 + 2)(1 + 3) + B(0) + C (0)
3 1
3 = A (3)(4) + 0 + 0 ⇒ 3 = 12 A ⇒ = A ⇒ A=
12 4
Now put x + 2 = 0 ⇒ x = −2 in equation (i)
2(−2) + 1 = A (0) + B(−2 − 1)(−2 + 3) + C (0)
−4 + 1 = 0 + B (−3)(1) + 0 ⇒ − 3 = − 3B ⇒ B =1
Now put x + 3 = 0 ⇒ x = −3 in equation (i)
2(−3) + 1 = A (0) + B (0) + C (−3 − 1)(−3 + 2)
5
−6 + 1 = 0 + 0 + C (−4)(−1) ⇒ − 5 = 4C ⇒ C=−
4
So
2x + 1
1
1 −5
= 4 + + 4
( x − 1)( x + 2)( x + 3) x −1 x + 2 x + 3
1 1 5
= + − Answer
4( x − 1) x + 2 4( x + 3)
3x 2 − 4 x − 5
Question # 4
( x − 2)( x 2 + 7 x + 10) Q x 2 + 7 x + 10 = x 2 + 5 x + 2 x + 10
3x 2 − 4 x − 5 = x( x + 5) + 2( x + 5)
= = ( x + 5)( x + 2)
( x − 2)( x + 5)( x + 2)
Now resolving into partial fraction.
3x2 − 4 x − 5 A B C
= + +
( x − 2)( x + 5)( x + 2) x − 2 x + 5 x + 2
Do yourself . You will get
A = − 1 , B = 30 , C = − 5
28 7 4
1
Question # 5
( x − 1)(2 x − 1)(3 x − 1)
Resolving it into partial fraction.
1 A B C
= + +
( x − 1)(2 x − 1)(3 x − 1) x − 1 2 x − 1 3x − 1
Multiplying both side by ( x − 1)(2 x − 1)(3 x − 1) .
1 = A (2 x − 1)(3 x − 1) + B ( x − 1)(3x − 1) + C (2 x − 1)(3 x − 1) ............. (i )
Put x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 1 in equation (i)
1 = A (2(1) − 1)(3(1) − 1) + B (0) + C (0) ⇒ 1 = A (1)(2) + 0 + 0
1
⇒ 1 = 2A ⇒ A=
2
FSc I / Ex 5.1-3
1
Put 2 x − 1 = 0 ⇒ 2 x = 1 ⇒ x = in equation (i)
2
1 1 11
1 = A(0) + B − 1 3 − 1 + C (0) ⇒ 1 = 0 + B − + 0
2 2 22
1
⇒1= − B ⇒ B = −4
4
1
Put 3 x − 1 = 0 ⇒ 3 x = 1 ⇒ x = in equation (i)
3
1 1 2 1
1 = A(0) + B (0) + C − 1 2 − 1 ⇒ 1 = 0 + 0 + C− −
3 3 3 3
2 9
⇒1= C ⇒ C=
9 2
1 9
1 2 −4 2
Hence = + +
( x − 1)(2 x − 1)(3 x − 1) x − 1 2 x − 1 3x − 1
1 4 9
= − + Answer
2( x − 1) 2 x − 1 2(3 x − 1)
x
Question # 6
( x − a )( x − b)( x − c)
Resolving it into partial fraction.
x A B C
= + +
( x − a )( x − b)( x − c ) x − a x − b x − c
Multiplying both sides by ( x − a )( x − b)( x − c ) .
x = A ( x − b)( x − c) + B ( x − a )( x − c) + C ( x − a )( x − b) ............ (i )
Put x − a = 0 ⇒ x = a in equation (i)
a = A (a − b)(a − c) + B (0) + C (0)
a
⇒ a = A (a − b)(a − c) + 0 + 0 ⇒ A=
(a − b)(a − c)
Now put x − b = 0 ⇒ x = b in equation (i)
a = A (0) + B (b − a )(b − c ) + C (0)
b
⇒ a = 0 + B (b − a )(b − c ) + 0 ⇒ B=
(b − a )(b − c)
Now put x − c = 0 ⇒ x = c in equation (i)
c = A (0) + B (0) + C (c − a )(c − b)
c
⇒ c = 0 + 0 + C (c − a )(c − b) ⇒ B=
(c − a )(c − b )
So
a b c
x (a − b)(a − c ) (b − a )(b − c) (c − a )(c − b)
= + +
( x − a )( x − b )( x − c) x−a x−b x−c
a b c
= + +
(a − b)(a − c)( x − a ) (b − a )(b − c )( x − b) (c − a )(c − b)( x − c)
Answer
6 x3 + 5 x2 − 7 3x + 4
Question # 7
2x2 − x − 1 2 x − x − 1 6 x3 + 5x2 − 7
2
7x − 3 6 x3 − 3 x 2 − 3 x
= 3x + 4 + − + +
2x2 − x − 1
8 x + 3x − 7
2
7x − 3 7x − 3
= 3x + 4 + 2 = 3x + 4 + 8x2 − 4 x − 4
2 x − 2x + x − 1 2 x ( x − 1) + 1( x − 1) − + +
7x − 3
7x − 3
= 3x + 4 +
( x − 1)(2 x + 1)
Now Consider
7x − 3 A B
= +
( x − 1)(2 x + 1) x − 1 2 x + 1
Find value of A & B yourself
13
You will get A = 3 and B = 3
4
4 13
7x − 3 3 3 = 4 13
so = + +
( x − 1)(2 x + 1) x − 1 2x + 1 3( x − 1) 3(2 x + 1)
Hence
6 x3 + 5 x 2 − 7 4 13
= 3 x + 4 + + Answer
2x2 − x − 1 3( x − 1) 3(2 x + 1)
2 x3 + x 2 − 5 x + 3
Question # 8 1
2 x3 + x2 − 3x
−2 x + 3 2 x 3
+ x 2
− 3 x 2 x 3
+ x 2
− 5x + 3
=1 + 3 2 x + x − 3x
3 2
2 x + x 2 − 3x − − +
−2 x + 3 −2 x + 3 − 2x + 3
=1 + = 1 +
x(2 x 2 + x − 3) x(2 x 2 + 3 x − 2 x − 3)
−2 x + 3 −2 x + 3
=1 + =1 +
x ( x(2 x + 3) − 1(2 x + 3) ) x(2 x + 3)( x − 1)
Now consider
3 − 2x A B C
= + +
x(2 x + 3)( x − 1) x 2 x + 3 x − 1
⇒ 3 − 2 x = A(2 x + 3)( x − 1) + Bx ( x − 1) + C x (2 x + 3) ............... (i )
Put x = 0 in equation (i)
3 − 2(0) = A ( 2(0) + 3)( (0) − 1) + B (0) + C (0) ⇒ 3 − 0 = A ( 0 + 3)( −1) + 0 + 0
⇒ 3 = − 3A ⇒ A = −1
3
Now put 2 x + 3 = 0 ⇒ 2 x = −3 ⇒ x = − in equation (i)
2
3 3 3 3 5
3 − 2 − = A(0) + B − − − 1 + C (0) ⇒ 3 + 3 =0+ B − − + 0
2 2 2 2 2
15 4 8
⇒ 6 = B ⇒ B = ( 6) ⇒ B =
4 15 5
Now put x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 1 in equation (i)
8 1
3 − 2x −1 5 1 8 1
So = + + 5 =− + +
x(2 x + 3)( x − 1) x 2 x + 3 x − 1 x 5(2 x + 3) 5( x − 1)
2 x3 + x 2 − 5 x + 3 1 8 1
Hence =1− + + Answer
2 x + x − 3x
3 2
x 5(2 x + 3) 5( x − 1)
( x − 1)( x − 3)( x − 5)
Question # 9
( x − 2)( x − 4)( x − 6)
( x − 1)( x 2 − 3 x − 5 x + 15)
=
( x − 2)( x 2 − 4 x − 6 x + 24) 1
( x − 1)( x − 8 x + 15)
2
x 3 − 12 x 2 + 44 x − 48 x 3 − 9 x 2 + 23 x − 15
=
( x − 2)( x 2 − 10 x + 24)
x3 −12 x 2 + 44 x − 48
x 3 − 8 x 2 + 15 x − x 2 + 8 x − 15 − + − +
= 3 x − 21x + 33
2
x3 − 10 x 2 + 24 x − 2 x 2 + 20 x − 48
x 3 − 9 x 2 + 23 x − 15
= 3
x − 12 x 2 + 44 x − 48
3 x 2 − 21x + 33 3 x 2 − 21x + 33
= 1+ 3 = 1 +
x − 12 x 2 + 44 x − 48 ( x − 2)( x − 4)( x − 6)
Now Suppose
3 x 2 − 21x + 33 A B C
= + +
( x − 2)( x − 4)( x − 6) x − 2 x − 4 x − 6
Find value of A, B and C yourself
You will get A = 3 8 , B = 3 4 , C = 15 8
3 3 15
3 x 2 − 21x + 33
So = 8 + 4 + 8
( x − 2)( x − 4)( x − 6) x − 2 x − 4 x − 6
3 3 15
= + +
8( x − 2) 4( x − 4) 8( x − 6)
Hence
( x − 1)( x − 3)( x − 5) 3 3 15
= 1+ + + Answer
( x − 2)( x − 4)( x − 6) 8( x − 2) 4( x − 4) 8( x − 6)
1
Question # 10
(1 − ax)(1 − bx )(1 − cx)
Resolving it into partial fraction.
1 A B C
= + +
(1 − ax)(1 − bx)(1 − cx ) 1 − ax 1 − bx 1 − cx
Multiplying both sides by (1 − ax)(1 − bx)(1 − cx) .
1= A (1 − bx )(1 − cx) + B (1 − ax)(1 − cx) + C (1 − ax)(1 − bx) ............ (i )
1
Put 1 − ax = 0 ⇒ ax = 1 ⇒ x = in equation (i).
a
1 1 b c
1= A 1 − b ⋅ 1 − c ⋅ + B (0) + C (0) ⇒ 1= A 1 − 1 − + 0 + 0
a a a a
⇒ 1= A
a − b a − c
⇒ =
( a − b )( a − c ) ⇒ A = a2
1 A
a a a2 ( a − b )( a − c )
FSc I / Ex 5.1-6
x2 + a 2
Question # 11
( x 2 + b 2 )( x 2 + c 2 )( x 2 + d 2 )
Put y = x 2 in above.
y + a2
( y + b 2 )( y + c 2 )( y + d 2 )
Now consider
y + a2 A B C
= + +
( y + b )( y + c )( y + d ) y + b
2 2 2 2
y+c 2
y + d2
⇒ y + a 2 = A ( y + c 2 )( y + d 2 ) + B ( y + b2 )( y + d 2 ) + C ( y + b2 )( y + c 2 ) ........... (i )
Put y + b2 = 0 ⇒ y = −b 2 in equation (i)
−b 2 + a 2 = A (−b2 + c 2 )(−b2 + d 2 ) + B (0) + C (0)
a 2 − b2
⇒ a − b = A (c − b )(d − b ) + 0 + 0
2 2 2 2 2 2
⇒ A= 2
(c − b 2 )(d 2 − b 2 )
Now put y + c 2 = 0 ⇒ y = −c 2 in equation (i)
−c 2 + a 2 = A (0) + B (−c 2 + b 2 )(−b 2 + d 2 ) + C (0)
a 2 − c2
⇒ a 2 − c 2 = 0 + B (b2 − c 2 )(d 2 − c 2 ) + 0 ⇒ B=
(b 2 − c 2 )(d 2 − c 2 )
Now put y + d 2 = 0 ⇒ y = −d 2 in equation (i)
−d 2 + a 2 = A (0) + B (0) + C (−d 2 + b 2 )(−d 2 + c 2 )
a2 − d 2
⇒ a − d = 0 + 0 + C (b − d )(c − d )
2 2 2 2 2 2
⇒ C= 2
(b − d 2 )(c 2 − d 2 )
Hence
a −b a −c a −d
2 2 2 2 2 2
y + a2 (c − b ) (d − b )
2 2 2 2
(b − c ) ( d − c )
2 2 2 2
(b − d ) ( c − d )
2 2 2 2
= + +
( y + b 2 )( y + c 2 )( y + d 2 ) y + b2 y + c2 y + d2
a 2 − b2 a 2 − c2 a2 − d 2
= 2 + +
(c − b 2 )(d 2 − b 2 )( y + b 2 ) (b 2 − c 2 )(d 2 − c 2 )( y + c 2 ) (b 2 − d 2 )(c 2 − d 2 )( y + d 2 )
Since y = x 2
a 2 − b2 a 2 − c2 a2 − d 2
= 2 + +
(c − b 2 )(d 2 − b 2 )( x 2 + b 2 ) (b 2 − c 2 )(d 2 − c 2 )( x 2 + c 2 ) (b 2 − d 2 )(c 2 − d 2 )( x 2 + d 2 )
Answer
9x − 7
Question # 1
( x 2 + 1)( x + 3)
Resolving it into partial fraction.
9x − 7 Ax + B C
= 2 +
( x + 1)( x + 3) ( x + 1) ( x + 3)
2
1
Question # 2
( x + 1)( x + 1)
2
Now Consider
1 Ax + B C
= 2 +
( x + 1)( x + 1)
2
x +1 x +1
Multiplying both sides by ( x 2 + 1)( x + 1) .
1 = ( Ax + B)( x + 1) + C ( x 2 + 1)................ (i )
Put x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = −1 in equation (i)
1 = 0 + C ( (−1) 2 + 1)
1
⇒ 1 = 2C ⇒ C =
2
Now eq. (i) can be written as
FSC-I / Ex 5.3 - 2
1 = A( x 2 + x) + B ( x + 1) + C ( x 2 + 1)
Comparing the coefficients of x 2 , x and x 0 .
0 = A + C …………….…. (ii)
0 = A + B ………………. (iii)
1 = A + C ………………. (iv)
Putting value of C in equation (ii)
1 1
0= A+ ⇒ A = −
2 2
Putting value of A in equation (iii)
1 1
0=− +B ⇒ B=
2 2
1 1 1 −x + 1 1
− x+
1
Hence = 22 2 + 2 = 2 + 2
( x + 1)( x + 1)
2
x +1 x +1 x +1 x +1 2
−x +1 1 1− x 1
= + = + Answer
2( x 2 + 1) 2( x + 1) 2( x 2 + 1) 2( x + 1)
3x + 7
Question # 3
( x + 4)( x + 3)
2
x 2 + 15
Question # 4
( x 2 + 2 x + 5)( x − 1)
Resolving it into partial fraction.
x 2 + 15 Ax + B C
= 2 +
( x + 2 x + 5)( x − 1) x + 2 x + 5 x − 1
2
⇒ x 2 + 15 = ( Ax + B)( x − 1) + C ( x 2 + 2 x + 5).............. (i )
Put x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 1 in equation (i)
(1)2 + 15 = ( A(1) + B ) (0) + C ( (1)2 + 2(1) + 5 ) ⇒ 1 + 15 = 0 + C (1 + 2 + 5)
16
⇒ 16 = 8C ⇒ =C ⇒ C = 2
8
Now equation (i) can be written as
x 2 + 15 = A ( x 2 − x ) + B ( x − 1) + C ( x 2 + 2 x + 5)
Comparing the coefficients of x 2 , x and x 0 .
1 = A + C …………..………. (ii)
0 = − A + B + 2C ………….. (iii)
15 = − B + 5C ………….….. (iv)
Putting value of C in equation (ii).
1 = A + 2 ⇒ 1− 2 = A ⇒ A = − 1
Putting value of A and C in equation (iii)
FSC-I / Ex 5.3 - 3
−x − 5 2
= 2 + Answer
x + 2x + 5 x −1
x2
Question # 5
( x 2 + 4)( x + 2)
Resolving it into partial fraction.
x2 Ax + B C
= 2 +
( x + 4)( x + 2)
2
x +4 x+2
Now do yourself , you will get
1 , B = − 1 and C = − 1
=
2
A
2
x2 + 1 x2 + 1
Question # 6 = Q x 3 + 1 = ( x + 1)( x 2 − x + 1)
x3 + 1 ( x + 1)( x 2 − x + 1)
Now consider
x2 + 1 A Bx + C
= +
( x + 1)( x 2 − x + 1) x + 1 x 2 − x + 1
Now do yourself , you will get
A = 3 , B = 3 and C = 3
2 1 1
x2 + 2x + 2
Question # 7
( x 2 + 3)( x + 1)( x − 1)
Consider
x2 + 2 x + 2 Ax + B C D
= 2 + +
( x + 3)( x + 1)( x − 1)
2
x +3 x +1 x −1
⇒ x 2 + 2 x + 2 = ( Ax + B)( x + 1)( x − 1) + C ( x 2 + 3)( x −1) + D ( x 2 + 3)( x + 1)............. (i )
Put x + 1 = 0 ⇒ x = −1 in equation (i)
(−1)2 + 2(−1) + 2 = 0 + C ( (−1)2 + 3 ) ( (−1) −1) + 0 ⇒ 1 − 2 + 2 = C ( 4 )( −2 )
1
⇒ 1 = − 8C ⇒ C=−
8
Now put x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 1 in equation (i)
⇒ (1)2 + 2(1) + 2 = 0 + 0 + D ( (1)2 + 3) ( (1) + 1) ⇒ 1 + 2 + 2 = D ( 4 )( 2 )
5
⇒ 5= 8D ⇒ D=
8
Equation (i) can be written as
x 2 + 2 x + 2 = ( Ax + B)( x 2 − 1) + C ( x 3 − x 2 + 3x − 3) + D ( x 3 + x 2 + 3x + 3)
⇒ x 2 + 2 x + 2 = A( x 3 − x) + B ( x 2 − 1) + C ( x3 − x 2 + 3x − 3) + D ( x 3 + x 2 + 3x + 3)
Comparing the coefficients of x 3 , x 2 , x and x 0 .
0 = A + C + D ……………...…. (ii)
1= B − C + D ……………….…. (iii)
2 = − A + 3C + 3D ……………. (iv)
FSC-I / Ex 5.3 - 4
2 = − B − 3C + 3D ………….…. (v)
Putting values of C and D in (ii)
1 5 1 1
0= A− + ⇒ 0= A+ ⇒ A=−
8 8 2 2
Putting values of C and D in (iii)
1 5 1 5 3
1= B −− + ⇒ 1= B + + ⇒ 1= B +
8 8 8 8 4
3 1
⇒ 1− =B ⇒ B=
4 4
Hence
1 1 1 5
− x+ −
x + 2x + 2
2
= 22 4 + 8 + 8
( x + 3)( x + 1)( x − 1)
2
x +3 x +1 x −1
−2 x + 1 1 5
−
−2 x + 1 −1 5
= 4 + 8 + 8 = + +
x2 + 3 x +1 x −1 4( x 2 + 3) 8( x + 1) 8( x − 1)
1 − 2x 1 5
= − + Answer
4( x + 3)
2
8( x + 1) 8( x − 1)
1
Question # 8
( x − 1)2 ( x 2 + 2)
Resolving it into partial fraction.
1 A B Cx+D
= + + 2
( x − 1) ( x + 2) x − 1 ( x − 1)
2 2 2
x +2
⇒ 1 = A ( x − 1)( x 2 + 2) + B ( x 2 + 2) + (C x + D)( x − 1)2 ............. (i )
Put x − 1 = 0 ⇒ x = 1 in equation (i)
1 = 0 + B ( (1) 2 + 2 ) + 0
1
⇒ 1 = 3B ⇒ B=
3
Now equation (i) can be written as
1 = A ( x 3 − x 2 + 2 x − 2) + B ( x 2 + 2) + (C x + D)( x 2 − 2 x + 1)
⇒ 1 = A ( x3 − x 2 + 2 x − 2) + B ( x 2 + 2) + C ( x3 − 2 x 2 + x ) + D ( x 2 − 2 x + 1)
Comparing the coefficients of x 3 , x 2 , x and x 0 .
0 = A + C ……………………. (ii)
0 = − A + B − 2C + D …..…….. (iii)
0 = 2 A + C − 2 D …………..… (iv)
1 = −2 A + 2 B + D ……………. (v)
Multiplying eq. (iii) by 2 and adding in (iv)
0 = −2 A + 2 B − 4C + 2 D
0 = 2A + C − 2D
0= 2 B − 3C
Putting value of B in above
1 2 2 2
0 = 2 − 3C ⇒ 0 = − 3C ⇒ 3C = ⇒ C=
3 3 3 9
Putting value of C in eq. (ii)
2 2
0= A+ ⇒ A=−
9 9
FSC-I / Ex 5.3 - 5
x4
Question # 9 −1
1 − x4
1 1 1 − x 4 x4
= −1 + = − 1 +
1 − x4 (1 − x 2 )(1 + x 2 ) x 4 −1
− +
1 1
= −1 +
(1 − x)(1 + x)(1 + x 2 )
Now consider
1 A B Cx + D
= + +
(1 − x)(1 + x )(1 + x ) 1 − x 1 + x 1 + x 2
2
x2 − 2 x + 3
Question # 10 Q x 4 + x 2 + 1 = x4 + 2 x 2 + 1 − x 2
x 4 + x2 + 1
= ( x 2 + 1) 2 − x 2
x − 2x + 3
2
= ( x 2 + 1 + x )( x 2 + 1 − x)
= 2
( x + x + 1)( x − x + 1)
2
= ( x 2 + x + 1)( x 2 − x + 1)
Now Consider
x2 − 2 x + 3 Ax + B Cx+D
= +
( x 2 + x + 1)( x 2 − x + 1) x 2 + x + 1 x 2 − x + 1
⇒ x 2 − 2 x + 3 = ( Ax + B)( x 2 − x + 1) + (Cx + D)( x 2 + x + 1).............. (i )
⇒ x 2 − 2 x + 3 = A( x 3 − x 2 + x ) + B ( x 2 − x + 1) + C ( x3 + x 2 + x) + D( x 2 + x + 1)
Comparing the coefficients of x 3 , x 2 , x and x 0 .
0 = A + C ……………………..… (ii)
1 = − A + B + C + D ……………. (iii)
−2 = A − B + C + D …………...… (iv)
FSC-I / Ex 5.3 - 6
3 = B + D …………………….... (v)
Subtracting (ii) and (iv)
0= A +C
− 2 = A− B + C + D
+ − + − −
2= B −D
⇒ 2 = B − D …………… (vi)
Adding (v) and (vi)
3= B+ D
2=B−D
5 = 2B
5
⇒ B=
2
Putting value of B in (v)
5 5 1
3= + D ⇒3− = D ⇒ D=
2 2 2
Putting value of B and D in (iii)
5 1 5 1
1= − A + + C + ⇒ 1− − =− A + C
2 2 2 2
⇒ − 2 = − A + C ……………. (vii)
Adding (ii) and (vii)
0= A+C
−2 = − A + C
−2 = 2C ⇒ C = −1
Putting value of C in equation (ii)
0 = A −1 ⇒ A=1
Hence
5 1
(1) x + (−1) x +
x − 2x + 3
2
= 2 2 + 2
( x + x + 1)( x − x + 1) x + x + 1 x − x + 1
2 2 2
2x + 5 −2 x + 1
= 2 + 2
x + x +1
2
x − x +1
2
2x + 5 −2 x + 1
= +
2( x 2 + x + 1) 2( x 2 − x + 1)
2x + 5 1 − 2x
= + Answer
2( x + x + 1)
2
2( x 2 − x + 1)
Error Analyst
Question # 1 (i) an = 2n − 3
Put n = 1
a1 = 2(1) − 3 ⇒ a1 = 2 − 3 = − 1
Put n = 2
a2 = 2(2) − 3 ⇒ a2 = 4 − 3 = 1
Put n = 3
a3 = 2(3) − 3 ⇒ a3 = 6 − 3 = 3
Put n = 4
a4 = 2(4) − 3 ⇒ a4 = 8 − 3 = 5
Hence -1, 1, 3 , 5 are the first four term of the sequence.
(ii) an = (−1)n n 2
Put n = 1
a1 = (−1)1 (1)2 ⇒ a1 = (−1) (1) = − 1
Put n = 2
a2 = (−1)2 (2)2 ⇒ a2 = (1) (4) = 4
Put n = 3
a3 = (−1)3 (3) 2 ⇒ a3 = (−1) (9) = − 9
Put n = 4
a4 = (−1)4 (4)2 ⇒ a4 = (1) (16) = 16
Hence -1, 4, -9, 16 are the first four terms of the sequence.
(iii), (iv), (v) and (vi) Do yourself as above.
(vii) an − an −1 = n + 2 , a1 = 2
Put n = 2
a2 − a2−1 = 2 + 2 ⇒ a2 − a1 = 4 ⇒ a2 = 4 + a1 = 4 + 2 = 6 Q a1 = 2
Put n = 3
a3 − a3−1 = 3 + 2 ⇒ a3 − a2 = 5 ⇒ a3 = 5 + a2 = 5 + 6 = 11 Q a2 = 6
Put n = 4
a4 − a4−1 = 4 + 2 ⇒ a4 − a3 = 6 ⇒ a4 = 6 + a3 = 6 + 11 = 17 Q a3 =11
Hence 2, 6, 11, 17 are the first four terms of the sequence.
(viii) an = nan−1 , a1 =1
Put n = 2
a2 = (2) a2−1 ⇒ a2 = 2 a1 = 2(1) = 2 Q a1 =1
Put n = 3
a3 = (3) a3−1 ⇒ a3 = 3 a2 = 3(2) = 6 Q a2 = 2
Put n = 4
a4 = (4)a4−1 ⇒ a4 = 4 a3 = 4(6) = 24 Q a3 = 6
Hence 1, 2, 6, 24 are the first four terms of the sequence.
(ix) Same as above
1
(x) an =
a + (n − 1)d
Put n = 1
1 1 1 1
a1 = ⇒ a1 = = =
a + (1 − 1)d a + (0)d a + 0 a
Put n = 2
1 1 1
a2 = ⇒ a2 = =
a + (2 − 1)d a + (1)d a + d
Put n = 3
FSc-I / Ex 6.1 - 2
1 1 1
a3 = ⇒ a3 = =
a + (3 − 1)d a + (2)d a + 2d
Put n = 4
1 1 1
a4 = ⇒ a4 = =
a + (4 − 1)d a + (3)d a + 3d
1 1 1 1
Hence , , , are the first four terms of the sequence.
a a + d a + 2 d a + 3d
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mathcity.org Exercise 6.5 (Solutions)
Textbook of Algebra and Trigonometry for Class XI
Merging man and maths Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 1.0.0
Question # 1
The sequence of the deposits is
10, 15, 20, ……………. to 9 terms
Here a1 = 10 , d = 15 − 10 = 5 , n = 9
n
Since S n = [ 2a1 + (n − 1)d ]
2
9 9 9
⇒ S9 = [ 2(10) + (9 − 1)(5)] = [ 20 + 40] = (60) = 270
2 2 2
Hence the total amount he deposits is Rs. 270.
Question # 2
The sequence of the trees from top to base row is
1, 2, 3, ……………
Let n be the total number of tress in base row then
a1 = 1 , d = 2 − 1 = 1 , n = n , S n = 378
n
Now S n = [ 2a1 + (n − 1)d ]
2
⇒ 378 = [ 2(1) + (n − 1)(1) ] ⇒ 756 = n [ 2 + n − 1]
n
2
⇒ 756 = n (n + 1) ⇒ 756 = n2 + n
⇒ n 2 + n − 756 = 0
−1± (−1)2 − 4(1)(−756)
So n=
2(1)
−1 ± 1 + 3024 −1 ± 3025 −1 ± 55
⇒ n= = =
2 2 2
−1 + 55 54 −1 − 55 −56
So n= = = 27 or n= = = − 28
2 2 2 2
Since n can never be negative therefore n = 27
Now an = a1 + (n − 1)d
⇒ a27 = (1) + (27 − 1)(1) = 1 + 26 = 27
Thus the numbers of trees in the base row are 27.
Question # 3
Let the first installment be x then the sequence of installment will be
x , x − 10, x − 20,......................
Here a1 = x , d = -10 , n = 14 and S n = 1100 + 230 = 1330
n
Now S n = [ 2a1 + (n − 1)d ]
2
⇒ 1330 = [ 2 x + (14 − 1)(−10)] ⇒ 1330 = 7 [ 2 x − 130] ⇒ 1330 = 14 x − 910
14
2
2240
⇒ 1330 + 910 = 14x ⇒ 2240 = 14x ⇒ x = = 160
14
Hence the first installment is 160.
FSc-I / Ex 6.5 - 2
Question # 4
The sequence of the strikes is
1, 2, 3, …………., 12
Here a1 = 1 , d = 2 – 1 = 2 , n = 12 , an = 12
n
Now S n = [ 2a1 + (n − 1)d ]
2
12 12 12
⇒ S n = [ 2(1) + (12 − 1)(1)] = [ 2 + 11] = [13] = 78
2 2 2
Hence clock strikes 78 hours in twelve strikes.
Question # 5
The sequence of the savings is
12, 16, 20, ……………
Total Savings = 2100
So here a1 = 12 , d = 16 – 12 = 4 , S n = 2100 , n = ?
n
Since S n = [ 2a1 + (n − 1)d ]
2
⇒ 2100 = [ 2(12) + (n − 1)(4)] ⇒ 4200 = n [ 24 + 4n − 4]
n
2
⇒ 4200 = n [ 4n + 20] ⇒ 4200 = 4n2 + 20n
⇒ 4n2 + 20n − 4200 = 0 ⇒ 4(n2 + 5n − 1050) = 0
⇒ n2 + 5n − 1050 = 0
−5 ± (5) 2 − 4(1)(−1050) −5 ± 25 + 4200
⇒ n= =
2(1) 2
−5 ± 4225 −5 ± 65
= =
2 2
−5 − 65 −70 −5 + 65 60
So n = = = −35 or n= = = 30
2 2 2 2
As n can never be negative therefore n = 30
Thus student will save Rs. 2100 in 30 weeks.
Question # 6
The sequence of the falls is
9, 27, 45, ………………
(i) a1 = 9 , d = 27 – 9 = 18 , a5 = ?
Since a5 = a1 + 4d = 9 + 4(18) = 9 + 72 = 81
Hence in fifth second the object will fall 81 meters.
(ii) Here a1 = 9 , d = 27 – 9 = 18 , n = 5, S5 = ?
n
Since S n =[ 2a1 + (n − 1)d ]
2
5 5 5
⇒ S5 = [ 2(9) + (5 − 1)(18) ] = [18 + 72 ] = (90) = 225
2 2 2
th
Thus up to 5 second the object will fall 225 meters.
FSc-I / Ex 6.5 - 3
Question # 7
Here a1 = 6000 , a11 = 12000 , n = 11
n
Now S n = [ a1 + an ]
2
11 11
⇒ S11 = [ 6000 + 12000 ] = (18000) = 99000
2 2
Hence he will receive Rs. 99000 in past eleven years.
Question # 8
Since the sum of angels of 3 sided polygon (triangle) = a1 = π
Sum of angels of 4 sided polygon (quadrilateral) = a2 = 2π
Sum of the angels of 5 sided polygon (pentagon) = a3 = 3π
So
The sum of interior angels of 16 side polygon = a14 = ?
Here a1 = π , d = a2 − a1 = 2π − π = π , n = 14
Since an = a1 + (n − 1) d
⇒ a14 = π + (14 − 1)(π ) = π + 13π = 14π
Hence sum of interior angels of 16 side polygon is 14π .
Question # 9
Let a1 denotes the prize money for the last position
Then a1 = 4000 , S n = 60000 , n = 8 , an = ?
n
Since S n = ( a1 + an )
2
8
⇒ 60000 = ( 4000 + an ) ⇒ 60000 = 4 ( 4000 + an )
2
⇒ 60000 = 16000 + 4an ⇒ 60000 − 16000 = 4an ⇒ 44000 = 4an
44000
⇒ an = = 11000
4
Hence the team at 1st place will get 11000 Rs.
Question # 10
Balls in the first layer = 8 + 7 + 6 +……… + 2 + 1
8
= [ 2(8) + (8 − 1)(−1)] = 4(16 − 7) = 36
2
Balls in the second layer = 7 + 6 + 5 + ………+ 2 + 1
7 7 7
= [ 2(7) + (7 − 1)(−1)] = [14 − 6 ] = [ 8 ] = 28
2 2 2
Balls in the third layer = 6 + 5 + 4 +3 + 2 + 1 = 21
Balls in the fourth layer = 5 + 4 + 3 + 2 +1 = 15
Balls in the fifth layer = 4 + 3 + 2 + 1 = 10
Balls in the sixth layer = 3 + 2 + 1 = 6
Balls in the seventh layer = 2 + 1 = 3
Balls in the eighth layer = 1
Hence the number of balls in pyramid
= 36 + 28 + 21 + 15 + 10 + 6 + 3 + 1 = 120
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Exercise 6.7 (Solutions)
mathcity.org Textbook of Algebra and
a nd Trigonometry for Class XI
Merging man and maths Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 1.0.0
FSc-I- Ex 6.7 - 2 www.mathcity.org
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Exercise 6.8 (Solutions)
MathCity.org Textbook of Algebra and
and Trigonometry for Class XI
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FSc-II- Ex 6.8 - 2 www.MathCity.org
www.MathCity.org FSc-II- Ex 6.8 - 3
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Exercise 6.10 (Solutions)
MathCity.org Textbook of Algebra and Trigonometry for Class XI
Merging man and maths Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 1.0.0
FSc-II- Ex 6.10 - 2 www.MathCity.org
www.MathCity.org FSc-II- Ex 6.10 - 3
FSc-II- Ex 6.10 - 4 www.MathCity.org
Do your self
The End
mathcity.org Exercise 7.2 (Solutions)
Textbook of Algebra and Trigonometry for Class XI
Merging man and maths Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 2.0.0
Question # 1 (i)
20! 20! 20 ⋅19 ⋅ 18 ⋅ 17!
20
P3 = = = = 20 ⋅19 ⋅18 = 6840
( 20 − 3)! 17! 17!
(ii)
16! 16! 16 ⋅ 15 ⋅ 14 ⋅ 13 ⋅ 12!
16
P4 = = = = 16 ⋅ 15 ⋅ 14 ⋅13 = 43680
(16 − 4 )! 12! 12!
Others do yourself
Question # 2 (i)
n! n ( n − 1)( n − 2 )!
n
P2 = 30 ⇒ = 30 ⇒ = 30
( n − 2 )! ( n − 2 )!
⇒ n ( n − 1) = 30 ⇒ n ( n − 1) = 6 ⋅ 5 ⇒ n = 6
(ii)
11 ⋅10 ⋅ 9 ⋅ 8!
11
Pn = 11 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 9 ⇒ = 11 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 9
(11 − n )!
8!
⇒ =1 ⇒ 8!= (11 − n )! ⇒ 8 = 11 − n ⇒ n = 11 − 8 ⇒ n = 3
(11 − n )!
(iii)
n
n−1 P4 9
n
P4 : P3 = 9 :1= ⇒ n P4 = 9 n−1P3
⇒ n−1
P3 1
n! (n − 1)! n(n − 1)! (n − 1)!
⇒ =9 ⇒ =9 ⇒ n=9
(n − 4)! (n − 1 − 3)! (n − 4)! (n − 4)!
Question # 3 (i)
(n − 1)! n(n − 1)! n!
R.H.S = n ⋅ n −1Pr −1 = n ⋅ = = = n Pr = L.H.S
( n − 1 − (r − 1) ) ( n − 1 − r + 1) ( n − r )
(ii)
n −1 (n − 1)! (n − 1)!
R.H.S = Pr + r ⋅ n−1Pr −1 = +r⋅
(n − 1 − r )! (n − 1 − r + 1)!
(n − 1)! (n − 1)! (n − 1)! (n − 1)!
= +r⋅ = +r⋅
(n − r − 1)! (n − r )! (n − r − 1)! (n − r )(n − r − 1)!
(n − 1)! 1 (n − 1)! n − r + r
= + ⋅ =
(n − r − 1)! (n − r ) (n − r − 1)! (n − r )
1 r
(n − 1)! n n (n − 1)!
= =
(n − r − 1)! (n − r ) (n − r )(n − r − 1)!
n!
= = n Pr = L.H.S
(n − r )!
Question # 4
Total number of flags = n = 6
Number of signal using one flag = 6 P1 = 6
Number of signal using two flag = 6 P2 = 30
Number of signal using three flag = 6 P3 = 120
FSc-I / 7.2 - 2
Question # 6 (i)
Since number of letters in PLANE = n = 5
Therefore total words form = 5 P5 = 120
(ii)
Since number of letters in OBJECT = n = 6
Therefore total words forms = 6 P6 = 720
(iii)
Since number of letters in FASTING = n = 7
Therefore total words forms = 7 P7 = 5040
Question # 7
Number of digits = n = 5
So numbers forms taken 3 digits at a time = 5 P3 = 60
Question # 8
Number greater than 23000 can be formed as
Number of numbers of the form 23 ∗∗∗= 3 P3 = 6
Number of numbers of the form 25 ∗∗∗= 3 P3 = 6
Number of numbers of the form 26 ∗∗∗= 3 P3 = 6
Number of numbers of the form 3 ∗∗∗∗= 4 P4 = 24
Number of numbers of the form 5 ∗∗∗∗= 4 P4 = 24
Number of numbers of the form 6 ∗∗ ∗∗= 4 P4 = 24
Thus the total number formed = 6 + 6 + 6 + 24 + 24 + 24 = 90
Ø Alternative (Submitted by Waqas Ahmad - FAZMIC Sargodha – 2004-06)
Permutation of 5 digits numbers = 5C5 = 120
Numbers less than 23000 are of the form 1∗ ∗ ∗ ∗
Then permutations = 4 C4 = 24
If number less than 23000 are of the form 21∗ ∗ ∗
Then permutations = 3C3 = 6
Thus number greater than 23000 formed = 120 − 24 − 6 = 90
Question # 9
Total number of digits = 5
(i) If we take 28 as a single digit then number of numbers = 4 P4 = 24
If we take 82 as a single digit then number of numbers = 4 P4 = 24
So the total numbers when 2 and 8 are next to each other = 24 + 24 = 48
(ii) Number of total permutation = 5 P5 = 120
thus number of numbers when 2 and 8 are not next to each other = 120 – 48 = 72
Question # 10
Since number of permutation of 6 digits = 6 P6 = 720
But 0 at extreme left is meaning less
so number of permutation when 0 is at extreme left = 5 P5 = 120
FSc-I / 7.2 - 3
Question # 11
Number of digits = 5
For multiple of 5 we must have 5 at extreme right so number formes = 4 P4 = 24
Question # 12
Total numbers of books = 8
Total number of permutation = 8 P8 = 40320
Let E1 and E2 denotes two English books then
Number of permutation when E1E2 place together = 7 P7 = 5040
Number of permutation when E2 E1 place together = 7 P7 = 5040
So total permutation when E1 and E2 together = 5040 + 5040 = 10080
Required permutation when English books are not together = 40320 – 10080
= 30240
Question # 13
Let E1 , E2 , E3 be the book on English and U1 ,U 2 ,U 3 ,U 4 ,U 5 be the book on Urdu
Then the permutation when
books are arranged as E1 , E2 , E3 ,U1 ,U 2 ,U 3 ,U 4 ,U 5 = 3 P3 × 5 P5 = 6 × 120 = 720
books are arranged as U1 ,U 2 ,U 3 ,U 4 ,U 5 , E1 , E2 , E3 = 5 P5 × 3 P3 = 120 × 6 = 720
so total permutation when books of same subject are together = 720 + 720
= 1440
Question # 14
Let the five boys be B1 , B2 , B3 , B4 , B5 and the four girls are G1 , G2 , G3 , G4 then
there seats plane is B1 , G1 , B2 , G2 , B3 , G3 , B4 , G4 , B5
Then the permutations = 5 P1 × 4 P1 × 4 P1 × 3 P1 × 3 P1 × 2 P1 × 2 P1 × 1P1 × 1P1
= 5 × 4 × 4 × 3 × 3 × 2 × 2 × 1 × 1 = 2880
The End
mathcity.org Exercise 7.3 (Solutions)
Textbook of Algebra and Trigonometry for Class XI
Merging man and maths Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 2.0.5
Question # 1 (i) n! 6!
So number formed = =
PAKPATTAN p !⋅ q ! 2!⋅ 2!
Number of letters = n = 9 720
Number of P’s = p = 2 = = 180
(2) (2)
Number of A’s = q = 3 Now if numbers are of the form 3∗∗∗∗∗∗
Number of T’s = r = 2 Where each ∗ can be filled with 0, 2, 2, 2, 4, 4
Thus the number of worlds formed Then number of digits = n = 6
n! 9! Number of 2’s = p = 3
= =
p !⋅ q !⋅ r ! 2!⋅ 3!⋅ 2! Number of 4’s = q = 2
362880
= = 15120 Answer n! 6!
(2) (6) (2) So number formed = =
p !⋅ q ! 3!⋅ 2!
(ii) & (iii) 720
= = 60
Do yourself as above (6) (2)
(iv) ASSASSINATION Now if numbers are of the form 4∗∗∗∗∗∗
Number of letters = n = 13 Where each ∗ can be filled with 0, 2, 2, 2,3, 4
Number of A’s = p = 3 Then number of digits = n = 6
Number of S’s = q = 4 Number of 2’s = p = 3
Number of I’s = r = 2 n! 6!
So number formed = =
Number of N’s = s = 2 p! 3!
So the number of words 720
= = 120
n! 13! 6
= =
p !⋅ q !⋅ r !⋅ s ! 3!⋅ 4!⋅ 2!⋅ 2! So required numbers greater than 1000000
6227020800 = 180 + 60 + 120
= = 10810800 = 360
(6) (24) (2) (2)
Ø Alternative
Question # 2 (Submitted by Waqas Ahmad - FAZMIC Sargodha – 2004-06)
No. of digits = 7
If P is the first letter then words are of the
No. of 2’s = 3
form P ∗∗∗∗∗ ,
No. of 4’s = 2
Where five ∗ can be replace with A,N,A,M,A.
7!
So number of letters = n = 5 Permutations of 7 digits number =
Number of A’s = p = 3 3!⋅ 2!
5040
5! 120 = = 420
So required permutations = = = 20 (6) (2)
3! 6
Number less than 1,000,000 are of the form
0∗∗∗∗∗∗ ,
Question # 3 Where each ∗ can be replaced with 2, 2, 3, 4, 4.
If C be the first letter and K is the last letter No. of digits = 6
then words are of the form C ∗∗∗∗∗∗K .Where No. of 2’s = 3
each ∗ can be replaced with A,T,T,A,E,D. No. of 4’s = 2
So number of letters = n = 6 So permutations =
6!
=
720
= 60
Number of A’s = p = 2 3!⋅ 2! (6) (2)
Number of T’s = q = 2 Hence number greater than 1000000 = 420 − 60
n! 6! = 360
So required permutations = =
p !⋅ q ! 2!⋅ 2!
Question # 5
720 Total number of digits = n = 6
= = 180
(2) (2) Number of 2’s = p = 2
Number of 3’s = q = 2
Question # 4
The number greater than 1000000 are of the Number of 4’s = r = 2
following forms. So number formed by these 6 digits
If numbers are of the form 2 ∗∗∗∗∗∗ n! 6!
= =
Where each ∗ can be filled with 0, 2, 2,3, 4, 4 p! q! r ! (2!) (2!) (2!)
Then number of digits = n = 6 =
720
= 90
Number of 2’s = p = 2 (2) (2) (2)
Number of 4’s = q = 2
FSc-I / Ex 7.3 - 2
Question # 6 A A
Total members = n = 11
Members in first committee = p = 3
Members in second committee = q = 4 B D D B
Members in third committee = r = 2
Members in fourth committee = s = 2
So required number of committees C C
Question # 1 (i)
12! 12! 12 ⋅ 11 ⋅ 10 ⋅ 9! 12 ⋅ 11 ⋅ 10 1320
12
C3 = = = = = = 220 Answer
(12 − 3)! 3! 9! 3! 9! 3! 3! 6
20! 20! 20 ⋅ 19 ⋅ 18 ⋅ 17! 20 ⋅19 ⋅ 18 6840
(ii) 20
C17 = = = = = = 1140 Answer
( 20 − 17 )!17! 3!17! 3!17! 3! 6
n! n (n − 1)(n − 2)(n − 3)(n − 4)! n (n − 1)(n − 2)(n − 3)
(iii) n
C4 = = = Answer
( n − 4 )! 4! ( n − 4 )! 4! 4!
Question # 2 (i)
Since nC5 = nC4
⇒ nCn −5 = nC4 Q nCr = nCn−r
⇒ n−5=4 ⇒ n= 4+5 ⇒ n=9
12 × 11 12 ⋅ 11 ⋅ 10! 12!
(ii) n
C10 = ⇒ nC10 = ⇒ nC10 =
2! 2!10! (12 − 10)!10!
⇒ nC10 = 12C10 ⇒ n = 12 .
(iii)
Do yourself as Q # 2 (i)
Question # 3 (i)
Cr = 35 and n Pr = 210
n
n! n!
Since nCr = 35 ⇒ = 35 ⇒ = 35 ⋅ r ! ………. (i)
( n − r )! r ! ( n − r )!
n!
Also n Pr = 210 ⇒ = 210 ………… (ii)
( n − r )!
Comparing (i) and (ii)
35 ⋅ r ! = 210
210
⇒ r!= ⇒ r ! = 6 ⇒ r ! = 3! ⇒ r = 3
35
Putting value of r in equation (ii)
n!
= 210
( n − 3)!
n (n − 1)(n − 2)(n − 3)!
⇒ = 210
( n − 3 )!
⇒ n (n − 1)(n − 2) = 210 ⇒ n (n − 1)(n − 2) = 7 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 5
⇒ n= 7
(ii) n−1
Cr −1 : nCr : n+1Cr +1 = 3: 6 :11
n−1 (n − 1)! n!
First consider Cr −1 : nCr = 3: 6 ⇒ : = 3:6
( n − 1 − r + 1)! (r − 1)! ( n − r )! r !
(n − 1)!
⇒
(n − 1)!
:
n!
= 3: 6 ⇒
( n − r )! (r − 1)! = 3
( n − r )! (r − 1)! ( n − r )! r ! n! 6
( n − r )! r !
FSc-I / Ex 7.4 - 2
⇒
(n − 1)!
×
( n − r )! r ! = 1 ⇒
(n − 1)! r ! 1
× =
( n − r )! (r − 1)! n! 2 (r − 1)! n! 2
(n − 1)! r (r − 1)! 1 r 1
⇒ × = ⇒ = ⇒ n = 2r ………. (i)
(r − 1)! n (n − 1)! 2 n 2
Now consider
n! (n + 1)!
n
Cr : n +1Cr +1 = 6 :11 ⇒ : = 6 :11
( n − r )! r ! ( n + 1 − r − 1)! (r + 1)!
n!
⇒
n!
:
(n + 1)!
= 6 :11 ⇒
( n − r )! r ! =
6
( n − r )! r ! ( n − r )! (r + 1)! (n + 1)! 11
( n − r )! (r + 1)!
⇒
n!
×
( n − r )! (r + 1)! = 6 ⇒
n ! (r + 1)! 6
× =
( n − r )! r ! (n + 1)! 11 r ! (n + 1)! 11
n ! (r + 1) r ! 6 (r + 1) 6
⇒ × = ⇒ = ⇒ 11(r + 1) = 6(n + 1)
r ! (n + 1) n! 11 (n + 1) 11
⇒ 11(r + 1) = 6(2r + 1) Q n = 2r
⇒ 11r + 11 = 12r + 6 ⇒ 11r − 12r = 6 − 11
⇒ − r = −5 ⇒ r =5
Putting value of r in equation (ii)
n = 2(5) ⇒ n = 10
Question # 4 (i)
(a) 5 sided polygon has 5 vertices,
so joining two vertices we have line segments = 5C2 = 10
Number of sides = 5
So number of diagonals = 10 – 5 = 5
(b) 5 sided polygon has 5 vertices,
so joining any three vertices we have triangles = 5C3 = 10
Question # 4 (ii)
(a) 8 sided polygon has 8 vertices
So joining any two vertices we have line segments = 8C2 = 28
Number of sides = 8
So number of diagonals = 28 – 8 = 20
(b) 8 sided polygon has 8 vertices,
so joining any three vertices we have triangles = 8C3 = 56 .
Question # 4 (iii)
Do yourself as above.
Queston # 5
Number of boys = 12
So committees formed taking 3 boys = 12C3 = 220
Number of girls = 8
So committees formed by taking 2 girls = = 8C2 = 28
Now total committees formed including 3 boys and 2 girls = 220 × 28 = 6160
Question # 6
Number of persons = 8
Since two particular persons are included in every committee so we have to find
combinations of 6 persons 3 at a time = 6C3 = 20
Hence number of committees = 20
Question # 7
The number of player = 15
So combination, taking 11 player at a time = 15C11 = 1365
Now if one particular player is in each collection
then number of combination = 14C10 = 1001
Question # 8
L.H.S = 16C11 + 16C10
16! 16! 16! 16!
= + = +
(16 − 11)! 11! (16 − 10 )! 10! 5! 11! 6! 10!
16! 16! 16! 1 1
= + = +
5! 11 ⋅ 10! 6 ⋅ 5! 10! 10! 5! 11 6
16! 6 + 11 16! 17 16! 17
= = =
10! 5! 66 10! 5! 66 10! 5! 11 ⋅ 6
17 ⋅ 16! 17! 17!
= = = = 17C11 = R.H.S
11 ⋅ 10! 6 ⋅ 5! 11! 6! 11! (17 − 11)!
Alternative
L.H.S = 16C11 + 16C10 = 4368 + 8008 = 12276 …..….. (i)
R.H.S = 17C11 = 12376 ……… (ii)
From (i) and (ii)
L.H.S = R.H.S
Question # 9
Number of men = 8
Number of women = 10
(i) We have to form combination of 4 women out of 10 and 3 men out of 8
= 10C4 × 8C3 = 210 × 36 = 11760
(ii) At the most 4 women means that women are less than or equal to 4, which implies
the following possibilities (1W ,6M ) , ( 2W ,5M ) , ( 3W ,4M ) , ( 4W ,3M ) , ( 7 M )
= 10C1 × 8C6 + 10C2 × 8C5 + 10C3 × 8C4 + 10C4 × 8C3 + 8C7
= (10 )( 28) + ( 45 )( 56 ) + (120 )( 70 ) + ( 210 )( 56 ) + ( 8)
= 280 + 2520 + 8400 + 11760 + 8
= 22968
(iii) At least 4 women means that women are greater than or equal to 4, which implies
the following possibilities ( 4W ,3M ) , ( 5W ,2M ) , ( 6W ,1M ) , ( 7W )
= 10C4 × 8C3 + 10C5 × 8C2 + 10C6 × 8C1 + 10C7
= ( 210 )( 56 ) + ( 252 )( 28) + ( 210 )(8 ) + 120
= 11760 + 7056 + 1680 + 120
= 20616
FSc-I / Ex 7.4 - 4
Question # 10
n! n!
L.H.S = nCr + nCr −1 = +
( n − r )! r ! ( n − (r − 1) )! ( r − 1)!
n! n!
= +
( n − r )! r ! ( n − r + 1)! ( r − 1)!
n! n!
= +
( n − r )! r ( r − 1)! ( n − r + 1)( n − r )! ( r − 1)!
n! 1 1
= +
( n − r )! ( r − 1)!
r ( n − r + 1)
n! n − r +1+ r
=
( n − r )! ( r − 1)! r ( n − r + 1)
n! n +1
=
( n − r )! ( r − 1)!
r ( n − r + 1)
=
( n + 1) n!
( n − r + 1)( n − r )! r ( r − 1)!
=
( n + 1)! =
( n + 1)!
( n − r + 1)! r! ( n + 1 − r )! r!
= n +1Cr = R.H.S
ﻧﻮٹ
اﮔﺮ آپ ﮐﻮ ان ﻧﻮﭨﺲ ﻣﯿﮟ ﮐﻮﺋﯽ ﻏﻠﻄﯽ ﯾﺎ ﺧﺎﻣﯽ ﻧﻈﺮ آﺋﮯ ﯾﺎ آپ ﮐﮯ ﭘﺎس ان ﺳﻮاﻻت ﮐﮯاس ﺳﮯ
آﺳﺎن ﺣﻞ ﻣﻮﺟﻮد ھﻮں ﺗﻮ آپ اوﭘﺮ دﯾﺌﮯ ﮔﺌﮯ ای ﻣﯿﻞ اﯾﮉرس ﭘﺮ ھﻤﯿﮟ ﺑﮫﯿﺞ ﺳﮑﺘﮯ ھﯿﮟ۔ ﯾﺎ ﭘﮫﺮ آپ
ﺑﺬرﯾﻪ ﺧﻂ ﯾﺎﭘﮫﺮ ﺧﻮد اس ﭘﺘﺎ ﭘﺮ اﻃﻼع دے ﺳﮑﺘﮯ ھﯿﮟ۔
40170 ﺳﺮﮔﻮدھﺎ۔، ﭨﯿﻞ49 ، ﻣﮫﺮ ﮐﺎﻟﻮﻧﯽ،6 ﮔﻠﯽ ﻧﻤﺒﺮ،143 ﻣﮑﺎن ﻧﻤﺮ
﴾048﴿3750143 : ﻓﻮن
Error Analyst
Question # 1
Total possible outcomes = n (S ) = 1
(i) Suppose A is the event that sweet is orange flavoured.
Since box only contained orange flavoured sweets
So favourable outcomes = n ( A) = 1
n( A) 1
Probability = P ( A) = = =1
n( S ) 1
(ii) Let B be the event that the sweet is lemon-flavoured.
Since box only contained orange-flavoured sweet
So favourable outcomes = n( B) = 0
n( B ) 0
Probability = P ( B ) = = =0
n( S ) 1
Question # 2
Since there are three possibilities that Pakistan wins, loses or the match tied.
Therefore possible outcomes = n (S ) = 3
(i) Let A be the event that Pakistan wins
Favourable outcomes = n ( A) = 1
n( A) 1
Required probability = P ( A) = =
n( S ) 3
(ii) Let B be the event that India does not lose.
If India does not lose then India may win or the match tied
Therefore favourable outcomes = n ( B ) = 2
n( B ) 2
Required probability = P ( B ) = =
n( S ) 3
Question # 3
Total number of balls = 5 + 3 = 8
Therefore possible outcomes = n( S ) = 8
(i) Let A be event that the ball is green
Then favourable outcomes = n( A) = 5
n( A) 5
So probability = P ( A) = =
n( S ) 8
(ii) Let B be the event that the ball is red
Then favourable outcomes = n( B ) = 3
n( B ) 3
So probability = P ( A) = =
n( S ) 8
Question # 4
When a fair coin is tossed three times, the possible outcomes are
HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT.
So total possible outcomes = n (S ) = 8
(i) Let A be the event that the coin shows one tail then favourable outcomes are
HHT, HTH, THH,
i.e. n( A) = 3
n( A) 3
So required probability = P ( A) = =
n( S ) 8
FSc-I / 7.5 - 2
(ii) Let B be the event that coin shows at least one head then favourable outcomes are
HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH.
i.e. n ( B ) = 7
n( B ) 7
So required probability = P ( B ) = =
n( S ) 8
Queston # 5
The possible outcomes are that die show 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
So possible outcomes = n( S ) = 6
(i) Let A be the event that die show 3 or 4.
Then favourable outcomes = n ( A) = 2
n( A) 2 1
So required probability = P ( A) = = =
n( S ) 6 3
(ii) Let B be the event that top of the die show dots less than 5 then
Favourable outcomes = n ( B ) = 4
n( B ) 4 2
So required probability = P ( B ) = = =
n( S ) 6 3
Question # 6
Since the box contain 5 slips
So possible outcomes = n (S ) = 5
(i) Let A be the event that the number on the slip are prime numbers 2, 3 or 5
Then favourable outcomes = n( A) = 3
n( A) 3
So required probability = P ( A) = =
n( S ) 5
(ii) Let B be the event that number on the slips are multiple of 3 then
Favourable outcomes = n ( B ) = 1
n( B ) 1
So probability = P ( B ) = =
n( S ) 5
Question # 7
When two dice are rolled, the possible outcomes are
(1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
(2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
(3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
(4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
(5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
(6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)
This show possible outcomes = n( S ) = 36
(i) Let A be the event that the total of two scores is 5 then favourable outcome are
(1, 4), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 1)
i.e. favourable outcomes = n ( A) = 4
n( A) 4 1
So required probability = P ( A) = = =
n( S ) 36 9
(ii) Let B be the event that the total of two scores is 7 then favourable outcomes are
(1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1)
i.e. favourable outcomes = n( B ) = 6
n( B ) 6 1
So probability = P ( B ) = = =
n( S ) 36 6
FSc-I / 7.5 - 3
(iii) Let C be the event that the total of two score is 11 then
favourable outcomes are (5, 6), (6, 5) i.e. n (C ) = 2
n( B ) 2 1
So probability = P ( B ) = = =
n( S ) 36 18
Question # 8
Total number of balls = 40 i.e. n ( S ) = 40
Black balls = 15, Green balls = 5, Yellow balls = 40 – (15+5) = 20
(i) Let A be the event that the ball is black then n( A) = 15
n( A) 15 3
So required probability = P ( A) = = =
n( S ) 40 8
(ii) Let B denotes the event that the ball is green then n( B ) = 5
n( B ) 5 1
So required probability = P ( B ) = = =
n( S ) 40 8
Let C denotes the event that the ball is not green then ball is either black or
yellow therefore favourable outcomes = n (C ) = 15 + 20 = 35
n(C ) 35 7
So required probability = P (C ) = = =
n( S ) 40 8
Question # 9
Number of students = 30
Then possible outcomes = n( S ) = 30
(i) Now if A be the event that the monitor is the boy then
Favourable outcomes = n( A) = 18
n( A) 18 3
So probability = P ( A) = = =
n( S ) 30 5
(ii) Now if B be the event that the monitor is the girl then
Favourable outcomes = n( B ) = 12
n( B) 12 2
So probability = P ( B ) = = =
n( S ) 30 5
Question # 10
When the coin is tossed four times the possible outcomes are
HHHT HHTH HTHH THHH
HHTT HTTH TTHH THHT
HTTT TTTH TTHT THTT
TTTT HHHH THTH HTHT
i.e. n (S ) = 16
(i) Let A be the event that the top shows all head then
favourable outcome is HHHH i.e. n ( A) = 1
n( A) 1
Now probability = P ( A) = =
n( S ) 16
(ii) Let B be the event that the top shows 2 head and two tails the favourable
outcomes are HHTT, HTTH, TTHH, THHT, THTH, HTHT
i.e. n( B ) = 6
n( B ) 6 3
Now probability = P ( B ) = = =
n( S ) 16 8
Made By: Atiq ur Rehman ( atiq@mathcity.org ), http://www.mathcity.org
mathcity.org Exercise 7.7 (Solutions)
Textbook of Algebra and Trigonometry for Class XI
Merging man and maths Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 1.0.1
³ Question # 1
Sample space = {1,2,3,..........,9} then n ( S ) = 9
Since event A = {2,4,6,8} then n ( A) = 4
Also event B = {1,3,5} then n( B ) = 3
n( A) n( B ) 4 3 7
Now P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A) + P( B) = + = + = Answer
n( S ) n ( S ) 9 9 9
³ Question # 2
Red marble = 10, White marble = 30, Black marble = 20
Total marble = 10 + 30 + 20 = 60
Therefore n ( S ) = 60
Let A be the event that the marble is red then n( A) = 10
And let B be the event that the marble is white then n ( B ) = 30
Since A and B are mutually exclusive event therefore
n( A) n( B) 10 30 40 2
Probability = P( A ∪ B) = P( A) + P( B) = + = + = =
n( S ) n( S ) 60 60 60 3
³ Question # 3
Since sample space is first fifty natural number so S = {1, 2,3,..........,50}
Then n( S ) = 50
Let A be the event that the chosen number is a multiple of 3 then
A = {3,6,9,........, 48} so n( A) = 16
If B be the event that the chosen number is multiple of 5 then
B = {5,10,15,........,50} so n( B ) = 10
Now A ∩ B = {15,30,45} so n ( A ∩ B ) = 3
Since A and B are not mutually exclusive event therefore
Probability = P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A) + P ( B) − P ( A ∩ B )
n( A) n( B) n( A ∩ B )
= + −
n( S ) n( S ) n(S )
16 10 3 16 + 10 − 3 23
= + − = = Answer
50 50 50 50 50
³ Question # 4
Total number of cards = 52 ,
therefore possible outcomes = n( S ) = 52
Let A be the event that the card is a diamond card.
Since there are 13 diamond card in the deck therefore n( A) = 13
Now let B the event that the card is an ace card.
Since there are 4 ace cards in the deck therefore n ( B ) = 4
Since one diamond card is also an ace card therefore A and B are not mutually
exclusive event and n ( A ∩ B) = 1
Now probability = P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A) + P ( B) − P ( A ∩ B )
n( A) n( B) n( A ∩ B )
= + −
n( S ) n( S ) n(S )
13 4 1 13 + 4 − 1 16 4
= + − = = = Answer
52 52 52 52 52 13
³ Question # 5
When die is thrown twice the possible outcomes are
(1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
(2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
(3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
(4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
(5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
(6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)
This shows possible outcomes = n( S ) = 36
Let A be the event that the sum is 3
Then the favourable outcomes are (1, 2) and (2, 1), i.e. n ( A) = 2
Now let B the event that the sum is 11
Then the favourable outcomes are (5, 6) and (6, 5), i.e. n ( B ) = 2
Since A and B are mutually exclusive events therefore
n( A) n( B ) 2 2 4 1
Probability = P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A) + P( B) = + = + = =
n( S ) n (S ) 36 36 36 9
³ Question # 6 Do yourself as above
³ Question # 7
When two dice are thrown the possible outcomes are
[ See the dice table of Question # 5 ]
This shows possible outcomes = n( S ) = 36
Since A be the event that the sum of dots is and odd number
Then favourable outcomes are
(1, 2), (1, 4), (1, 6), (2, 1), (2, 3), (2, 5), (3, 2), (3, 4), (3, 6),
(4, 1), (4, 3), (4, 5), (5, 2), (5, 4), (5, 6), (6, 1), (6, 3), (6, 5)
i.e. favourable outcomes = n( A) = 18
Sine B is the event that the least one die has 3 dot on it therefore
favourable outcomes are (1, 3), (2, 3), (3, 1), (3, 2), (3, 3), (3, 4),(3, 5), (3, 6),
(4, 3), (5, 3), (6, 3) i.e. favourable outcomes = n ( B ) = 11
Since A and B have common outcome (2, 3), (3, 2), (3, 4), (3, 6), (4, 3), (6, 3)
i.e n ( A ∩ B ) = 6
Now probability = P ( AUB) = P( A) + P( B) − P( A ∩ B)
n( A) n( B) n( A ∩ B )
= + −
n( S ) n( S ) n(S )
18 11 6 18 + 11 − 6 23
= + − = = Answer
36 36 36 36 36
³ Question # 8
Number of girls = 10, Number of boys = 20
Total number of students = 10 + 20 = 30
Since half of the girls and half of the boys have blue eyes
Therefore students having blue eyes = 5 + 10 = 15
Let A be event that monitor of the class is a student of blue eyes then n( A) = 15
Now Let B be the event that the monitor of the class is girl then n( B ) = 10
Since 5 girls have blue eyes therefore A and B are not mutually exclusive
Therefore n ( A ∩ B ) = 5
Now probability = P ( A ∪ B ) = P ( A) + P ( B) − P ( A ∩ B )
n( A) n( B) n( A ∩ B )
= + −
n( S ) n( S ) n(S )
15 10 5 15 + 10 − 5 20 2
= + − = = = Answer
30 30 30 30 30 3
mathcity.org Exercise 7.8 (Solutions)
Textbook of Algebra and Trigonometry for Class XI
Merging man and maths Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 2.0.0
Question # 1
5
Since P ( A) =
7
7
And P ( B ) =
9
Then the probability that both will alive 15 year is
5 7 5
P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A) ⋅ P( B) = ⋅ = Answer
7 9 9
Question # 2
When a die is rolled then possible outcomes are
1, 2 ,3 , 4, 5, 6
This shows that possible outcomes = n( S ) = 6
Since E1 is the event that the dots on the die are even then favourable outcomes
are 2, 4, 6
this shows n ( E1 ) = 3
n( E1 ) 3 1
so probability = P ( E1 ) = = =
n( S ) 6 2
Now since E2 is the event that the dot appear are more than four then favourable
outcomes are 5 and 6. This show n( E2 ) = 2
n ( E2 ) 2 1
So probability = P ( E2 ) = = =
n(S ) 6 3
Since E1 and E2 are not mutually exclusive
And the possible common outcome is 6 i.e. n ( E1 ∩ E2 ) = 1
n( E1 ∩ E2 ) 1
So probability P ( E1 ∩ E2 ) = = ……….. (i)
n( S ) 6
1 1 1
Now P ( E1 ) ⋅ P ( E2 ) = ⋅ = …………. (ii)
2 3 6
Form (i) and (ii)
P ( E1 ∩ E2 ) = P ( E1 ) ⋅ P ( E2 ) Proved.
Question # 3
When two coins are tossed then possible outcomes are
HH, HT, TH, TT
i.e. n( S ) = 4
Let A be the event of getting two heads then favourable outcome is HH.
so n ( A) = 1
n( A) 1
Now probability = P ( A) = = Answer
n( S ) 4
Question # 4
When the two coins are tossed then possible outcomes are
HH, HT, TH, TT
This shows n( S ) = 4
Let A be the event that head appear in the first toss then
favourable outcomes are HT, HH, i.e. n ( A) = 2
FSc-I / 7.8 - 2
Let B be the event that same face appear on the second toss then
favourable outcomes are HH, TT. i.e. n ( B ) = 2
Now probability = P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A) ⋅ P( B)
n( A) n( B) 2 2 1 1 1
= ⋅ = ⋅ = ⋅ = Answer
n( S ) n( S ) 4 4 2 2 4
Question # 5
Since there are 52 cards in the deck therefore n( S ) = 52
Let A be the event that first card is an ace then n ( A) = 4
And let B be the event that the second card is also an ace then n ( B ) = 4
Now probability = P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A) ⋅ P( B)
n( A) n( B) 4 4 1
= ⋅ = ⋅ = Answer
n( S ) n( S ) 52 52 169
Question # 6
Since there are 52 cards in the deck therefore n( S ) = 52
(i) Let A be the event that the first card is king then n ( A) = 4
and let B be the event that the second card is queen then n ( B ) = 4
Now probability = P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A) ⋅ P( B)
n( A) n( B) 4 4 1
= ⋅ = ⋅ = Answer
n( S ) n( S ) 52 52 169
(ii) Let C be the event that first card is faced card.
Since there are 12 faced card in the deck therefore n (C ) = 12
and let D be the event that the second card is also faced card then n ( D ) = 12
Now probability = P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A) ⋅ P( B)
n( A) n( B) 12 12 3 3 9
= ⋅ = ⋅ = ⋅ = Answer
n( S ) n( S ) 52 52 13 13 169
Question # 7
When the two dice are thrown the possible outcomes are
(1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
(2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
(3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
(4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
(5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
(6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)
Which shows that n( S ) = 36
Let A be the event that the sum of dots in first throw is 7 then
favourable outcomes are (1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1) i.e. n( A) = 6
Let B be the event that the sum of dots in second throw is 11 then
favourable outcomes are (5, 6), (6, 5) i.e. n ( B ) = 2
Now probability = P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A) ⋅ P( B)
n( A) n( B) 6 2 1 1 1
= ⋅ = ⋅ = ⋅ = Answer
n( S ) n( S ) 36 36 6 18 108
FSc-I / 7.8 - 3
Question # 8
When the two dice are thrown the possible outcomes are
(1, 1) (1, 2) (1, 3) (1, 4) (1, 5) (1, 6)
(2, 1) (2, 2) (2, 3) (2, 4) (2, 5) (2, 6)
(3, 1) (3, 2) (3, 3) (3, 4) (3, 5) (3, 6)
(4, 1) (4, 2) (4, 3) (4, 4) (4, 5) (4, 6)
(5, 1) (5, 2) (5, 3) (5, 4) (5, 5) (5, 6)
(6, 1) (6, 2) (6, 3) (6, 4) (6, 5) (6, 6)
Which shows that n( S ) = 36
Let A be the event that the sum of dots in first throw is 7 then
favourable outcomes are (1, 6), (2, 5), (3, 4), (4, 3), (5, 2), (6, 1) i.e. n( A) = 6
Let B be the event that the sum of dots in second throw is also 7 then
similarly favourable outcomes = n( B ) = 6
Now probability = P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A) ⋅ P( B)
n( A) n( B) 6 6 1 1 1
= ⋅ = ⋅ = ⋅ = Answer
n( S ) n( S ) 36 36 6 6 36
Question # 9
When the die is thrown twice then the top may shows 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
This shows possible outcomes = n( S ) = 6
Let A be the event that the number of the dots is prime then
favourable outcomes are 2, 3 ,5 , i.e. n( A) = 3
Let B be the event that the number of dots in second throw is less than 5 then
favourable outcomes are 1 ,2 ,3 ,4 i.e. n ( B ) = 4
Now probability = P ( A ∩ B ) = P ( A) ⋅ P( B)
n( A) n( B) 3 4 1 2 1
= ⋅ = ⋅ = ⋅ = Answer
n( S ) n( S ) 6 6 2 3 3
Question # 10
Since number of red balls = 8
Number of white ball = 5
Number of black ball = 7
Therefore total number of balls = 8 + 5 + 7 = 20 i.e. n ( S ) = 20
Let A be the event that the first ball is red then n( A) = 8
Let B be the event that the second ball is white then n( B ) = 5
Let C be the event that the third ball is black then n (C ) = 7
Now probability = P ( A ∩ B ∩ C ) = P( A) ⋅ P ( B ) ⋅ P (C )
n( A) n( B) n(C )
= ⋅ ⋅
n( S ) n( S ) n( S )
8 5 7 2 1 7 14 7
= ⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ ⋅ = = Answer
20 20 20 5 4 20 400 200
THE END
mathcity.org Exercise 8.1 (Solutions)
Textbook of Algebra and Trigonometry for Class XI
Merging man and maths Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 1.6.7
Question # 4
Suppose S (n) : 1 + 2 + 4 + .............. + 2 n−1 = 2n − 1
Put n = 1
S (1) : 1 = 21 − 1 ⇒ 1 = 1
Thus condition I is satisfied
Now suppose that S (n) is true for n = k
S (k ) : 1 + 2 + 4 + .............. + 2 k −1 = 2k − 1 …………. (i)
The statement for n = k + 1 becomes
S (k + 1) : 1 + 2 + 4 + .............. + 2 k +1−1 = 2k +1 − 1
⇒ 1 + 2 + 4 + .............. + 2k = 2k +1 − 1
Adding 2k on both sides of equation (i)
1 + 2 + 4 + .............. + 2 k −1 + 2k = 2k − 1 + 2 k
⇒ 1 + 2 + 4 + .............. + 2k = 2(2k ) − 1 Q 2k + 2k = 2(2k )
= 2 k +1 − 1
Thus S (k + 1) is true if S (k ) is true, so condition II is satisfied and S (n) is true
for all positive integer n.
Question # 5
1 1 1 1
Suppose S (n) : 1 + + + .............. + n −1 = 2 1 − n
2 4 2 2
Put n = 1
1 1
S (1) : 1 = 2 1 − 1 ⇒ 1 = 2 ⇒ 1 = 1
2 2
Thus condition I is satisfied
Now suppose that S (n) is true for n = k
1 1 1 1
S (k ) : 1 + + + .............. + k −1 = 2 1 − k …………. (i)
2 4 2 2
The statement for n = k + 1 becomes
1 1 1 1
S (k + 1) : 1 + + + .............. + k +1−1 = 2 1 − k +1
2 4 2 2
1 1 1 2
⇒ 1 + + + .............. + k = 2 − k +1
2 4 2 2
2
=2− k
2 ⋅2
1
=2− k
2
1
Adding k on both sides of equation (i)
2
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 + + + .............. + k −1 + k +1−1 = 2 1 − k + k
2 4 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 2 1
⇒ 1 + + + .............. + k +1−1 = 2 − k + k
2 4 2 2 2
1
= 2 − k ( 2 − 1)
2
1 1
= 2 − k (1) = 2 − k
2 2
Thus S (k + 1) is true if S (k ) is true, so condition II is satisfied and S (n) is true
for all positive integer n.
Question # 8
n (n + 1)(4n + 5)
Suppose S (n) : 1 × 3 + 2 × 5 + 3 × 7 + .............. + n × (2n + 1) =
6
Put n = 1
1(1 + 1)(4(1) + 5) (2)(9)
S (1) : 1 × 3 = ⇒ 3= ⇒ 3=3
6 6
Thus condition I is satisfied
Now suppose that S (n) is true for n = k
k (k + 1)(4k + 5)
S (k ) : 1 × 3 + 2 × 5 + 3 × 7 + .............. + k × (2k + 1) = ……. (i)
6
The statement for n = k + 1 becomes
( k + 1) ( k + 1 + 1) (4(k + 1) + 5)
S (k + 1) : 1 × 3 + 2 × 5 + 3 × 7 + .............. + (k + 1) × (2(k + 1) + 1) =
6
(k + 1)(k + 2)(4k + 9)
⇒ 1 × 3 + 2 × 5 + 3 × 7 + .............. + (k + 1) × (2k + 3) =
6
Adding (k + 1) × (2k + 3) on both sides of equation (i)
k ( k + 1) (4k + 5)
1 × 3 + 2 × 5 + 3 × 7 + .............. + k × (2 k + 1) + ( k + 1) × (2k + 3) = + ( k + 1) × (2k + 3)
6
k (4k + 5)
⇒ 1 × 3 + 2 × 5 + 3 × 7 + .............. + (k + 1) × (2k + 3) = (k + 1) + (2k + 3)
6
k (4k + 5) + 6(2k + 3)
= (k + 1)
6
4k + 5k + 12 k + 18
2
= (k + 1)
6
4k 2 + 17 k + 18
= (k + 1)
6
4k 2 + 17 k + 18
= (k + 1)
6
4k 2 + 8k + 9k + 18
= (k + 1)
6
4k (k + 2) + 9(k + 2)
= (k + 1)
6
(k + 2)(4k + 9)
= (k + 1)
6
(k + 1)(k + 2)(4k + 9)
=
6
Thus S (k + 1) is true if S (k ) is true, so condition II is satisfied and S (n) is true
for all positive integer n.
Question # 9
Do yourself as Question # 8
Question # 10
Do yourself as Question # 8
Question # 11
1 1 1 1 1
Suppose S (n) : + + + .............. + =1−
1× 2 2 × 3 3 × 4 n (n + 1) n +1
Put n = 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
S (1) : =1− ⇒ =1− ⇒ =
1× 2 1+1 2 2 2 2
Thus condition I is satisfied
Now suppose that S (n) is true for n = k
1 1 1 1 1
S (k ) : + + + .............. + =1− …………. (i)
1× 2 2 × 3 3 × 4 k (k + 1) k +1
The statement for n = k + 1 becomes
1 1 1 1
S (k + 1) : 1 + + + .............. + =1−
2 4 (k + 1)(k + 1 + 1) k +1+1
1 1 1 1
⇒ 1 + + + .............. + =1−
2 4 (k + 1)(k + 2) k+2
1
Adding on both sides of equation (i)
(k + 1)(k + 2)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ + + .............. + + =1− +
1× 2 2 × 3 3 × 4 k (k + 1) (k + 1)(k + 2) k + 1 (k + 1)(k + 2)
1 1 1 1 1 1
⇒ + + + .............. + =1− 1−
1× 2 2 × 3 3 × 4 (k + 1)(k + 2) k + 1 (k + 2)
1 k + 2 −1
=1−
k + 1 k + 2
1 k +1
=1−
k + 1 k + 2
1
=1−
k+2
Thus S (k + 1) is true if S (k ) is true, so condition II is satisfied and S (n) is true
for all positive integer n.
Question # 12
1 1 1 1 n
Suppose S (n) : + + + .............. + =
1× 3 3 × 5 5 × 7 (2n − 1)(2n + 1) 2 n + 1
Put n = 1
1 1 1 1
S (1) : = ⇒ =
1 × 3 2(1) + 1 3 3
Thus condition I is satisfied
Now suppose that S (n) is true for n = k
1 1 1 1 k
S (k ) : + + + .............. + = ………. (i)
1× 3 3 × 5 5 × 7 (2 k − 1)(2k + 1) 2k + 1
The statement for n = k + 1 becomes
1 1 1 1 k +1
S (k + 1) : + + + .............. + =
1× 3 3 × 5 5 × 7 ( 2(k + 1) − 1)( 2(k + 1) + 1) 2(k + 1) + 1
1 1 1 1 k +1
⇒ + + + .............. + =
1× 3 3 × 5 5 × 7 ( 2k + 1)( 2k + 3) 2k + 3
1
Adding on both sides of equation (i)
( 2k + 1)( 2k + 3)
FSc-I / Ex 8.1 - 6
1 1 1 1 1 k 1
+ + + .............. + + = +
1× 3 3 × 5 5 × 7 (2k − 1)(2k + 1) ( 2k + 1)( 2k + 3) 2k + 1 ( 2k + 1)( 2k + 3)
1 1 1 1 1 1
⇒ + + + .............. + = k +
1× 3 3 × 5 5 × 7 ( 2k + 1)( 2k + 3) 2k + 1 ( 2k + 3)
1 k (2k + 3) + 1
=
2k + 1 2k + 3
1 2k 2 + 3k + 1
=
2k + 1 2 k + 3
1 2k 2 + 2k + k + 1
=
2k + 1 2k + 3
1 2k (k + 1) + 1(k + 1)
=
2k + 1 2k + 3
1 (2k + 1)(k + 1)
=
2k + 1 2k + 3
k +1
=
2k + 3
Thus S (k + 1) is true if S (k ) is true, so condition II is satisfied and S (n) is true
for all positive integer n.
Question # 13 Do yourself as Question # 12
Question # 14
r (1 − r n )
Suppose S (n) : r + r + r + .............. + r =
2 3 n
1− r
Put n = 1
S (1) : r =
(
r 1 − r1 )
⇒ r =r
1− r
Thus condition I is satisfied
Now suppose that S (n) is true for n = k
r (1 − r k )
S (k ) : r + r + r + .............. + r =
2 3 k
…………. (i)
1− r
The statement for n = k + 1 becomes
k +1 r (1 − r k +1 )
S (k + 1) : r + r + r + .............. + r =
2 3
1− r
k +1
Adding r on both sides of equation (i)
k +1 r (1 − r k )
r + r + r + .............. + r + r =
2 3 k
+ r k +1
1− r
k +1 r (1 − r ) + r k +1 (1 − r )
k
⇒ r + r + r + .............. + r =
2 3
1− r
r − r + r k +1 − r k +2
k +1
=
1− r
k +2
r−r
=
1− r
r (1 − r k +1 )
=
1− r
Thus S (k + 1) is true if S (k ) is true, so condition II is satisfied and S (n) is true
for all positive integer n.
FSc-I / Ex 8.1 - 7
Question # 15
n
Suppose S (n) : a + (a + d ) + (a + 2 d ) + ............... + [ a + (n − 1)d ] = [ 2a + (n − 1)d ]
2
Put n = 1
1 1 1
S (1) : a = [ 2a + (1 − 1)d ] ⇒ a = [ 2a + (0)d ] ⇒ a = [ 2a ] = a
2 2 2
Thus condition I is satisfied
Now suppose that S (n) is true for n = k
k
S (k ) : a + (a + d ) + (a + 2 d ) + ............... + [ a + (k − 1)d ] = [ 2a + (k − 1)d ] …..…. (i)
2
The statement for n = k + 1 becomes
k +1
S (k + 1) : a + (a + d ) + (a + 2d ) + ............... + [ a + (k + 1 − 1)d ] = [ 2a + (k + 1 − 1)d ]
2
k +1
⇒ a + (a + d ) + (a + 2d ) + ............... + [ a + kd ] = [ 2a + kd ]
2
Adding a + kd on both sides of equation (i)
k
a + (a + d ) + (a + 2 d ) + ............... + [ a + (k − 1)d ] + [ a + kd ] = [ 2a + (k − 1)d ] + [ a + kd ]
2
k
⇒ a + (a + d ) + (a + 2d ) + ............... + [ a + kd ] = [ 2a + kd − d ] + [ a + kd ]
2
k [ 2a + kd − d ] + 2 [ a + kd ]
=
2
2ak + k d − kd + 2a + 2kd
2
=
2
2ak + k d + kd + 2a
2
=
2
2ak + 2 a + k 2 d + kd
=
2
2a (k + 1) + kd (k + 1)
=
2
(k + 1)(2a + kd )
=
2
k +1
= [ 2a + kd ]
2
Thus S (k + 1) is true if S (k ) is true, so condition II is satisfied and S (n) is true
for all positive integer n.
Question # 16
Suppose S (n) : 1 ⋅ 1 + 2 ⋅ 2 + 3 ⋅ 3 + .............. + n ⋅ n = n + 1 − 1
Put n = 1
S (1) : 1 ⋅ 1 = 1 + 1 − 1 ⇒ 1 = 2 − 1 ⇒ 1 = 2 − 1 ⇒ 1 = 1
Thus condition I is satisfied
Now suppose that S (n) is true for n = k
S (k ) : 1 ⋅ 1 + 2 ⋅ 2 + 3 ⋅ 3 + .............. + k ⋅ k = k + 1 − 1 …………. (i)
The statement for n = k + 1 becomes
S (k + 1) : 1 ⋅ 1 + 2 ⋅ 2 + 3 ⋅ 3 + .............. + (k + 1) ⋅ k + 1 = k + 1 + 1 − 1
⇒ 1 ⋅ 1 + 2 ⋅ 2 + 3 ⋅ 3 + .............. + (k + 1) ⋅ k + 1 = k + 2 − 1
Adding (k + 1) ⋅ k + 1 on both sides of equation (i)
1 ⋅ 1 + 2 ⋅ 2 + 3 ⋅ 3 + .............. + k ⋅ k + (k + 1) ⋅ k + 1 = k + 1 − 1 + (k + 1) ⋅ k + 1
FSc-I / Ex 8.1 - 8
⇒ 1 ⋅ 1 + 2 ⋅ 2 + 3 ⋅ 3 + .............. + (k + 1) ⋅ k + 1 = k + 1 + k + 1(k + 1) − 1
= k + 1 (1 + k + 1) − 1
= k + 1 ( k + 2) − 1
= ( k + 2) k + 1 − 1
= k + 2 −1
Thus S (k + 1) is true if S (k ) is true, so condition II is satisfied and S (n) is true
for all positive integer n.
Question # 17
Suppose S (n) : an = a1 + (n − 1)d
Put n = 1
S (1) : a1 = a1 + (1 − 1)d ⇒ a1 = a1 + 0d = a1
Thus condition I is satisfied
Now suppose that S (n) is true for n = k
S (k ) : ak = a1 + (k − 1)d …………. (i)
The statement for n = k + 1 becomes
S (k + 1) : ak +1 = a1 + (k + 1 − 1)d
= a1 + (k )d
Adding d on both sides of equation (i)
ak + d = a1 + (k − 1)d + d Q a2 = a1 + d
a3 = a2 + d
⇒ ak +1 = a1 + (k − 1 + 1)d
∴ ak +1 = ak + d
⇒ ak +1 = a1 + (k )d
Thus S (k + 1) is true if S (k ) is true, so condition II is satisfied and S (n) is true
for all positive integer n.
Question # 18
Suppose S (n) : an = a1r n −1
Put n = 1
S (1) : a1 = a1r 1−1 ⇒ a1 = a1r 0 = a1
Thus condition I is satisfied
Now suppose that S (n) is true for n = k
S (k ) : ak = a1r k −1 …………. (i)
The statement for n = k + 1 becomes
S (k + 1) : ak +1 = a1r k +1−1
= a1r k
Multiplying r on both sides of equation (i)
ak ⋅ r = a1r k −1 ⋅ r1 Q a2 = a1r
a3 = a2 r
⇒ ak +1 = a1r k −1+1 ∴ ak +1 = ak r
⇒ ak +1 = a1r k
3
Put n = 1
1(4(1) 2 − 1) 1(4 − 1) 3
S (1) : 1 =
2
⇒ 1= ⇒ 1= =1
3 3 3
Thus condition I is satisfied
FSc-I / Ex 8.1 - 9
3
(k + 1)(4(k + 2k + 1) − 1)
2
⇒ 12 + 32 + 52 + ............... + (2k + 1)2 =
3
(k + 1)(4k + 8k + 4 − 1)
2
=
3
(k + 1)(4k + 8k + 3)
2
=
3
4k + 8k + 3k + 4k 2 + 8k + 3
3 2
=
3
4k 3 + 12k 2 + 11k + 3
=
3
Adding ( 2k + 1) on both sides of equation (i)
2
k (4k 2 − 1)
1 + 3 + 5 + ............... + (2k − 1) + ( 2k + 1) = + ( 2k + 1)
2 2 2 2 2 2
3
k (4 k − 1) + 3(2k + 1) 2
2
⇒ 12 + 32 + 52 + ............... + ( 2k + 1) =
2
3
k (4k − 1) + 3(4k 2 + 4k + 1)
2
=
3
4k − k + 12k 2 + 12k + 3
3
=
3
4k + 12k + 11k + 3
3 2
=
3
Thus S (k + 1) is true if S (k ) is true, so condition II is satisfied and S (n) is true
for all positive integer n.
Question # 20
3 4 5 n + 2 n + 3
Suppose S (n) : + + + ............... + = 4
3 3 3 3
Put n = 1
3
L.H.S = = 1
3
1 + 3 4
R.H.S = = =1
4 4
L.H.S = R.H.S
Thus condition I is satisfied
Now suppose that S (n) is true for n = k
3 4 5 k + 2 k + 3
S (k ) : + + + ............... + = 4 …..…. (i)
3 3 3 3
The statement for n = k + 1 becomes
3 4 5 k + 1 + 2 k + 1 + 3
S (k + 1) : + + + ............... + = 4
3 3 3 3
FSc-I / Ex 8.1 - 10
3 4 5 k + 3 k + 4
⇒ + + + ............... + =
3 3 3 3 4
k + 3
Adding on both sides of equation (i)
3
3 4 5 k + 2 k + 3 k + 3 k + 3
+ + + ............... + + = +
3 3 3 3 3 4 3
3 4 5 k + 3 k + 3 + 1
⇒ + + + ............... + = n n n + 1
3 3 3 3 4 Q + = r
r r − 1
3 4 5 k + 3 k + 4
⇒ + + + ............... + =
3 3 3 3 4
Thus S (k + 1) is true if S (k ) is true, so condition II is satisfied and S (n) is true
for all positive integer n.
Question # 21(i)
Suppose S (n) : n 2 + n
Put n = 1
S (1) : 12 + 1 = 2
S (1) is clearly divisible by 2, Thus condition I is satisfied
Now suppose that given statement is true for n = k
S (k ) : k 2 + k Q
Then there exists quotient Q such that 2 k2 + k
k 2 + k = 2Q k2 + k
The statement for n = k + 1 − −
0
S (k + 1) : ( k + 1) + k + 1
2
= k 2 + 2k + 1 + k + 1
= k 2 + k + 2k + 2
= 2Q + 2k + 2 Q k 2 + k = 2Q
= 2(Q + k + 1)
Clearly S (k + 1) is divisible by 2.
Since the truth for n = k implies the truth for n = k + 1 therefore the given statement
is true for ∀ n ∈¢ + .
Question # 21 (ii)
Suppose S (n) : 5n − 2 n
Put n = 1
S (1) : 51 − 21 = 3
S (1) is clearly divisible by 3, Thus condition I is satisfied
Now suppose that given statement is true for n = k
S ( k ) : 5k − 2 k
Then there exists quotient Q such that
5k − 2k = 3Q
The statement for n = k + 1
S (k + 1) : 5k +1 − 2 k +1
= 5 ⋅ 5k − 2 ⋅ 2k
= 5 ⋅ 5k − 5 ⋅ 2k + 5 ⋅ 2k − 2 ⋅ 2k
= 5 ( 5k − 2 k ) + 2 k ( 5 − 2 )
FSc-I / Ex 8.1 - 11
= 5(3Q) + 2k ⋅ 3 Q 5k − 2k = 3 Q
= 3(5Q + 2k )
Clearly S (k + 1) is divisible by 3.
Since the truth for n = k implies the truth for n = k + 1 therefore the given statement
is true for ∀ n ∈¢ + .
Question # 21 (iii)
Same as Question # 21 (ii)
k +1
Hint: S ( k + 1) : 5 −1
= 5 ⋅ 5k − 1 = 5 ⋅5k − 5 + 5 − 1
= 5 ( 5k − 1) + 4 = 5(4Q) − 4 Q 5k − 1 = 4 Q
Question # 21 (iv)
Suppose S (n) : 8 × 10n − 2
Put n = 1
S (1) : 8 × 101 − 2 = 80 − 2 = 78 = 6 × 13
S (1) is clearly divisible by 6, Thus condition I is satisfied
Now suppose that given statement is true for n = k
S (k ) : 8 × 10k − 2
Then there exists quotient Q such that
8 × 10k − 2 = 6 Q
The statement for n = k + 1
S (k + 1) : 8 × 10k +1 − 2
= 8 × 10 ⋅10k − 2
= 8 × 10 ⋅ 10k − 2 ⋅ 10 + 2 ⋅10 − 2 −ing & +ing 2 ⋅ 10
= 10 (8 × 10k − 2 ) + 20 − 2
= 10 ( 6Q ) + 18 Q 8 × 10k − 2 = 6 Q
= 6 (10Q + 3)
Clearly S (k + 1) is divisible by 6.
Since the truth for n = k implies the truth for n = k + 1 therefore the given statement
is true for ∀ n ∈¢ + .
Question # 21 (v)
Suppose S (n) : n 3 − n
Put n = 1
S (1) : 13 − 1 = 0
S (1) i.e. 0 is clearly divisible by 6, Thus condition I is satisfied
Now suppose that given statement is true for n = k
S (k ) : k 3 − k
Then there exists quotient Q such that
k 3 − k = 6Q
The statement for n = k + 1
S (k + 1) : (k + 1)3 − (k + 1)
= k33 + 3k22 + 3k + 1 − k − 1 Since n 2 + n is divisible by 2
= k + 3k + 3k − k
= (k 3 − k ) + 3(k 2 + k ) Therefore n 2 + n = 2 Q′
= 6 Q + 3(2 Q′) Or k 2 + k = 2 Q′
FSc-I / Ex 8.1 - 12
= 6 Q + 6 Q′
Clearly S (k + 1) is divisible by 6.
Since the truth for n = k implies the truth for n = k + 1 therefore the given statement
is true for ∀ n ∈¢ + .
Question # 22
1 1 1 1 1
Suppose S (n) : + 2 + .............. + n = 1 − n
3 3 3 2 3
Put n = 1
1 1 1 1 12 1 1
S (1) : = 1 − 1 ⇒ = ⇒ =
3 2 3 3 2 3 3 3
Thus condition I is satisfied
Now suppose that S (n) is true for n = k
1 1 1 1 1
S (k ) : + 2 + .............. + k = 1 − k …………. (i)
3 3 3 2 3
The statement for n = k + 1 becomes
1 1 1 1 1
S (k + 1) : + 2 + .............. + k +1 = 1 − k +1
3 3 3 2 3
1
Adding k on both sides of equation (i)
3
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
+ 2 + .............. + k + k +1 = 1 − k + k +1
3 3 3 3 2 3 3
1 1 1 1 1 1
⇒ + 2 + .............. + k +1 = − +
3 3 3 2 2 ⋅ 3 3 ⋅ 3k
k
1 1 1 1
= − k −
2 3 2 3
1 1 3−2 1 1 1
= − k = − k
2 3 6 2 3 6
1 1 1
= 1 − k
2 3 3
1 1
= 1 − k +1
2 3
Thus S (k + 1) is true if S (k ) is true, so condition II is satisfied and S (n) is true
for all positive integer n.
Question # 23
n−1 (−1)n−1 ⋅ n (n + 1)
Suppose S (n) : 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + .............. + (−1)
2 2 2 2
⋅n =2
2
Put n = 1
(−1)1−1 ⋅ 1(1 + 1) (−1)0 ⋅ 2
S (1) : 12 = ⇒ 1= ⇒ 1=1
2 2
Thus condition I is satisfied
Now suppose that S (n) is true for n = k
(−1)k −1 ⋅ k (k + 1)
S (k ) : 12 − 2 2 + 32 − 4 2 + .............. + (−1)k −1 ⋅ k 2 = ………… (i)
2
The statement for n = k + 1 becomes
k +1−1 (−1) k +1−1 ⋅ (k + 1)(k + 1 + 1)
S (k + 1) : 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + .............. + (−1)
2 2 2 2
⋅ (k + 1) =
2
2
FSc-I / Ex 8.1 - 13
(−1)k ⋅ (k + 1)(k + 2)
⇒ 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + .............. + (−1) ⋅ (k + 1) =
2 2 2 2 k 2
2
Adding (−1) ⋅ (k + 1) on both sides of equation (i)
k 2
k −1 (−1)k −1 ⋅ k (k + 1)
1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + .............. + (−1) ⋅ k + (−1) ⋅ (k + 1) =
2 2 2 2 2 k 2
+ (−1)k ⋅ (k + 1) 2
2
k −1
(−1) ⋅ k (k + 1) + 2(−1)k ⋅ (k + 1)2
⇒ 1 − 2 + 3 − 4 + .............. + (−1) ⋅ (k + 1) =
2 2 2 2 k 2
2
(−1) (k + 1) (−1) −1 k + 2(k + 1)
k
=
2
(−1) (k + 1) [ − k + 2k + 2 ]
k
=
2
(−1) (k + 1) ( k + 2 )
k
=
2
Thus S (k + 1) is true if S (k ) is true, so condition II is satisfied and S (n) is true
for all positive integer n.
Question # 24
Suppose S (n) : 13 + 33 + 53 + .............. + (2n − 1)3 = n2 (2n2 − 1)
Put n = 1
S (1) : 13 = 12 ( 2(1)2 − 1) ⇒ 1 = 1(2 − 1) ⇒ 1 = 1
Thus condition I is satisfied
Now suppose that S (n) is true for n = k
S (k ) : 13 + 33 + 53 + .............. + (2k − 1)3 = k 2 (2k 2 − 1) …………. (i)
The statement for n = k + 1 becomes
S (k + 1) : 13 + 33 + 53 + .............. + (2(k + 1) − 1)3 = (k + 1)2 (2(k + 1)2 − 1)
⇒ 13 + 33 + 53 + .............. + (2k + 1)3 = (k 2 + 2k + 1)(2(k 2 + 2k + 1) − 1)
= (k 2 + 2k + 1)(2k 2 + 4k + 2 − 1)
= (k 2 + 2k + 1)(2k 2 + 4k + 1)
= 2k 4 + 4k 3 + 2k 2 + 4k 3 + 8k 2 + 4k + k 2 + 2k + 1
= 2k 4 + 8k 3 + 11k 2 + 6k + 1
Adding (2k + 1)3 on both sides of equation (i)
S (k ) : 13 + 33 + 53 + .............. + (2k − 1)3 + (2k + 1)3 = k 2 (2k 2 − 1) + (2k + 1)3
⇒ 13 + 33 + 53 + .............. + (2k + 1)3 = k 2 (2k 2 − 1) + (2k )3 + 3(2k )2 (1) + 3(2k )(1)2 + (1)3
⇒ 13 + 33 + 53 + .............. + (2k + 1)3 = 2k 4 − k 2 + 8k 3 + 12k 2 + 6k + 1
= 2k 4 + 8k 3 + 11k 2 + 6k + 1
Thus S (k + 1) is true if S (k ) is true, so condition II is satisfied and S (n) is true
for all positive integer n.
Question # 25
Suppose S (n) : x 2 n − 1
Put n = 1
S (1) : x 2(1) − 1 = x 2 − 1 = ( x − 1)( x + 1)
x + 1 is clearly factor of S (1) , Thus condition I is satisfied
Now suppose that given statement is true for n = k
S (k ) : x 2k − 1
Then there exists quotient Q such that
x 2 k − 1 = ( x + 1) Q
The statement for n = k + 1
S (k + 1) : x 2( k +1) − 1
= x 2 k +2 − 1
= x 2 k +2 − x 2 k + x 2 k − 1 +ing and –ing x 2k
= x 2 k ( x 2 − 1) + ( x 2 k − 1)
= x 2 k ( x − 1)( x + 1) + ( x + 1) Q Q x 2 k − 1 = ( x + 1) Q
= ( x + 1) ( x 2 k ( x − 1) + Q )
Clearly x + 1 is a factor of S (k + 1) .
Since the truth for n = k implies the truth for n = k + 1 therefore the given statement
is true for ∀ n ∈¢ + .
Question # 26
Suppose S (n) : x n − y n
Put n = 1
S (1) : x1 − y1 = x − y
x − y is clearly factor of S (1) , Thus condition I is satisfied
Now suppose that given statement is true for n = k
S (k ) : x k − y k
Then there exists quotient Q such that
x k − y k = ( x − y) Q
The statement for n = k + 1
S (k + 1) : x k +1 − y k +1
= x ⋅ xk − y ⋅ y k
= x ⋅ xk − x ⋅ y k + x ⋅ yk − y ⋅ yk –ing & +ing x y k
= x( x k − y k ) + y k ( x − y )
= x ( x − y )Q + y k ( x − y ) Q x k − y k = ( x − y) Q
Clearly x − y is a factor of S (k + 1) .
Since the truth for n = k implies the truth for n = k + 1 therefore the given statement
is true for ∀ n ∈¢ + .
Question # 27
Suppose S (n) : x 2 n−1 + y 2 n−1
Put n = 1
S (1) : x 2(1)−1 + y 2(1)−1 = x1 + y1 = x + y
x + y is clearly factor of S (1) , Thus condition I is satisfied
Now suppose that given statement is true for n = k
S (k ) : x 2 k −1 + y 2 k −1
Then there exists quotient Q such that
FSc-I / Ex 8.1 - 15
x 2 k −1 + y 2 k −1 = ( x + y ) Q
The statement for n = k + 1
S (k + 1) : x 2( k +1)−1 + y 2(k +1)−1
= x 2 k +2−1 + y 2 k + 2−1
= x 2 k +2−1 − x 2 k −1 y 2 + x 2 k −1 y 2 + y 2 k +2−1 +ing and –ing x 2 k −1 y 2
= x 2 k −1 ( x 2 − y 2 ) + y 2 ( x 2 k −1 + y 2 k −1 )
= x 2 k −1 ( x − y )( x + y ) + y 2 ( x + y ) Q Q x 2 k −1 + y 2 k −1 = ( x + y ) Q
= ( x + y ) ( x 2 k −1 ( x − y ) + y 2 Q )
Clearly x + y is a factor of S (k + 1) .
Since the truth for n = k implies the truth for n = k + 1 therefore the given statement
is true for ∀ n ∈¢ + .
Principle of Extended Mathematical Induction
A given statement S (n) is true for n ≥ i if the following two conditions hold
Condition I: S (i ) is true i.e. S (n) is true for n = i and
Condition II: S (k + 1) is true whenever S (k ) is true for any positive integer k,
Then S (n) is true for all positive integers
Question # 28
Suppose S (n) : 1 + 2 + 22 + .............. + 2n = 2 n+1 − 1
Put n = 0 Note: Non- negative number are
S (1) : 1 = 20+1 − 1 = ⇒ 1 = 2 − 1 ⇒ 1 = 1 0,1, 2,3,...........
Thus condition I is satisfied
Now suppose that S (n) is true for n = k
S (k ) : 1 + 2 + 22 + .............. + 2k = 2k +1 − 1 …………. (i)
The statement for n = k + 1 becomes
S (k + 1) : 1 + 2 + 2 2 + .............. + 2 k +1 = 2 k +1+1 − 1
= 2 k +2 − 1
Adding 2 k +1 on both sides of equation (i)
1 + 2 + 22 + .............. + 2k + 2k +1 = 2k +1 − 1 + 2 k +1
⇒ 1 + 2 + 4 + .............. + 2k +1 = 2(2k +1 ) − 1 Q 2k +1 + 2k +1 = 2(2k +1 )
= 2 k +1+1 − 1
= 2 k +1+1 − 1
Thus S (k + 1) is true if S (k ) is true, so condition II is satisfied and S (n) is true
for all non-negative integers n.
Question # 29
Suppose S (n) : AB n = B n A
Put n = 1
S (1) : AB1 = B1 A ⇒ AB = BA
S (1) is true as we have given AB = BA , Thus condition I is satisfied
Now suppose that given statement is true for n = k
S (k ) : AB k = B k A ……………. (i)
The statement for n = k + 1
S (k + 1) : AB k +1 = B k +1 A
Post-multiplying equation (i) by B.
( AB k ) B = ( B k A) B
⇒ A( B k B) = B k ( A B) by associative law
FSc-I / Ex 8.1 - 16
⇒ AB k +1 = B k ( BA) Q AB = BA (given)
= ( B k B) A
= B k +1 A
Thus S (k + 1) is true if S (k ) is true, so condition II is satisfied and S (n) is true
for all positive integers n.
Question # 30
Suppose S (n) : n 2 − 1
Put n = 1
S (1) : (1)2 − 1 = 0
S (1) is clearly divisible by 8, Thus condition I is satisfied
Now suppose that given statement is true for n = k where k is odd.
S (k ) : k 2 − 1
Then there exists quotient Q such that
k 2 −1 = 8 Q
As k + 2 is the next odd integer after k The statement for n = k + 1
S (k + 2) : ( k + 2 ) − 1
2
= k 2 + 4k + 4 − 1
= k 2 − 1 + 4k + 4
= 8 Q + 4(k + 1) Q k 2 + k = 2Q
Since k is odd therefore k + 1 is even so their exists integer t such that k + 1 = 2t
⇒ S (k + 2) : = 8 Q + 4(2t )
= 8Q + 8t
Clearly S (k + 2) is divisible by 8 so condition II is satisfied.
Therefore the given statement is true for odd positive integers.
Question # 31
Suppose S (n) : ln x n = n ln x
Put n = 1
S (1) : ln x1 = (1)ln x ⇒ ln x = ln x
S (1) is true so condition I is satisfied.
Now suppose that given statement is true for n = k
S (k ) : ln x k = k ln x ……………. (i)
The statement for n = k + 1
S (k + 1) : ln x k +1 = (k + 1)ln x
Now adding ln x on both sides of equation (i)
ln x k + ln x = k ln x + ln x
⇒ ln x k ⋅ x = (k + 1)ln x Q ln x + ln y = ln x y
⇒ ln x k +1 = (k + 1)ln x
Thus S (k + 1) is true if S (k ) is true, so condition II is satisfied and S (n) is true
for all n ∈¢ + .
Question # 32
Suppose S (n) : n ! > 2 n − 1 ; n≥4
Put n = 4
S (4) : 4! > 2 4 − 1 ⇒ 24 > 16 − 1 ⇒ 24 > 15
S (4) is true so condition I is satisfied.
Now suppose that given statement is true for n = k
S (k ) : k ! > 2 k − 1 ……………. (i)
FSc-I / Ex 8.1 - 17
Question # 35
Suppose S (n) : 3n < n! ; n>6
Put n = 7
S (7) : 37 < 7! ⇒ 2187 < 5040
S (2) is true so condition I is satisfied.
Now suppose that given statement is true for n = k
S (k ) : 3k < k ! ……………. (i)
The statement for n = k + 1
S (k + 1) : 3k +1 < (k + 1)!
Multiplying both sides of equation (i) by k + 1 .
(k + 1)3k < (k + 1) k !
⇒ ( (k − 2) + 3) 3k < (k + 1)!
⇒ (k − 2)3k + 3k +1 < (k + 1)!
⇒ 3k +1 < (k + 1)! Q (k − 2)3k > 0 ∀ k > 6
Thus S (k + 1) is true if S (k ) is true, so condition II is satisfied and S (n) is true
for all integers n > 6 .
Question # 36
Suppose S (n) : n ! > n 2 ; n≥4
Put n = 4
S (4) : 4! > 42 ⇒ 24 > 16
S (4) is true so condition I is satisfied.
Now suppose that given statement is true for n = k
S (k ) : k ! > k 2 ……………. (i)
The statement for n = k + 1
S (k + 1) : (k + 1)! > (k + 1) 2
Multiplying both sides of equation (i) by k + 1 .
(k + 1) k ! > (k + 1)k 2
⇒ (k + 1)! > (k + 1)(k + 1) Q k +1 < k2 ∀ k ≥ 4
⇒ (k + 1)! > (k + 1)2
Thus S (k + 1) is true if S (k ) is true, so condition II is satisfied and S (n) is true
for all integers n ≥ 4 .
Question # 37
Suppose S (n) : 3 + 5 + 7 + .............. + (2n + 5) = (n + 2)(n + 4) ; n ≥ −1
Put n = −1
S (−1) : 3 = (−1 + 2)(−1 + 4) ⇒ 3 = (1)(3) ⇒ 3 = 3
Thus condition I is satisfied
Now suppose that S (n) is true for n = k
S (k ) : 3 + 5 + 7 + .............. + (2k + 5) = (k + 2)(k + 4) …………. (i)
The statement for n = k + 1 becomes
S (k + 1) : 3 + 5 + 7 + .............. + (2(k + 1) + 5) = ( (k + 1) + 2 )( (k + 1) + 4 )
⇒ 3 + 5 + 7 + .............. + (2k + 7) = ( k + 3)( k + 5 )
Adding (2 k + 7) on both sides of equation (i)
S (k ) : 3 + 5 + 7 + .............. + (2k + 5) + (2 k + 7) = (k + 2)(k + 4) + (2k + 7)
⇒ 3 + 5 + 7 + .............. + (2k + 7) = k 2 + 2k + 4k + 8 + 2k + 7
= k 2 + 8k + 15
= k 2 + 5k + 3k + 15
FSc-I / Ex 8.1 - 19
= k (k + 5) + 3(k + 5)
= (k + 5)(k + 3)
Thus S (k + 1) is true if S (k ) is true, so condition II is satisfied and S (n) is true
for all integers n ≥ −1 .
Question # 38
Suppose S (n) : 1 + nx ≤ (1 + x)n ; n≥2
Put n = 2
S (2) : 1 + 2 x ≤ (1 + x) 2 ⇒ 1 + 2 x ≤ 1 + 2 x + x 2
S (2) is true so condition I is satisfied.
Now suppose that given statement is true for n = k
S (k ) : 1 + kx ≤ (1 + x )k ……………. (i)
The statement for n = k + 1
S (k + 1) : 1 + (k + 1) x ≤ (1 + x) k +1
Multiplying both sides of equation (i) by 1 + x .
(1 + kx)(1 + x) ≤ (1 + x )k (1 + x )
⇒ 1 + kx + x + kx 2 ≤ (1 + x) k +1
⇒ 1 + kx + x ≤ (1 + x) k +1 Q kx 2 > 0
⇒ 1 + (k + 1) x ≤ (1 + x)k +1
Thus S (k + 1) is true if S (k ) is true, so condition II is satisfied and S (n) is true
for all integers n ≥ 2
Error Analyst
Ð Binomial Theorem
If a and x are two real number and n is a positive integer then
(a + x)n = a n + a n −1 x1 + a n−2 x 2 + ............... +
n n n n n−1 n n
a x + n x
0 1 2 n − 1
Proof
We will use mathematical induction to prove this so let S (n) be the given statement.
Put n = 1
S (1) : (a + x)1 = a1 + a1−1 x1 = (1) a + (1)(1) x ⇒ a + x = a + x
1 1
0 1
S (1) is true so condition I is satisfied.
Now suppose that S (n) is true for n = k .
S (k ) : (a + x)k = a k + a k −1 x1 + a k −2 x 2 + ............... +
k k k k k −1 k k
a x + k x …..(i)
0 1 2 k − 1
The statement for n = k + 1
k + 1 k +1 k + 1 k +1−1 1 k + 1 k +1− 2 2
S (k + 1) : (a + x)k +1 = a + 1 a x + a x + ...............
0 2
k + 1 k +1−1 k + 1 k +1
+ a x + x
k + 1 − 1 k + 1
k + 1 k +1 k + 1 k 1 k + 1 k −1 2
⇒ (a + x)k +1 = a + 1 a x + 2 a x + ...............
0
k + 1 k k + 1 k +1
+ a x + k + 1 x
k
Multiplying both sides of equation (i) by (a + x)
k k k −1 k k
(a + x) k (a + x) = a k + a k −1 x1 + a k −2 x 2 + ............... +
k k
a x + k x ( a + x)
0 1 2 k − 1
k k k −1 k k
⇒ (a + x)k +1 = a k + a k −1 x1 + a k −2 x 2 + ............... +
k k
a x + k x ( a)
0 1 2 k − 1
k k k −1 k k
+ a k + a k −1 x1 + a k −2 x 2 + ............... +
k k
a x + k x ( x)
0 1 2 k − 1
⇒ (a + x)k +1 = a k +1 + a k x1 + a k −1 x 2 + ............... +
k k k k 2 k −1 k k
a x + k a x
0 1 2 k − 1
+ a k x + a k −1 x 2 + a k −2 x3 + ............... +
k k k k k k k +1
a x + k x
0
1
2 − 1
k
k k k k
⇒ (a + x)k +1 = a k +1 + + a k x1 + + a k −1 x 2 + ...............
k
0 1 0 2 1
k k k k k +1
+ + a x + k x
k k − 1
n + 1 n n n + 1 n + 1
Since = and =
n n
, + =
0 0 r r − 1 r n n + 1
k + 1 k +1 k + 1 k 1 k + 1 k −1 2
⇒ (a + x)k +1 = a + 1 a x + 2 a x + ...............
0
k + 1 k k + 1 k +1
+ a x + k + 1 x
k
Thus S (k + 1) is true when S (k ) is true so condition II is satisfied and S (n) is true for all
positive integral value of n.
FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 2
Ð Question # 1 (i)
(a + 2b)5 = () ()
5 5 5 5−1
0
a +
1
a (2b )1 +
5 5− 2
2
a (2b) 2 +
5 5 −3
3
a (2b) 3 +
5 5−4
4 ()
a (2b) 4 +
5 5−5
5
a (2b) 5 () () ()
= (1) a 5 + (5) a 4 (2b) + (10) a3 (4b 2 ) + (10) a 2 (8b3 ) + (5) a1 (16b4 ) + (1) a 0 (32b5 )
= a5 + 10 a 4b + 40 a3b 2 + 80 a 2b3 + 80 ab4 + 32b5 Q a0 = 1
Ð Question # 1 (ii)
6
x 2 6 x 6 x 2 6 x 2 6 x 2
6 6 −1 1 6− 2 2 6 −3 3
− 2 = + − 2 + − 2 + − 2
2 x 0 2 1 2 x 2 2 x 3 2 x
6 x 2 6 x 2 6 x 2
6− 4 4 6−5 5 6− 6 6
+ − 2 + − 2 + − 2
4 2 x 5 2 x 6 2 x
6 5 4 2 3 3
x x 2 x 2 x 2
= (1) − (6) 2 + (15) 2 − (20) 2
2 2 x 2 x 2 x
2 4 1 5 6
x 2 x 2 2
+ (15) 2 − (6) 2 + (1)(1) 2
2 x 2 x x
x x 2
6 5
x 4
4
x 8
3
= − 6 2 + 15 4 − 20 6
64 32 x 16 x 8 x
x 2 16 x 32 64
+15 8 − 6 10 + 12
4 x 2 x x
x 6 3 x 3 15 20 60 96 64
= − + − 3 + 6 − 9 + 12
64 8 4 x x x x
Question # 1 (iii), (iv) and (v)
Do yourself
Ð Question # 1 (vi)
6 −1 6− 2
a x 6 a 6 a x 6 a x
6 6 1 2
− =
+
− + −
x a 0 x 1 x a 2 x a
6 −3 6− 4 6−5 6− 6
6 a x 6 a x 6 a x 6 a x
3 4 5 6
+ − + − + − + −
3 x a 4 x a 5 x a 6 x a
a a x a x
6 5 1 4 2
= − 6 + 15
x x x x x
−3 −2 −1
a a x x x x x
3 4 5 6
−20 + 15 − 6 + 1(1)
x x a a a a a
5 −1 4−2 3− 3 −2 + 4 −1+ 5
a a a a x x x
6 6
= − 6 + 15 − 20 + 15 − 6 + 1
x x x x a a a
a a a a x x x
6 4 2 0 2 4 6
= − 6 + 15 − 20 + 15 − 6 +
x x x x a a a
FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 3
1 6 1 1 4 21 1 1 2 4 6
a a a x x x
+
2 2 2 2 2 2
= −6 + 15 − 20 (1) + 15 −6
x x x a a a
3 2 2 3
a a a x x x
= − 6 + 15 − 20 + 15 − 6 +
x x x a a a
3 2 2
a a a x x x3
= 3 − 6 2 + 15 − 20 + 15 − 6 2 + 3
x x x a a a
Ð Question # 2 (i)
(0.97)3 = (1 − 0.03)3
3 3 3 3
= (1)3 + (1)2 (−0.03) + + (1)1 (−0.03)2 + + (−0.03)3
0 1 2 3
= (1)(1) + 3(1)(−0.03) + 3(1)(0.0009) + + (1)(−0.000024)
= 1 − 0.09 + 0.0027 − 0.000027 = 0.912673
Ð Question # 2 (ii)
(2.02) 4 = (2 + 0.02)4 Now do yourself.
Ð Question # 2 (iii)
(9.98)4 = (10 − 0.02) 4
4 4 4 4 4
= (10) 4 + (10)3 (−0.02) + (10)2 (−0.02)2 + (10)1 (−0.02)3 + (10)0 (−0.02)4
0 1 2 3 4
= (1)(10000) + 4(1000)(−0.02) + 6(100)(0.0004) + 4(10)(−0.000008) + (1)(1)(0.00000016)
= 10000 − 80 + 0.24 − 0.00032 + 0.00000016 = 9920.23968
Ð Question # 2 (iv)
(2.1)5 = (2 + 0.1)5
Ð Question # 3(i)
( ) ( )
4 4
a + 2x + a − 2x
We take
(a + )
2 x = a 4 + a 3
4 4
( ) 4
( ) 4
( ) 4
( )
4 1 2 3 4
2 x + a2 2x + a1 2 x + a0 2x
0 1 2 3 4
= (1) a 4 + ( 4 ) a 3 ( ) ( ) ( )
2 x + ( 6 ) a 2 2 x 2 + ( 4 ) a 2 2 x 3 + (1)(1) 4 x 4 ( )
( )
4
⇒ a + 2x = a 4 + 4 2a 3 x + 12a 2 x 2 + 8 2 a x3 + 4 x 4 …………. (i)
Replacing 2 by − 2 in eq. (i)
( ) ( ) ( )
4
a − 2x = a 4 + 4 − 2 a 3 x + 12a 2 x 2 + 8 − 2 a x 3 + 4 x 4
= a 4 − 4 2a3 x + 12a 2 x 2 − 8 2 a x 3 + 4 x 4 ……………. (ii)
Adding (i) & (ii)
(a + ) + (a − )
4 4
2x 2x = 2 a 4 + 24 a 2 x 2 + 8 x 4
Ð Question # 3 (ii)
Do yourself.
FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 4
Ð Question # 3 (iii)
Since
5 5 5 5 5 5
(2 + i )5 = 25 + 25−1 i + 25−2 i 2 + 25−3 i 3 + 25−4 i 4 + 25−5 i 5
0 1 2 3 4 5
= (1) 2 + ( 5) 2 i + (10 ) 2 i + (10 ) 2 i + ( 5) 2 i + (1) 2 i
5 4 3 2 2 3 1 4 0 5
Ð Question # 3 (iv)
(x + ) ( )
3 3
x −1 + x + x −1
2 2
Suppose t = x 2 − 1 then
(x + ) ( )
3 3
x −1 + x + x −1 = ( x + t ) + ( x + t )
2 2 3 3
( )
2
= 2 x3 + 6 x x2 − 1 Q t = x2 − 1
= 2 x 3 + 6 x ( x 2 − 1) = 2 x 3 + 6 x 3 − 6 x = 8x 3 − 6 x
Ð Question # 4 (i)
(2 + x − x 2 ) 4
Put t = 2 + x then
(2 + x − x 2 ) 4 = (t − x 2 )4
4 4 4 4 4
= (t ) 4 + (t )3 (− x 2 ) + (t )2 (− x 2 )2 + (t )1 (− x 2 )3 + (t )0 (− x 2 )4
0 1 2 3 4
= (1) (t )4 − ( 4 ) (t )3 ( x 2 ) + ( 6 ) (t )2 ( x 4 ) − ( 4 ) (t )( x 6 ) + (1) (1)( x8 )
= t 4 − 4t 3 x 2 + 6t 2 x 4 − 4t x 6 + x8 ………………… (i)
Now
4 4 4 4 4
t 4 = (2 + x) 4 = (2)4 + (2)3 ( x ) + (2) 2 ( x) 2 + (2)1 ( x)3 + (2)0 ( x)4
0 1 2 3 4
= (1) (16) + ( 4 ) (8)( x) + ( 6 ) (4)( x 2 ) + ( 4 ) (2)( x 3 ) + (1) (1)( x 4 )
= 16 + 32 x + 24 x 2 + 8 x3 + x 4
Also
t 3 = (2 + x)3 = (2)3 + ( 3) (2) 2 ( x) + ( 3) (2)1 ( x )2 + ( x)3
= 8 + 12 x + 6 x 2 + x3
t 2 = (2 + x) 2 = 4 + 4 x + x 2
Putting values of t 4 , t 3 , t 2 and t in equation (i)
(2 + x − x 2 )4 = (16 + 32 x + 24 x 2 + 8 x 3 + x 4 ) − 4(8 + 12 x + 6 x 2 + x3 ) x 2
+6(4 + 4 x + x 2 ) x 4 − 4(2 + x ) x 6 + x8
FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 5
= 16 + 32 x + 24 x 2 + 8 x 3 + x 4 − 32 x 2 − 48 x3 − 24 x 4 − 4 x 5
+24 x 4 + 24 x 5 + 6 x 6 − 8 x 6 + 4 x 7 + x8
= 16 + 32 − 8 x 2 − 40 x 3 + x 4 + 20 x 5 − 2 x 6 − 4 x 7 − x8
Ð Question # 4 (ii)
Suppose t = 1 − x Do yourself
Ð Question # 4 (iii)
Suppose t = 1 − x Do yourself
Ð Question # 5 (i)
Suppose t = x − 1 Do yourself
Ð Question # 5 (ii)
3
1
x −1−
x
Suppose t = x − 1 then
3 2 3
1 2 1 1 1
t − = (t ) + 3(t ) − + 3(t ) − + −
3
x x x x
1 1 1
= t 3 − 3t 2 ⋅ + 3t ⋅ 2 − 3 ………… (i)
x x x
Now
t 3 = ( x − 1) = ( x )3 + 3( x )2 (−1) + 3( x)(−1)2 + (−1)3
3
= x3 − 3x 2 + 3x − 1
t 2 = ( x − 1) = x 2 − 2 x + 1
2
x x x x
1 1 1 1
= x3 − 3x 2 + 3x − 1 − 3x + 6 − 3 + 3 − 3 2 − 3
x x x x
3 1
= x3 − 3x 2 + 5 − 2 − 3
x x
Ð Question # 6 (i)
Since
n
Tr +1 = a n−r x r
r
Here a = 3 , x = −2 x , n = 7 so
7 7
Tr +1 = (3)7 −r (−2 x )r = (3)7−r (−2)r ( x) r
r r
For term involving x 4 we must have
xr = x4 ⇒ r = 4
So
7
T4+1 = (3)7−4 (−2)4 ( x)4
4
⇒ T5 = ( 35) (3)3 (−2) 4 ( x) 4 = ( 35) (27)(16)( x )4
= 15120x 4
Ð Question # 6 (ii)
n
Since Tr +1 = a n−r x r
r
2
Here a = x , x = − 2 , n = 13 so
x
r
13 13−r 2 13 13−r
Tr +1 = ( x) − 2 = ( x) ( −2 ) ( x)−2 r
r
r x r
13 13
= ( x)13−r −2 r ( −2 ) = ( x )13−3r ( −2 )
r r
r r
For term involving x −2 we must have
x13−3r = x −2 ⇒ 13 − 3r = −2 ⇒ − 3r = −2 − 13
⇒ − 3r = −15 ⇒ r = 5
So
13
T5+1 = ( x )13−3(5) ( −2 )
5
5
⇒ T6 = (1287)( x)13−15 ( −32 ) = − 41184 x −2
Ð Question # 6 (iii)
Since
n
Tr +1 = a n−r x r
r
2
Here a = , x = − a , n = 9 so
x
9− r 9− r
9 2 9 2
Tr +1 = (− a ) = (−1)r (a ) r
r
r x r x
For term involving a 4 we must have
a r = a4 ⇒ r = 4
9− 4
9 2
So T4+1 = (−1)4 (a ) 4
4 x
5
2 32 4 a4
⇒ T5 = (126) (1) a = (126) 5 a = 4032 5
4
x x x
Ð Question # 6 (iii)
Here a = x , x = − y , n = 11 so
Since
n
Tr +1 = a n−r x r
r
11 11−r
( )
11 11−r
( )
r
Tr +1 = ( x ) − y = ( x)
r 1
− y2
r r
11 11−r
= ( x ) (−1)r y 2 ( )
r
r
For term involving y 3 we must have
r r
y 2 = y3 ⇒ =3 ⇒ r =6
2
So
11 11−6
T6+1 = ( x ) (−1)6 y 2
6
6
( )
( )
⇒ T7 = ( 462 )( x ) (1) y 3 = 462 x5 y 3
5
FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 7
Ð Question # 7 (i)
3
Here a = x 2 , x = − , n = 10 so
2x
Since
n
Tr +1 = a n−r x r
r
r
10 2 10−r 3 10 2(10−r ) (3) r
Tr +1 = ( x ) − = ( x ) (−1) r
2 32
61236 5 15309 5
=− x =− x
32 8
15309
Hence coefficient of x 5 = −
8
Ð Question # 7 (ii)
1
Here a = x 2 , x = − , n = 2n so
x
Since
n
Tr +1 = a n−r x r
r
r
2n 2 2 n −r 1 2n 2(2 n−r )
Tr +1 = ( x ) − = ( x )
r 1
( −1) r
r x r x
2n 4 n− 2 r 2n 4 n− 2 r − r
= ( x ) ( −1) x − r = ( x ) ( −1)
r r
r r
2n 4 n −3 r
= ( x) ( −1)
r
r
For term involving x n we must have
x 4 n−3 r = x n ⇒ 4n − 3r = n ⇒ − 3r = n − 4n
⇒ − 3r = − 3n ⇒ r = n
2 n 4 n −3 n
Tn+1 = ( x ) ( −1)
n
So
n
(2n)! (2n)! n
= ( x ) ( −1) = ( x ) ( −1)
n n n
Ð Question # 8
3
Here a = x 2 , x = − , n = 10 and r + 1 = 6 ⇒ r = 5 so
2x
Since
n
Tr +1 = a n−r x r
r
5
10 2 10−5 3
T5+1 = ( x ) −
5 2x
2 5 35 243
⇒ T6 = 252 ( x ) − 5
= 252 x10 − 5
(2 x) 32 x
61236 10−5 15309 5
=− x =− x
32 8
Ð Question # 9 (i)
Do yourself as Q # 9 (ii)
Ð Question # 9 (ii)
1
Here a = x , x = , n = 10 so
2 x2
Since
n
Tr +1 = a n−r x r
r
( )
10− r
( )
r
10− r 1 1
10 10 12
Tr +1 = x = x r 2r
r 2x r 2 x
2
10 1
(10− r ) 1 10 5 − 2 1 −2 r
r
= ( x)2 x −2 r
= r ( x) x
r 2r 2r
10 5 − 2r − 2 r 1 10 5 − 52r 1
= ( x) = ( x)
r 2r r 2r
For term independent of x we must have
5r
5− 5r 5r
x 2 = x 0 ⇒ 5 − = 0 ⇒ − = −5
2 2
2
⇒ r = (−5) − ⇒ r = 2
5
10 5 − 5(2) 1
So T2+1 = ( x ) 2 2
2 2
5 −5 1 1
⇒ T3 = 45 ( x ) = 45 x 0
4 4
1 45
= 45 (1) =
4 4
Ð Question # 9 (iii)
4
x2 + 1
4
1
(1 + x ) 1 + 2
2 3
= (1 + x ) 2
2 3
x x
( x + 1) (1 + x )
4 4
2 2
= (1 + x 2 )3 = (1 + x 2 )3
(x )2 4 x8
= x − 8 (1 + x 2 )3+4 = x − 8 (1 + x 2 )7
Now Tr +1 = x − 8 a n −r x r
n
r
FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 9
Where n = 7 , a = 1 , x = x 2
7 7
Tr +1 = x − 8 (1)7−r ( x 2 ) = x − 8 (1) x 2 r
r
r r
7
= x 2r −8
r
For term independent of x we must have
x 2 r − 8 = x 0 ⇒ 2r − 8 = 0 ⇒ 2r = 8 ⇒ r = 4
So
7
T4+1 = x 2(4) − 8
4
⇒ T5 = 35 x8 − 8 = 35 x 0 = 35
Ð Question # 10
12
1 x2
−
x 2
n + 2 12 + 2
Since n = 12 is an even so middle terms is = =7
2 2
Therefore r + 1 = 7 ⇒ r = 7 − 1 = 6
1 x2
And a = , x = − and n = 12
x 2
Now
n
Tr +1 = a n−r x r
r
12 − 6 6
x2
12 1
⇒ T6+1 = −
6 x
2
1 x12 924 12−6
⇒ T7 = 924 6 = x
x 64 64
231 6
= x
16
231 6
Thus the middle terms of the given expansion is x .
16
Ð Question # 10 (ii)
n + 1 11 + 1
Since n = 11 is odd so the middle terms are = = 6 and
2 2
n + 3 11 + 3
= =7
2 2
So for first middle term
3 1
a = x , x = − , n = 11 and r + 1 = 6 ⇒ r = 5
2 3x
Now
11 −5 5
n n− r r 11 3 1
Tr +1 = a x ⇒ T5+1 = x −
r 5 2 3 x
Now simplify yourself.
Now for second middle term
r +1 = 7 ⇒ r = 6
11 −6 6
11 3 1
so T6+1 = x − Now simplify yourself.
6 2 3x
FSc-I / Ex 8.2 - 10
Ð Question # 10 (iii)
Since n = 2m + 1 is odd so there are two middle terms
n + 1 2m + 1 + 1 2m + 2
First middle term = = = = m +1
2 2 2
n + 3 2m + 1 + 3 2m + 4
Second middle terms = = = =m+2
2 2 2
1
Here a = 2 x , x = − and n = 2m + 1
2x
For first middle term r + 1 = m + 1 ⇒ r = m .
Since
n
Tr +1 = a n−r x r
r
(2m + 1)!
m m
2m + 1 2 m+1 − m 1 m +1 1
⇒ Tm+1 = ( 2x ) − = (2x) −
m 2x (2m + 1 − m)!⋅ m ! 2x
(2m + 1)!
m m
( 2 ) ( x ) ( −1)
m+1 m +1 m 1 1
=
(m + 1)!⋅ m! 2 x
(2m + 1)!
( 2 ) ( x ) ( −1) ( 2 ) ( x )
m+1 m +1 −m −m
=
m
(m + 1)!⋅ m!
(2m + 1)! (2m + 1)!
( 2 ) ( x ) ( −1) = ( 2 ) ( x ) ( −1)
m+1− m m+1−m
=
m 1 1 m
(m + 1)!⋅ m! (m + 1)!⋅ m!
(2m + 1)!
= 2 x ( −1)
m
(m + 1)!⋅ m!
For second middle term
r +1 = m + 2 ⇒ r = m + 2 −1 ⇒ r = m +1
n
As Tr +1 = a n−r x r
r
m +1
2m + 1 (2 m +1) − ( m +1) 1
⇒ Tm+1+1 = (2x) −
m +1 2x
Now simplify yourself
Ð Question # 11 (Submitted by Waqas Ahmad - FAZMIC Sargodha – 2004-06)
1
Here a = x , x = − ,
2x
Number of term from the end = 2n + 1
1
To make it from beginning we take a = − , x = x and r + 1 = 2n + 1 ⇒ r = 2n
2x
n
As Tr +1 = a n−r x r
r
3n− 2 n n
3n 1 (3n)! 1 2n
⇒ T2 n+1 = − ( x) = − x
2n
Ð Question # 12
2n + 2
Since 2n is even so the middle term is = n + 1 and
2
a = 1 , x = x , n = 2n , r + 1 = n + 1 ⇒ r = n
Now Tr +1 = a n−r x r
n
r
2n
⇒ Tn +1 = (1) 2 n−n x n
n
(2n)! (2n)! n
⇒ Tn +1 = (1) n x n = x
(2n − n)!⋅ n! n!⋅ n !
2n (2n − 1)(2n − 2)(2n − 3)(2n − 4)................⋅ 5 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅1 n
= x
n!⋅ n!
=
[ 2n (2n − 2)(2n − 4)................⋅ 4 ⋅ 2][ (2n − 1)(2n − 3)................⋅ 5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 1] x n
n!⋅ n!
2n [ n (n − 1)(n − 2)................⋅ 2 ⋅ 1][(2n − 1)(2n − 3)................⋅ 5 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 1] n
= x
n !⋅ n !
2n n! [(2n − 1)(2n − 3)................⋅ 5 ⋅ 3 ⋅1] n
= x
n!⋅ n!
2n [1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ ............... ⋅ (2n − 1)] n
= x
n!
1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ ............... ⋅ (2n − 1) n n
= 2 x
n!
Ð Question # 13
Consider
n n n
(1 + x) n = + x + x 2
n n n n x n −1 + n x n
+ x 3 + x 4 + x 5 + .................. + n
0 1 2 3 4 5 n − 1
………. (i)
Put x = 1
n n n n n n
(1 + 1) n = + (1) + (1) 2 + (1) 3 + (1) 4 + (1) 5 + ............ +
n (1) n−1 + n (1) n
n
0 1 2 3 4 5 n − 1
n n n n n n n n
⇒ 2 n = + + + + + + ............... + +
0 1 2 3 4 5 n − 1 n
n n n n
⇒ 2 n = + + + ............... + + + + + ............... +
n n n n
0 2 4 n 1 3 5 n − 1
………. (ii)
Now put x = −1 in equation (i)
n n n n n n
(1 − 1) n = + ( −1) + ( −1) + (−1) + ( −1) + ( −1) + ...........
2 3 4 5
Ð Question # 14
L.H.S = + + + + .................... +
n 1 n 1 n 1 n 1 n
0 2 1 3 2 4 3 n + 1 n
n 1 n! 1 n! 1 n! 1 n
= + + + + .................... +
0 2 (n − 1)!⋅1! 3 (n − 2)!⋅ 2! 4 (n − 3)!⋅ 3! n + 1 n
n +1 1 n! 1 n! 1 n! 1
= 1 + + + + .................... + ⋅1
n + 1 2 (n − 1)!⋅1! 3 (n − 2)!⋅ 2! 4 (n − 3)!⋅3! n +1
1 1 ( n + 1) n ! 1 ( n + 1) n ! 1 ( n + 1) n ! n +1
= ( n + 1) + + + + .................... + ⋅ 1
n +1 2 ( n − 1)!⋅1! 3 ( n − 2)!⋅ 2! 4 ( n − 3)!⋅ 3! n +1
1 (n + 1)! (n + 1)! (n + 1)!
= (n + 1) + + + + .................... + 1
n +1 (n − 1)!⋅ 2 ⋅1! (n − 2)!⋅ 3 ⋅ 2! (n − 3)!⋅ 4 ⋅ 3!
1 ( n + 1)! ( n + 1)! ( n + 1)!
= ( n + 1) + + + + .................... + 1
n +1 ( n + 1 − 2)!⋅ 2! ( n + 1 − 3)!⋅ 3! ( n + 1 − 4)!⋅ 4!
1 n + 1 n + 1 n + 1 n + 1 n + 1
= 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + .................... + n + 1
n + 1
1 n + 1 n + 1 n + 1 n + 1 n + 1
= −1 + 1 + + + + + .................... +
n +1 1 2 3 4 n + 1
1 n + 1 + n + 1 + n + 1 + n + 1 + n + 1 + .................... + n + 1
= − 1 + 0 1 2 3 4 n + 1
n + 1
1
= −1 + 2n +1
n +1
2n +1 − 1
= = R.H.S
n +1
Ð Remember
n + 1 n + 1 n + 1
0 = 1 , 1 = n + 1 and n + 1 = 1
J The End J
mathcity.org Exercise 8.3 (Solutions)
Textbook of Algebra and Trigonometry for Class XI
Merging man and maths Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 1.0.5
Question # 1 (iv)
1 1 1
3x 2 3x 2 3x 2
1 1
(4 − 3 x) = 4 1 − = (4) 2 1 − = 2 1 −
2
4 4 4
1 1 1 1 1
1 3 x 2 2 − 1 3 x 2 2 2 − 1 2 − 2 3 x 3
= 2 1 + − + −
+ −
+ ......................
2 4 2! 4 3! 4
1 1 1 1 3
3x 2 − 2 9 x 2 2 − 2 − 2 27 x 3
= 2 1 − +
+ − + ......................
8 2 16 3⋅ 2 64
3 x 1 9 x 2 1 27 x 3
= 2 1 − − − + ......................
8 8 16 16 64
3 x 9 x 2 27 x3
= 2 1 − − − + ......................
8 128 1024
3 x 9 x 2 27 x 3
=2− − − + ......................
4 64 512
Question # 1 (v)
−1 −1
2x 1 x
1
−1
(8 − 2 x ) = (8) 1 − = 1 −
2
Now do yourself
8 8 4
Question # 1 (vi)
Do yourself
FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 2
Question # 1 (vii)
(1 − x)−1
= (1 − x)−1 (1 + x )−2
(1 + x) 2
(1 + x − 2 x2 ) 2 = (1 + ( x − 2x 2 ) ) 2
11 1 1 1
− 1 − 1 − 2
= 1 + ( x − 2 x 2 ) + 2 2 ( x − 2 x 2 )2 + 2 2 2 ( x − 2 x 2 )3 + ................
1
2 2! 3!
1 1
−
1 2 2 2
= 1 + (x − 2x ) +
2
( x − 4 x3 + 4 x 4 )
2 2
1 1 3
− −
+ 2 2 2 3
3⋅ 2
( x + 3( x )2 (−2 x 2 ) + 3( x )(−2 x 2 )2 − (2 x 2 )3 ) + ................
= 1 + ( x − 2 x 2 ) − ( x 2 − 4 x 3 + 4 x 4 ) + ( x3 − 6 x 4 + 12 x5 − 8 x 6 ) + ..................
1 1 1
2 8 16
1 2 1 4 4 1 6 12 8
= 1 + x − x 2 − x 2 − x 3 + x 4 + x 3 − x 4 + x 5 − x 6 + ..................
2 2 8 8 8 16 16 16 16
1 1 1 1 1 3 3 1
= 1 + x − x 2 − x 2 − x 3 + x 4 + x 3 − x 4 + x5 − x 6 + ..................
2 8 2 2 16 8 4 8
1 9 9
= 1 + x − x 2 − x 3 + ..................
2 8 16
Question # 1 (xi) Do yourself as above
Question # 2 (i)
1
1 2
1 1 1
99 = ( 99 ) = (100 − 1)
2 2 = (100) 1 −
2
100
11
1 1 2 2 − 1 1 2
= 10 1 + − + − + ....................
2 100 2! 100
1 1
−
1
+ 2 2
1
= 10 1 − + ...............
200 2 10000
= 10 1 − 0.005 − ( 0.0001) + ...............
1
8
= 10 (1 − 0.005 − 0.0000125 + ...............)
≈ 10 ( 0.9949875) = 9.949875
≈ 9.950
Question # 2 (ii)
1 1
( 0.98) 2 = (1 − 0.02 ) 2 Now do yourself
Question # 2 (iii)
1 1
(1.03) 3 = (1 + 0.03) 3 Now do yourself
Question # 2 (iv)
1
1 3
1 1 1
3
65 = ( 65 ) 3 = ( 64 − 1) = (64) 1 −
3 3
Now do yourself
64
FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 4
Question # 2 (v)
1
1 4
1 1 1
4
17 = (17 ) = (16 − 1)
4 4 = (16) 1 − 4
Now do yourself
16
Question # 2 (vi)
1
1 5
1 1 1
5
31 = ( 31) = ( 32 − 1) = (32) 1 −
5 5 5
Now do yourself
32
Question # 2 (vii)
1
−
− 2
1 1 1
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
− − 3
= = 998 3 = 1000 − 2 3 = 1000 3 1−
998 ( 998 ) 3
1
3
1000
1
−
1
1
= (10 )
3 −3
3
1 −
500
1 1
− − −
1 1 1
1 2
3 3 1
= 1 + − − + − + ....................
10 3 500 2! 500
1 4
− −
1 1 3 3 1
= 1 + + + ....................
10 1500 2 250000
1
= 1 + ( 0.0006667 ) + ( 0.000004 ) + ....................
2
10 9
1
= (1 + 0.0006667 + 0.00000089 + ....................)
10
1
≈ (1.00066759 ) = 0.100066759 ≈ 0.100 Answer
10
Question # 2 ( viii)
1
−
1 1 1 1 1
9
1 = ( 252 ) = ( 243 + 9 ) = ( 243) 1 +
− − − 5
= 5 5 5
5
252 ( 252 ) 5 243
1
−
1
1
= (3 )
5 −5
5
1 + Now do yourself as above
27
Question # 2 (ix)
1 1
7 7 7 2 1 2
= = = 1 −
8 8 8 8
11
− 1 2
1 1 2 2 1
=1+ − + − + ....................
2 8 2! 8
1 1
−
1 2 2 1
=1− + + ....................
16 2 64
1 1 1
= 1 − − + ....................
16 8 64
FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 5
1 1
=1− − + ....................
16 512
= 1 − 0.0625 − 0.00195 + ....................
≈ 0.93555 ≈ 0.936 Answer
Question # 2 (x)
1 1
− −
(0.998) 3
= (1 − 0.002) 3
Now do yourself as above
Question # 2 (xi)
1
−
− 243
1 1 1
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )
− − 6
= = 486 6 = 729 − 243 6 = 729 6 1−
486 ( 486 ) 6
1
6
729
1
−
1
1
= (3 6 −6
)
6
1 − Now do yourself
3
Question # 2 (xii)
1 1
16 4 4 4 1 4
1 1 1
( )
1
(1280) = (1296 − 16) = (1296 ) 1 −
4 4
= 6 4
1 −
1296 81
Now do yourself
Question # 3 (i)
(1 + x 2 ) = 1 + x2 (1 + x )−2
( )
(1 + x )
2
Do yourself as above
Question # 3 (iii)
(1 + x )3
= (1 + x)3 (1 − x) −2
(1 − x) 2
+(n) x n −1 + (n + 1) x n + ..............)
So taking only terms involving x n we have term
(n + 1) x n + 3(n) x n + 3(n − 1) x n + (n − 2) x n
= ( (n + 1) + 3(n) + 3(n − 1) + (n − 2) ) x n
= ( n + 1 + 3n + 3n − 3 + n − 2 ) x n
= ( 8n − 4 ) x n
Thus the coefficient of term involving x n is (8n − 4 ) .
Question # 3 (iv)
(1 + x ) = 1 + x 2 1 − x −3
2
( )( )
(1 − x )
3
( )
(1 − x )
3
2 2 2
(n − 1)(n) n−2 (n)(n + 1) n−1 (n + 1)(n + 2) n
+ x + x + x + .......
2 2 2
n
So taking only terms involving x we have term
(n + 1)(n + 2) n (n)(n + 1) n (n − 1)(n) n
x +2 x + x
2 2 2
xn
= ( (n + 1)(n + 2) + 2(n)(n + 1) + (n − 1)(n) )
2
n
= ( n 2 + n + 2n + 2 + 2n 2 + 2n + n 2 − n )
x
2
n
xn
= ( 4n + 4n + 2 ) = 2 ( 2n + 2n + 1)
2 x 2
2 2
= ( 2n + 2n + 1) x
2 n
Question # 4 (i)
1− x 1− x 1−
1 1
L.H.S = = 1 = (1 − x )
2
= (1 − x) 2
1 − x (1 − x ) 2
1
= 1 + (− x ) + squares and higher power of x.
2
1
= 1 − x = R.H.S Proved
2
Question # 4 (ii)
1 + 2x 1 1
= (1 + 2 x ) (1 − x ) 2
−
Since 2
1− x
1
1
Now (1 + 2 x ) 2 = 1 + (2 x) + squares and higher power of x.
2
≈1+ x
1
1
Now (1 − x ) 2 = 1 + − (− x) + squares and higher power of x.
−
2
1
≈1+ x
2
1 + 2x 1
≈ (1 + x ) 1 + x
1− x 2
1
=1+ x + x ignoring term involving x 2 .
2
3
= 1 + x Proved.
2
Question # 4 (iii)
( )
1 1
(9 + 7 x) 2 − (16 + 3x ) 4
( 4 + 5x )
1 1 −1
= (9 + 7 x) 2 − (16 + 3 x) 4
4 + 5x
1
7x 2
1 1
Now (9 + 7 x ) = 9 1 +
2
2
9
FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 8
1 1 7 x
= (32 ) 2 1 + + squres and higher of x.
2 9
7x 7x 7x
≈ 3 1 + = 3 + 3 = 3 +
18 18 6
1
1
3x 4
1
(16 + 3 x) 4 = (16) 1 +
4
16
1 1 3 x
= (2 4 ) 4 1 + + square and higher power of x
4 16
3x 3x 3x
≈ (2) 1 + = 2 + 2 = 2 +
64 64 32
−1
5
( 4 + 5x )
−1 −1
= 4 1 + x
4
1 5
= 1 + ( −1) x + squares and higher power of x
4 4
1 5 1 5
≈ 1 − x = − x
4 4 4 16
1 1
(9 + 7 x) 2 − (16 + 3 x) 4 7x 3x 1 5
So ≈ 3 + − 2 + − x
4 + 5x 6 32 4 16
7x 3 x 1 5 103 1 5
= 3 + − 2 − − x = 1+ x − x
6 32 4 16 96 4 16
1 103 5 1 17
= + x− x = − x Proved
4 384 16 4 384
Question # 4 (iv) Do yourself
Question # 4 (v)
(1 + x ) 2 ( 4 − 3x ) 2 = 1 + x 12 4 − 3x 32 8 + 5 x − 13
1 3
( ) ( ) ( )
(8 + 5 x )
1
3
1
Now (1 + x ) 2 = 1 + ( x) + square and higher power of x
1
2
1
≈1+ x
2
3
3 2
( 4 − 3x )
3 3
2 = 4 1 − x
2
4
3 3
( )
3
= 2 2 2 1 + − x + square and higher power of x
2 4
3 9 9
≈ ( 2 ) 1 − x = 8 1 − x
8 8
−1
5 3
(8 + 5 x ) = ( 8) 1 + x
−1 −1
3 3
8
−1 1 5
( )
= 23 3 1 + − x + square and higher power of x
3 8
5 1 5
≈ (2) −1 1 − x = 1 − x
24 2 24
FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 9
(1 + x ) 2 ( 4 − 3x ) 2
1 3
1 9 1 5
So ≈ 1 + x 8 1 − x 1 − x
(8 + 5x )
1
3 2 8 2 24
8 1 9 5
= 1 + x 1 − x − x
2 2 8 24
1 4 1 4 5
= 4 1 + x 1 − x = 4 1 + x − x = 4 1 − x Proved
2 3 2 3 6
Question # 4 (vi)
Do yourself as above
Question # 4 (vii)
Same as Question #4 (iii)
Question # 5 (i)
1 − x − 2 x 2 = (1 − ( x + 2 x 2 ) ) 2
1
1
1 1 −1
( )
( ) ( )
2
= 1 + −( x + 2 x ) + 2 2
2
−( x + 2 x 2 ) + cube & higher power of x.
2 2!
1
1 −1
( )
≈ 1 − ( x + 2 x ) + 2 2 ( x + 2 x2 )2
2
2 2
1 1 1 1 1
≈ 1 − x − (2 x 2 ) − x 2 = 1 − x − x 2 − x 2
2 2 8 2 8
1 9
= 1 − x − x2 Proved
2 8
Question # 5 (ii)
1
1 + x (1 + x ) 2 1
−
1
= 1 = (1 + x ) (1 − x )
2 2
1 − x (1 − x) 2
Now
1
1
1 1 −1
(1 + x) = 1 + x + 2 2
2
( )
x 2 + cube & higher power of x.
2 2!
1
1 −1
( ) 1
≈ 1 + x + 2 2 x2 = 1 + x − x2
1
2 2 2 8
−
1
1
(1 − x) = 1 + − (− x) +
2
( )(
− 12 − 12 − 1 )
(− x)2 + cube & higher power of x.
2 2!
1
≈1+ x +
( )( )
− 12 − 32 2 1 3
x = 1 + x + x2
2 2 2 8
So
1+ x 1 1 1 3
= 1 + x − x 2 1 + x + x 2
1− x 2 8 2 8
1 1 1 1 3 1
= 1 + x − x2 + x + x 2 + x 2 = 1 + x + x 2 Proved
2 8 2 4 8 2
h
=1+ …………….. (ii)
2nq
1 1
p + q n q + h + q n
Now R.H.S = = 2q
2 q
1 1 1
2q + h n 2 q h n h n
= = + = 1 + 2q
2q 2 q 2q
1 h
= 1 + + square & higher power of h .
n 2q
FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 11
h
=1+ …………….. (ii)
2nq
Form (i) and (ii)
L.H.S = R.H.S Proved
Question # 8
Since n and N are nearly equal therefore consider N = n + h ,
where h is so small that its squares and higher power be neglected.
1 1
n 2 n 2
L.H.S = =
2(n + N ) 2(n + n + h)
1 1 1 1
− − −
n 2 2(2n + h ) 2 4n + 2h 2 2h 2
= = = =4+
2(2 n + h ) n n n
1 1
− −
2h h
1 1
− 2 − 2
= (4) 1 + 2
= (2 ) 1 +
2
2
4n 2n
1 h
= (2) −1 1 + − + square & higher power of h
2 2n
1 h 1 h
= 1 − = − …………….. (i)
2 4n 2 8n
8n n+ N
Now R.H.S = −
9n − N 4n
8n n + ( n + h) 8n n+n+h
= − = −
9n − ( n + h) 4n 9n − n − h 4n
−1
8n 2n + h 8n 2n + h h 2n + h
= − = − = 1 − −
8n − h 4n 8n 1 − h
8n ( 4n )
8n 4n
h 2n h
= 1 + (−1) − + square & higher power of h − +
8n 4n 4n
h 1 h h 1 h
= 1 + − + =1+ − −
8n 2 4n 8n 2 4n
1 h
= − …………….. (ii)
2 8n
From (i) and (ii)
L.H.S = R.H.S Proved
Question # 9 (i)
1 1 1⋅ 3 1 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 1
2 3
1− + − + .......................
2 4 2! ⋅ 4 4 3! ⋅ 8 4
Suppose the given series be identical with
n(n − 1) 2
(1 + x) n = 1 + nx + x + ...............................
2!
1 1
This implies nx = − ……………….…… (i)
2 4
n(n − 1) 2 1 ⋅ 3 1
2
x = …………. (ii)
2! 2! ⋅ 4 4
1 1
From (i) nx = − ⇒ x=− …………… (iii)
8 8n
FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 12
Putting value of x in (ii)
n(n − 1) 1 1⋅ 3 1
2 2
− =
2! 8n 2! ⋅ 4 4
n(n − 1) 1 3 1
⇒ 2
=
2 64n 2 ⋅ 4 16
(n − 1) 3 3
⇒ = ⇒ (n − 1) = ⋅ 128n ⇒ n − 1 = 3 n
128n 128 128
1
⇒ n − 3n = 1 ⇒ − 2n = 1 ⇒ n = −
2
Putting value of n in equation (iii)
1 1
x=− ⇒ x=
8 −1
2 ( ) 4
So
1 1 1
− −
1 2 5 2 4 2 4
(1 + x) n = 1 + = = =
4 4 5 5
Question # 9 (ii) Do yourself as above
Question # 9 (iii)
3 3⋅5 3⋅5⋅7
1+ + + + .......................
4 4 ⋅8 4 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 12
Suppose the given series be identical with
n(n − 1) 2
(1 + x) n = 1 + nx + x + ...............................
2!
3
This implies nx = ……………….…… (i)
4
n(n − 1) 2 3 ⋅ 5
x = …………. (ii)
2! 4 ⋅8
3 3
From (i) nx = ⇒ x= …………… (iii)
4 4n
Putting value of x in (ii)
n(n − 1) 3 3 ⋅ 5
2
=
2! 4n 4 ⋅8
n (n − 1) 9 15
⇒ =
2 16 n 2 32
9(n − 1) 15 15
⇒ = ⇒ 9(n − 1) = ⋅ 32 n ⇒ 9n − 9 = 15 n
32 n 32 32
9 3
⇒ 9n − 15n = 9 ⇒ − 6n = 9 ⇒ n = − ⇒ n=−
6 2
Putting value of n in equation (iii)
3 1
x=− ⇒ x=−
4 −3
2 ( ) 2
3 3
− −
1 1
( 2)
3
= ( 2) =
2 2 3
So (1 + x) = 1 −
n
= 2 =2 2 Answer
2 2
Question # 9 (iv) Do yourself as above
FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 13
Question # 10
1 1⋅ 3 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5
1+ + + + .......................
4 4 ⋅8 4 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 12
Suppose the given series be identical with
n(n − 1) 2
(1 + x) n = 1 + nx + x + ...............................
2!
This implies
1
nx = ……………….…… (i)
4
n(n − 1) 2 1 ⋅ 3
x = …………. (ii)
2! 4 ⋅8
1 1
From (i) nx = ⇒ x= …………… (iii)
4 4n
Putting value of x in (ii)
n(n − 1) 1 1 ⋅ 3
2
=
2! 4n 4 ⋅8
n (n − 1) 1 3
⇒ =
2 16 n 2 32
(n − 1) 3 3
⇒ = ⇒ (n − 1) = ⋅ 32 n ⇒ n −1 = 3n
32 n 32 32
1
⇒ n − 3n = 1 ⇒ − 2n = 1 ⇒ n=−
2
Putting value of n in equation (iii)
1 1
x= ⇒ x=−
4 −1
2 ( ) 2
1 1
− −
1 2 1 2 1
So (1 + x) n = 1 − = = ( 2 ) 2 = 2
2 2
1 1⋅ 3 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5
Hence 1+ + + + ....................... = 2 Proved
4 4 ⋅8 4 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 12
Question # 11
1 1 ⋅ 3 1 1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 1
2 3
y= + + + .......................
3 2! 3 3! 3
Adding 1 on both sides
1 1⋅ 3 1 1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 1
2 3
1+ y =1+ + + + .......................
3 2! 3 3! 3
Suppose the given series be identical with
n(n − 1) 2
(1 + x) n = 1 + nx + x + ...............................
2!
This implies
1
nx = ……………….…… (i)
3
n(n − 1) 2 1 ⋅ 3 1
2
x = …………. (ii)
2! 2! 3
1 1
From (i) nx = ⇒ x= …………… (iii)
3 3n
FSc-I / Ex 8.3 - 14
Putting value of x in (ii)
n(n − 1) 1 1 ⋅ 3 1
2 2
=
2! 3n 2! 3
n(n − 1) 1 3 1
⇒ = ⋅
2 9 n2 2 9
(n − 1) 1 1
⇒ = ⇒ (n − 1) = ⋅ 18 n ⇒ n −1 = 3n
18 n 6 6
1
⇒ n − 3n = 1 ⇒ − 2n = 1 ⇒ n = −
2
Putting value of n in equation (iii)
1 2
x= ⇒ x=−
3 −1
2( ) 3
1 1
− −
2 1 1
= ( 3)
2 2
So (1 + x) = 1 −
n
= 2 = 3
3 3
This implies
1+ y = 3
On squaring both sides
(1 + y ) = ( )
2 2
3
⇒ 1 + 2 y + y2 = 3 ⇒ 1 + 2 y + y2 − 3 = 0
⇒ y 2 + 2 y − 2 = 0 Proved
Question # 12
1 1⋅ 3 1 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 1
2y = 2 + ⋅ + ⋅ + .......................
2 2! 24 3! 26
Adding 1 on both sides
1 1⋅ 3 1 1⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 1
1+ 2y =1+ 2 + ⋅ + ⋅ + .......................
2 2! 24 3! 26
Comparing above series with
n(n − 1) 2
(1 + x) n = 1 + nx + x + ...............................
2!
1 1
After solving as above you will get n = − and x = − , so
2 2
1 1
− −
1 1 1
= ( 2) 2 = 2
2 2
(1 + x) n = 1 − =
2 2
This implies
1+ 2y = 2
On squaring both sides
(1 + 2 y ) ( 2)
2
=
2
⇒ 1 + 4 y + 4 y2 = 4 ⇒ 1 + 4 y + 4 y2 − 2 = 0
⇒ 4 y2 + 4 y −1 = 0 Proved
ُ
Made by: Atiq ur Rehman, ( atiq@mathcity.org ), http://www.mathcity.org
ﺧﺘﻢ ﺷﺪ
mathcity.org Exercise 9.1 (Solutions)
Textbook of Algebra and Trigonometry for Class XI
Merging man and maths Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 1.0.0
Question # 1
π π
(i) 30o = 30 × radian = radian
180 6
π π
(ii) 45o = 45 × radian = radian
180 4
π
(x) 10o15′ = 10.25o = 10.25 × radian = 0.1789 radian
180
π
(xii) 75o 6′ 30′′ = 75.1083o = 75.1083 × radian = 1.3109 radian
180
Question # 2
o
π 180
(i) rad. = = 22.5o Q π rad = 180o
8 8
o
13 13
(xii) π rad. = × 180 = 146.25o Q π rad = 180o
16 16
Question # 3
º
Since total angle in watch = 2π rad.
2π π
Angel made by hands in 1 hour = = rad.
12 6
π 2π
Thus angle made by hand in 4 hours = 4 × = rad.
6 3
Question # 4 (i)
l = 1.5 cm , r = 2.5 cm
l 1.5
Since θ = ⇒ θ= = 0.6 rad.
r 2.5
Question # 4 (ii)
Do yourself as above
Question # 5 (i)
θ = π rad. r = 6 cm
Since l = rθ ⇒ l = 6π = 6(3.14159) = 18.85 cm
Question # 5 (ii)
π 3.14159
θ = 65o20′ = 65o.33 = 65.33 × = 65.33 × = 1.1403 rad. , r = 18 mm
180 180
Since l = rθ ⇒ l = 18 × 1.1403 = 20.5254 mm
Question # 6 (i)
1
l = 5 cm , θ= rad
2
1
Since l = rθ ⇒ 5=r× ⇒ r = 5 × 2 = 10 cm
2
FSc-I / 9.1 - 2
Question # 6 (ii)
π π
l = 56 cm , θ = 45o = 45 × = rad
180 4
π 4 224
Since l = rθ ⇒ 56 = r × ⇒ r = 56 × = = 71.30 cm
4 π 3.14159
Question # 7
π
l =? , r = 14 cm , rad θ=
4
π 3.14159
Since l = rθ ⇒ l = 14 × = 14 × = 10.9956 cm
4 4
Question # 8
r = ?, θ = 1rad. , l = 35 cm
Since l = rθ ⇒ 35 = r × 1 ⇒ r = 35 cm
Question # 9
r = 500 m
1000 25
Speed = 30 km/h = 30 × m/s = m/s
60 × 60 3
25 250
Distance = l = × 10 = m
3 3
250 250 250 1
Now l = rθ ⇒ = 500 × θ ⇒ θ = = = rad.
3 3 × 500 1500 6
Question # 10
π 7
r = 9 m , θ = 70o = 70 × = π , l =?
180 18 70o
l
Now l = rθ
7 7
⇒ l = 9× π = (3.14159) = 10.9956 m ≈ 11 m
18 2
Thus the horse will cover 11m distance.
Question # 11
π π
r = 20 cm , θ = 20o = 20 ×
= rad
180 9 20o
π 3.14159
Now l = rθ ⇒ l = 20 × = 20 × = 6.98
9 9
Thus pendulum will move 6.98cm. l
Question # 12
Here r = 148 × 106 km ,
θ = 9.3 × 10−3 rad
Since l = rθ l θ
= 1.3764 × 106 km
Thus diameter of sun = 1.3764 × 106 km
FSc-I / 9.1 - 3
Question # 13
Length of wire = circumference of circle = 2π r ′ = 2π (6) = 12π
θ
i.e. l = 12π cm , r = 24 cm
l 12π π
Now θ = ⇒ θ= = rad.
r 24 2
Question # 14
Area of Sector Central angle of Sector
Since =
Area of Circle Angel of Circle
Area of Sector θ θ
⇒ =
π r2 2π
θ
⇒ Area of Sector = ×π r2
2π
1
= r 2θ
2
Question # 15 N
r = 6400 km
π 7
θ = 45o + 25o = 70o = 70 × = π rad
180 18
Now l = rθ W E
25 45
7
⇒ l = (6400) π = (6400)(0.3889 × 3.14159)
18
= 7819.075
S
Thus distance between cities = 7819.075 km
Question # 16
π r
θ = 0.5o = 0.5 × = 0.5 × (0.01745)
180
= 0.008727 rad l 0.5ο
r = 3.844 × 10 km
5
Earth
Now l = rθ
⇒ l = ( 3.844 × 105 ) ( 0.0087266 ) = 3354.505
Thus diameter of the moon = 3354.505 km
Question # 17
π r
θ = 1o54′ = 1.9o = 1.9 × = 0.03316 rad
180
l = 2(6400) = 12800 km , r =? l θ
12800
⇒ r= = 386007.24 km
0.03316
Thus distance between earth and moon = 386007.24km
-; END ;-
mathcity.org Exercise 9.2 (Solutions)
Textbook of Algebra and Trigonometry for Class XI
Merging man and maths Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 1.0.0
Question # 1 & 2
Do yourself
Question # 3 (i)
Since sinθ < 0 so θ lies in IIIrd or IVth quadrant.
Also cosθ > 0 so θ lies in Ist or IVth quadrant.
⇒ θ lies in IVth quadrant
Question # 3 (ii)
Since cot θ > 0 so θ lies in Ist or IIIrd quadrant.
Also cscθ > 0 so θ lies in Ist or IInd quadrant
⇒ θ lies in Ist quadrant.
Question # 3 (iii), (iv) and ……
Do yourself as above
Question # 4
Since sin 2θ + cos 2θ = 1
⇒ cos 2θ = 1 − sin 2θ
⇒ cosθ = ± 1 − sin 2θ
As terminal ray lies in Ist quadrant so cosθ is +ive.
cosθ = 1 − sin 2θ
2
12 12
⇒ cosθ = 1 − Q sin θ =
13 13
144 25 5
= 1− = ⇒ cosθ =
169 169 13
Now
sin θ 1213 12 13 12
tan θ = = = ⋅ ⇒ tan θ =
cosθ 513 13 5 5
1 1 13 13
cscθ = = = ⇒ cscθ =
sin θ 12 12 12
13
1 1 13 13
secθ = = = ⇒ secθ =
cosθ 5 13 5 5
1 1 5 5
cot θ = = = ⇒ cot θ =
tan θ 12 5 12 12
Question # 4 (ii)
Since sin 2θ + cos 2θ = 1
⇒ sin 2θ = 1 − cos 2θ
⇒ sin θ = ± 1 − cos 2θ
As terminal ray lies in IVth quadrant so sinθ is –ive .
sinθ = − 1 − cos 2θ
2
9
⇒ sin θ = − 1 −
41
FSc-I / 9.2 - 2
81 1600 40 40
= − 1− =− =− ⇒ sin θ = −
1681 1681 41 41
Now
sin θ − 40
tan θ = = 41 = − 40 ⋅ 41 = − 40 ⇒ tan θ = −
40
cosθ 9 41 9 9 9
41
1 1 41 40
cscθ = = =− ⇒ cscθ = −
sin θ − 40 41 40 41
1 1 41 41
secθ = = = ⇒ secθ =
cosθ 9
11 9 9
1 1 9 9
cot θ = = =− ⇒ cot θ = −
tan θ − 409 40 40
Question # 4 (iii)
Do yourself as above.
Question # 4 (iv)
Since sec 2θ = 1 + tan 2θ
⇒ secθ = ± 1 + tan 2θ
As terminal ray is in IInd quadrant so secθ is –ive.
⇒ secθ = − 1 − tan 2θ
2
1 1 10
⇒ secθ = − 1 + − = − 1 + = −
3 9 9
10
⇒ secθ = −
3
1 1 3 3
Now cosθ = = =− ⇒ cosθ = −
secθ − 10 10 10
3
sin θ
Also = tan θ
cosθ
1 3 1
⇒ sinθ = ( tanθ )( cosθ ) = − − ⇒ sin θ =
3 10 10
1 1
cscθ = = ⇒ cscθ = 10
sin θ 1
10
1 1
cot θ = = ⇒ cot θ = −3
tan θ − 13
Question # 4 (v)
Do yourself as above.
Question # 5
As cotθ is +ive and it is not in Ist quadrant so it is in IIIrd quadrant
( cotθ +ive in Ist and IIIrd quadrant)
Now csc θ = 1 + cot θ
2 2
⇒ cscθ = ± 1 + cot 2 θ
As terminal ray is in IIIrd quadrant so cscθ is –ive.
cscθ = − 1 + cot 2 θ
FSc-I / 9.2 - 3
2
15 225 15
⇒ cscθ = − 1 + = − 1 + Q cot θ =
8 64 8
289 17
=− ⇒ cscθ = −
64 8
1 1 8
sin θ = = ⇒ sin θ = −
cscθ −178 17
cosθ
Now = cot θ
sin θ
15 8 15
⇒ cosθ = cot θ sin θ = − ⇒ cosθ = −
8 17 17
Question # 6
π
Since 0 < θ < therefore terminal ray lies in Ist quadrant.
2
Now 1 + cot 2 θ = csc 2 θ
⇒ cot 2 θ = csc 2 θ − 1
⇒ cot θ = ± csc2 θ − 1
As terminal ray of θ is in Ist quadrant so cotθ is +ive.
cot θ = csc 2 θ − 1
2
m2 + 1 (m 2 + 1) 2 m +1
2
⇒ cot θ = −1 = −1 Q cscθ =
2m (2m)2 2m
m4 + 2m2 + 1 m 4 + 2m 2 + 1 − 4m 2 m 4 − 2m 2 + 1
= −1 = =
4m 2 4m 2 4m 2
(m 2 − 1)2 m 2 − 1 m2 − 1
= = ⇒ cot θ =
(2m)2 2m 2m
1 1 2m 2m
sin θ = = = ⇒ sin θ =
cscθ (
m2 +1
2m
( )
m 2 + 1) m2 + 1
cosθ
Now = cot θ ⇒ cosθ = ( cotθ )( sinθ )
sin θ
m 2 − 1 2m m2 − 1
⇒ cosθ = 2 ⇒ cosθ = 2
2m m + 1 m +1
1 1 m2 + 1
secθ = = 2 ⇒ secθ = 2
cosθ m2 −1 m −1
m +1
1 1 2m
tan θ = = 2 ⇒ tan θ = 2
cot θ m −1 m −1
2m
Question # 7
tanθ is +ive and terminal arm is not in the IIIrd quadrant, therefore terminal arm
lies in Ist quadrant.
Now sec 2 θ = 1 + tan 2 θ
⇒ secθ = ± 1 + tan 2 θ
as terminal arm is in the first quadrant so secθ is +ive.
FSc-I / 9.2 - 4
secθ = 1 + tan 2 θ
2
1 1 8 2 2
secθ = 1 + = 1+ 7 = 7 ⇒ secθ =
7 7
1 1 7
Now cosθ = = ⇒ cosθ =
secθ 2 2 2 2
7
sin θ
Now = tan θ ⇒ sinθ = ( tanθ )( cosθ )
cosθ
1 7 1
⇒ sin θ = ⇒ sin θ =
7 2 2 2 2
1 1
cscθ = = ⇒ cscθ = 2 2
sin θ 1
2 2
( )
2
2 2 − 2 2
2
8
8−
csc θ − sec θ
2 2
7 = 7
Now =
csc θ + sec θ
( )
2 2 2
8
2 2 + 2 2
2
8+
7 7
48
48 7 4
= 7 = ⋅ = Answer
64 7 64 3
7
Question # 8
Since csc 2 θ = 1 + cot 2 θ
⇒ cscθ = ± 1 + cot 2 θ
As terminal ray is in Ird quadrant so cscθ is +ive.
2
5 25 29 29
cscθ = 1 + cot θ = 1 + = 1 +
2
= =
3 4 4 2
1 1 2
Now sin θ = = ⇒ sin θ =
cscθ 29 29
2
cosθ
Now = cot θ ⇒ cosθ = ( cot θ )( sin θ )
sin θ
5 2 5
⇒ cosθ = ⇒ cosθ =
2 29 29
3 2 + 4 5
6
+ 20
3sin θ + 4 cosθ
=
29 29 29 29
Now =
cosθ − sin θ 5 − 2 5 − 2
29 29 29 29
6 + 20
26
29 29 = 26 ⋅ 2 = 26
= = Answer
5−2 3 29 3 3
29
29
THE END
mathcity.org Exercise 9.3 (Solutions)
Textbook of Algebra and Trigonometry for Class XI
Merging man and maths Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 1.0.0
Question # 1 (i)
L.H.S = sin 60o cos30o − cos 60o sin 30o
3 3 1 1 3 1 3 −1 2 1
= ⋅ − ⋅ = − = = = ………… (i)
2 2 2 2 4 4 4 4 2
1
R.H.S = sin 30 = ………… (ii)
2
From (i) and (ii)
L.H.S = R.H.S
Question # 1 (ii)
π π π
L.S.H = sin 2 + sin 2 + tan 2
6 3 4
2
1 3
2
1 3
= + + (1) = + + 1
2
2 2 4 4
1+ 3 + 4 8
= = = 2 = R.H.S *
4 4
Question # 1 (iii)
1 1 1
L.H.S = 2sin 45o + csc 45o = 2sin 45o +
2 2 sin 45o
2 ( 2)
2
1 1 1 2 2
= 2 + = + = +
2 2 1 ( )
2
2 2 2 2
2
1 2 +1 3
= 2+ = = = R.H.S *
2 2 2
Question # 1 (v)
π π π π
L.H.S = sin 2 : sin 2 : sin 2 : sin 2
6 4 3 2
2
1 1 3
2 2
1 1 3
= : : (1) = : : :1
2
:
2 2 2 4 2 4
= 1: 2 : 3: 4 = R.H.S * ×ing by 4
Question # 2 (i)
π π 3−
1
tan − tan
3 6 = 3
π π 1
1 + tan tan 1+ 3 ⋅
3 6 3
3 −1 2
= 3 = 3 = 2 = 1 *
1+1 2 2 3 3
Question # 2 (ii)
π
( 3)
2
1 − tan 2 1−
3 = 1 − 3 −2 1
= = =− *
π
( 3) 1+ 3
2
1 + tan 2 1+ 4 2
3
FSc-I / 9.3 - 2
Question # 3 (i)
When θ = 30o
3
L.H.S = sin 2θ = sin 2(30) = sin 60 = ………. (i)
2
1 3 3
R.H.S = 2sinθ cosθ = 2sin 30o cos30o = 2 = ……….. (ii)
2 2 2
From (i) and (ii)
L.H.S = R.H.S
When θ = 45o
L.H.S = sin 2θ = sin 2(45) = sin 90 = 1 ………. (i)
1 1 2
R.H.S = 2sinθ cosθ = 2sin 45o cos 45o = 2 = 2 = 1 ……….. (ii)
2 2
From (i) and (ii)
L.H.S = R.H.S
Question # 3 (ii)
When θ = 30o
1
L.H.S = cos 2θ = cos 2(30) = cos 60 = ………. (i)
2
R.H.S = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ = cos 2 30o − sin 2 30o
2
3 1 2 3 1 1
= − = − = ……….. (ii)
2 2 4 4 2
From (i) and (ii)
L.H.S = R.H.S
When θ = 45o
L.H.S = cos 2θ = cos 2(45) = cos90 = 0 ………. (i)
R.H.S = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ = cos 2 45o − sin 2 45o
2 2
1 1 1 1
= − = 2 − 2 = 0 ……….. (ii)
2 2
From (i) and (ii)
L.H.S = R.H.S
Quesiton # 3 (iii)
Do yourself as above
Question # 3 (iv)
Do yourself as above
Question # 3 (v)
When θ = 30o
L.H.S = tan 2θ = tan 2(30) = tan 60 = 3 ………. (i)
1
o 2
2 tan θ 2 tan 30 3
R.H.S = = =
1 − tan 2 θ 1 − tan 2 30o 1
2
1−
3
( )
2
2 2
3 = 3 = 2 ⋅3 = 2 ⋅ 3
= = 3 ……….. (ii)
1− 1 2 3 2 3 2
3 3
From (i) and (ii)
FSc-I / 9.3 - 3
L.H.S = R.H.S
When θ = 45o
L.H.S = tan 2θ = tan 2(45) = tan 90 = ∞ ………. (i)
2 tan θ 2 tan 45o 2 (1)
R.H.S = = =
1 − tan 2 θ 1 − tan 2 45o 1 − (1) 2
2 2
= = = ∞ ……….. (ii)
1 −1 0
From (i) and (ii)
L.H.S = R.H.S
Question # 5
(i) Since −π = −2π + π
So sin ( −π ) = sin ( −2π + π ) = sin π = 0
cos ( −π ) = cos ( −2π + π ) = cos π = −1
tan ( −π ) = tan ( −2π + π ) = tan π = 0
csc ( −π ) = csc ( −2π + π ) = csc π = ∞ (undefined)
sec ( −π ) = sec ( −2π + π ) = secπ = −1
cot ( −π ) = cot ( −2π + π ) = cot π = ∞ (undefined)
( )
So sin 390o = sin ( 360 + 30 ) = sin 30o =
1
2
cos ( 390o ) = cos ( 360 + 30 ) = cos30o =
3
2
tan ( 390o ) = tan ( 360 + 30 ) = tan 30o =
1
3
csc ( 390o ) = csc ( 360 + 30 ) = csc30o = 2
( )
So sin −330o = sin ( − 360 + 30 ) = sin 30o =
1
2
And now find other values yourself.
(iii) Since 765o = 720 + 45 = 2(360) + 45
See Alternative
Solution at the
end.
FSc-I- Ex 9.4 - 6 www.MathCity.org
www.MathCity.org FSc-I- Ex 9.4 - 7
FSc-I- Ex 9.4 - 8 www.MathCity.org
Question # 18 [by Hafiz Syed Rizwan (FSc, Session: 2007-2009) Punjab College of Science, Lahore.]
tan θ + secθ − 1
L.H.S =
tan θ − secθ + 1
=
( tan θ + secθ − 1)( tan θ + secθ ) ∵ 1 + tan 2 θ = sec 2 θ
tan 2 θ − sec2 θ + tan θ + secθ ∴ tan 2 θ − sec2 θ = −1
=
( tan θ + secθ − 1)( tan θ + secθ )
−1 + tan θ + secθ
= tan θ + secθ = R.H.S
******************************************
Available online at http://www.MathCity.org
Question # 1
3
(i) sin(−780) = − sin 780 = − sin ( 4(90) + 60 ) = − sin(60) = − *
2
(ii) cot(−855o ) = − cot855o = − cot ( 9(90) + 45)
= − ( − tan 45o ) = tan 45o = 1 * Q 855 is in the IInd quad.
(iii) csc(2040o ) = csc ( 22(90) + 60 ) = − csc(60) Q 2040o is in the Ist quad.
1 1 2
=− =− =− *
sin ( 60 ) 3 3
2
(iv) sec(−960) = sec(960) = sec (10(90) + 60 ) = − sec 60o Q 960o is in the IIIrd quad.
1 1
=− = − = −2 *
cos 60o 1
2
1
(v) tan(1110) = tan (12(90) + 30 ) = tan(30) = * Q 1110o is in the Ist quad
3
(vi) sin(−300) = − sin(300) = − sin ( 3(90) + 30 )
3
= −(− cos30o ) = cos30o = * Q 300o is in the IIIrd quad.
2
Question # 2
(i) sin196o = sin(180 + 16) = sin180 ocos16o + cos180o sin16o
= (0)cos16o + (−1)sin16o = − sin16o *
(iii) sin 319o = sin(360 − 41) = sin 360o cos 41o − cos360o sin 41o Do yourself
(iv) cos 254o = cos(270 − 16) Do yourself
o
sin 294 sin(270 + 24)
(v) tan 294o = o
=
cos 294 cos(270 + 24)
sin 270o cos 24o + cos 270o sin 24o (−1)cos 24o + (0)sin 24o
= =
cos 270o cos 24o − sin 270o sin 24o (0)cos 24o − (−1)sin 24o
− cos 24o + 0 − cos 24o
= o
= o
= − cot 24o *
0 + sin 24 sin 24
Alternative
tan 270o + tan 24o
tan 294o = tan(270 + 24) =
1 − tan 270o tan 24o
o tan 24o tan 24o
tan 270 1 + o 1 + ∞
= tan 270 =
1 1
tan 270o o
− tan 24o − tan 24o
tan 270 ∞
=
(1 + 0 ) = − 1 = − cot 24o *
(
0 − tan 24o ) tan 24o
FSc-I / 10.1 - 2
(vi) cos 728o = cos(720 + 8) Do yourself
(vii) sin(−625o ) = − sin 625o = − sin(630 − 5) = − ( sin 630o cos5o − cos630o sin 5o )
= − ( (−1)cos5o − (0)sin 5o ) = − ( − cos5o − 0 ) = cos5o *
(viii) cos(−435o ) = cos 435o = cos(450 − 15) Do yourself
Question # 3
(i) L.H.S = sin(180 + α )sin(90 − α )
= ( sin180o cosα + cos180o sin α ) )( sin 90o cosα − cos90o sin α )
= ( (0)cosα + (−1)sin α ) )( (1)cosα − (0)sin α )
= ( 0 − sin α ) )( cosα − 0 ) = − sin α cosα = R.H.S *
(ii) First we calculate
3
sin 780o = sin(720 + 60) = sin(2 × 360 + 60) = sin 60o =
2
sin 480 = sin(450 + 30) = sin 450 cos30 + cos 450 sin 30o
o o o o
3
= (1)cos30 + (0)sin 30 = cos30 + 0 =
2
1 1
cos120 = − and sin 30 =
2 2
So L.H.S = sin 780 sin 480 + cos120 sin 30o
o o o
3 3 1 1 3 1 1
= + − = − = = R.H.S *
2 2 2 2 4 4 2
(iii) First we calculate
cos306o = cos(270 + 36) = cos 270o cos36o − sin 270o sin 36o
= (0)cos36o − (−1)sin 36o = 0 + sin 36o = sin 36o
cos 234o = cos(270 − 36) = cos 270cos36 + sin 270cos36
= (0)cos36o + (−1)sin 36o = 0 − sin 36o = − sin 36o
cos162o = cos(180 − 18) = cos180o cos18o + sin180o sin18o
= (−1)cos18 + (0)sin18 = − cos18 + 0 = − cos18
So L.H.S = sin 306o + cos 234o + cos162o + cos18o
= sin 36o − sin 36o − cos18o + cos18o = 0 = R.H.S *
(iv) First we calculate (Alternative Method)
3
cos330o = cos(360 − 30) = cos(−30o ) = cos(30o ) =
2
3
sin 600 = sin(6 × 90 + 60) = − sin 60 = − Q 600o is in the IIIrd quad
2
1
cos120o = cos(90 + 30) = − sin 30 = − Q 120o is in the IInd quad
2
1
sin150o = sin(90 + 60) = cos60o = Q 150o is in the IInd quad
2
So L.H.S = cos330 sin 600 + cos120o sin150o
o o
3 3 1 1 3 1 4
= − + − = − − = − = −1 = R.H.S *
2 2 2 2 4 4 4
FSc-I / 10.1 - 3
Question # 4
First we calculate
sin(π + θ ) = sin π cosθ + cos π sin θ = (0)cosθ + (−1)sin θ
= 0 − sinθ = − sinθ
3π π 3π
tan + θ = tan 3 ⋅ + θ = − cotθ Q + θ is in the IVth quad
2 2 2
3π π 3π
cot − θ = cot 3 ⋅ − θ = tanθ Q − θ is in the IIIrd quad
2 2 2
cos(π − θ ) = cos π cosθ + sin π sin θ = (−1)cosθ + (0)sin θ
= − cosθ + 0 = − cosθ
csc(2π − θ ) = csc(−θ ) = − cscθ
Now
3π
sin 2 (π + θ ) tan +θ
L.H.S = 2
3π
cot − θ cos 2 (π − θ ) csc(2π − θ )
2
(− sin θ ) 2 ( − cot θ ) sin 2 θ ( − cot θ )
= =
( θ ) − θ − θ tan 2 θ cos 2 θ (− cscθ )
2 2
tan ( cos ) ( csc )
cosθ
sin 2 θ
sin θ sin θ cosθ
= = = cosθ = R.H.S *
sin 2 θ 1 sin θ
cos 2 θ
cos θ
2
sin θ
Question 4 (ii)
First we calculate
cos(90 + θ ) = − sin θ Q 90 + θ is in the IInd quad.
sec(−θ ) = secθ
tan(180 − θ ) = tan ( 2(90) − θ ) = − tanθ Q 180 − θ is in the IInd quad.
sec(360 − θ ) = sec(−θ ) = secθ
sin(180 + θ ) = sin ( 2(90) + θ ) = − sinθ Q 180 + θ is in the IIIrd quad.
cot(90 − θ ) = tan θ Q 90 − θ is in the Ist quad.
Now
cos(90 + θ ) sec(−θ ) tan(180 − θ )
L.H.S =
sec(360 − θ ) sin(180 + θ ) cot(90 − θ )
(− sin θ )secθ (− tan θ )
= = 1 = R.H.S *
secθ (− sin θ ) (− tan θ )
Question # 5 (i)
Since α , β and γ are angels of triangle therefore
α + β + γ = 180 ⇒ α + β = 180 − γ
Now L.H.S = sin(α + β ) = sin(180 − γ )
= sin180 cos γ − cos180 sin γ
= (0)cos γ − (−1)sin γ = 0 + sinγ = sinγ = R.H.S *
Question # 5 (ii)
Since α , β and γ are angels of triangle therefore
α + β + γ = 180
α + β 180 − γ
⇒ α + β = 180 − γ ⇒ =
2 2
FSc-I / 10.1 - 4
α + β 180 − γ 180 γ
Now L.H.S = cos = cos = cos −
2 2 2 2
γ γ γ
= cos 90 − = cos90 cos + sin 90 sin
2 2 2
γ γ γ γ
= (0) cos + (1) sin = 0 + sin = sin = R.H.S *
2 2 2 2
Question # 5 (iii)
Since α , β and γ are angels of triangle therefore
α + β + γ = 180 ⇒ α + β = 180 − γ
Now L.H.S = cos(α + β ) = cos(180 − γ )
= cos180 cos γ + sin180 sin γ
= (−1)cos γ + (0)sin γ = − cos γ + 0 = − cosγ = R.H.S *
Question # 5 (iv)
Since α , β and γ are angels of triangle therefore
α + β + γ = 180 ⇒ α + β = 180 − γ
Now L.H.S = tan(α + β ) + tan γ = tan(180 − γ ) + tan γ
tan180 − tan γ
= + tan γ
1 + tan180 tan γ
(0) − tan γ − tan γ
= + tan γ = + tan γ
1 + (0) tan γ 1+ 0
= − tan γ + tan γ = 0 = R.H.S *
Remember:
● sin (α + β ) = sin α cos β + cosα sin β ● sin (α − β ) = sin α cos β − cosα sin β
● cos (α + β ) = cosα cos β − sin α sin β ● cos (α − β ) = cosα cos β + sin α sin β
tan α + tan β tan α − tan β
● tan (α + β ) = ● tan (α − β ) =
1 − tan α tan β 1 + tan α tan β
π
Three Steps to solve sin n ⋅ ± θ
2
Step I: First check that n is even or odd
Step II: If n is even then the answer will be in sin and if the n is odd then sin will be
converted to cos and vice virsa (i.e. cos will be converted to sin).
π
Step III: Now check in which quadrant n ⋅ ± θ is lying if it is in Ist or IInd quadrant
2
the answer will be positive as sin is positive in these quadrant and if it is in the IIIrd or
IVth quadrant the answer will be negative.
e.g. sin 667 o = sin ( 7(90) + 37 )
Since n = 7 is odd so answer will be in cos and 667 is in IVth quadrant and sin is
–ive in IVth quadrant therefore answer will be in negative. i.e sin 667o = − cos37
Similar technique is used for other trigonometric rations. i.e tan € cot and sec € csc .
The End
mathcity.org Exercise 10.2 (Solutions)
Textbook of Algebra and Trigonometry for Class XI
Merging man and maths Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 1.0.2
Question # 1
(i) L.H.S = sin(180 + θ ) = sin180 cosθ + cos180 sin θ
= sin ( 0 ) cosθ + ( −1)sinθ = 0 − sinθ = − sinθ = R.H.S ¡
(ii) Do youself
tan 270o − tan θ
(iii) L.H.S = tan ( 270 − θ ) =
o
Question # 4 (i)
L.H.S = tan(45 + A) tan(45 − A)
tan 45o + tan A tan 45o − tan A
= o o
1 − tan 45 tan A 1 + tan 45 tan A
1 + tan A 1 − tan A 1 + tan A 1 − tan A
= = = 1 = R.H.S ¡
1 − (1) tan A 1 + (1) tan A 1 − tan A 1 + tan A
Question 4 (ii)
π 3π
L.H.S = tan − θ + tan +θ
4 4
π 3π
tan 4 − tan θ tan 4 + tan θ
= +
π 3π
1 + tan tan θ 1 − tan tan θ
4 4
1 − tan θ −1 + tan θ
= +
1 + (1) tan θ 1 − (−1) tan θ
1 − tan θ −1 + tan θ
= +
1 + tan θ 1 + tan θ
1 − tan θ − 1 + tan θ 0
= = = 0 = R.H.S ¡
1 + tan θ 1 + tanθ
Question # 4 (iii)
π π
L.H.S = sin θ + + cos θ +
6 3
π π π π
= sin θ cos + cosθ sin + cosθ cos − sin θ sin
6 6 3 3
3 1 1 3
= sin θ + cosθ + cosθ − sin θ
2 2 2 2
3 1 1 3
= sin θ + cosθ + cosθ − sin θ = cosθ = R.H.S ¡
2 2 2 2
Question # 4 (iv)
θ
sin θ − cosθ tan
L.H.S = 2
θ
cosθ + sin θ tan
2
θ θ θ
sin sin θ cos− cosθ sin
sin θ − cosθ 2 2 2
θ θ
cos cos
= 2 = 2
θ θ θ
sin cosθ cos + sin θ sin
cosθ + sin θ 2 2 2
θ θ
cos cos
2 2
FSc-I / 10.2 - 3
θ θ θ
sin θ cos
− cosθ sin sin θ −
= 2 2 = 2
θ θ θ
cosθ cos + sin θ sin cos θ −
2 2 2
=
sin θ ( )
2 = tan θ = R.H.S ¡
cos θ ( )
2
2
Question # 4 (v)
1 − tan θ tan ϕ
L.H.S =
1 + tan θ tan ϕ
sin θ sin ϕ cosθ cos ϕ − sin θ sin ϕ
1−
cosθ cos ϕ cosθ cos ϕ
= =
sin θ sin ϕ cosθ cos ϕ + sin θ sin ϕ
1+
cosθ cosϕ cosθ cos ϕ
cosθ cos ϕ − sin θ sin ϕ cos (θ + ϕ )
= = = R.H.S ¡
cosθ cos ϕ + sin θ sin ϕ cos (θ − ϕ )
Question # 5
L.H.S = cos(α + β ) cos(α − β )
= ( cosα cos β − sin α sin β )( cosα cos β + sin α sin β )
(
= ( cosα cos β ) − ( sin α sin β )
2 2
) = cos α cos β − sin α sin β
2 2 2 2
Question # 6
Hint: Just open the formulas
Question # 7 (i)
1 1
L.H.S = cot(α + β ) = =
tan(α + β ) tan α + tan β
1 − tan α tan β
1
tan α tan β − 1
=
1 − tan α tan β
= tan α tan β
tan α + tan β 1 1
tan α tan β +
tan β tan α
cot α cot β − 1 cot α cot β − 1
= = = R.H.S ¡
cot β + cot α cot α + cot β
Question # 7 (ii)
Do yourself as above
FSc-I / 10.2 - 4
Question # 7 (iii)
sin α sin β sin α cos β + cosα sin β
+
tan α + tan β cosα cos β cosα cos β
L.H.S = = =
tan α − tan β sin α sin β sin α cos β − cosα sin β
−
cosα cos β cosα cos β
sin α cos β + cosα sin β sin(α + β )
= = = R.H.S
sin α cos β − cosα sin β sin(α − β )
Question # 8
4 π
Since sin α = ; 0 <α <
5 2
40 π
cosα = ; 0< β <
41 2
Now
cos 2 α = 1 − sin 2 α
⇒ cosα = ± 1 − sin 2 α
Since terminal ray of α is in the first quadrant so value of cos is +ive
cosα = 1 − sin 2 α
2
4 16 9 3
⇒ cosα = 1 − = 1− = ⇒ cosα =
5 25 25 5
Also
sin 2 β = 1 − cos2 β ⇒ sin β = ± 1 − cos 2 β
Since terminal ray of β is in the first quadrant so value of sin is +ive
sin β = 1 − cos 2 β
2
40 1600 81 9
⇒ sin β = 1 − = 1 − = ⇒ sin β =
41 1681 1681 41
Now
sin(α − β ) = sin α cos β − cosα sin β
4 40 3 9 160 27 133
= − = − =
5 41 5 41 205 205 205
133
i.e. sin(α − β ) = Proved
205
Question # 9
4 π
Since sin α = ; <α <π
5 2
12 π
sin β = ; < β <π
13 2
Since cos 2 α = 1 − sin 2 α ⇒ cosα = ± 1 − sin 2 α
As terminal ray of α lies in the IInd quadrant so value of cos is –ive
cosα = − 1 − sin 2 α
2
4 16 9 3
⇒ cosα = − 1 − = − 1 − =− ⇒ cosα = −
5 25 25 5
Now
cos 2 β = 1 − sin 2 β
FSc-I / 10.2 - 5
⇒ cos β = ± 1 − sin 2 β
As terminal ray of β lies in the IInd quadrant so value of cos is –ive
cos β = − 1 − sin 2 β
2
12 144 25 5
⇒ cos β = − 1 − = − 1 − =− ⇒ cos β = −
13 169 169 13
(i) sin(α + β ) = sin α cos β + cosα sin β
4 5 3 12 20 36 56
= − + − = − − =−
5 13 5 13 65 65 65
(ii) cos(α + β ) = cosα cos β − sin α sin β
3 5 4 12 15 48 33
= − − − = − =−
5 13 5 13 65 65 65
sin(α + β ) − 65 56
56
(iii) tan(α + β ) = = =
cos(α + β ) − 33 33
65
(iv), (v) & (vi) Do yourself as above
Since sin(α + β ) is –ive so terminal are of α + β is in IIIrd or IVth quadrant
and cos(α + β ) is –ive so terminal are of α + β is in IInd or IIIrd quadrant
therefore terminal ray of α + β lies in the IIIrd quadrant.
Similarly after solving (iv), (v) & (vi) find quadrant for α − β yourself.
Question # 10 (i)
3
Since tan α =
4
tanα is +ive and terminal arm of α in not in the Ist quad. Therefore it lies in
IIIrd quad.
Now
sec 2 α = 1 + tan 2 α
⇒ secα = ± 1 + tan 2 α
Since terminal arm of α is in the IIIrd quad. therefore value of sec is –ive
secα = − 1 + tan 2 α
2
3 9 25 5
⇒ secα = − 1 + = − 1 + =− ⇒ sec x = −
4 16 16 4
1 1 4
Now cosα = = ⇒ cosα = −
secα − 5 5
4
sin α
Now = tan α ⇒ sin α = tan α cosα
cosα
3 4 3
⇒ sin α = − ⇒ sin α = −
4 5 5
5
Since cos β =
13
cos β is +ive and terminal arm of β is not in the Ist quad. Therefore it lies in
IVth quad.
Now sin 2 β = 1 − cos2 β
⇒ sin β = ± 1 − cos 2 β
FSc-I / 10.2 - 6
Question # 10 (ii)
Do yourself as above
Question # 11
R.H.S = tan 37o = tan(45 − 8) Q 37 = 45 − 8
o o o
tan 45 − tan 8 1 − tan 8
= o o
=
1 + tan 45 tan 8 1 + (1) tan 8o
sin 8o cos8o − sin 8o
1−
cos8 o
cos8 o cos8o − sin 8o
= = = = L.H.S ¡
sin 8o cos8o + sin 8o cos8o + sin8o
1+
cos8o cos8o
Question # 12
Since α , β and γ are angles of triangle therefore
α + β + γ = 180 ⇒ α + β = 180 − γ
α + β 180 − γ α β γ
⇒ = ⇒ + = 90 −
2 2 2 2 2
α β γ
Now tan + = tan 90 −
2 2 2
α β
tan + tan
⇒ 2 2 = cot γ γ
Q tan 90 − = cot
γ
α β 2 2 2
1 − tan tan
2 2
α β 1 1 β α
tan tan + +
2 2 tan β2 tan α2 γ
cot
2
cot
2 = cot γ
⇒ = cot ⇒
α β 2 α β 2
tan tan
1
− 1 cot cot −1
2 2 tan α2 tan β2 2 2
β α γ α β
⇒ cot + cot = cot cot cot − 1
2 2 2 2 2
β α α β γ γ
⇒ cot + cot = cot cot cot − cot
2 2 2 2 2 2
β α γ α β γ
⇒ cot + cot + cot = cot cot cot ¡
2 2 2 2 2 2
FSc-I / 10.2 - 7
Question # 13
Since α , β and γ are angles of triangle therefore
α + β + γ = 180 ⇒ α + β = 180 − γ
Now tan (α + β ) = tan (180 − γ )
tan α + tan β tan α + tan β
⇒ = tan ( 2(90) − γ ) ⇒ = − tan γ
1 − tan α tan β 1 − tan α tan β
⇒ tan α + tan β = − tan γ (1 − tan α tan β )
⇒ tan α + tan β = − tan γ + tan α tan β tan γ
⇒ tan α + tan β + tan γ = tan α tan β tan γ
Dividing through out by tan α tan β tan γ
tan α tan β tan γ tan α tan β tan γ
+ + =
tan α tan β tan γ tan α tan β tan γ tan α tan β tan γ tan α tan β tan γ
⇒ cot β cot γ + cot α cot γ + cot α cot β = 1
⇒ cot α cot β + cot β cot γ + cot γ cot α = 1 ¡
Question # 14 (i)
12sin θ + 5cosθ
Let 12 = r cos ϕ and 5 = r sin ϕ
Squaring and adding 5 r sin ϕ
=
(12) 2 + (5) 2 = r 2 cos 2 ϕ + r 2 sin 2 ϕ 12 r cos ϕ
⇒ 144 + 25 = r 2 ( cos 2 ϕ + sin 2 ϕ ) 5
= tan ϕ
⇒ 169 = r 2 (1) 12
5
⇒ r = 169 = 13 ⇒ ϕ = tan −1
12
Now
12sin θ + 5cosθ = r cos ϕ sin θ + r sin ϕ cosθ
= r ( cos ϕ sin θ + sin ϕ cosθ )
5
= r sin (θ + ϕ ) where r = 13 and ϕ = tan −1
12
Question # 14 (ii)
3sinθ − 4cosθ
Let 3 = r cos ϕ and −4 = r sin ϕ
Squaring and adding − 4 r sin ϕ
=
(3)2 + (−4)2 = r 2 cos 2 ϕ + r 2 sin 2 ϕ 3 r cos ϕ
⇒ 9 + 16 = r 2 ( cos 2 ϕ + sin 2 ϕ ) 4
− = tan ϕ
⇒ 25 = r 2 (1) 3
4
⇒ r = 25 = 5 ⇒ ϕ = tan −1 −
3
Now
3sin θ − 4cosθ = r cos ϕ sin θ + r sin ϕ cosθ
= r ( cos ϕ sin θ + sin ϕ cosθ )
4
= r sin (θ + ϕ ) where r = 5 and ϕ = tan −1 −
3
Question # 14 (iii)
sinθ − cosθ
Let 1 = r cos ϕ and −1 = r sin ϕ
Squaring and adding −1 r sin ϕ
=
(1)2 + (−1)2 = r 2 cos 2 ϕ + r 2 sin 2 ϕ 1 r cosϕ
⇒ 1 + 1 = r 2 ( cos 2 ϕ + sin 2 ϕ ) −1 = tanϕ
⇒ 2 = r 2 (1) ⇒ ϕ = tan −1 ( −1)
⇒ r= 2
Now
sin θ − cosθ = r cosϕ sin θ + r sin ϕ cosθ
= r ( cos ϕ sin θ + sin ϕ cosθ )
= r sin (θ + ϕ ) where r = 2 and ϕ = tan −1 ( −1)
Question # 14 (iv)
5sinθ − 4cosθ
Let 5 = r cosϕ and −4 = r sin ϕ
Squaring and adding − 4 r sin ϕ
=
(5)2 + (−4)2 = r 2 cos 2 ϕ + r 2 sin 2 ϕ 5 r cos ϕ
⇒ 25 + 16 = r 2 ( cos 2 ϕ + sin 2 ϕ ) 4
− = tan ϕ
⇒ 41 = r 2 (1) 5
4
⇒ r = 41 ⇒ ϕ = tan −1 −
5
Now
5sin θ − 4cosθ = r cos ϕ sin θ + r sin ϕ cosθ
= r ( cos ϕ sin θ + sin ϕ cosθ )
4
= r sin (θ + ϕ ) where r = 41 and ϕ = tan −1 −
5
Question # 14 (v)
sinθ + cosθ
Let 1 = r cos ϕ and 1 = r sin ϕ
Squaring and adding 1 r sin ϕ
=
(1)2 + (1)2 = r 2 cos 2 ϕ + r 2 sin 2 ϕ 1 r cosϕ
⇒ 1 + 1 = r 2 ( cos 2 ϕ + sin 2 ϕ ) 1 = tanϕ
⇒ 2 = r 2 (1) ⇒ ϕ = tan −1 (1)
⇒ r= 2
Now
sin θ + cosθ = r cos ϕ sin θ + r sin ϕ cosθ
= r ( cos ϕ sin θ + sin ϕ cosθ )
= r sin (θ + ϕ ) where r = 2 and ϕ = tan −1 (1)
Question # 14 (vi)
Do yourself as above J
Question # 1
12 π
(i) sin α = ; 0 <α <
13 2
Since cosα = ± 1 − sin 2 α
As α is in the first quadrant so value of cos is +ive
cosα = 1 − sin 2 α
2
12 144 25 5
= 1− = 1− = ⇒ cosα =
13 169 169 13
12
sin α 12
and tan α = = 13 ⇒ tan α =
cosα 5 5
13
Now sin 2α = 2sin α cosα
12 5 120
= 2 ⇒ sin 2α =
13 13 169
cos 2α = cos α − sin α
2 2
2 2
5 12 25 144 119
= − = − ⇒ cos 2α =
13 13 169 169 169
2α tan
tan 2α =
1 − tan 2 α
=
( )
2 12
5 =
24
5 =
24
5 = − 24 ⋅ 25
( ) 1 − 144 −119
2
1 − 12 5 119
5 25 25
120
⇒ tan 2α =
119
3 π
(ii) cosα = ; 0 <α <
5 2
Hint: First find sinα and tanα then solve as above
Question # 2
cosα sin α cos 2 α − sin 2 α
L.H.S = cot α − tan α = − =
sin α cosα sin α cosα
2(cos α − sin α ) 2 cos 2α
2 2
= = = 2cot 2α = R.H.S 8
2sin α cosα sin 2α
Question # 3
sin 2α 2sin α cosα 1 + cos 2α
L.H.S = = Q cos α =
2
1 + cos 2α 2cos 2 α 2
sin α Q 2 cos α = 1 + cos 2α
2
= = tanα = R.H.S 8
cosα
www.mathcity.org
FSc I - 10.3 - 2
Question # 4
α α 1 − cos α
2sin 2 Q sin =
2
1 − cosα 2
L.H.S = = 2 2
sin α α α 2 α
2sin cos Q 2sin = 1 − cos α
2 2 2
α α α
sin sin α = 2sin
2 = tan α = R.H.S
cos
= 8 2 2
α 2
cos
2
Question # 5
cosα − sin α
L.H.S =
cosα + sin α
cosα − sin α cosα − sin α
= × Rationalize
cosα + sin α cosα − sin α
(cosα − sin α )2 cos 2 α + sin 2 α − 2sin α cosα
= =
cos 2 α − sin 2 α cos 2α
1 − sin 2α 1 sin 2α
= = − = sec2α − tan 2α = R.H.S 8
cos 2α cos 2α cos 2α
Question 6
1 + sin α α α
L.H.S = Q sin
2
+ cos
2
=1
1 − sin α 2 2
α α α α α α
sin 2 + cos 2 + 2sin cos sin α = 2sin cos
= 2 2 2 2 2 2
α α α α
sin 2 + cos 2 − 2sin cos
2 2 2 2
2
α α α α
sin + cos sin + cos
=
2 2 2 2
= = R.H.S 8
α α
2
α α
sin − cos
sin − cos 2 2
2 2
Question # 7
cosecθ + 2cosec 2θ
L.H.S =
secθ
1 2
+
1 1
= sin θ sin 2θ = cosθ
2 1
+ = cosθ +
1 sin θ 2sin θ cosθ sin θ sin θ cosθ
cosθ
θ
θ + θ + 2cos 2
cos 1 cos 1 2
= cosθ = =
sin θ cosθ sin θ θ θ
2sin cos
2 2
θ
= cos = R.H.S 8
2
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FSc I - 10.3 - 3
Question # 8
sin α sin 2α
L.H.S = 1 + tan α tan 2α = 1 +
cosα cos 2α
cosα cos 2α + sin α sin 2α cos(2α − α )
= =
cosα cos 2α cosα cos 2α
cosα 1
= = = sec2α = R.H.S 8
cosα cos 2α cos 2α
Question # 9
2sin θ sin 2θ Q cos3θ = 4cos 3 θ − 3cosθ
L.H.S =
cosθ + cos3θ 1 + cos 2θ
2sin θ sin 2θ Q cos 2 θ =
= 2
cosθ + 4cos3 θ − 3cosθ ∴ 2cos θ − 1 = cos 2θ
2
Question # 13
sin 3θ cos3θ sin 3θ sin θ + cos3θ cosθ
L.H.S = + =
cosθ sin θ sin θ cosθ
cos(3θ − θ ) cos 2θ 2cos 2θ
= = =
sin θ cosθ sin θ cosθ 2sin θ cosθ
2cos 2θ
= = 2cot 2θ = R.H.S 8
sin 2θ
www.mathcity.org
FSc I - 10.3 - 4
Question # 14
2
1 − cos 2θ
( )
2
sin θ = sin θ =
4 2
2
1 − 2cos 2θ + cos 2θ
( )
2
1
= = 1 − 2cos 2θ + cos 2 2θ
4 4
1 1 + cos 4θ 1 2 − 4cos 2θ + 1 + cos 4θ
= 1 − 2cos 2θ + =
4 2 4 2
1
= ( 3 − 4cos 2θ + 2cos 4θ ) 8
8
Question # 15
(i) Let θ = 18o ⇒ 5θ = 90o ⇒ 3θ + 2θ = 90o ⇒ 2θ = 90o − 3θ
sin 2θ = sin(90 − 3θ )
⇒ sin 2θ = cos3θ Q cos3θ = 4cos 3 θ − 3cosθ
⇒ 2sinθ cosθ = 4cos θ − 3cosθ
3
∴ sin 2θ = 2sin θ cos θ
⇒ 2sinθ = 4cos 2 θ − 3 ÷ing by cosθ
⇒ 2sinθ = 4(1 − sin 2 θ ) − 3
⇒ 2sinθ = 4 − 4sin 2 θ − 3 ⇒ 2sinθ = 1 − 4sin 2 θ
⇒ 4sin 2 θ + 2sinθ − 1 = 0
This is quadratic in sinθ with a = 4 , b = 1 and c = −1
−2 ± (2)2 − 4(4)(−1) −2 ± 4 + 16 −2 ± 20
sin θ = = =
2(4) 8 8
−2 ± 2 5 −1 ± 5
= =
8 8
o
Since θ = 18 lies in the first quadrant so value of sin can not be negative therefore
−1 + 5 5 −1
sin θ = ⇒ sin18o = Q θ = 18o
4 4
Now
2
o o
5 −1
o
cos 18 = 1 − sin 18
2 2
⇒ cos 18 = 1 −
2
4
( 5)
2
o
− 2 5 +1
5 − 2 5 +1
⇒ cos 18 = 1 −
2
=1−
16 16
6−2 5 16 − 6 + 5 10 + 2 5
=1− = =
16 16 16
10 + 2 5 10 + 2 5
⇒ cos18o = ⇒ cos18o =
16 4
(ii)
1 + cos 2θ
Since cos 2 θ =
2
⇒ cos 2θ = 2cos 2 θ − 1
⇒ cos 2(18) = 2cos 2 (18) − 1
www.mathcity.org
FSc I - 10.3 - 5
2
10 + 2 5
⇒ cos36 = 2 −1
4
10 + 2 5 10 + 2 5
= 2 −1 = −1
16 8
10 + 2 5 − 8 2+2 5 1+ 5
= = ⇒ cos36o =
8 8 2
Now sin 36 = 1 − cos 36
2 2
( 5)
2
1+ 5
2
1+ 2 5 +
=1− = 1 −
2 16
1+ 2 5 + 5 6+ 2 5
=1− =1−
16 16
16 − 6 − 2 5 10 − 2 5
= =
16 16
10 − 2 5 10 − 2 5
⇒ sin 36o = ⇒ sin 36o =
16 4
(iii)
Now sin(90 − 36) = cos36o Q sin(90 − θ ) = cosθ
1+ 5
⇒ sin54o = cos36o ⇒ sin 54o =
2
and cos(90 − 36) = sin36o
10 − 2 5
⇒ cos54o = sin36o ⇒ cos54o =
4
(iv)
Now sin(90 − 18) = cos18o Q sin(90 − θ ) = cosθ
10 + 2 5
⇒ sin 72o = cos18o ⇒ sin 72o =
4
and cos(90 − 18) = sin18o
5 −1
⇒ cos 72o = sin18o ⇒ cos 72o =
4
Now
2
o o o
1+ 5
cos 54 = 1 − sin 54
2 2
⇒ cos 54 = 1 −
2
4
( )
2
o
5 + 2 5 +1
5 + 2 5 +1
⇒ cos 542
=1− =1−
16 16
6+ 2 5 16 − 6 − 5 10 − 2 5
=1− = =
16 16 16
10 − 2 5 10 − 2 5
⇒ cos54o = ⇒ cos54o =
16 4
Review:
● sin 2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 ● 1 + tan 2 θ = sec2 θ ● 1 + cot 2 θ = csc2 θ
● sin(−θ ) = − sin θ ● cos(−θ ) = cosθ ● tan(−θ ) = − tan θ
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
● sin (α + β ) = sin α cos β + cosα sin β ● sin (α − β ) = sin α cos β − cosα sin β
● cos (α + β ) = cosα cos β − sin α sin β ● cos (α − β ) = cosα cos β + sin α sin β
tan α + tan β tan α − tan β
● tan (α + β ) = ● tan (α − β ) =
1 − tan α tan β 1 + tan α tan β
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
● sin 2θ = 2sinθ cosθ 2 2
● cos 2θ = cos θ − sin θ
tan 2θ
● tan 2θ =
1 − tan 2 θ
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
θ 1 − cosθ θ 1 + cosθ θ 1 − cosθ
● sin 2 = ● cos 2 = ● tan 2 =
2 2 2 2 2 1 + cosθ
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3tan θ − tan 3 θ
● sin 3θ = 3sin θ − 4sin θ
3
● cos3θ = 4cos θ − 3cosθ
3
● tan 3θ = 2
1 − 3tan θ
………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
2tan θ 2
1 − tan θ
● sin 2θ = ● cos 2θ =
1 + tan 2 θ 1 + tan 2 θ
…………………………………………………………………..
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Error Analyst
Question # 1
(i) Since 2sin α cos β = sin(α + β ) + sin(α − β )
Put α = 3θ and β = θ
2sin 3θ cosθ = sin(3θ + θ ) + sin(3θ − θ )
= sin 4θ + sin 2θ q
(ii) Since 2cosα cos β = sin(α + β ) − sin(α − β )
Put α = 5θ and β = 3θ
2cos5θ cos3θ = sin(5θ + 3θ ) − sin(5θ − 3θ )
= sin8θ − sin 2θ q
(iii) Since 2sin α cos β = sin(α + β ) + sin(α − β )
Put α = 5θ and β = 2θ
2sin 5θ cos 2θ = sin(5θ + 2θ ) + sin(5θ − 2θ )
= sin 7θ + sin 3θ q
1
⇒ sin 5θ cos 2θ = ( sin 7θ + sin 3θ )
2
(iv) Since − 2sin α sin β = cos(α + β ) − cos(α − β )
Put α = 7θ and β = 2θ
− 2sin α sin β = cos(α + β ) − cos(α − β )
−2sin 7θ sin 2θ = cos(7θ + 2θ ) − cos(7θ − 2θ )
= cos9θ − cos5θ
2sin 7θ sin 2θ = cos5θ − cos9θ q
(v) Since 2cosα sin β = sin(α + β ) − sin(α − β )
Put α = x + y , β = x − y
2cos( x + y )sin( x − y ) = sin( x + y + x − y ) − sin( x + y − x + y )
= sin 2 x − sin 2 y
1
⇒ cos( x + y )sin( x − y ) = ( sin 2 x − sin 2 y ) q
2
(vi) Since 2cosα cos β = cos (α + β ) + cos (α − β )
Put α = 2 x + 30o and β = 2 x − 30o
( ) ( ) ( ) (
2cos 2 x + 30o cos 2 x − 30o = cos 2 x + 30o + 2 x − 30o + cos 2 x + 30o − 2 x + 30o )
( )
= cos ( 4 x ) + cos 60o
( ) ( ) 1
⇒ sin x + 45o sin x − 45o = cos90o − cos 2 x
2
q
Question # 2
α + β α − β
(i) Since sin α + sin β = 2sin cos
2 2
Put α = 5θ , β = 3θ
5θ + 3θ 5θ − 3θ
sin 5θ + sin 3θ = 2sin cos
2 2
8θ 2θ
= 2sin cos = 2sin 4θ cosθ q
2 2
α + β α − β
(ii) Since sin α − sin β = 2cos sin
2 2
Put α = 8θ , β = 4θ
8θ + 4θ 8θ − 4θ
sin 8θ − sin 4θ = 2cos sin
2 2
= 2cos6θ sin 2θ
(iii) Do yourself J
α + β α − β
(iv) Since cosα − cos β = −2sin sin
2 2
Put α = 7θ , β = θ
7θ + θ 7θ − θ
cos 7θ − cosθ = −2sin sin
2 2
8θ 6θ
= −2sin sin = −2sin 4θ sin 3θ q
2 2
α + β α − β
(v) Since cosα + cos β = 2cos cos
2 2
Put α = 12 , β = 48
12 + 48 12 − 48
cos12 + cos 48 = 2cos cos
2 2
60 −36
= 2cos cos = 2cos30cos ( −18)
2 2
= 2cos30o cos18o Q cos(−θ ) = cosθ q
α + β α − β
(vi) Since sin α + sin β = 2sin cos
2 2
Put α = x + 30 , β = x − 30
x + 30 + x − 30 x + 30 − x + 30
sin( x + 30) + sin( x − 30) = 2sin cos
2 2
2x 60
= 2sin cos = 2sin x cos30
2 2
FSc-I / Ex 10.4 - 3
Question # 3
sin 3 x − sin x
(i) L.H.S =
cos x − cos3 x
3x + x 3x − x 4x 2x
2cos sin cos sin
= 2 2 = 2 2
x + 3x x − 3x 4 x −2 x
−2sin sin − sin sin
2 2 2 2
cos ( 2 x ) sin ( x )
= = cot 2x = R.H.S q
+ sin ( 2 x ) sin ( x )
(ii) Do yourself J
sin α − sin β
(iii) L.H.S =
sin α + sin β
α + β α −β
2cos sin
= 2 2 = cot α + β tan α − β = R.H.S q
α + β α −β 2 2
2sin cos
2 2
Question # 4
(i) L.H.S = cos 20o + cos100o + cos140o
( )
= cos100o + cos 20o + cos140o
100 + 20 100 − 20 o
= 2cos cos + cos140
2 2
1
= 2cos60o cos 40o + cos140o = 2 cos 40o + cos140o
2
140 + 40 140 − 40
= cos140o + cos 40o = 2cos cos
2 2
= 2cos90 cos50 = 2 ( 0 ) cos50 = 0 = R.H.S
o o o
q
π π
(ii) L.H.S = sin − θ sin + θ
4 4
π π π π
= sin cosθ − cos sin θ sin cosθ + cos sin θ
4 4 4 4
1 1 1 1
= cosθ − sin θ cosθ + sin θ
2 2 2 2
2 2
1 1 1 1
= cosθ − sin θ = cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ
2 2 2 2
1
( ) 1
= cos 2 θ − sin 2 θ = cos 2θ = R.H.S
2 2
q
Question # 5
(i) L.H.S = cos 20o cos 40o cos 60o cos80o
1 1
= cos 20o cos 40o cos80o = cos80o cos 40o cos 20o
2 2
1
4
( )
= 2cos80o cos 40o cos 20o = ( cos ( 80 + 40 ) + cos ( 80 − 40 ) ) cos 20o
1
4
1 1
1
( )
= cos120o + cos 40o cos 20o = − + cos 40o cos 20o
4 4 2
1
8
1
4
1 1
= − cos 20o + cos 40o cos 20o = − + 2cos 40o cos 20o
8 8
( )
1 1
= − cos 20o + ( cos(40 + 20) + cos(40 − 20) )
8 8
1 1 1 1 1
= − cos 20o + ( cos 60 + cos 20 ) = − cos 20o + + cos 20
8 8 8 8 2
1 1 1 1
= − cos 20o + + cos 20o = = R.H.S q
8 16 8 16
π 2π π 4π
(ii) L.H.S = sin sin sin sin
9 9 3 9
o o
180 2(180 ) (180o ) 4(180o )
= sin sin sin sin Q π = 180o
9 9 3 9
3
= sin 20o sin 40o sin 60o sin80o = sin 20o sin 40o sin80o
2
=
2
3
sin 80o sin 40o sin 20o = −
4
3
( −2sin 80o sin 40o ) sin 20o
3
=− ( cos(80 + 40) − cos(80 − 40) ) sin 20o
4
3 1
=−
4
3
( cos120o − cos 40o ) sin 20o = −
4 2
− − cos 40o sin 20o
=
8
3
sin 20o +
4
3
cos 40o sin 20o =
8
3
sin 20o +
8
3
(
2cos 40o sin 20o )
3 3
= sin 20o + ( sin(40 + 20) − sin(40 − 20) )
8 8
31
=
8
3
sin 20o +
8
3
(
sin 60o − sin 20o = )8
3
sin 20o +
8 2
− sin 20o
3 3 3 3
= sin 20o + − sin 20o = = R.H.S q
8 16 8 16
(iii) Do yourself as above J
The End
Exercise 12.2 (Solutions)
mathcity.org Textbook of Algebra and
a nd Trigonometry for Class XI
Merging man and maths Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 1.0.0
FSc-I- Ex 12.2 - 2 www.mathcity.org
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Exercise 12.3 (Solutions)
mathcity.org Textbook of Algebra and
a nd Trigonometry for Class XI
Merging man and maths Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 1.0.0
FSc-I- Ex 12.3 - 2 www.mathcity.org
www.mathcity.org FSc-I- Ex 12.3 - 3
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mathcity.org Exercise 12.5 (Solutions)
Textbook of Algebra and Trigonometry for Class XI
Page 371
Question # 1
Do yourself as Question # 2
Question # 2
b = 12.5 , c = 23 , α = 38o 20′
By law of cosine
a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cosα
= (12.5)2 + (23)2 − 2(12.5)(23)cos38o 20′
= 156.25 + 529 − 575(0.7844) = 234.21
⇒ a = 234.21 ⇒ a = 15.304
Again by law of cosine
c 2 + a 2 − b2 (23) 2 + (15.304)2 − (12.5)2
cos β = =
2ca 2(23)(15.304)
529 + 234.21 − 156.25 606.96
= = = 0.8622
703.984 703.984
β = cos −1 (0.8622) ⇒ β = 30o26′
Now
a 2 + b 2 − c2 (15.304)2 + (12.5)2 − (23)2
cos γ = =
2ab 2(15.304)(12.5)
234.212 + 156.25 − 529 138.538
= =− = −0.3621
382.6 382.6
o
β = cos −1 (− 0.3621) ⇒ β = 11114 ′
Question # 3
a = 3 − 1 = 0.732 , b = 3 + 1 = 2.732 , γ = 60o
By law of cosine
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − ab cos γ
= (0.732)2 + (2.732)2 − 2(0.732)(2.732)cos 60o
= 0.5358 + 7.4638 − 1.9998 = 5.9998 ≈ 6
⇒ c = 6 = 2.449
Again by law of cosines
b2 + c2 − a 2 (2.732) 2 + (2.449)2 − (0.732)
cosα = =
2bc 2(2.732)(2.449)
7.4638 + 5.9976 − 0.5358 12.9256
= = = 0.9659
13.3813 13.3813
⇒ α = cos −1 (0.9659) ⇒ α = 15o
Since in any triangle
α + β + γ = 180
⇒ β = 180 − α − γ = 180 − 15 − 60 ⇒ β = 105o
Question # 4 & 5
Do yourself as above
FSc-I - 12.5 - 2
Question # 6
a = 36.21 , b = 42.09 , γ = 44o 29′
Since α + β + γ = 180
⇒ α + β = 180 − γ
= 180 − 44o 29′
⇒ α + β = 135o31′ ………….. (i)
By law of tangent
α − β
tan
a −b 2
=
a+b α + β
tan
2
α − β
tan
36.21 − 42.09 2
⇒ =
36.21 + 42.09 135o31′
tan
2
α − β α − β
tan tan
−5.88 2 2
⇒ = ⇒ − 0.0751 =
78.3 (
tan 67o 45′ ) 2.4443
α − β
⇒ tan = −0.0751( 2.4443)
2
= −0.1836
α−β
⇒ = tan −1 ( −0.1836 )
2
α−β
⇒ = −10o 24′ ⇒ α − β = −20o 48′ ………….. (ii)
2
Adding (i) & (ii)
α + β = 135o31′
α − β = − 20o48′
36.21
⇒ c= o
⋅ sin 44o29′
sin 57 22′
36.21
= ⋅ 0.7007 ⇒ c = 30.13
0.8421
Question # 7, 8 & 9
Do yourself as above
Made by: Atiq ur Rehman (atiq@mathcity.org), http://www.mathcity.org
FSc-I - 12.5 - 3
Question # 10
b = 61 , c = 32 , α = 59o30′ *Correction
Since α + β + γ = 180
⇒ β + γ = 180 − α
= 180 − 59o30′
⇒ β + γ = 120o30′ ………….. (i)
By law of tangent
β −γ β −γ
tan tan
b−c 2 61 − 32 2
= ⇒ =
b+c β +γ 61 + 32 120o30′
tan tan
2 2
β −γ β −γ
tan tan
⇒
29
= 2
⇒ 0.3118 = 2
(
93 tan 60o15′ ) 1.7496
β −γ
⇒ tan = 0.3118 (1.7496 )
2
= 0.5455
β −γ
⇒ = tan −1 ( 0.5455 )
2
β −γ
⇒ = 28o37′ ⇒ β − γ = 57o14′ ………….. (ii)
2
Adding (i) & (ii)
β + γ = 120o30′
β − γ = 57o14′
Question # 11
Let a : b = 3 : 2
a 3 3
i.e. = ⇒ a= b
b 2 2
o
and γ = 57
Since α + β + γ = 180
⇒ α + β = 180 − γ
FSc-I - 12.5 - 4
= 180 − 57 ⇒ α + β = 123o ……….. (i)
By law of tangent
α − β 3 α − β
tan b − b tan
a −b 2 2 2
= ⇒ =
a+b α + β 3 o
b + b tan 123
tan
2 2 2
1 α − β α − β
b tan tan
⇒ 2 = 2 1
⇒ = 2
5
b tan 61 30′(o
) 5 1.8418
2
α − β 1
⇒ tan = (1.8418 )
2 5
= 0.3684
α−β
⇒ = tan −1 ( 0.3684 ) = 20o13′
2
⇒ α − β = 40o26′ ……….. (ii)
Adding (i) & (ii)
α + β = 123o
α − β = 40o 27′
Question # 12
uuur C
r = c = 40 N
Since uuu
AB
BC = a = 30 N
m∠B = β = 147o 25′ a = 30
uuur
AC = b = ?
By law of cosine β
b2 = c 2 + a 2 − 2ca cos β A c = 40 B
o
= (40) + (30) − 2(40)(30)cos147 25′
2 2
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Exercise 12.7 (Solutions)
mathcity.org Textbook of Algebra and
a nd Trigonometry for Class XI
Merging man and maths Available online @ http://www.mathcity.org, Version: 1.0.0
FSc-I- Ex 12.7 - 2 www.mathcity.org
www.mathcity.org FSc-I- Ex 12.7 - 3
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mathcity.org Exercise 12.8 (Solutions)
Textbook of Algebra and Trigonometry for Class XI
Page 385
IMPORTANT FORMULAS
Ð The Law of Cosine
Ÿ a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cosα Ÿ b2 = c 2 + a 2 − 2ca cos β Ÿ c 2 = a 2 + b 2 − 2ab cos γ
b2 + c2 − a 2 c 2 + a 2 − b2 a 2 + b 2 − c2
Ÿ cosα = Ÿ cos β = Ÿ cos γ =
2bc 2ca 2ab
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Ð Circum Radius ( = R )
a b c abc
Ÿ R= = = Ÿ R=
2sin α 2sin β 2sin γ 4∆
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Ð In-Radius ( = r )
∆
Ÿ r=
s
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
Ð Escribed Circle
∆ ∆ ∆
Ÿ r1 = Ÿ r2 = Ÿ r3 =
s−a s −b s−c
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………..
FSc-I - 12.8 - 2
Question # 1
α β γ
R.H.S = 4 R sin sin sin
2 2 2
(s − b)( s − c) (s − a )(s − c) ( s − a )( s − b)
= 4R
bc ac ab
(s − b)( s − c)( s − a )( s − c )( s − a )( s − b)
= 4R
(bc)(ac)(ab)
( s − a ) 2 ( s − b) 2 ( s − c ) 2
= 4R
a 2b 2 c 2
( s − a )( s − b)( s − c )
= 4R
abc
abc ( s − a )(s − b)( s − c) abc
= 4 Q R=
4∆ abc 4∆
( s − a )( s − b)( s − c ) s( s − a )( s − b)(s − c)
= =
∆ s∆
∆ 2
= Q ∆ = s ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c )
s∆
∆
= = r = L.H.S
s
Question # 1 (ii)
α β γ
R.H.S = 4 R cos cos cos
2 2 2
s ( s − a ) s ( s − b) s ( s − c )
= 4R
bc ac ab
s 2 ⋅ s ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c ) s2 ∆2
= 4R = 4R 2 2 2
(bc)(ac )(ab) abc
s∆ abc ∆ abc
= 4R = 4 s Q R=
abc 4 ∆ abc 4∆
=s = L.H.S
Question # 2
We take
β γ α β γ 1
a sin sin sec = a sin sin
2 2 2 2 2 cos α
2
( s − a )( s − c) ( s − a )( s − b) 1
=a
ac ab s( s − a)
bc
( s − a)( s − c) ( s − a )( s − b) bc
=a
ac ab s( s − a)
( s − a )( s − c)( s − a )( s − b)(bc)
=a
(ac)(ab) s ( s − a )
( s − a )( s − b)( s − c) s ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c)
=a =a
a2s a2 s2
FSc-I - 12.8 - 3
s( s − a )( s − b)(s − c) ∆
=a = =r
as s
β γ α
⇒ a sin sin sec = r ……………. (i)
2 2 2
Similarly prove yourself
γ α β
b sin sin sec = r …………. (ii) *Correction
2 2 2
α β γ
c sin sin sec = r …………. (iii) *Correction
2 2 2
From (i), (ii) and (iii)
β γ α γ α β α β γ
r = a sin sin sec = b sin sin sec = c sin sin sec
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Question # 3 (i)
α β γ
R.H.S = 4 R sin cos cos
2 2 2
(s − b)( s − c) s ( s − b) s (s − c)
= 4R
bc ac ab
(s − b)( s − c) s ( s − b) s ( s − c ) s 2 ( s − b) 2 ( s − c) 2
= 4R = 4R
(bc)(ac )(ab) a 2b 2c 2
s ( s − b )( s − c) abc s (s − b)( s − c) ( s − a ) abc
= 4R =4 ⋅ Q R=
abc 4∆ abc (s − a) 4∆
s ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c )
=
∆ ( s − a)
∆2 ∆
= = = r1 = R.H.S
∆ (s − a) ( s − a)
Question # 5 (i)
L.H.S = r1 r2 + r2 r3 + r3 r1
∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
= + +
s − a s − b s − b s − c s − c s − a
FSc-I - 12.8 - 4
∆2 ∆2 ∆2
= + +
( s − a )( s − b) ( s − b)( s − c) ( s − c)( s − a )
1 1 1
= ∆2 + +
( s − a )( s − b) ( s − b )( s − c) ( s − c)( s − a )
s −c+ s − a + s −b 2 3s − ( a + b + c )
= ∆2 =∆
( s − a )( s − b)( s − c ) ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c )
3s − 2 s a+b+c
= ∆2 Q s=
( s − a )( s − b)( s − c ) 2
s s
= ∆2 ⋅
( s − a )( s − b)(s − c) s
s2 2 s
2
=∆ 2
= ∆ 2 = s = R.H.S
2
s ( s − a )( s − b )( s − c) ∆
Quesiton # 5 (ii)
L.H.S = r r1 r2 r3
∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
=
s s − a s − b s − c
∆4 ∆4
= = 2 = ∆ 2 = R.H.S
s ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c ) ∆
Question # 5 (iii)
L.H.S = r1 + r2 + r3 − r
∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ 1 1 1 1
= + + − = ∆ + + −
s −a s −b s −c s s −a s −b s −c s
( s − b) + ( s − a ) s − (s − c) 2s − b − a s−s+c
= ∆ ++ = ∆ +
( s − a )( s − b) s ( s − c) (s − a )(s − b) s ( s − c )
a +b +c −b −a c
= ∆ + Q 2s = a + b + c
( s − a )(s − b) s( s − c )
c c 1 1
= ∆ + = c∆ +
( s − a )( s − b) s ( s − c) (s − a )(s − b) s ( s − c )
s ( s − c) − ( s − a )( s − b) s 2 − sc + s 2 − as − bs + ab
= c∆ = c∆
s ( s − a )( s − b )( s − c ) ∆2
2 s − s (a + b + c ) + ab
2
2 s − s (2 s) + ab
2
= c = c
∆ ∆
2 s 2 − 2 s 2 + ab abc abc
= c = = 4 ⋅ = 4R = R.H.S
∆ ∆ 4∆
Question # 5 (iv)
∆ ∆ ∆
L.H.S =
s − a s − b s − c
∆3 s ∆3
= =
( s − a )( s − b)( s − c ) s ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c )
FSc-I - 12.8 - 5
s ∆3 ∆
= = s ∆ = s2 = s2 r = r s 2 = R.H.S
∆ 2
s
Question # 6
(i) a = 13 , b = 14 , c = 15
a + b + c 13 + 14 + 15
s= = = 21
2 2
s − a = 21 − 13 = 8
s − b = 21 − 14 = 7
s − c = 21 − 15 = 6
So ∆ = s (s − a )( s − b)( s − c )
= 21(8)(7)(6) = 7056 = 84
Now
abc (13)(14)(15)
R= = = 8.125
4∆ 4(84)
∆ 84
r= = =4
s 21
∆ 84
r1 = = = 10.5
s−a 8
∆ 84
r2 = = = 12
s −b 7
∆ 84
r3 = = = 12
s−c 6
(ii) Do yourself as (i)
Question # 7
(i) Do yourself as (ii)
(ii) In equilateral triangle all the sides are equal so a = b = c
a+b+c a+a+a 3a
s = = =
2 2 2
3a 3 1
s−a= − a = − 1 a = a
2 2 2
Now
∆ = s (s − a )( s − b)( s − c )
3
3a 1
= s ( s − a )( s − a )( s − a ) = s ( s − a ) 3
= a
2 2
3a a 3 3a 4 3 a2
= = =
2 8 8 4
3 a2
∆ 4 3 a2 2 3a
Now r= = = ⋅ =
s 3a 4 3a 6
2
abc a ⋅ a ⋅a a a 3 3a
R= = = = ⋅ =
4∆ 4 3a
2
3 3 3 3
4
FSc-I - 12.8 - 6
3a 2
∆ 4 3 a2 2 3a
r1 = = = ⋅ =
s−a 1a 4 a 2
2
∆ ∆ 3a
r2 = = =
s −b s−a 2
∆ ∆ 3a
r3 = = =
s−c s−a 2
Now
3a 3a 3a 3a 3a
r : R : r1 : r 2 : r 3 = : : : :
6 3 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1
= : : : : ÷ ing by 3a
6 3 2 2 2
= 1 : 2 : 3 : 3 : 3 × ing by 6
Question # 8
α β γ
(i) R.H.S = r 2 cot cot cot
2 2 2
1 1 1
= r2 ⋅ ⋅
α β γ
tan tan tan
2 2 2
1 1 1
= r2 ⋅ ⋅
( s − b)( s − c ) ( s − a )( s − c) ( s − a )(s − b)
s ( s − a) s ( s − b) s (s − c)
s ( s − a) s ( s − b) s ( s − c)
= r2 ⋅ ⋅
( s − b)(s − c) ( s − a )( s − c ) ( s − a )( s − b)
s 3 ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c) s3
=r 2
=r 2
( s − a ) 2 ( s − b) 2 ( s − c ) 2 ( s − a )( s − b )( s − c)
s3 s s4
=r 2
⋅ = r2
( s − a )( s − b)(s − c) s s ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c )
∆
2
s4 ∆ s
2 2
2 s
=r 2
=r = Q r=
∆2 ∆ s ∆ s
∆ s
2 2
= 2 = ∆ = L.H.S
s ∆
(ii) Do yourself
α β γ
(iii) R.H.S = 4 Rr cos cos cos
2 2 2
s ( s − a ) s ( s − b) s ( s − c)
= 4 Rr ⋅ ⋅
bc ca ab
s ( s − a ) ⋅ s ( s − b) ⋅ s ( s − c)
= 4 Rr
(bc)(ac)(ab)
s 2 ⋅ s ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c ) s 2 ⋅ ∆2
= 4 Rr = 4 Rr
a 2b 2 c 2 a 2b 2c 2
s∆ a b c ∆ s ∆
= 4 Rr = 4 = ∆ = L.H.S
abc 4∆ s a b c
FSc-I - 12.8 - 7
Question # 9
1
(i) L.H.S =
2r R
1 4s∆ 2s a+b+c
= = = = Q 2s = a + b + c
∆ abc 2 ∆ abc abc abc
2
s 4∆
a b c
= + +
abc abc abc
1 1 1 1 1 1
= + + = + + = R.H.S
bc ac ab ab bc ca
1 1 1
(ii) R.H.S = + +
r1 r2 r3
1 1 1 s −a s −b s −c
= + + = + +
∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆ ∆
s−a s−b s−c
s − a + s − b + s − c 3s − (a + b + c)
= =
∆ ∆
3s − 2 s
= Q 2s = a + b + c
∆
s 1 1
= = = = L.H.S
∆ ∆ r
s
Question # 10
β γ
a sin sin
We take 2 2 = a sin β sin γ 1
α 2 2 cos α
cos
2 2
Now see Question # 2
Question # 11
L.H.S = abc ( sin α + sin β + sin γ )
1 1 1
Since ∆ = ab sin γ = bc sin α = ca sin β
2 2 2
2∆ 2∆ 2∆
∴ sin γ = , sin α = , sin β =
ab bc ca
2∆ 2∆ 2∆
Thus L.H.S = abc + +
bc ac ab
2∆a + 2∆b + 2∆c
= abc = 2∆a + 2∆b + 2∆c
abc
= 2∆ ( a + b + c ) = 2∆ (2 s) Q 2s = a + b + c
= 4∆s = R.H.S
Question # 12 (i)
γ
L.H.S = (r1 + r2 ) tan
2
∆ ∆ (s − a )(s − b)
= +
s−a s−b s (s − c)
FSc-I - 12.8 - 8
∆ ( s − b) + ∆( s − a ) ( s − a )( s − b) s (s − c)
= ⋅
( s − a )( s − b) s ( s − c) s ( s − c)
s − b + s − a s ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c)
= ∆
(s − a )(s − b) s 2 ( s − c )2
2s − a − b ∆2
= ∆ 2
( s − a )( s − b) s ( s − c)
2
a+b+c−a−b ∆
= ∆ Q 2s = a + b + c
( s − a )(s − b) s ( s − c)
∆ 2c ∆ 2c
= = 2 = c = R.H.S
s( s − a )( s − b)(s − c) ∆
γ
(ii) L.H.S = ( r3 − r ) cot *Correction
2
∆ ∆ 1 1 1 1
= − γ = ∆ −
s − c s tan 2 s − c s (s − a )(s − b)
s (s − c)
s − ( s − c) s ( s − c) c s ( s − c) s (s − c)
= ∆ = ∆ ⋅
s (s − c) ( s − a )( s − b) s ( s − c) ( s − a )( s − b) s ( s − c )
c s 2 ( s − c) 2 c s 2 ( s − c) 2
= ∆ = ∆
s ( s − c) s ( s − a )( s − b)( s − c ) s ( s − c) ∆2
c s(s − c)
= ∆ = c = R.H.S
s ( s − c ) ∆
Error Analyst
Question # 1
π π
(i) Suppose y = sin −1 (1) where y ∈ − ,
2 2
⇒ sin y = 1
π π
⇒ y= Q sin = 1 *
2 2
π π
(ii) Suppose y = sin −1 (−1) where y ∈ − ,
2 2
⇒ sin y = −1
π π
⇒ y=− Q sin − = −1 *
2 2
3
(iii) Suppose y = cos −1 where y ∈ [0,π ]
2
3
⇒ cos y =
2
π π 3
⇒ y= Q cos = *
6 6 2
1 π π
(iv) Suppose y = tan −1 − where y ∈ − ,
3 2 2
1
⇒ tan y = −
3
π π 1
⇒ y=− Q tan − = − *
6 6 3
(v) & (vi) Do yourself *
(vii) Suppose y = cot −1 ( −1) where y ∈ ] 0,π [
⇒ cot y = −1
1 1
⇒ =
cot y −1
⇒ tan y = −1
3π 3π
⇒ y= Q tan = −1 *
4 4
2 π π
(viii) Suppose y = cosec −1 − where y ∈ − , , y ≠ 0
3 2 2
2
⇒ cosec y = −
3
1 1
⇒ =
cosec y − 2
3
3
⇒ sin y = −
2
FSc-I / 13.1 - 2
π π 3
⇒ y =− Q sin − = − *
3 3 2
(x) Do yourself *
Question # 2(i)
5 π π
Suppose α = sin −1 ………….. (i) where α ∈ − ,
13 2 2
5
⇒ sin α =
13
Now cosα = ± 1 − sin 2 α
π π
Since α ∈ − , and value of sin is +ive therefore cos is +ive.
2 2
cosα = + 1 − sin 2 α
2
5 25 144 12
= 1− = 1− = =
13 169 169 13
5
sin α 5
Now tan α = = 13 =
cosα 12 12
13
5
⇒ α = tan −1 ………….. (ii)
12
From (i) and (ii)
5 5
tan −1 = sin −1 Proved *
12 13
Question # 2(ii)
4 α
Suppose α = 2cos −1 ………….. (i) where ∈ [0,π ]
5 2
α 4 α 4
⇒ = cos −1 ⇒ cos =
2 5 2 5
α α
Now sin = ± 1 − cos 2
2 2
α
Since ∈ [0,π ] and value of cos is +ive therefore sin is +ive.
2
α α
sin = + 1 − cos 2
2 2
16 16 9 3
= 1− = 1− = =
25 25 25 5
α α
Now sin α = 2sin cos
2 2
3 4 24
⇒ sin α = 2 ⇒ sin α =
5 5 25
24
⇒ α = sin −1 ………….. (ii)
25
From (i) and (ii)
4 24
2cos −1 = sin −1 Proved *
5 25
FSc-I / 13.1 - 3
Question # 2(iii)
where α ∈ [0,π ]
4
Suppose α = cos −1 ………….. (i)
5
4
⇒ cosα =
5
Now sin α = ± 1 − cos 2 α
Since α ∈ [0,π ] and value of cos is +ive therefore sin is +ive.
sin α = + 1 − cos 2 α
2
4 16 9 3
= 1− = 1− = =
5 25 25 5
4
cosα 4
Now cot α = = 5 =
sin α 3 3
5
4
⇒ α = cot −1 ………….. (ii)
3
From (i) and (ii)
4 4
cos −1 = cot −1 Proved *
5 3
Question 3
1 π π
(i) Suppose y = sin −1 where y ∈ − ,
2 2 2
1
⇒ sin y =
2
π π 1
⇒ y= Q sin =
4 4 2
1 π 1
Now cos sin −1 = cos y = cos = Answer *
2 4 2
where y ∈ [0,π ]
1
(ii) Suppose y = cos −1
2
1
⇒ cos y =
2
π π 1
⇒ y= Q cos =
3 3 2
1 1 1 1
Now sec cos −1 = sec y = = = =2 Answer *
2 cos y cos π 1
3 2
(iii) Do yourself *
π π
(iv) Suppose y = tan −1 (−1) where y ∈ − ,
2 2
⇒ tan y = −1
π π
⇒ y=− Q tan − = −1
4 4
cosec ( tan −1 (−1) ) = cosec y =
1 1 1
= = =− 2 *
( )
Now Answer
sin y sin − π − 1
4 2
FSc-I / 13.1 - 4
(v) Do yourself *
π π
(vi) Suppose y = tan −1 (−1) where y ∈ − ,
2 2
⇒ tan y = −1
π π
⇒ y=− Q tan − = −1
4 4
π
Now tan ( tan −1 (−1) ) = tan y = tan − = −1 Answer *
4
1 π π
(vii) Suppose y = sin −1 where y ∈ − ,
2 2 2
1
⇒ sin y =
2
π π 1
⇒ y= Q sin =
6 6 2
1 π 1
Now sin sin −1 = sin y = sin = Answer *
2 6 2
1 π π
(viii) Suppose y = sin −1 − where y ∈ − ,
2 2 2
1
⇒ sin y = −
2
π π 1
⇒ y=− Q sin − =
6 6 2
1 π 1
Now tan sin −1 − = tan y = tan − = − Answer *
2 6 2
(ix) Do yourself
Error Analyst
Question # 1
5 7
L.H.S = sin −1 + sin −1
13 25
(
Q sin −1 A + sin −1 B = sin −1 A 1 − B 2 + B 1 − A2 )
5 2
5
2
7 7
= sin
−1
1− + 1−
13
25 25 13
5 49 7 25 5 576 7 144
= sin −1 1− + 1− = sin −1
+
13 625 25 169 13 625 25 169
5 24 7 12 120 84 −1 204
= sin −1 + = sin −1 + = sin
13 25 25 13 325 325 325
π 204 π
= − cos −1 Q sin −1 θ = − cos −1 θ
2 325 2
204 π
= cos −1 ( 0 ) − cos Q = cos −1 (0)
325 2
(
Q cos−1 A − cos−1 B = cos −1 AB + 1 − A2 1 − B 2
)( )
2
2
= cos ( 0 )
−1 204
325
+ 1 (
− ( 0 )
1)−
204
325
41616 64009
= cos −1 0 + (1 − 0 ) 1 − = cos −1
( 1)
105625 105625
64009 −1 253
= cos −1 = cos = R.H.S
105625 325
Question # 2
1 1
L.H.S = tan −1 + tan −1
4 5
1 +1
−1 A+ B
= tan 4 5 Q tan −1 A + tan −1 B = tan −1
1− 1
4( )( )
1
5
1 − AB
9 9
9
= tan −1 20 = tan 20 = tan −1 = R.H.S
−1
1− 1 19 19
20 20
Question # 3
12
Suppose α = sin −1 ……………… (i)
13
12
⇒ sin α =
13
2
12 144 25 5
Now cosα = 1 − sin α = 1 − = 1 −
2
= =
13 169 169 13
FSc I / Ex 13.2 - 2
α 1 − cosα 1− 5 8
Now tan = = 13 = 13 = 8 = 4 = 2
2 1 + cosα 1+ 5 18 18 9 3
13 13
α 2 2
⇒ = tan −1 ⇒ α = 2 tan −1 ……………… (ii)
2 3 3
from (i) and (ii)
2 12
2 tan −1 = sin −1 proved.
3 13
Question # 4
120
Suppose α = tan −1 ………………… (i)
119
120
⇒ tan α =
119
Now secα = 1 + tan 2 α
2
120 14400 28561 169
= 1+ = 1+ = =
119 14161 14161 119
1 1 119
So cosα = = =
secα 169 169
119
α 1 + cosα 1 + 119 288
288 144 12
Now cos = = 169 = 169 = = =
2 2 2 2 2 × 169 169 13
α 12 12
⇒ = cos −1 ⇒ α = 2cos −1 ………………… (ii)
2 13 13
From (i) and (ii)
120 12
tan −1 = 2cos −1 proved.
119 13
Question # 5
1
Suppose α = sin −1 ………………… (i) *Correction
5
1
⇒ sin α =
5
2
Now cosα = 1 − sin α = 1 − 1 = 1 − 1 = 4 = 2
2
5 5 5 5
1
sin α 5 =1
So tan α = =
cosα 2 2
5
⇒ α = tan −1 1 ………………… (ii)
2
From (i) and (ii)
1 1
sin −1 = tan −1
5 2
1 1
Now cot −1 3 = tan −1 Q cot −1 x = tan −1
3 x
1
And L.H.S = sin −1 + cot −1 3
5
1 1
= tan −1 + tan −1
2 3
FSc I / Ex 13.2 - 3
1 +1 5
= tan −1 2 3 = tan 6
−1
( )( )
1− 1
2
1
3
1− 1
6
5 π
= tan 6 = tan −1 (1) =
−1
= R.H.S proved.
5 4
6
Question # 6
3 8
L.H.S = sin −1 + sin −1
5 17
3
( ) 8
( )
2 2
= sin −1 1 − 8 + 1− 3
17 5
5 17
3 64 8 9
−1 3 225 8 16
= sin −1 1 − + 1− = sin +
5 289 17 25 5 289 17 25
3 15 8 4 45 32
= sin −1 + = sin −1 +
5 17 17 5 85 85
77
= sin −1 = R.H.S proved.
85
Question # 7
77 3
L.H.S = sin −1 − sin −1
85 5
π 77 π 3 π
= − cos −1 − − cos −1 Q sin −1 x = − cos −1 x
2 85 2 5 2
π 77 π 3 3 77
= − cos −1 − + cos −1 = cos −1 − cos −1
2 85 2 5 5 85
3 77 2
= cos −1 + 1 − 3 ( )
1 − 77
( )
2
5 85 5 85
231
= cos −1
425
+ (1 − 9 25)(1 − 5929 7225)
20736
231
= cos −1
425
+ 16(25
1296 )(
7225 )
= cos −1 231
425
+
180625
231 144 −1 375 15
= cos −1 + = cos = cos −1 = L.H.S proved
425 425 425 17
Question # 8
63
Suppose α = cos −1
………………… (i)
65
63
⇒ cosα =
65
( 65 )
3969 256 16
2
Now sin α = 1 − cos 2 α = 1 − 63 = 1− = =
4225 4225 65
16
⇒ α = sin −1 ………………… (ii)
65
So from equation (i) and (ii)
63 16
cos −1 = sin −1
65 65
FSc I / Ex 13.2 - 4
1
Now suppose β = tan −1 ………………… (iii)
5
⇒ tan β = 1
5
2
1 1 26 26
So secα = 1 + tan α = 1 + = 1 +
2
= =
5 25 25 5
1 1 5
So cos β = = =
sec β 26 26
5
sin β
As = tan β ⇒ sin β = tan β ⋅ cos β
cos β
1 5 1
⇒ sin β = =
5 26 26
1
⇒ β = sin −1 ………………… (iv)
26
From (iii) and (iv)
1 1
tan −1 = sin −1
5 26
63 1
Now L.H.S = cos −1 + 2 tan −1
65 5
16 1 16 1 1
= sin −1 + 2sin −1 = sin −1 + sin −1 + sin −1
65 26 65 26 26
2 2
16 1 1 1 1
= sin −1
+ sin −1 1− + 1−
65 26 26 26 26
16 1 1 1 1
= sin −1 + sin −1 1− + 1−
65 26 26 26 26
16 1 25 1 25
= sin −1 + sin −1 +
65 26 26 26 26
16 1 5 1 5
= sin −1 + sin −1 ⋅ + ⋅
65 26 26 26 26
16 5 5 16 5
= sin −1 + sin −1 + = sin −1 + sin −1
65 26 26 65 13
2
2
−1 16 5 5 16
= sin 1− + 1−
65
13 13 65
16 25 5 256
= sin −1 1− + 1−
65 169 13 4225
16 25 5 256
−1 16 144 5 3969
= sin −1 1− + 1− = sin +
65 169 13 4225 65 169 13 4225
16 144 5 3969 −1 16 12 5 63
= sin −1 + = sin +
65 169 13 4225 65 13 13 65
192 315 −1 3
= sin −1 + = sin = R.H.S proved
845 845 5
FSc I / Ex 13.2 - 5
Question # 9
3 3 8
L.H.S = tan −1 + tan −1 − tan −1 *Correction
4 5 19
3 +3
= tan −1 4 5 − tan −1 8
1− 3
( )( )
4
3
5
19
27 27
−1 8 8 27 8
= tan −1 20 − tan = tan 20 − tan −1
−1
= tan −1 − tan −1
1− 9 19 11 19 11 19
20 20
27 − 8 425 425
= tan
−1 11 19 = tan
−1 209 = tan
−1 209
(
1 + 27
11)( )8
19
1 + 216
209
1 + 216
209
425
209 = tan −1 1 = π = R.H.S
= tan −1
() proved.
425 4
209
Question # 10 Do Yourself
Question # 11
1 5
L.H.S = tan −1 + tan −1
11 6
= Solve this ……………….. (i)
1 1
R.H.S = tan −1 + tan −1
3 2
= Solve this ………………. (ii)
From (i) and (ii)
L.H.S = R.H.S
Question # 12
1 1
L.H.S = 2 tan −1 + tan −1
3 7
1 1 1
= tan −1 + tan −1 + tan −1
3 3 7
Now do yourself as Question # 9.
Question # 13
Suppose y = sin −1 x
⇒ sin y = x
Since cos y = 1 − sin 2 y = 1 − x2
⇒ cos ( sin −1 x ) = 1 − x 2 Proved
Question # 14
Suppose y = cos−1 x
Then cos y = x
Also sin y = 1 − cos 2 y = 1 − x 2
Now sin ( 2cos −1 x ) = sin ( 2 y )
= 2sin y ⋅ cos y
= 2 1 − x2 ⋅ x
= 2 x 1 − x2 Proved
FSc I / Ex 13.2 - 6
Question # 15
Suppose y = sin −1 x ⇒ sin y = x
& cos y = 1 − sin 2 y = 1 − x 2
Now cos ( 2sin −1 x ) = cos 2 y
= cos 2 y − sin 2 y
( ) − x =1− x − x
2
= 1− x 2 2 2 2
= 1 − 2x 2 Proved
Question # 16
Suppose y = tan −1 (− x) …………….. (i)
⇒ tan y = − x ⇒ − tan y = x
⇒ tan(− y ) = x Q − tan θ = tan(−θ )
⇒ − y = tan −1 x
⇒ y = − tan −1 x ………………. (ii)
From equation (i) and (ii)
tan −1 (− x ) = − tan −1 x Proved
Question # 18
Suppose y = π − cos −1 x ………………… (i)
−1
⇒ π − y = cos x ⇒ cos(π − y ) = x
⇒ cosπ cos y + sin π sin y ) = x ⇒ (−1)cos y + (0)sin y ) = x
⇒ − cos y + 0 = x ⇒ − cos y = x
⇒ cos y = − x ⇒ y = cos −1 (− x ) ………… (ii)
From (i) and (ii)
cos −1 (− x ) = π − cos −1 x Proved
Question # 19
Suppose y = sin −1 x ⇒ sin y = x
Now cos y = 1 − sin 2 y = 1 − x 2
sin y x
& tan y = =
cos y 1 − x2
tan ( sin −1 x ) = tan y =
x
Now proved.
1 − x2
Question # 20
1 1
Since x = sin −1 ⇒ sin x =
2 2
( 2)
2
Now cos x = 1 − sin 2 x = 1 − 1 = 1− 1 = 3 = 3
4 4 2
sin x 1 1 1 1
tan x = = 3
2
= , cot x = = = 3
cos x 2 3 tan x 1 3
1 1 2 1 1
sec x = = 3 = , cosec x = = =2
cos x 3 sin x 1
2 2
Question # 1
3 3
(i) Since sin x = − ⇒ x = sin −1 −
2 2
5π 4π
⇒ x= , where x ∈ [0, 2π ]
3 3
(ii) Since cosecθ = 2
1 1
⇒ = 2 ⇒ sin θ =
sinθ 2
1 π 5π
⇒ θ = sin −1 = , where θ ∈ [0, 2π ]
2 6 6
(iii) Do yourself
1
(iv) Since cot θ =
3
1 1
⇒ = ⇒ tanθ = 3
tan θ 3
π 4π
⇒ θ = tan −1 3 ( )
⇒ θ=
3
,
3
where θ ∈ [0, 2π ]
Question # 2 (i)
1 1
Since tan 2 θ = ⇒ tan θ = ±
3 3
1 1
⇒ tan θ = or tan θ = −
3 3
1 1
⇒ θ = tan −1 or θ = tan −1 −
3 3
π 5π
⇒ θ= or θ=
6 6
Since period of tanθ is π
π 5π
Therefore general value of θ = + nπ , + nπ
6 6
π 5π
So Solution Set = + nπ U + nπ where n ∈ ¢
6 6
Question # 2 (ii)
4 2
Since cosec2 θ = ⇒ cosecθ = ±
3 3
2 2
⇒ cosecθ = or cosecθ = −
3 3
3 3
⇒ sin θ = or sin θ = −
2 2
3 3
⇒ θ = sin −1 or θ = sin −1 −
2 2
π 2π 4π 5π
⇒ θ= , or θ= ,
3 3 3 3
FSc I / Ex. 14 - 2
Since period of cosecθ is 2π
π 2π 4π 5π
Therefore general value of θ = + 2nπ , + 2nπ , + 2nπ , + 2nπ
3 3 3 3
π 2π 4π 5π
Solution set = + 2nπ U + 2nπ U + 2nπ U + 2nπ where n ∈ ¢ .
3 3 3 3
Question # 2 (iii)
4 2
Since sec 2 θ = ⇒ secθ = ±
3 3
2 2
⇒ secθ = or secθ = −
3 3
3 3
⇒ cosθ = or cosθ = −
2 2
3 3
⇒ θ = cos −1 or θ = cos −1 −
2 2
π 11π 5π 7π
⇒ θ= , or θ= ,
6 6 6 6
Q period of secθ is 2π
π 5π 7π 11π
∴ general values of θ = + 2nπ , + 2nπ , + 2nπ , + 2nπ
6 6 6 6
π 5π 7π 11π
S.Set = + 2nπ U + 2 nπ U + 2nπ U + 2nπ where n ∈ ¢ .
6 6 6 6
Question # 2 (iv)
Do yourself
Question # 3
3tan 2 θ + 2 3 tan θ + 1 = 0
( ) ( )
3 tan θ (1) + (1) = 0
2
⇒ 3 tan θ +2
2
( ) ⇒ ( )
2
⇒ 3 tan θ + 1 = 0 3 tan θ + 1 = 0 ⇒ 3 tanθ = −1
1 1 5π
⇒ tan θ = − ⇒ θ = tan −1 − ⇒θ= 6
3 3
Q period of tanθ is π
5π
∴ general value of θ = + nπ , n ∈ ¢
6
Question # 4
tan 2 θ − secθ − 1 = 0
⇒ ( sec 2 θ − 1) − secθ − 1 = 0
⇒ sec 2 θ − 1 − secθ − 1 = 0 ⇒ sec 2 θ − secθ − 2 = 0
⇒ sec 2 θ − 2secθ + secθ − 2 = 0 ⇒ secθ ( secθ − 2 ) + 1( secθ − 2 ) = 0
⇒ ( secθ + 1)( secθ − 2 ) = 0
⇒ ( secθ + 1) = 0 or ( secθ − 2 ) = 0
⇒ secθ = −1 or secθ = +2
1
⇒ cosθ = −1 or cosθ =
2
FSc I / Ex. 14 - 3
1
⇒ θ = cos −1 ( −1) or θ = cos −1
2
3π π 5π
⇒ θ= or θ= ,
2 6 6
Q period of cosθ is 2π
3π π 5π
∴ general value of θ = + 2nπ , + 2nπ , + 2nπ where n ∈ ¢
2 6 6
Question # 5
2sin θ + cos 2 θ − 1 = 0
⇒ 2sinθ + 1 − sin 2 θ − 1 = 0 ⇒ − sin 2 θ + 2sinθ = 0
⇒ − sin θ ( sinθ − 2 ) = 0
⇒ − sin θ = 0 or sinθ − 2 = 0
⇒ sin θ = 0 or sinθ = 2
⇒ θ = sin −1 ( 0 ) Which does not hold as sin θ ∈ [−1,1]
⇒ θ =0, π
Q period of sinθ is 2π
∴ general value of θ = 0 + 2nπ , π + 2nπ
= 2 nπ , π + 2nπ where n ∈ ¢
Question # 6
3cos2 θ − 2 3 sin θ cosθ − 3sin 2 θ = 0
Dividing throughout by cos 2 θ
3cos 2 θ 2 3 sin θ cosθ 3sin 2 θ
− − =0
cos 2 θ cos 2 θ cos 2 θ
⇒ 3 − 2 3 tanθ − 3tan 2 θ = 0
⇒ − 3tan 2 θ − 2 3 tanθ + 3 = 0
⇒ 3tan 2 θ + 2 3 tan θ − 3 = 0 ×ing by -1
( ) − 4 ( 3)( −3 )
2
−2 3 ± 2 3
⇒ tan θ =
2 ( 3)
−2 3 ± 12 + 36 −2 3 ± 48
⇒ tan θ = =
6 6
−2 3 ± 16 × 3 −2 3 ± 4 3
= =
6 6
−2 3 + 4 3 2 3 −2 3 − 4 3 6 3
⇒ tan θ = = or tan θ = =−
6 6 6 6
3 3 1
⇒ tan θ = = = or ⇒ tanθ = − 3
( )
2
3 3 3
1
⇒ θ = tan −1
3
or (
θ = tan −1 − 3 )
π 11π
⇒ θ= or θ=
6 6
Q period of tanθ is π
π 11π
∴ general value of θ = + nπ , + nπ where n ∈ ¢ .
6 6
FSc I / Ex. 14 - 4
Question # 8
4sin 2 θ − 8cosθ + 1 = 0
⇒ 4 (1 − cos 2 θ ) − 8cosθ + 1 = 0 ⇒ 4 − 4cos 2 θ − 8cosθ + 1 = 0
⇒ − 4cos 2 θ − 8cosθ + 5 = 0 ⇒ 4cos 2 θ + 8cosθ − 5 = 0
⇒ 4cos 2 θ + 10cosθ − 2cosθ − 5 = 0
⇒ 2cosθ ( 2cosθ + 5 ) − 1( 2cosθ + 5 ) = 0 ⇒ ( 2cosθ + 5)( 2cosθ − 1) = 0
⇒ 2cosθ + 5 = 0 or 2cosθ − 1 = 0
⇒ 2cosθ = −5 or 2cosθ = 1
−5 1
⇒ cosθ = or cosθ =
2 2
−5 1
⇒ θ = cos −1 or θ = cos −1
2 2
π 5π
Which is not possible as cosθ ∈ [−1,1] or θ = ,
3 3
Q period of cosθ is 2π
π 5π
∴ general value of θ = + 2π n, + 2nπ where n ∈ ¢ .
3 3
Question # 9
3 tan x − sec x − 1 = 0 ………… (i )
sin x 1
⇒ 3 − −1 = 0
cos x cos x
⇒ 3 sin x − 1 − cos x = 0 × ing by cosθ .
⇒ 3 sin x − 1 = cos x
On squaring both sides.
( )
3 sin x − 1 = ( cos x )
2 2
L.H.S =
π π
( )
3 tan − sec − 1 = 3 3 − 2 − 1 = 1 − 2 − 1 = 0 = R.H.S
3 3
π
Implies that x = is a root of given equation.. Since period of tan is π .
3
2π
Now put x = in (i )
3
2π 2π
L.H.S = 3 tan − sec −1
3 3
( )
= 3 − 3 − ( −2 ) − 1 = −3 + 2 − 1 = − 2 = R.H.S
2π
Implies x = is an extraneous root of given equation.
3
Q period of sin x is 2π
π
∴ general values of x = π + 2nπ , + 2nπ
3
π
Solution Set = {π + 2nπ } U + 2nπ where n ∈ ¢ .
3
Question # 10
cos 2 x = sin 3x
⇒ cos 2 x − sin 2 x = 3sin x − 4sin 3 x Q cos 2 x = cos 2 x − sin 2 x
⇒ cos 2 x − sin 2 x − 3sin x + 4sin 3 x = 0 sin 3 x = 3sin x − 4sin 3 x
⇒ (1 − sin 2 x ) − sin 2 x − 3sin x + 4sin 3 x = 0
⇒ 1 − 2sin 2 x − 3sin x + 4sin 3 x = 0
⇒ 4sin 3 x − 2sin 2 x − 3sin x + 1 = 0
Take sin x = 1 as a root then by synthetic division
1 4 -2 -3 1
↓ 4 2 -1
4 2 -1 0
⇒ sin x = 1 or sin x =
2 ( 4)
−2 ± 4 + 16 −2 ± 20
⇒ x = sin −1 (1) or sin x = =
8 8
π −2 + 20 −2 − 20
⇒ x= or sin x = or sin x =
2 8 8
sin x = 0.309 or sin x = −0.809
⇒ x = sin ( 0.309 ) or
−1
x = sin −1 ( −0.809 )
≈ 18, 162 or ≈ 234 , 306
π π π π
⇒ x = 18 ⋅ , 162 ⋅ or x = 234 ⋅ , 306 ⋅
180 180 180 180
π 9π 13π 17π
= , or = ,
10 10 10 10
FSc I / Ex. 14 - 6
Q period of sin x is 2π
π 9π 13π 17π π
∴ general value of x = + 2nπ , + 2nπ , + 2nπ , + 2nπ , + 2nπ
10 10 10 10 2
π 9π 13π 17π π
S.Set = + 2nπ U + 2nπ U + 2nπ U + 2nπ U + 2nπ
10 10 10 10 2
Question No. 11
sec3θ = secθ
1 1
⇒ =
cos3θ cosθ
⇒ cos3θ = cosθ
⇒ 4cos3 θ − 3cosθ = cosθ Q cos3θ = 4cos3 θ − 3cosθ
⇒ 4cos3 θ − 3cosθ − cosθ = 0
⇒ 4cos3 θ − 4cosθ = 0
( )
⇒ 4cosθ cos 2 θ − 1 = 0
⇒ 4cosθ = 0 or cos 2 θ − 1 = 0
⇒ cosθ = 0 or cos 2 θ = 1
⇒ θ = cos −1 (0) or cosθ = ±1 ⇒ θ = cos −1 (1) , θ = cos −1 ( −1)
π 3π
⇒ θ= , or θ =0 ,π
2 2
Q period of cosθ is 2π
π 3π
∴ general values of θ = + 2nπ , + 2nπ , 0 + 2nπ , π + 2nπ
2 2
π 3π
= + 2nπ , + 2nπ , nπ
2 2
π 3π
S. Set = + 2nπ U + 2nπ U {nπ } where n ∈ ¢ .
2 2
Question # 12
tan 2θ + cotθ = 0
⇒ tan 2θ = − cot θ
sin 2θ cosθ 2sin θ cosθ cosθ
⇒ =− ⇒ =−
cos 2θ sin θ cos θ − sin θ
2 2
sin θ
⇒ ( 2sin cosθ )( sin θ ) = ( − cosθ ) ( cos θ − sin θ )
2 2
Question # 14
sin 4 x − sin 2 x = cos3x
4 x + 2x 4x − 2 x
⇒ 2cos sin = cos3 x
2 2
⇒ 2cos3 x sin x − cos3 x = 0
⇒ cos3x ( 2sin x − 1) = 0
⇒ cos3 x = 0 or 2sin x − 1 = 0
1
⇒ 3x = cos −1 (0) , sin x =
2
π 3π 1
⇒ 3x = , , x = sin −1
2 2 2
π π π 5π
⇒ x= , , x= ,
6 2 6 6
2π
Since period of cos3x is and period of sin x is 2π
3
π 2nπ π 2nπ π 5π
∴ general values of x = + , + , + 2nπ , + 2nπ
6 3 2 3 6 6
π 2nπ π 2 nπ π 5π
So solution set = + U + U + 2nπ U + 2nπ where n ∈ ¢ .
6 3 2 3 6 6
Question # 15
sin x + cos3x = cos5 x
⇒ sin x = cos5 x − cos3 x
5 x + 3x 5 x − 3 x
⇒ sin x = −2sin sin
2 2
⇒ sin x = −2sin 4 x sin x
⇒ sin x + 2sin 4 x sin x = 0
⇒ sin x (1 + 2sin 4 x ) = 0
⇒ sin x = 0 or 1 + 2sin 4 x = 0
1 1
⇒ x = sin −1 (0) or sin 4 x = − ⇒ 4 x = sin −1 −
2 2
FSc I / Ex. 14 - 8
7π 11π 7π 11π
⇒ x=0 , π or 4x = , ⇒ x= ,
6 6 24 24
2π π
Since period of sin x is 2π and period of sin 4x is =
4 2
7π nπ 11π nπ
∴ general values of x = 0 + 2nπ , π + 2nπ , + , +
24 2 24 2
7π nπ 11π nπ
So solution set = {2 nπ } U {π + 2nπ } U + U + where n ∈ ¢ .
24 2 24 2
Question # 16
sin 3x + sin 2 x + sin x = 0
⇒ ( sin3x + sin x ) + sin 2 x = 0
3x + x 3x − x
⇒ 2sin cos + sin 2 x = 0 ⇒ 2sin 2 x cos x + sin 2 x = 0
2 2
⇒ sin 2 x ( 2cos x + 1) = 0
⇒ sin 2 x = 0 or 2cos x + 1 = 0
1
⇒ 2 x = sin −1 (0) or cos x = −
2
1
⇒ 2x = 0 , π or x = cos −1 −
2
π 2π 4π
⇒ x=0 , or x= ,
2 3 3
2π
Since period of sin 2x is = π and period of cos x is 2π
2
π 2π 4π
∴ general values of x = 0 + nπ , + nπ , + 2nπ , + 2nπ
2 3 3
π 2π 4π
S. Set = {nπ } U + nπ U + 2nπ U + 2nπ where n ∈ ¢ .
2 3 3
Question # 17
sin 7 x − sin x = sin3x
7x + x 7x − x
⇒ 2cos sin = sin 3 x
2 2
⇒ 2cos 4 x sin 3 x − sin 3x = 0
⇒ sin 3x ( 2cos 4 x − 1) = 0
⇒ sin 3 x = 0 or 2cos 4 x − 1 = 0
1
⇒ 3x = sin −1 ( 0 ) or cos 4 x =
2
1 π 5π
⇒ 3x = 0 , π or 4 x = cos −1 = ,
2 3 3
π π 5π
⇒ x=0 , or x= ,
3 12 12
2π 2π π
Since period of sin 3x is and period of cos 4x is =
3 4 2
2nπ π 2nπ π nπ 5π nπ
∴ general values of x = 0 + , + , + , +
3 3 3 12 2 12 2
2nπ π 2 nπ π nπ 5π nπ
So S. set = U + U + U + where n ∈ ¢ .
3 3 3 12 2 12 2
FSc I / Ex. 14 - 9
Question # 18
sin x + sin 3x + sin 5 x = 0
⇒ ( sin5 x + sin x ) + sin 3x = 0
5x + x 5x − x
⇒ 2sin ⋅ cos + sin 3 x = 0
2 2
⇒ 2sin 3 x cos 2 x + sin 3 x = 0
⇒ sin 3x ( 2cos 2 x + 1) = 0
⇒ sin 3 x = 0 or 2cos 2 x + 1 = 0
1
⇒ 3x = sin −1 ( 0 ) 2cos 2 x = −1 ⇒ 2 x = cos −1 −
or
2
2π 4π
⇒ 3x = 0 , π or 2x = ,
3 3
π π 2π
⇒ x=0 , or x= ,
3 3 3
2π 2π
Since period of sin 3x is and period of cos 2x is =π
3 2
2nπ π 2nπ π 2π
∴ general values of x = 0 + , + , + nπ , + nπ
3 3 3 3 3
2nπ π 2nπ π 2π
S.Set = U + U + nπ U + nπ where n ∈ Z
3 3 3 3 3
Question # 19
sinθ + sin 3θ + sin 5θ + sin 7θ = 0
⇒ ( sin 7θ + sinθ ) + ( sin5θ + sin 3θ ) = 0
7θ + θ 7θ − θ 5θ + 3θ 5θ − 3θ
⇒ 2sin cos + 2sin cos =0
2 2 2 2
⇒ 2sin 4θ cos3θ + 2sin 4θ cosθ = 0
⇒ 2sin 4θ ( cos3θ + cosθ ) = 0
3θ + θ 3θ − θ
⇒ 2sin 4θ 2cos cos = 0
2 2
⇒ 4sin 4θ cos 2θ cosθ = 0
⇒ sin 4θ = 0 or cos 2θ = 0 or cosθ = 0
⇒ 4θ = sin −1 ( 0 ) , 2θ = cos −1 ( 0 ) , θ = cos −1 ( 0 )
π 3π π 3π
⇒ 4θ = 0 , π or 2θ = , or θ = ,
2 2 2 2
π π 3π
⇒ θ =0 , or θ= ,
4 4 4
2π π 2π
Since period of sin 4θ is = , cos 2θ is = π and cosθ is 2π
4 2 2
nπ π nπ π 3π π 3π
∴ general values of θ = 0 + , + , + nπ , + nπ , + 2nπ , + 2nπ
2 4 2 4 2 2 2
nπ π nπ π 3π π 3π
S. Set = U + U + nπ U + nπ U + 2nπ U + 2nπ
2 4 2 4 2 2 2
FSc I / Ex. 14 - 10
Question # 20
cosθ + cos3θ + cos5θ + cos 7θ = 0
⇒ ( cos7θ + cosθ ) + ( cos5θ + cos3θ ) = 0
7θ + θ 7θ − θ 5θ + 3θ 5θ − 3θ
⇒ 2cos cos + 2cos cos =0
2 2 2 2
⇒ 2cos 4θ cos3θ + 2cos 4θ cosθ = 0
⇒ 2cos 4θ ( cos3θ + cosθ ) = 0
3θ + θ 3θ − θ
⇒ 2cos 4θ 2cos cos = 0
2 2
⇒ 4cos 4θ cos 2θ cosθ = 0
Now do yourself as above question.
Error Analyst