ASPHALT CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ASPHALT to represent the upper, middle, and lower range of

service temperatures.
TYPES OF ASPHALT
 Asphalt Concrete
 Asphalt Emulsion
 Asphalt Cutback
USES OF ASPHALT
 Road Pavement
 Hydraulic Application
 Asphalt Curbs
 Footways
Factors responsible for changing the proportions of maltenes and
 Speed Humps
asphaltenes:
 Rail Track Beds
 Electrical Uses
TEMPERATURE & SUSCEPTIBILITY OF ASPHALT
- The consistency of asphalt is greatly affected by
temperature. Asphalt gets hard and brittle at low
Two type of asphalts based on its proportioning:
temperatures and soft at high temperatures
- The viscosity of the asphalt decreases when the temperature
increases
- Thermal cracking resulting from the use of too stiff asphalt in
a cold climate area.
- When asphalt is mixed with aggregates, the mixture will
perform properly only if the asphalt viscosity is within an
optimum range. If the viscosity of asphalt is higher than the
CHARACTERIZATION OF ASPHALT:
optimum range, the mixture will be too brittle and
susceptible to low- temperature cracking
- On the other hand, if the viscosity is below the optimum
range, the mixture will flow readily, resulting in permanent
deformation (rutting)
- Due to temperature susceptibility, the grade of the asphalt
cement should be selected according to the climate of the
area. The viscosity of the asphalt should be mostly within the
optimum range for the area’s annual temperature range;
soft-grade asphalts are used for cold climates and hard-grade
asphalts for hot climates
- Asphalts is composed of various hydrocarbons, small
quantities of heteroatoms and traces of some metals.
- When aspalt is dissolved in n-heptane
 maltenes get dissolved
 asphaltenes precipitate out
 Maltenes - are viscous liquid composed of resins and oils
 Asphatenes – molecular substances that are found in crude
oil along with other petroleum constituents
• High temperatures
• Exposure to oxygen and light
• Types of aggregate used in pavement mixture
• Thickness of the asphalt film on the aggregate particles
1. Sol-type - asphalts with high quantities of resins and
aromatics of adequate solvating power, the asphaltenes are
well peptized and the reslting micilles have good mobility
2. Gel-type – insufficient quantities of aromatic maltenes
fractions, cannot be well peptized with asphaltenes. As a
result, asphaltenes get associated together in the asphalt
- Before the SHRP research The asphalt cement specifications
typically were based on measurements of viscosity,
penetration, ductility, and softening point temperature
- The new Performance Grade binder specifications were
designed to provide performance- related properties that
can be related in a rational manner to pavement
performance (McGennis 1994).
Performance Grade Characterization Approach:
- The Performance Grade tests used to characterize the
asphalt binder are performed at pavement temperatures
Three pavement design temperatures for the binder
specifications:
1. Maximum Temperature Design - the highest successive
seven- day average maximum pavement temperature
2. Intermediate Temperature Design – the minimum
pavement temperature expected over the life of the
pavement
3. Minimum Temperature Design - the average of the
maximum and minimum pavement design temperatures
plus 4°C
Performance Grade Binder Characterization
Four tests are performed on the neat or tank asphalt
1. flash point
- safety test that measures the temperature at which the
asphalt flashes; asphalt cement may be heated to a
temperature below this without becoming a fire hazard.
1. The flash point is the temperature of the asphalt when
the volatile fumes coming off the sample will sustain a
flame for a short period of time.
2. The fire point is minimum temperature at which there
are sufficient volatile fumes to sustain a flame for an
extended period of time
2. solubility
3. rotational viscosity
- Rotational (Brookfield) Viscometer Test [ASTM D4402]
- The viscosity is determined by the amount of torque
required to rotate the spindle at the specified speed. The
spindle size used is determined based on the viscosity
being measured. The viscosity is computed in centipoises
(cP) by the testing machine
4. Dynamic shear rheometer.
- Dynamic Shear Rheometer Test [AASHTO T315]
- Used to measure three specification requirements in the
Performance Grading system.
 - Neat binder and rutting potential test, the test
temperature, and for evaluating fatigue potential
- Bending Beam Rheometer Test - measures the midpoint
deflection of a simply supported prismatic beam of
asphalt binder subjected to a constant load applied to its
midpoint
- Direct Tension Test - The maximum load developed
during the test is monitored. The tensile strain and stress
in the specimen when the load reaches a maximum is
reported as the failure strain and failure stress
To simulate the effect of aging on the properties of the binder, the
rolling thin film oven and pressure-aging vessel condition the
binder for short-term and long-term effects.
Rolling Thin-Film Oven (RTFO) [ASTM D2872]
- to simulate the short-term aging that occurs in the
asphalt during production of asphalt concrete
- to prepare samples for evaluation for rutting potential
with the dynamic shear rheometer and prior to
conditioning with the pressure-aging vessel
Pressure-Aging Vessel (PAV) [ASTM D6521]
CLASSIFICATION OF ASPHALT
- consists of a temperature-controlled chamber, and
pressure- and temperature-controlling and measuring
devices
- Designed to simulate the oxidative aging that occurs in
asphalt binders during pavement service. Residue from
this process may be used to estimate the physical or
chemical properties of an asphalt binder after 5 to 10
years in the field
Traditional Asphalt Characterization Tests
- Traditional tests that have been used to characterize
- asphalt before the development of the Performance
Grade system include the
1. penetration and absolute
2. Kinematic viscosities.
Characterization of Emulsion and Cutback
- Common methods used to characterize emulsion include
1. distillation of Cutback and Emulsion
*The distillation test of cutback asphalt measures the
amount and character of volatile constituents it
contains.
*The procedure requires that the percentages, by
volume, of the distillate fractions at specified
temperatures be determined - The distillation test of
emulsified asphalt determines the percent of residue
and
2. Saybolt–Furol viscosity tests.
- Emulsion viscosity is measured using the Saybolt–
Furol viscometer.
- In this test, the emulsion is bought to a temperature
of either 25°C (77°F) or 50°C (122°F) and allowed to
flow through a specific orifice.
- The Saybolt–Furol viscosity is the time (in seconds)
required to fill a special flask
• Asphalt binders
- Asphalt binder is produced in several grades or classes
- Four methods for classifying asphalt binders:
1. Performance grading
2. Penetration grading
3. Viscosity grading
4. Viscosity of aged residue grading
• Asphalt cutbacks
Three types of cutbacks are produced, depending on the
hardness of the residue and the type of solvent used.
■ Rapid curing cutbacks are produced by dissolving hard
residue in a highly volatile solvent, such as gasoline. Usually
cure in about 5 – 10 minutes
■ Medium-curing cutbacks use medium hardness residue and
a less volatile solvent, such as kerosene. Usually cure in a few
days
■ Slow-curing cutbacks are produced by either diluting soft
residue in nonvolatile solvent or low-volatility fuel oil or by
simply stopping the refining process before all of the fuel oil
is removed from the stock. Usually cure in a few months.
• Asphalt emulsion
■Asphalt emulsions are produced in a variety of
combinations of the electric charge of the emulsifying agent,
the rate the emulsion sets (brakes), the viscosity of the
emulsion, and the hardness of the asphalt cement.
■Rapid setting emulsion sets in about 5 to 10 minutes,
medium-setting emulsion sets in several hours, and slow-
setting emulsion sets in a few months.
■Other emulsion types are also produced, such as the high
float residue emulsion and the quick-set emulsion. The
specifications of various asphalt emulsions are standardized
by ASTM D977.
ASPHALT CONCRETE
- is a composite material commonly used in construction
projects such as road surfaces, parking lots, and airports.
- asphalt, blacktop, or pavement
- Asphalt concrete is a combination of two primary
ingredients:
1. aggregate - a combination of crushed stone, gravel
and sand (90%-95)
2. asphalt cement - binding material that adapts itself to
a variety of uses (5%-10%)
Different kinds of Asphalt Concrete:
- Hot-Mix Asphalt concrete (HMA)
- Warm-Mix Asphalt concrete (WMA)
- Cold-Mix Asphalt concrete
- Cut-back Asphalt concrete
- Mastic Asphalt concrete
1. Hot-Mix Asphalt concrete (HMA) - produced by heating the
asphalt binder, and drying the aggregate to prior to mixing
2. Warm-Mix Asphalt concrete (HMA) - This is produced by adding Asphalt Concrete Production: Asphalt Recycling
either zeolites, waxes, asphalt emulsions, or water to the asphalt
Raw Material: Crude petroleum ★ Asphalt Recycling starts with recycled asphalt which contains
binder
reprocessed pavement.
1. Distilling the crude
3. Cold-Mix Asphalt concrete - produced by emulsifying the asphalt
in water with soap prior to mixing with the aggregate. - Does not 2. Cutting back ★ Reclaimed asphalt (known as RAP) which is old, broken or
need heat during process damaged asphalt.
3. Emulsifying
4. Cut-back Asphalt concrete - produced by dissolving the binder in ★ These materials are generated when asphalt pavements are
4. Pulverizing removed for reconstruction, resurfacing, or due to maintenance of
kerosene or another lighter fraction of petroleum prior to mixing
with the aggregate 5. Air Blowing buried utilities.

5. Mastic Asphalt concrete - This is produced by heating hard grade 1. Distilling the crude KEY REQUIREMENTS TO HAVE A SUCCESSFUL ASPHALT PAVEMENT
blown bitumen in a green cooker (mixer) until it has become a RECYCLING:
viscous liquid after which the aggregate mix is then added. ★ heat exchanger -where temperature is rapidly raised for initial
distillation. ★ be cost effective

★ atmospheric distillation tower - where lighter and more volatile ★ be environmentally responsible
Materials should be design: components vaporize - produces topped crude
★ perform well
★ Coarse aggregates 2. Cutting back
Methods of Recycling Asphalt
★ Fine aggregates ★ Asphalt may next be blended or "cut back" with a volatile
★ Hot recycling
substance, resulting in a product that is soft and workable than pure
★ Bitumen asphalt cement. ★ Cold recycling
★ Filler 3. Emulsifying ★ Full depth reclamation
Properties that should be met: ★ produces a liquid that can be easily pumped through pipes, mixed Hot Recycling
★ Density -should have high density with aggregate, or sprayed through nozzles.
★ Process in which reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) is combined
★ Stability -Enough resistance to deformation under sustained or 4. Pulverizing with new materials to produce hot mix asphalt.
repeated loads ★ produces powdered asphalt ★ It can be either Hot in-place recycling wherein existing pavement
★ Durability -Resistance to disintegration by weathering or abrasive ★ Asphalt is crushed and passed through a series of fine mesh sieves
is heated then milled to specific depth
forces of traffic to ensure uniform size of the granules. Cold Recycling
★ Flexibility -Ability of a bituminous mix to bend repeatedly without 5. Air Blowing ★ Existing asphalt pavement is pulverized in-place and re-
cracking compacted into pavement layer.
★ done if asphalt is to be used other than paving
★ Skid Resistance -Offer enough resistance to the skidding of tyres Full depth reclamation
★ produces a material that softens at higher temperature than
★ Impervious Layer -Should be highly impervious to water paving asphalt ★ all asphalt pavement section and some amount of underlying
materials are mixed in place to produce stabilized base course.

★ different types of additives were added to obtain an improved

base.
ASPHALT ADDITIVES
Asphalt additives - substances that can be added to the asphalt Crumb Rubber
binder to alter the characteristics of the final blend of HMA.
★ Crumb rubber is recycled rubber produced from automotive and
Main reasons for including a given additive/modifier: truck scrap tires.
★ Increase the stiffness of the mixture BIOBINDERS

★ Soften and increase the elasticity of the mixture ★ Bio-based alternatives, which are being developed across the
industry in various countries
★ improve aging resistance
NON-BITUMINOUS MODIF.
★ Reduce life-cycle cost of HMA pavements
★ Non-BITUMINOUS modifiers are used for the specific purpose of
The increase in the amount of Asphalt additives can primarily be
improving the asphalt binders' performance in a given environment.
attributed to the following factors:
TYPES:
★ an increased demand on HMA pavements - antioxidants
★ Environmental and economic pressure. - stiffening agents
★ Public agency willingness to pay higher cost for pavements with a - hydrocarbon supplements
longer service life
- antistripping agents
TYPES OF ASPHALT ADDITIVES:
1.POLYMER ADDITIVES
2.BIOBINDERS
3.NON-BITUMINOUS MODIFIERS
POLYMER ADDITIVES
Elastomers

★ Elastomers are natural or synthetic polymer having elastic

properties.

★ Currently the most common polymer additives are styrene-

butadiene-styrene copolymer, SRR, and EVA.
Plastomers

★ A plastomer is a polymer material which combines qualities of

elastomers and plastics.