CHAPTER NINETEEN

BASE PLATE
19.1 Base Plates for Axially Loaded Columns

Steel columns are placed on some type of supporting member or by a concrete footing.
A base plate is necessary when a steel column terminates on any reinforced concrete footing to
spread the high intensity of stress in the steel to a value that can be safely carried by the
reinforced concrete footing. These base plates can be welded lug angles. For small columns
these plates are usually shop-welded to the columns, but for larger columns it is necessary to
install the plates separately and set them to correct position. The columns are then set and
connected to the footing with anchor bolts which pass through the lug angles which have been
shop welded to the columns.

The NSCP Specifications provides two allowable bearing pressures for concrete
supports.

a. If the entire concrete area A2 is covered by the plate whose area is A1:

𝐹𝑃 = 0.35𝑓𝑐′

b. If A1 is less than A2:

𝐴
𝐹𝑃 = 0.35𝑓𝑐′ √ 𝐴2 but < 0.7𝑓𝑐′
1

The following stresses are recommended by the NSCP Specs,

a. On sandstone and limestone… 𝐹𝑃 = 2.75 𝑀𝑃𝑎

b. On brick in cement mortar…….𝐹𝑃 = 1.72 𝑀𝑃𝑎

c. On the full area of a concrete support...𝐹𝑝 = 0.35𝑓𝑐′

𝐴2
d. On less than full area of concrete support….𝐹𝑝 = 0.35𝑓𝑐′ √ but ≤ 0.7𝑓𝑐′
𝐴1
where: 𝑓𝑐 ′ = specified compressive strength of concrete

A1= area of steel concentrically bearing on concrete support.

A2= max. area of the portion of the supporting surface that is geometrically similar to
and concentric with the loaded area.

In the design of column base plates, it is assumed that the column load is uniformly
distributed within a rectangle whose dimensions are 95% of the depth and 80% of the
flange width of the column section and that the base plate to have a uniform bearing
pressure on the foundation.

Trial area:

𝑃
𝐵𝐶 =
𝐹𝑃

𝑃
𝐵𝐶 =
0.35𝑓𝑐 ′

𝐵𝐶 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒

 Net upward bearing pressure 𝑓𝑃

𝑃
𝑓𝑃 = < 0.35𝑓𝑐 ′
𝐵𝐶

Consider 1 mm strip of base plate

𝑚
𝑀 = 𝑓𝑝 (𝑚)(1) ( 2 )

𝑚2
𝑀 = 𝑓𝑝 ( 2
)

𝑛
𝑀 = 𝑓𝑝 (𝑛)(1) (2 )

𝑛2
𝑀 = 𝑓𝑝 ( 2 )

6𝑀
𝐹𝑏 = 𝑏𝑑2

𝑛2
6 (𝑓𝑝 )
2
𝐹𝑏 =
(𝐼)𝑡 2

3𝑓𝑝 𝑛2
𝑡=√
𝐹𝑏

3𝑓𝑝 𝑚2
𝑡=√
𝐹𝑏

Where 𝐹𝑏 = 0.75𝐹𝑦

(Allowable bending stress of base plate)

𝑓
𝑡 = 2𝑛√𝐹𝑝
𝑦

𝑓
𝑡 = 2𝑚√𝐹𝑝
𝑦
19.2 Welded Base Plates

19.3 Column Base Plates

19.4 Moment Resisting Column Bases
19.5 Problem
A W 14 x 78 is used as a column to support an axial load of 2000 kN. A square base plate is to
be designed and is assumed to be resting on a full area of concrete foundation with 𝑓𝑐 ′ =20.7
MPa. An A 36 steel is used with 𝐹𝑦 =248 MPa.

Properties of W 14 x 78

𝐴 = 14774 𝑚𝑚2

𝑏𝑓 = 300 𝑚𝑚

𝑑 = 351.5 𝑚𝑚

1. Design the dimension of the square base

plate.
2. Design the thickness of the base plate.

SOLUTION:

1. Dimension of square base plate:

𝐹𝑝 = 0.35𝑓𝑐 ′ (allowable bearing stress of
concrete)

𝐹𝑝 = 0.35(20.7)

𝐹𝑝 = 7.245 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Area required:

𝑃
𝐵2 =
𝐹𝑝

2000000
𝐵2 =
7.245

𝐵 = 525.41 𝑚𝑚

𝑆𝑎𝑦 𝐵 = 530 𝑚𝑚

𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝟓𝟑𝟎 𝒙 𝟓𝟑𝟎 𝒎𝒎

2. Thickness of base plate

𝐵 = 0.95𝑑 + 2𝑚

530 = 0.95(351.5) + 2𝑚

𝑚 = 98.04 𝑚𝑚

𝐵 = 0.80𝑏𝑓 + 2𝑛

𝑛 = 145 𝑚𝑚

Actual bearing pressure:

𝑃
𝑓𝑝 =
𝐴

2000000
𝑓𝑝 =
(530)2

𝑓𝑝 = 7.12 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 7.245

Thickness of base plate:

𝑓
𝑡 = 2𝑛√𝐹𝑝
𝑦

7.12
𝑡 = 2(145)√ 248

𝑡 = 49.14 𝑚𝑚 𝑠𝑎𝑦 50 𝑚𝑚

𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝒕 = 𝟓𝟎 𝒎𝒎
19.6 Problem
A W 14 x 75 section used as a column to carry a concentric axial load of 1670 kN as shown in
figure. 𝑓𝑐 ′ = 20.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎, 𝐹𝑦 = 250 𝑀𝑃𝑎.

Properties of W 14 x 75

𝒃𝒇 = 𝟐𝟓𝟔 𝒎𝒎 𝒅 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎 𝒎𝒎

1. Design the value of B when m=n

2. Design the value of c when m=n
3. Design the thickness of the base plate.

SOLUTION:

1. Value of B:
𝐹𝑝 = 0.35𝑓𝑐′ (𝐴𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠)

𝐹𝑝 = 0.35(20.7)

𝐹𝑝 = 7.245 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Trial area:

𝑃
𝐵𝐶 =
𝐹𝑝

1670000
𝐵𝐶 =
7.245

𝐵𝐶 = 230504 𝑚𝑚2
𝐵 = 2𝑛 + 0.80 𝑏𝑓

𝐵 = 2𝑛 + 0.80(256)

𝐵 = 2𝑛 + 204.80

𝐶 = 2𝑚 + 0.95𝑑

𝐶 = 2𝑚 + 0.95(360)

𝐶 = 2𝑚 + 342

𝑚=𝑛

𝐵 = 2𝑛 + 204.8

𝐶 = 2𝑛 + 342

𝐵𝐶 = 230504

(2𝑛 + 204.8)(2𝑛 + 342) = 230504

4𝑛2 + 1093.6𝑛 = 230504

4𝑛2 + 1093.6𝑛 + 70041.6 = 230504

4𝑛2 + 1093.6𝑛 − 160462.4 = 0

𝑛2 + 273.4𝑛 − 40115.6 = 0

𝑛 = 106 𝑚𝑚

𝑚 = 106 𝑚𝑚

𝐵 = 2𝑚 + 204.8

𝐵 = 2(106) + 204.8

𝐵 = 406.8 𝑚𝑚

𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝑩 = 𝟒𝟏𝟕 𝒎𝒎
2. Value of C:

𝐶 = 2𝑛 + 342

𝐶 = 2(106) + 342

𝐶 = 554 𝑚𝑚

3. Thickness of base plate:

𝑓𝑝
𝑡 = 2𝑛√
𝐹𝑦

𝑃
𝑓𝑝 =
𝐵𝐶

1670000
𝑓𝑝 =
417(554)

𝑓𝑝 = 7.229 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 7.245 𝑀𝑃𝑎 𝑜𝑘

𝑓𝑝
𝑡 = 2𝑛√
𝐹𝑦

7.229
𝑡 = 2(106)√ 250

𝑡 = 36.05 𝑚𝑚

𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝒕 = 𝟑𝟖 𝒎𝒎
 Chapter 05
Beams and Other
Flexural Members

5.1 INTRODUCTION

Beams are members acted upon primarily by transverse loading (i.e., loads that are applied at
right angles to the longitudinal axis of the member). They are primarily subjected to flexure or
bending. Beams may be subject (unavoidably) by some axial loading. The effect of axial loads is
generally negligible, and the member is treated strictly as a beam. However, if the axial
compressive load is substantial in magnitude, the member is called a beam column, which will
be discussed in the next chapter.

5.2 TYPES OF BEAMS

Beams are usually designated by names that are representative of their functions: A girder
(usually the most important beams which are frequently at wide spacing), is a major (deep)
beam that often provides support for other beams. A joist is a light beam that supports a floor. A
purlin is a roof beam spanning between trusses or rigid frames. A stringer is a main longitudinal
beam, usually supporting bridge decks. A floor beam is a transverse beam in bridge decks. A
spandrel is a beam on the outside perimeter of the building. A girt is a light beam that supports
only the light weight exterior sides of the building. Other terms, such as header, trimmer, and
rafter, are sometimes used.

Commonly used beam cross sections are standard hot-rolled shapes including W, S, M, C, T,
and L shapes. Doubly symmetrical shapes such as W, S, and M sections are the most efficient.
Channels have good flexural strength but poor in lateral strength, and they require horizontal
bracing or lateral support. Tees and angles are suitably only for light loads.
The flexural strength of a rolled section can be improved by adding flange plates. But if the
loadings are too heavy or the spans are too long for a standard rolled section, a plate girder
may be necessary. Plate girders are built up from plates in I, H, or box shapes of any depth.

Shapes that are built up from plate elements are usually considered plate girders, but according
to Section 507.1.1, plate girders are distinguished from beams on the basis of width-thickness
ratio of the web(ℎ⁄𝑡𝑤 ). If the width-thickness ratio exceeds 2,547/√𝐹𝑦 , the section is treated as
a plate girder, otherwise it is treated as a beam, regardless of whether it is a rolled shape or
built up.

5.3 BEAM BENDING PLANES

Beams may be loaded in the plane of the web or perpendicular to the plane of the web. If the
load is in the plane of the web it is referred to as bending about the major (or strong) axis and
the value of 𝐼𝑥 should be used. If the load is perpendicular to the plane of the web, it is referred
to as bending about the mirror (or weak) axis and the value of 𝐼𝑦 should be used.

Figure 5-1 – Beam Bending Planes

5.4 CLASSIFICATION OF STEEL SECTIONS

Steel sections are classified as compact, non-compact, and slender element sections. For a
section to qualify as compact its flanges must be continuously connected to the web or webs
and the width-thickness ratios of the must not exceed the applicable limits of Table 5-1. Steel
sections that do not qualify as compact are classified as non-compact if the width-thickness
ratios of the compression elements do not exceed the values shown for non-compact in Table
5-1. If the width-thickness ratios of any compression element exceed the non-compact limit, the
section is classified as slender element sections.

For unstiffened elements, which are supported along one edge, parallel to the direction of the
compression force, the width b shall be taken as follows:

1. For flanges of I-shape members and tees, b is one-half the full nominal width.
2. For legs of angles and flanges of channels and zees, b is the full nominal dimension.
3. For plates, b is the distance from the free edge to the first row of fasteners or line of
welds.
4. For stems of tees, d is taken as full nominal depth.

For stiffened elements, i.e., supported along two edges parallel to the direction of the
compression force, the width b shall be taken as follows:

1. For webs of rolled, built-up, or formed section, h is the clear distance between flanges.
2. For webs of rolled, built-up, or formed section, d is the full nominal depth.
3. For flange or diaphragm plates in built-up sections, the width b is the distance between
adjacent lines of fasteners or lines of weld.
4. For flanges or rectangular hallow structural sections, b is the clear distance between
web less the inside corner radius on each side.

Flexural and compressive section with slender compressive elements will be designed
according to Chapter 4 (Section 4.6.1) of this book.
Table 5-1 – Limiting Width-Thickness Ratio for Compression Members

Steel sections are classified as compact, non-compact, and slender
element sections. For a section to quality as compact, its flanges must be
continuously connected to the web or webs and the width-thickness ratios
of its compression elements must not exceed the limits values given in
this table.
For unstiffened elements, which are supported along one edge only,
parallel to the direction of compression force, the width shall be taken as
follows:
1. For flanges of I shape members and tees, b is 1⁄2 the full
nominal width.
2. For legs of angles and flanges of channels and zees, b is the
full nominal dimension.
3. For plates, b is the distance from the free edge to the first row
of fasteners or line of welds.
4. For stems of tees, d is the full nominal depth.
For stiffened elements, i.e., supported along two edges parallel to the
direction of the compression force, the width shall be taken as follows:
1. For webs of rolled, built-up or formed sections, h is the clear
distance between flanges.
2. For webs of rolled, built-up or formed sections, d is the full
nominal depth.
3. For flanges or diaphragm plates in built-up sections, b is the
distance between adjacent lines of fasteners or lines of welds.
4. For flanges of rectangular hallow structural sections, b is the
clear distance between webs less the inside corner radius of
each side. If the corner radius is not known, the flat width may
be taken as the total section width minus three times the
thickness.
For tapered flanges of rolled sections, the thickness is the nominal value
halfway between the free edge and the corresponding face of the web.

Width- Limiting Width-Thickness Ratios

Description of Element thickness
Ratio Compact Non-Compact

Flanges of I-shaped rolled beams and channels in flexurea b/t 170⁄√𝐹𝑌 250⁄√𝐹𝑌
Flanges of I-shaped of welded beams in flexure b/t 170⁄√𝐹𝑌 170⁄√𝐹𝑌
Outstanding legs of pairs of angles of continuous contact; angles or b/t NA 250⁄√𝐹𝑌
plates projecting from rolled beams or columns; stiffeners on plate
girders
Angles or plates projecting from girders, built-up columns or other b/t NA 170⁄√𝐹𝑌
compression members; compression flanges of plate girders
Stems of tees d/t NA 333⁄√𝐹𝑌
Unstiffened elements simply supported along one edge, such as legs of 200⁄√𝐹𝑌
single-angle struts, legs of double angle struts with separators and cross b/t NA
or star-shaped cross sections
Flanges of square and rectangular box and hallow structural sections of 500⁄√𝐹𝑌 625⁄√𝐹𝑌
uniform thickness subject to bending or compressiond; flange cover b/t
plates and diaphragm plates between lines of fasteners or welds
Unsupported width of cover plates perforated with a succession of b/t NA 832⁄√𝐹𝑌
access holesb
All other uniformly compressed stiffened elements, i.e., supported along b/t NA 664⁄√𝐹𝑌
two edges h/tw
Webs in flexural compressiona d/t 1680⁄√𝐹𝑌 ---
h/tw --- 1995⁄√𝐹𝑌

For 𝑓𝑎 ⁄𝐹𝑦 ≤ 0.16

d/tw 1680 𝑓𝑎
(1 − 3.74 ) ---
√𝐹𝑦 𝐹𝑦
Webs in combined flexural and axial compression
For 𝑓𝑎 ⁄𝐹𝑦 > 0.16
675⁄√𝐹𝑌
h/tw --- 1995⁄√𝐹𝑌
Circular hallow sections In axial compression D/t 22,750⁄√𝐹𝑌 ---
Circular hallow sections in flexure D/t 22,750⁄√𝐹𝑌 ---
a
For hybrid beams, use the yield strength of the flange Fyf instead of Fy.
b
Assumes net area of plate at widest hole.
c
For design of slender sections that exceed the non-compact limits See section 502.6.2.2
d
See also Section 506.4.1
e
kc=4.05/(h/t)0.46, if h/t > 70, otherwise kc= 1.0
5.5 COMPACT SECTION

Compact sections have width-thickness ratio not exceeding the limits given in Table 5-1. To be
compact, the flanges of the beam must be continuously connected to the web. Therefore, a
built-up section or plate girder constructed with intermittent welds does not qualify. In addition,
Eq. 5.1 & Eq. 5.2 must be satisfied by standard rolled shapes without flange stiffeners. (Eq. 5.2
applies only two webs in flexural compression)
𝑏𝑓 170
2𝑡𝑓
≤ Eq. 5.1
√𝐹𝑦

𝑏𝑓 170
2𝑡𝑓
≤ Eq. 5.2
√𝐹𝑦

5.6 LATERAL SUPPORT

To prevent lateral buckling, a beam’s compression flange must be supported at frequent

intervals. Complete lateral support is achieved when a beam is fully encased in concrete of has
its flange welded or bolted along its full length. In many designed, however, lateral support is
provided only at regularly spaced intervals. The actual spacing between points of lateral bracing
is designated as 𝐿𝑏 .

Figure 5-2 – Lateral buckling of beam

 Figure 5-3 – Compression flange bracing using headed studs

5.7 ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS:

I-SHAPED MEMBERS AND CHANNELS
BENT ABOUT MAJOR AXIS

5.7.1 MEMBERS WITH COMPACT SECTION

For members with compact section and with braced length 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑐 , the allowable bending
stress in both tension and compression is:

𝐹𝑏 = 0.66 𝐹𝑦 Eq. 5.3

200𝑏𝑓 137,900 Eq. 5.4

𝐼𝑥 = 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 { & }
√𝐹𝑦 (𝑑⁄𝐴𝑓 )𝐹𝑦

5.7.2 MEMBERS WITH NON-COMPACT SECTION

For members with 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑐 except that their flanges are non-compact (excluding built-up
members and members with yield points greater than 448 MPa), allowable bending stress in
both tension and compression is:

𝑏𝑓 Eq. 5.5
𝐹𝑏 = 𝐹𝑦 (0.79 − 0.000762 √𝐹 )
2𝑡𝑓 𝑦

For built-up members with 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑐 except that their flanges are non-compact their webs are
compact or non-compact, (excluding hybrid girders and members with yield points greater than
448 MPa), the allowable bending stress in tension and compression is:
 𝑏𝑓 𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑏 = 𝐹𝑦 (0.79 − 0.000762 √ )
2𝑡𝑓 𝑘𝑐 Eq. 5.6

4.05
𝑘𝑐 = 𝑖𝑓 ℎ⁄𝑡𝑤 > 70, 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑤𝑖𝑠𝑒
(ℎ⁄𝑡𝑤 )0.46 Eq. 5.7
𝑘𝑐 = 1.0

200𝑏𝑓
For members with non-compact section (not included in the above) and 𝐿𝑏 ≤ , the
√𝐹𝑦
allowable bending stress in both tension and compression is:

𝐹𝑏 = 0.60 𝐹𝑦 Eq. 5.8

5.7.3 MEMBERS WITH COMPACT OR

NON- COMPACT SECTION WITH 𝑳𝒃 ≤
𝑳𝒄 :

Allowable bending stress in tension:

Members with compact or non-compact section and with unbraced length 𝐿𝑏 ≤ 𝐿𝑐 the
allowable bending stress in tension is:

𝐹𝑏 = 0.60 𝐹𝑦 Eq. 5.9

Allowable bending stress in compression:

The allowable bending stress in compression is determined as the larger value of [Eq. 5.11 or
Eq. 5.13] and Eq. 5.14, except that eq. 5.14 is applicable only to section with compression
flange that is solid and approximately rectangular in cross section and that has an area not less
than the tension flange. For channels, the allowable compressive stress is determined from Eq.
5.14.

703,270𝐶𝑏 𝐿 3,516,330𝐶𝑏
When √ 𝐹𝑦
≤𝑟 ≤√ 𝐹𝑦
,
𝑇

𝐹𝑏 = 𝐿𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 (𝐹𝑏1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑏3 ) ≤ 0.60𝐹𝑦

Eq. 5.10
 2 𝐹𝑦 (𝐿⁄𝑟𝑇 ) 2
𝐹𝑏1 = ( − ) 𝐹 ≤ 0.60𝐹𝑦
3 10.55𝑥106 𝐶𝑏 𝑦 Eq. 5.11

𝐿 3,516,330𝐶𝑏
When >√
𝑟𝑇 𝐹𝑦

𝐹𝑏 = 𝐿𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 (𝐹𝑏2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑏3 ) ≤ 0.60𝐹𝑦

Eq. 5.12
1,172,100
𝐹𝑏2 = ≤ 0.60𝐹𝑦 Eq. 5.13
(𝐿⁄𝑟𝑇 ) 2

𝐿
For any value of 𝑟 :
𝑇

82,740𝐶𝑏 Eq. 5.14

𝐹𝑏2 = ≤ 0.60𝐹𝑦
(𝐿𝑑⁄𝐴 )
𝑓

The moment gradient multiplier 𝐶𝑏 is given as:

𝑀1 𝑀 Eq. 5.15
𝐶𝑏 = 1.75 + 1.05 + 0.3 ( 1 )2 ≤ 2.3
𝑀2 𝑀2

where 𝑀1 is the smaller and 𝑀2 is the larger bending moment at the ends of the unbraced
length, and where the ratio of moments 𝑀1 /𝑀2 is positive when 𝑀1 and 𝑀2 have the same sign
(reverse curvature bending) and negative when 𝑀1 and 𝑀2 have opposite sign (single curvature
bending). When the bending moment at any point of the unbraced length is larger than at both
ends of this length, 𝐶𝑏 = 1.0. For cantilever beams, 𝐶𝑏 = 1.0
 Figure 5-4 – Sign and values of 𝐶𝑏

Where:

𝑏𝑓= flange width, mm

𝑡𝑓= flange thickness, mm

𝑑= depth, mm

𝑡𝑤= web thickness, mm

𝐴𝑓= area of compression flange = 𝑏𝑓 𝑡𝑓 (𝑚𝑚2 )

𝐿= 𝐿𝑏= distance between cross-sections braced against twist and lateral displacements
of the compression flange, mm

𝑟𝑇= radius of gyration of the section comprising the compression flange plus 1/3 of the
compression web area taken about an axis in the plane of the web, mm

5.8 ALLOWABLE BENDING STRESS: WEAK AXIS BENDING OF I-SHAPED MEMBERS,

SOLID BARS, AND RECTANGULAR PLATES

Members with Compact Sections

If a doubly symmetrical (I- and H-shapes) rolled shape is placed such that bending will occur
about its weak axis, and solid round and square bars; and solid rectangular section bent about
their weak axis, the allowable bending stress is:

𝐹𝑏 = 0.75 𝐹𝑦 Eq. 5.16

Members with Non-Compact Sections:

For non-compact sections bent about their weak axis, the allowable bending stress is:

𝐹𝑏 = 0.60 𝐹𝑦 Eq. 5.17

For doubly symmetrical I- and H-shapes with non-compact flanges bent about their weak axis
(with their flanges continuously connected to the web), the allowable stress is:

𝑏𝑓 Eq. 5.18
𝐹𝑏 = 𝐹𝑦 (1.075 − 0.0019 √𝐹 )
2𝑡𝑓 𝑦

5.9 SHEAR STRESS IN STEEL BEAMS

It is assumed that only the web thickness carries the shear in W shapes. The average shear
stress is then compared against allowable shear stress with a maximum of 0.04𝐹𝑦 . The average
shear stress in the web is:

𝑉 𝑉 Eq. 5.19
𝑓𝑣 = =
𝐴𝑤 𝑑𝑡𝑤

where 𝑑 is the overall depth and 𝑡𝑤 is the web thickness.

5.9.1 ALLOWABLE SHEAR STRESS

ℎ 998
When ≤ , the allowable shear on overall depth times the web thickness 𝑑𝑡𝑤 is:
𝑡𝑤 √𝐹𝑦

𝐹𝑣 = 0.40 𝐹𝑦 Eq. 5.20

𝑉
or 𝑑𝑡𝑤
≤ 0.40 𝐹𝑦
 ℎ 998
When 𝑡𝑤
≤ , the allowable shear stress on the clear distance between flanges times the
√𝐹𝑦
web thickness ℎ 𝑡𝑤 is:

𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑣 = 𝐶 ≤ 0.40 𝐹𝑦
2.89 𝑣
Eq. 5.21
𝑉 𝐹𝑦
or 0.40 𝐹𝑦 ≥ ℎ𝑡𝑤
≤ 2.89 𝐶𝑣

Where:
310,264𝑘𝑣
𝐶𝑣 = 𝐹 2 when 𝐶𝑣 < 0.80
𝑦 (ℎ⁄𝑡𝑤 )

500 𝑘
𝐶𝑣 = ℎ⁄𝑡 √𝐹 𝑣 when 𝐶𝑣 > 0.80
𝑤 𝑦

5.34
𝑘𝑣 = 4.00 + (𝑎⁄ℎ)2 when 𝑎⁄ℎ < 1.0

4.00
𝑘𝑣 = 5.34 + (𝑎⁄ℎ)2 when 𝑎⁄ℎ > 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 1.0

𝑡𝑤 = thickness of web, mm

𝑎 = clear distance between flanges at the section under investigation, mm

ℎ = 𝑑 − 2𝑡𝑓

𝑑 = overall depth of the beam, mm

5.9.2 WEB STIFFENERS

Intermediate stiffeners are required the ratio ℎ⁄𝑡𝑤 exceed 260 and the maximum web shear
stress 𝑓𝑣 is greater than that permitted by Eq. 5.21. The spacing of intermediate stiffeners is:

260 2 Eq. 5.22

Spacing, 𝑎 ≤ ℎ (ℎ⁄𝑡 )
𝑤
 Figure 5-5 – Web stiffeners

5.10 WEBS UNDER CONCENTRATED LOADS

Local buckling is a factor in the vicinity of a large concentrated load that may occur in a reaction
point or where a column frames into a supporting girder. Web yielding and wed crippling are two
types of a local buckling as shown in figure 5-6 that may occur. These buckling can be reduced
or eliminated by the use of bearing stiffeners.

Figure 5-6 – Local buckling

5.10.1 LOCAL WEB YIELDING

Local web yielding occurs when a concentrated load is applied normal to one flange and
symmetric to the web. Such concentrated load may occur at a reaction point or a column or
beam framing into a supporting girder. According to section511.2.3 of NSCP, bearing stiffeners
shall be provided when the compressive stress at the web toe of fillet resulting from such load
exceeds 0.66𝐹𝑦 .

Figure 5-7 – Local web yielding

For loads applied at or near the end of the member:

𝑅 Eq. 5.23
≤ 0.66𝐹𝑦
𝑡𝑤 (𝑁 + 2.5𝑘)
Eq. 5.24
𝑅−2.5𝑡𝑤 𝑘(0.66𝐹𝑦 )
Or 𝑁𝑚𝑖𝑛 =
0.66𝐹𝑦 𝑡𝑤

For loads applied at a distance 𝑥 greater than 𝑑 from the end of the member:
Eq. 5.25
𝑅
≤ 0.66𝐹𝑦
𝑡𝑤 (𝑁 + 5𝑘) Eq. 5.26

𝑅−5𝑡𝑤 𝑘(0.66𝐹𝑦 )
Or 𝑁𝑚𝑖𝑛 = 0.66𝐹𝑦 𝑡𝑤
5.10.2 WEB CRIPPLING

According to Section 511.2.4 of NSCP, bearing stiffeners shall be provided in the webs of
members under concentrated loads, when the compressive force exceed the following limits:

When the concentrated load is applied at a distance 𝑥 from the end of the member not
𝑑
less than 2 :

1.5
𝐹𝑦𝑤 𝑡𝑓 𝐸𝑞. 5.27
𝑁 𝑡𝑤
𝑅 = 177.2𝑡𝑤 (1 + 3 ( ) ( ) )√
𝑑 𝑡𝑓 𝑡𝑤

When the concentrated load is applied at a distance 𝑥from the end of the member
𝑑
greater than :
2

1.5
𝐹𝑦𝑤 𝑡𝑓 𝐸𝑞. 5.28
𝑁 𝑡𝑤
𝑅 = 89.3𝑡𝑤 (1 + 3 ( ) ( ) )√
𝑑 𝑡𝑓 𝑡𝑤

Where:
𝑅 = concentrated load or reaction, N
𝑁 = bearing length (not less than 𝑘 for end reaction), mm
𝑡𝑤 = web thickness, mm
𝑡𝑓 = flange thickness, mm
𝑘 = distance from the outer face of the flange to the toe of fillet, mm

Figure 5-8 – Bearing stiffeners

5.10.3 SIDESWAY WEB BUCKLING

Bearing stiffeners is required foe webs of members with flanges not restrained against relative
movement by stiffeners or lateral bracing and subject to concentrated compressive loads that
exceed the following limits:
𝑑𝑐 /𝑡𝑤
a) If the loaded flange is restrained against rotation and < 2.3:
𝐿/𝑏𝑓

3 𝐸𝑞. 5.29
46,880𝑡𝑤 3 𝑑𝑐 /𝑡𝑤
𝑅= (1 + 0.4 ( ) )
ℎ 𝐿/𝑏𝑓

𝑑𝑐 /𝑡𝑤
b) If the loaded flange is not restrained against rotation and > 1.7:
𝐿/𝑏𝑓

3 𝐸𝑞. 5.30
46,880𝑡𝑤 3 𝑑𝑐 /𝑡𝑤
𝑅= (0.4 ( ) )
ℎ 𝐿/𝑏𝑓

Where:
𝐿 = largest laterally unbraced length along their flange at the point of load, mm
𝑏𝑓 = flange width, mm
𝑑𝑐 = (𝑑 − 2𝑘) = web depth clear of fillets, mm

5.11 BEAMS UNDER UNSYMMETRICAL BENDING

Normally, a beam is oriented with the web in the plane of the loading (strong axis
bending, 𝑥 − 𝑥 axis), although the beam may be loaded normal to the plane of the web
(weak axis bending, 𝑦 − 𝑦 axis). The 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦 − 𝑦 axes of the beam cross section are
known as the principal axes. Unsymmetrical bending occurs when bending is about an
axis other than one of the principal axes, or when loads are simultaneously applied from
more than one direction.
 Figure 5-9 – Cases of unsymmetrical bending

Figure 5-10 – Forces on beam cross section

The forces on beams subjected to unsymmetrical bending are resolved into x and y
components as shown in figure 5-10. The x-component of the force, 𝐹𝑇 , creates moment
in the y-y axis, 𝑀𝑦 . The y-component of the force, 𝐹𝑁 , creates moment in x-x axis, 𝑀𝑥 .
The stresses due to moments are:

𝑀𝑥 𝐸𝑞. 5.31
𝑓𝑏𝑥 =
𝑆𝑥

𝑀𝑦 𝐸𝑞. 5.32
𝑓𝑏𝑦 =
𝑆𝑦
The adequacy of the section is checked using the interaction equation:

𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝑓𝑏𝑦 𝐸𝑞. 5.33

+ ≤ 1.0
𝐹𝑏𝑥 𝐹𝑏𝑦

The total deflection of the beam is computed as:

𝐸𝑞. 5.34
𝛿 = √𝛿𝑥 2 + 𝛿𝑦 2

where 𝛿𝑥 is the deflection in the x-direction caused by 𝐹𝑇 , and 𝛿𝑦 is the deflection in y-direction
caused by 𝐹𝑁,

5.12 BEAM BEARING PLATES

Most of steel beam are supported through connections to other structural steel beams, but
some beams are supported by bearing on concrete or masonry members, such as walls or
pilasters. Bearing plates are used to distribute the pressure over a large area of concrete, since
concrete and masonry is weaker than steel.

Bearing plates must be; (a) large enough to ensure that the actual bearing pressure, 𝑓𝑝, under
the plate does not exceed the allowable bearing pressure, 𝑓𝑝 , (b) long enough so what web
crippling or web yielding does not occur, and (c) thick enough so that the allowable bending
stress in steel, 𝐹𝑏 (𝐹𝑏 = 0.75𝐹𝑦 ), at the assume critical section is not exceeded.

The actual bearing area of plate is

𝐴1 = 𝑁 𝑥 𝐵 𝐸𝑞. 5.35

The actual bearing pressure under the plate is:

𝑅 𝐸𝑞. 5.36
𝑓𝑝 = ≤ 𝐹𝑝
𝐴1
 Figure 5-11 – Beam bearing plate

The allowable bearing pressure, 𝐹𝑝 , is given ion chapter 4 (section 4.7) of this book.

For bearing plate resting on full area of concrete support:

𝑅 𝐸𝑞. 5.37
𝐴1 ≥
0.35𝑓′𝑐
For bearing plate covering less than the full area of concrete support:

2 𝐸𝑞. 5.38
1 𝑅
𝐴1 ≥ ( )
𝐴2 0.35𝑓′𝑐

where 𝐴2 is the maximum area of the portion of the supporting surface that geometrically
similar to and concentric with the loaded area, mm2.

The thickness of the plate is (see derivation in Section 4.7):

𝐸𝑞. 5.39
3𝑓𝑝 𝑛2
𝑡=√
𝐹𝑏
5.13 SPACING OF RIVETS/BOLTS IN BUILT-UP BEAMS

When two or more thin layers of beams are fastened together with a bolt or rivet so that they act
as a unit to gain more strength, it is necessary to design the size or spacing, of these bolts or
rivets so that it can carry the shearing force acting between each adjacent layers.

Consider the beam shown in Figure 5-12.

Figure 5-12

The shearing stress at the contact surface is:

𝑉𝑄
𝑓𝑣 =
𝐼𝑏

The effective area covered by each bolt group has a length equal to the spacing of the bolts.
The total shearing force F acting between the two surfaces must be equal to the total resisting
force R produced by the bolts or rivets.

𝐹 = 𝑓𝑣 (𝑏𝑠)

𝑉𝑄
𝐹= 𝑏𝑠
𝐼𝑏
𝑉𝑄
𝐹= 𝑆=𝑅
𝐼
𝑅𝐼 Eq. 5.40
𝑆=
𝑉𝑄
where R is the total resisting force (shear or bearing) to be resisted by the bolts or rivets. R
should be taken at the contact surface nearest the neutral axis where the shearing stress is
greatest.

Based on allowable shearing stress on fastener:

𝑅 = 𝐹𝑣 𝐴𝑣 Eq. 5.41

Based on allowable bearing stress on plate and fastener:

𝑅 = 𝐹𝑝 𝐴𝑝 Eq. 5.42

5.14 COMPOSITE BEAM (NSCP SECTION 509)

Composite construction refers to a construction method in which cast-in-place concrete slab is

bonded to steel beams, girders, or decking below, such that the two materials act as a unit.

There are two types of composite beams: (a) totally encased beams which depend upon natural
bond for interaction with the concrete and (b) those with shear connectors (mechanical
anchorage to the slab) with the steel beam not necessarily encased.

5.14.1 TOTALLY ENCASED STEEL BEAM

A beam totally encased in concrete cast integrally with the slab may be assumed to be
connected to the concrete by natural bond, without additional anchorage, provided that:

1. Concrete cover over beam sides and soffit is at least 50 mm.

2. The top of the beam is at least 38 mm below the top and 50 mm above bottom of the
slab.
3. Concrete encasement contains adequate mesh or other reinforcing steel throughout the
whole depth and across the soffit of the beam to prevent spalling of the concrete.

Encased beams shall be proportioned to support, unassisted, all dead loads applied prior to the
hardening of the concrete (unless these loads are supported temporarily on shoring) and, acting
in conjunction with the slab, to support all dead and live loads applied after hardening of the
concrete, without exceeding a computed bending stress of 0.66𝐹𝑦 . The bending stress produced
by loads after the concrete has hardened is computed on the basis of the section properties of
the composite section. Concrete tension stresses is neglected. Alternatively, the steel beam
alone may be proportioned to resist, unassisted, the positive moment produced by all loads, live
and dead, using a bending stress equal to 0.76𝐹𝑦 , in which case temporary shoring is not
required.
5.14.2 NON-ENCASED STEEL BEAM

Shear connectors must be provided for composite action if the steel beam is not totally encased
in concrete. The portion of the effective width of the concrete slab on each side of the beam
centerline shall not exceed:

a) One-eighth of the beam span, center-to-center of supports

b) One-half the distance to the centerline of the adjacent beam; or
c) The distance from the beam centerline to the edge of the slab.

For interior beams of length L and spacing of s (mm) on centers:

𝐿 Eq. 5.43
Effective width, 𝑏 =smaller of (4 & 𝑠)

For exterior beams, s in Eq. 5.43 is replaced by 𝑒 + 𝑠⁄2, where 𝑒 is the distance from the beam
centerline to the edge of slab.

5.14.3 SECTION PROPERTIES OF COMPOSITE BEAMS

The moment of inertia of section modulus of composite beam is beam is computed using the
transformed area method. The actual area of effective concrete flange is transformed into steel
area by dividing it by the modular ratio, n.
𝑏
Transformed area, 𝐴𝑐𝑡 = (ℎ) 𝑡
Eq. 5.44
𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑒𝑙
𝑛=
𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑒 Eq. 5.45
 Figure 5-13 –Composite Beam with Concrete Slab

5.14.3.1 FULL COMPOSITE ACTION

Full composite action is obtained when there is enough number of shear connectors provided.
For full composite action, the term 𝑏⁄𝑛 in Eq. 5.44 is the transformed effective width of the slab.

The distance from the neutral axis to the bottom of the steel beam is:

𝐴𝑠 (𝑑⁄2) + 𝐴𝑐𝑡 (𝑑 + 𝑒) Eq. 5.46

𝑦̅ =
𝐴𝑠 + 𝐴𝑐𝑡

The moment of inertia of the transformed section is:

1 Eq. 5.47
𝐼𝑡𝑟 = 𝐼𝑠 + 𝐴𝑠 (𝑦̅ − 𝑑/2)2 + (𝑏⁄𝑛)𝑡 3 + 𝐴𝑐𝑡 (𝑑 + 𝑒 − 𝑦̅)2
12

The section modulus of the transformed section referred to the bottom flange of the steel beam
is:

𝐼𝑡𝑟 Eq. 5.48

𝑆𝑡𝑟 =
𝑦̅
The section modulus of the transformed section referred to the top of the concrete is:

𝐼𝑡 Eq. 5.49
𝑆𝑡 =
𝐻 − 𝑦̅

5.14.3.2 PARTIAL COMPOSITE ACTION

In cases where it is not feasible or necessary to provide adequate connectors to satisfy the
horizontal shear requirements for full composite action; the effective properties are as follows:

Effective moment of inertia:

Eq. 5.50
𝑉′ℎ
𝐼𝑡𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐼𝑠 + √ (𝐼 − 𝐼𝑠 )
𝑉ℎ 𝑡𝑟

Effective section modulus (referred to bottom flange):

Eq. 5.51
𝑉′ℎ
𝑆𝑡𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑆𝑠 + √ (𝑠 − 𝑆𝑠 )
𝑉ℎ 𝑡𝑟

Effective section modulus (referred to the top of concrete):

𝐼𝑡𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓 Eq. 5.52

𝑆𝑡 𝑒𝑓𝑓 =
𝐻 − 𝑦̅𝑒𝑓𝑓

Effective neutral axis (from the bottom, see Figure 5-13)

𝐼𝑡𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓 Eq. 5.53

𝑦̅𝑒𝑓𝑓 =
𝑆𝑡𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓

Transformed effective width:

𝑏 𝐴𝑠 𝑦𝑒𝑓𝑓 − 𝑑⁄𝑠 𝑏 Eq. 5.54

( ) = ≤
𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓 ⁄
𝑡 𝑑 + 𝑡 2 − 𝑦̅𝑒𝑓𝑓 ℎ
𝑉ℎ is the total horizontal shear to be resisted by the connectors between the point of maximum
positive moment and point s of zero moment.

𝑉ℎ =smaller value of (𝑉ℎ𝑐 and 𝑉ℎ𝑠 ) Eq. 5.55

0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑐 Eq. 5.56

𝑉ℎ𝑐 =
2

𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑠 Eq. 5.57
𝑉ℎ𝑠 =
2

𝑉′ℎ is the total horizontal shear to be resisted by the connectors between the point of maximum
positive moment and point s of zero moment under partial composite section. The value of 𝑉′ℎ is
not permitted to be less than 14𝑉ℎ .

𝑉′ℎ = 𝑞𝑁1 Eq. 5.58

where q is the allowable shear load for one connector (given in Table 5.1) and 𝑁1 is the number
of shear connectors furnished between the point of maximum moment and point of zero
moment.

where

𝐼𝑠 = moment of inertia of the steel section, mm4

𝑆𝑠 = section modulus of steel section, mm3

𝐴𝑠 = cross-sectional area of the steel section, mm2

𝐴𝑐 = actual area of effective concrete flange=𝑏𝑡, mm2

 Table 5.1 – Allowable Horizontal Shear Load for One Connector, 𝑞, 𝑘𝑁 𝑎 (NSCP Table 509-1)

Connectorb Specified Compressive Strength of

Concrete (𝑓′𝑐 ), MPa

21 24 ≥ 28
12 mm Ø x 50 mm hooked or headed stud 22.685 24.465 26.244
16 mm Ø x 65 mm hooked or headed stud 35.585 38.254 40.923
20 mm Ø x 75 mm hooked or headed stud 51.154 55.602 59.161
22 mm Ø x 90 mm hooked or headed stud 69.392 74.730 80.067
Channel C3 x 4.1 0.753𝑤 𝑐 0.823𝑤 𝑐 0.875𝑤 𝑐
Channel C4 x 5.4 0.805𝑤 𝑐 0.875𝑤 𝑐 0.928𝑤
𝑐
Channel C5 x 6.7 0.858𝑤 0.928𝑤 𝑐 0.980𝑤 𝑐
a
Applicable only to concrete made with ASTM C33 aggregates.
b
The allowable horizontal loads tabulated are also for studs longer than shown
c
𝑤= length of channel, mm

5.14.4 ALLOWABLE STRESSES IN COMPOSITE BEAMS

The allowable bending stress in the steel beam or decking 0.66𝐹𝑦 under total load (dead load
plus live load) for both shored and unshored construction. The stress in concrete is not
permitted to exceed0.45𝑓′𝑐 .

5.14.5 WORKING STRESSES WITH SHORING

When shoring is provided, the composite section acts as a single unit and carries the entire
dead and live load. The maximum stresses in steel and concrete are:
  For full composite action:
𝑀𝐷 +𝑀𝐿 Eq. 5.59
Steel, 𝑓𝑠 =
𝑆𝑡𝑟
𝑀 +𝑀 Eq. 5.60
Concrete, 𝑓𝑐 = 𝐷𝑛𝑆 𝐿
𝑡

 For partial composite action:

𝑀𝐷 +𝑀𝐿 Eq. 5.61
Steel, 𝑓𝑠 =
𝑆𝑡𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑀𝐷 +𝑀𝐿 (𝑏⁄𝑛)𝑒𝑓𝑓 Eq. 5.62
Concrete, 𝑓𝑐 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓
( 𝑏 )

5.14.6 WORKING STRESSES WITHOUT SHORING

When shoring is not provided, the steel beam must initially support the uncured concrete slab as
well as its own weight. Before the concrete reach its maximum strength, the stress in steel is:

𝑀𝐷 Eq. 5.63
Steel, 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑆𝑠

where 𝑆𝑠 is the section modulus of the steel section only.

When concrete attains its maximum strength:

 For full composite action:

𝑀𝐷 𝑀 Eq. 5.64
Steel, 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑆𝑠
+𝑆𝐿
𝑡𝑟

𝑀𝐿 Eq. 5.65
Concrete, 𝑓𝑐 = 𝑆𝑡

 For partial composite action:

𝑀𝐷 𝑀𝐿 Eq. 5.66
Steel, 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑆𝑠
+𝑆
𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝑀𝐿 (𝑏⁄𝑛)𝑒𝑓𝑓 Eq. 5.67
Concrete, 𝑓𝑐 = 𝑆 ( 𝑏
)
𝑡 𝑒𝑓𝑓
5.14.7 SHEAR CONNECTORS

The connectors required on each side of the point of maximum moment in an area of positive
moment may be uniformly distributed between that point and adjacent points of zero moment.
The required number of shear connectors is :

 For full composite action:

𝑉ℎ Eq. 5.68
𝑁1 =
𝑞
 For partial composite action:
𝑉′ℎ Eq. 5.69
𝑁1 =
𝑞

However, the number of shear connectors, 𝑁2 , is required between any concentrated load in
that area and the nearest point of zero moment cannot be less than:

𝑀𝛽
𝑁1 (𝑀 − 1)
𝑁2 = 𝑚𝑎𝑥 Eq. 5.70
𝛽−1

where:

𝑀 = moment (less than the maximum moment) at a concentrated load point.

𝑆𝑡𝑟 𝑆𝑒𝑓𝑓
𝛽= 𝑆𝑠
or 𝑆𝑠
as applicable.
ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM

PROBLEM 5-1

A beam is built-up from the following plates: 450 mm x 20 mm as flanges and 500 mm x 20 mm
as web. All plates are A36 steel with 𝐹𝑦 =248 MPa and the flanges are continuously connected
to the web by means of fillet welds.

The beam is simply supported at its ends and laterally supported only at supports. Determine
the value of the allowable bending stress for a length of a) 4 m, b) 6 m, c) 10m, d) 16m.

SOLUTION

450(540)3 215(500)3
𝐼𝑥 = − 2𝑥
12 12

𝐼𝑥 = 1,425,733,333 𝑚𝑚3

𝐼𝑥 1,425,733,333
𝑆𝑥 = =
𝑐 540⁄2

𝑆𝑥 = 5,280,494 𝑚𝑚3

Check for compactness:

Compression Flange:
𝑏𝑓 450
2𝑡𝑓
= 2(20) = 11.25

170
Limiting value for value compact element = = 10.79
√𝐹𝑦

250
Limiting value for value n0n-compact element = = 15.87
√𝐹𝑦

170 𝑏 250
Since < 2𝑡𝑓 < , the compression flange is non-compact element
√𝐹𝑦 𝑓 √𝐹𝑦

𝑏𝑓 250
Note: If > , the flange is a slender element.
2𝑡𝑓 √𝐹𝑦
Web:
𝑑 540
𝑡𝑤
= 20
= 27

ℎ 500
𝑡𝑤
= 20
= 25

𝑑 1680
Limiting value of 𝑡 for compact element = = 106.7
𝑤 √𝐹𝑦

ℎ 1995
Limiting value of 𝑡 for non-compact element = = 126.7
𝑤 √𝐹𝑦

Therefore, the web is a compact element

Solve for 𝐿𝑐 :

200𝑏𝑓 137,900
𝐿𝑐 = smaller value of ( & )
√𝐹𝑦 (𝑑 ⁄𝐴𝑦 )𝐹𝑦

200𝑏𝑓
= 5,715 𝑚𝑚
√𝐹𝑦

137,900 137,900
= 540 = 9,267.5 𝑚𝑚
(𝑑 ⁄𝐴𝑦 )𝐹𝑦 (248)
450(20)

Therefore, 𝐿𝑐 = 5,715 𝑚𝑚

Part a:

𝐿𝑏 = 4 𝑚 < 𝐿𝑐

Since 𝐿𝑏 < 𝐿𝑐 and the flange is non-compact with flanges continuously

connected to the web, Eq. 5.6 will apply.

𝑏𝑓 𝐹𝑦
𝐹𝑏 = (0.79 − 0.000762 √ )𝐹
2𝑡𝑓 𝑘𝑐 𝑦

ℎ
Since 𝑡 < 70, 𝑘𝑐 = 1
𝑤

450 248
𝐹𝑏 = (0.79 − 0.000762 √ ) (248)
2(20) 1

𝐹𝑏 = 𝟏𝟔𝟐. 𝟒𝟒 𝑴𝑷𝒂
Part b:

𝐿𝑏 = 6 𝑚 > 𝐿𝑐

Solve for 𝑟𝑇 :

𝐴 = 83.33(20) + 450(20) = 10,666.6 𝑚𝑚2

83.33(20)3 20(450)3
𝐼𝑥 = 12
+ 12
= 151,930,553 𝑚𝑚4

𝐼
𝑟𝑇 = √ 𝑧 = 119.35 𝑚𝑚
𝐴

𝐿 6,000
= = 50.27
𝑟𝑇 119.35

𝐶𝑏 = 1.0 (simply supported with no end moments)

703,270𝐶𝑏
√ 𝐹𝑦
= 53.25

𝐿 703,270𝐶𝑏
Since 𝑟 < √ 𝐹𝑦
, Eq. 5.14 will apply.
𝑇

82,740𝐶𝑏
𝐹𝑏 = 𝐹𝑏3 = ≤ 0.6𝐹𝑦
(𝐿𝑑/𝐴𝑓 )

82,740(1)
𝐹𝑏 = 6000(540) = 229.9 𝑀𝑃𝑎 > (0.6𝐹𝑦 = 148.8)
450(20)

Therefore, 𝐹𝑏 = 𝟏𝟒𝟖. 𝟗 𝑴𝑷𝒂

Part c:

𝐿𝑏 = 10 𝑚 > 𝐿𝑐
𝐿 10,000 703,270𝐶𝑏
= = 83.79 > √
𝑟𝑇 119.35 𝐹𝑦

3,516,330𝐶𝑏
√ 𝐹𝑦
=119.07

703,270𝐶𝑏 𝐿 3,516,330𝐶𝑏
√ 𝐹𝑦
<𝑟 <√ 𝐹𝑦
𝑇

𝐹𝑦 =Larger of (𝐹𝑏1 &𝐹𝑏3 ) ≤ 0.6𝐹𝑦

2 𝐹𝑦 (𝐿⁄𝑟𝑇 )2
𝐹𝑏1 = (3 − 10,55𝑥106 𝐶 ) 𝐹𝑦
𝑏

2 248(83.79)2
𝐹𝑏1 = ( − ) (248) = 124.40 𝑀𝑃𝑎
3 10,55𝑥106 (1)

82,740𝐶𝑏
𝐹𝑏3 =
𝐿𝑑
(𝐴 )
𝑓

82,740(1)
𝐹𝑏3 = 10000(540) = 137.9 𝑀𝑃𝑎
( )
(450)(20)

0.6𝐹𝑦 = 148.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Therefore, 𝐹𝑏 = 𝟏𝟑𝟕. 𝟗 𝑴𝑷𝒂

Part d:

𝐿𝑏 = 16 𝑚 > 𝐿𝑐

𝐿 106,000 3,516,330𝐶𝑏
= = 134.06 > √
𝑟𝑇 119.35 𝐹𝑦

𝐹𝑦 =Larger of (𝐹𝑏1 &𝐹𝑏3 ) ≤ 0.6𝐹𝑦

1,172,100𝐶𝑏
𝐹𝑏2 = (𝐿⁄𝑟𝑇 )2

1,172,100(1)
𝐹𝑏2 = (134.06)2
= 65.22 𝑀𝑃𝑎

82,740𝐶𝑏
𝐹𝑏3 =
𝐿𝑑
(𝐴 )
𝑓
 82,740(1)
𝐹𝑏3 = 16000(540) = 86.16 𝑀𝑃𝑎
( )
(450)(20)

0.6𝐹𝑦 = 148.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Therefore, 𝐹𝑏 = 𝟖𝟔. 𝟏𝟔 𝑴𝑷𝒂

Problem 5-2

A W 24 x 103 is used as a beam that is simply supported at its ends. The properties of the
section is as follows:

𝑏 = 623.10 𝑚𝑚 𝐼𝑥 = 1,248,694,000,000 𝑚𝑚4

𝑡𝑤 = 14.00 𝑚𝑚 𝑆𝑥 = 4,008,005 𝑚𝑚3

𝑏𝑓 = 228.60 𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑥 = 252.74 𝑚𝑚

𝑡𝑓 = 24.90 𝑚𝑚

𝐴 = 19,548.00 𝑚𝑚2 𝐼𝑦 = 49,532,000,000 𝑚𝑚4

𝑊 = 153.76
𝑘𝑔 𝑆𝑦 = 433,350.83 𝑚𝑚3
𝑚

𝑟𝑦 = 50.34 𝑚𝑚
𝑟𝑡 = 59.18 𝑚𝑚

The beam is laterally supported at supports only. Determine the allowable bending stress for a
length of a) 2 m, b) 4 m, c) 9 m, and d) 16 m. Use 𝐹𝑦 = 248 MPa.

SOLUTION

Check for compactness of the section. (This may not be necessary anymore since most
standard rolled shapes are compact).

Width-thickness ratio:

𝑏𝑓 228.60 170
2𝑡𝑓
= 2(24.90) = 4.59 < ( = 10.79) Compact element
√𝐹𝑦

Depth-thickness ratio:

𝑑 623.10 1680
𝑡𝑤
= 14
= 44.507 < ( = 106.68) Compact element
√𝐹𝑦

Therefore, the section is COMPACT.

 Solve for 𝐿𝑐 :
200𝑏𝑓 137,900
𝐿𝑐 =smaller value of 𝐿𝑐 { & }
√𝐹𝑦 (𝑑 ⁄𝐴𝑦 )𝐹𝑦

200𝑏𝑓
= 2,903 𝑚𝑚
√𝐹𝑦

137,900 137,900
= 623.10 = 5,079 𝑚𝑚
(𝑑 ⁄𝐴𝑦 )𝐹𝑦 (248)
228.6(24.9)

Therefore, 𝐿𝑐 = 2,903 𝑚𝑚

Part a:

𝐿𝑏 = 2 𝑚

Since 𝐿𝑏 < 𝐿𝑐 and the section is compact, 𝐹𝑏 = 0.66𝐹𝑦

𝐹𝑏 = 0.66 (248)

𝐹𝑏 = 163.68 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Part b:

𝐿𝑐 = 4 𝑚 > 𝐿𝑐

Allowable stress in tension, 𝐹𝑏 = 0.6𝐹𝑦

Allowable stress in tension, 𝐹𝑏 = 0.6(248) = 148.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Allowable stress in compression:

𝐶𝑏 = 1(since there is no moment at each end support)

𝐿 4000
𝑟𝑇
= 59.18 = 67.59

703,270𝐶𝑏
√ 𝐹𝑦
= 53.25

3,516,330𝐶𝑏
√ = 119.07
𝑐

703,270𝐶𝑏 𝐿 3,516,330𝐶𝑏
Since √ 𝐹𝑦
= 53.25 < 𝑟 < √ 𝐹𝑦
𝑇

𝐹𝑏 = Larger of (𝐹𝑏1 &𝐹𝑏3 ) ≤ 0.6𝐹𝑦

2 𝐹𝑦 (𝐿⁄𝑟𝑇 )2
𝐹𝑏1 = ( − ) 𝐹𝑦
3 10,55𝑥106 𝐶𝑏

2 248(67.59)2
𝐹𝑏1 = (3 − 10,55𝑥106 (1)) (248) = 138.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎
 82,740𝐶𝑏
𝐹𝑏3 = 𝐿𝑑
( )
𝐴𝑓

82,740(1)
𝐹𝑏3 = 4000(623.1) = 186.96 𝑀𝑃𝑎
( )
(228.6)(24.9)

0.6𝐹𝑦 = 148.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Allowable stress in compression flange, 𝐹𝑏 = 148.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Thus, the allowable bending stress is 𝐹𝑏 = 148.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Part c:

𝐿𝑐 = 9 𝑚 > 𝐿𝑐

Allowable stress in tension, 𝐹𝑏 = 0.6𝐹𝑦

Allowable stress in tension, 𝐹𝑏 = 0.6(248) = 148.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Allowable stress in compression:

𝐶𝑏 = 1(since there is no moment at each end support)

𝐿 9000
= = 152.08
𝑟𝑇 59.18

𝐿 3,516,330𝐶𝑏
Since >√
𝑟𝑇 𝐹𝑦

𝐹𝑏 = Larger of (𝐹𝑏2 &𝐹𝑏3 ) ≤ 0.6𝐹𝑦

1,172,100𝐶𝑏
𝐹𝑏2 = (𝐿⁄𝑟𝑇 )2

1,172,100(1)
𝐹𝑏2 = (152.08)2
= 50.68 𝑀𝑃𝑎

82,740𝐶𝑏
𝐹𝑏3 = 𝐿𝑑
( )
𝐴𝑓

82,740(1)
𝐹𝑏3 = 9,000(623.1) = 83.98 𝑀𝑃𝑎
( )
(228.6)(24.9)

0.6𝐹𝑦 = 148.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Allowable stress in compression flange, 𝐹𝑏 = 83.98 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Thus, the allowable bending stress is 𝐹𝑏 = 𝟖𝟑. 𝟗𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂

Part d:

𝐿𝑐 = 16 𝑚 > 𝐿𝑐

Allowable stress in tension, 𝐹𝑏 = 0.6𝐹𝑦

Allowable stress in tension, 𝐹𝑏 = 0.6(248) = 148.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎

 Allowable stress in compression:

𝐶𝑏 = 1(since there is no moment at each end support)

𝐿 16000
= = 270.36
𝑟𝑇 59.18

𝐿 3,516,330𝐶𝑏
Since 𝑟 > √ 𝐹𝑦
𝑇

𝐹𝑏 = Larger of (𝐹𝑏2 &𝐹𝑏3 ) ≤ 0.6𝐹𝑦

1,172,100𝐶𝑏 1,172,100(1)
(𝐿⁄𝑟𝑇 )2
= (270.36)2
= 16.04 𝑀𝑃𝑎

82,740𝐶𝑏 82,740(1)
= 16,000(623.1) = 47.24 𝑀𝑃𝑎
𝐿𝑑 ( )
(𝐴 ) (228.6)(24.9)
𝑓

0.6𝐹𝑦 = 148.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Allowable stress in compression flange, 𝐹𝑏 = 47.24 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Thus, the allowable bending stress is 𝐹𝑏 = 𝟒𝟕. 𝟐𝟒 𝑴𝑷𝒂

Problem 5-3

The beam shown in Figure 5-14 has a length of 9 m and is not restrained against lateral
buckling. The beam is A36 steel with yield strength 𝐹𝑦 = 248 MPa. The beam is a W 21 x 248
steel shape, whose relevant properties are as follows:

Weight = 369.4 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 𝑏𝑓 = 324.5 𝑚𝑚

Area = 46,968 𝑚𝑚2 𝑡𝑓 = 50.5 𝑚𝑚

Depth ,𝑑 = 603 𝑚𝑚 𝑟𝑇 = 87.63 𝑚𝑚

𝑡𝑤 = 27.9 𝑚𝑚 𝑆𝑥 = 9,332.4 x 103 𝑚𝑚3

a) Determine the bending coefficient due to moment (gradient) acting on the beam:
b) Determine the allowable flexural stress in the compression flange.
c) Determine the permissible value of moment M.
 Figure 5-14

SOLUTION

Allowable bending stress in tension:

𝐹𝑏 = 0.6𝐹𝑦 = 0.6(248) = 148.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Allowable stress in compression:

𝐿⁄𝑅𝑡 = 9000/87.63

𝐿⁄𝑅𝑡 = 102.7

𝑀1 = 0

𝑀2 = 1.4 𝑀

𝑀 𝑀 2
𝐶𝑏 = 1.75 + 1.05 (𝑀1 ) + 1.05 (𝑀1 )
2 2

𝐶𝑏 = 1.75 + 0 + 0 = 1.75 Part a

703,270𝐶𝑏
√ 𝐹𝑦
= 70.45

3,516,330𝐶𝑏
√ = 157.52
𝐹𝑦

703,270𝐶𝑏 𝐿 3,516,330𝐶𝑏
Since √ 𝐹𝑦
≤𝑅 ≤√ 𝐹𝑦
𝑡

𝐹𝑏 = Larger of (𝐹𝑏1 &𝐹𝑏2 ) ≤ 0.6𝐹𝑦

 2 𝐹𝑦 (𝐿⁄𝑅𝑡 )2
𝐹𝑏1 = ( − ) 𝐹𝑦
3 10.55𝑥106 𝐶𝑏

2 248(102.7)2
𝐹𝑏1 = (3 − 10.55𝑥106 (1.75)) (248) = 130.197 𝑀𝑃𝑎

82,740𝐶𝑏
𝐹𝑏2 =
𝐿𝑑
(𝑏 𝑡 )
𝑓 𝑓

82,740(1.75)
𝐹𝑏2 = 9,000(603) = 47.24 𝑀𝑃𝑎
( )
(324.5)(50.5)

0.6𝐹𝑦 = 148.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Therefore, the allowable bending stress in compression is 𝐹𝑏 = 𝟏𝟒𝟖. 𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂.

(The same tension)

Moment capacity:
𝑀 𝑀
[𝐹𝑏 = 𝑆 ] 148.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 9,334.4 𝑥 103
𝑥

𝑀 = 1,389 𝑥 106 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚

𝑀 = 1,389 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

Value of 𝑀:

1.4𝑀 = 1,389 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑀 = 𝟗𝟗𝟐. 𝟏𝟒 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎

Problem 5-4 (CE Board)

A simply supported beam with span of 8 m is subjected to a counterclockwise moment at the left
support and a counterclockwise moment at the right support equal to 150% of the moment at
left support, both acting in the plane of the minor axis of the beam. The beam is not restrained
against lateral buckling. The beam is A36 steel with 𝐹𝑦 = 248 MPa. The beam is W 21 x 62
whose relevant properties are:

𝑅𝑇 = 0.053 𝑚 𝑡𝑓 = 0.016 𝑚

𝑑 = 0.533 𝑚 𝑆 = 0.002077 𝑚3

𝑏𝑓 = 0.21 𝑚
 a) Determine the slenderness ratio, below which the beam is short with respect to lateral
buckling.
b) Determine the allowable flexural stress in the compression flange.
c) Determine the maximum value of the moment at the left support.

SOLUTION

𝐿 8
𝑅𝑡
= 0.053 = 151

𝑀 𝑀 2
𝐶𝑏 = 1.75 + 1.05 ( 1 ) + 0.30 ( 1 )
𝑀2 𝑀2

𝑀1 = 𝑀

𝑀2 = 1.5 𝑀
𝑀1 𝑀
= +( )
𝑀2 1.5𝑀

𝑀1
𝑀2
= +0.667 (positive because “reverse curvature”)

𝐶𝑏 = 1.75 + 1.05(0.667) + 0.30(0.667)2

𝐶𝑏 = 2.58 > 2.3, use 𝐶𝑏 = 2.3

703,270𝐶𝑏 703,270 (2.3)

√ 𝐹𝑦
=√ 248
= 80.76

3,516,330𝐶𝑏 3,516,330(2.3)
√ 𝐹𝑦
=√ 248
= 180.6

Part a:

Slenderness ratio, below which the beam is short with respect to lateral buckling:

703,270 (2.3)
Slenderness ratio = √
248

Slenderness ratio = 𝟖𝟎. 𝟕𝟔

Part b:

703,270𝐶𝑏 𝐿 3,516,330𝐶𝑏
Since √ ≤ ≤√
𝐹𝑦 𝑅𝑡 𝐹𝑦

𝐹𝑏 = Larger of (𝐹𝑏1 &𝐹𝑏3 ) ≤ 0.6𝐹𝑦

2 𝐹𝑦 (𝐿⁄𝑅𝑡 )2
𝐹𝑏1 = (3 − 10.55𝑥106 𝐶 ) 𝐹𝑦
𝑏

2 248(151)2
𝐹𝑏1 = (3 − 10.55𝑥106 (2.3)) (248) = 107.54 𝑀𝑃𝑎

83,000𝐶𝑏
𝐹𝑏3 =
𝑙𝑑
(𝑏 𝑡 )
𝑓 𝑓

83,000(2.3)
𝐹𝑏3 = 8,000(533) = 150.43 𝑀𝑃𝑎
( )
(210)(16)

0.6𝐹𝑦 = 0.6(248) = 148.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Therefore, 𝐹𝑏 = 𝟏𝟒𝟖. 𝟖 𝑴𝑷𝒂.

Part c: Maximum moment at left support:

Allowable bending stress:

In tension:

𝐹𝑏 = 0.6𝐹𝑦 = 148.8

In compression:

𝐹𝑏 = 148.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Use 𝐹𝑏 = 148.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑚𝑎𝑥 𝑀
[𝑓𝑏 = 𝑆
] 148.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 0.002077 𝑥 10003

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 309,057,600 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚

𝑀𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 309 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚 = 𝑀2 =moment at right

309
Moment at left = 1.5
= 𝟐𝟎𝟔 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
Problem 5-5 (CE May 2003)

A simply supported beam with span of 8 meters is subjected to a counter clockwise moment at
the left support and a clockwise moment at the right equal to 25% of the moment at the left
support, both acting in the plane of the minor axis of the beam. The beam is not restrained
against lateral buckling. The beam is A36 steel with yield strength 𝐹𝑦 = 248 MPa. The beam is
W 21 x 62 steel shape, whose relevant properties for this problem are:

𝑅𝑇 = 0.053 𝑚 𝑡𝑓 = 0.016 𝑚

𝑑 = 0.533 𝑚 𝑆 = 0.002077 𝑚3

𝑏𝑓 = 0.21 𝑚

a) Determine the slenderness ratio, above which the beam is long with respect to lateral
buckling.
b) Determine the allowable flexural stress in the compression flange.
c) Determine the maximum value of the moment at the left support.

SOLUTION

𝐿 8
= = 151
𝑅𝑡 0.053

𝑀 𝑀 2
𝐶𝑏 = 1.75 + 1.05 (𝑀1 ) + 0.30 (𝑀1 )
2 2

𝑀1 = 0.25 𝑀

𝑀2 = 𝑀
𝑀1 0.25𝑀
= −( )
𝑀2 𝑀

𝑀1
𝑀2
= −0.25 (negative because they are of opposite
sign)

𝐶𝑏 = 1.75 + 1.05(−0.25) + 0.30(−0.25)2

𝐶𝑏 = 1.50625 < 2.3(𝑂𝐾)

703,270𝐶𝑏 703,270 (1.50625)

√ 𝐹𝑦
=√ 248
= 65.36

3,516,330𝐶𝑏 3,516,330(1.50625)
√ 𝐹𝑦
=√ 248
= 146.14
Part a:

Slenderness ratio, above which the beam is long with respect to lateral buckling:

3,516,330𝐶𝑏
Slenderness ratio = √ 𝐹𝑦
= 𝟏𝟒𝟔. 𝟏𝟒

Part b:

𝐿 3,516,330𝐶𝑏
Since 𝑟 > √ 𝐹𝑦
𝑡

𝐹𝑏 = Larger of (𝐹𝑏2 &𝐹𝑏3 ) ≤ 0.6𝐹𝑦

1,172,100𝐶𝑏
𝐹𝑏2 = (𝐿⁄𝑟𝑇 )2

1,172,100(1.50625)
𝐹𝑏2 = (151)2
= 77.43 𝑀𝑃𝑎

82,740𝐶𝑏
𝐹𝑏3 =
𝐿𝑑
(𝐴 )
𝑓

82,740(1.50625)
𝐹𝑏3 = 8(0.533) = 98.205 𝑀𝑃𝑎
( )
(0.21)(0.016)

0.6𝐹𝑦 = 148.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Allowable stress in compression flange, 𝐹𝑏 = 𝟗𝟖. 𝟐𝟎𝟓 𝑴𝑷𝒂.

Part c: Maximum moment at left support:

Allowable bending stress:

In tension:

𝐹𝑏 = 0.6𝐹𝑦 = 148.8

In compression:

𝐹𝑏 = 98.205 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Use 𝐹𝑏 = 98.205 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑀 𝑀
[𝑓𝑏 = 𝑆 ] 98.205 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 0.002077 𝑥 10003

𝑀 = 203,972,282 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚

𝑀 = 𝟐𝟎𝟒 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
Problem 5-6 (CE November 2005)

A cantilever beam having a 4 m span carries a uniformly distributed load throughout its length.
The beam is A36 steel with yield strength 𝐹𝑦 = 248 MPa. The beam is not restrained against
lateral buckling. The beam is W 21 x 62 steel shape, whose relevant properties for this problem
are:

𝑅𝑇 = 0.053 𝑚 𝑡𝑓 = 0.016 𝑚

𝑑 = 0.533 𝑚 𝑆 = 0.002077 𝑚3

𝑏𝑓 = 0.210 𝑚

a) Determine the slenderness ratio, below which the beam is long with respect to lateral
buckling.
b) Determine the allowable flexural stress in the compression flange.
c) Determine the maximum value of the moment at the fixed support.

SOLUTION

𝐿 4
= = 75.47
𝑅𝑡 0.053

𝐶𝑏 = 1 (𝐶𝑏 may conservatively be taken as unity for cantilever beams)

703,270𝐶𝑏 703,270 (1)

√ =√ = 53.25
𝐹𝑦 248

3,516,330𝐶𝑏 3,516,330(1)
√ 𝐹𝑦
=√ 248
= 119.07
Part a:

Slenderness ratio, above which the beam is long with respect to lateral buckling:

3,516,330𝐶𝑏
Slenderness ratio = √ 𝐹𝑦
= 𝟏𝟏𝟗. 𝟎𝟕

Part b:

703,270𝐶𝑏 𝐿 3,516,330𝐶𝑏
Since √ 𝐹𝑦
<𝑅 <√ 𝐹𝑦
𝑡

𝐹𝑏 = Larger of (𝐹𝑏1 &𝐹𝑏3 ) ≤ 0.6𝐹𝑦

2𝑦 𝑡 𝐹 (𝐿⁄𝑅 )2
𝐹𝑏1 = [3 − 10.55𝑥106 𝐶 ] 𝐹𝑦
𝑏

2 248(75.47)2
𝐹𝑏1 = [3 − 10.55𝑥106 (1)] (248) = 132.13 𝑀𝑃𝑎

82,740𝐶𝑏
𝐹𝑏3 =
𝐿𝑑
(𝐴 )
𝑓

82,740(1)
𝐹𝑏3 = 4(0.533) = 130.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎
( )
(0.21)(0.016)

0.6𝐹𝑦 = 0.6(248) = 148.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Therefore, 𝐹𝑏 = 𝟏𝟑𝟐. 𝟏𝟑 𝑴𝑷𝒂

Part c: Maximum moment at fixed support:

Allowable bending stress:

In tension:

𝐹𝑏 = 0.6𝐹𝑦 = 148.8

In compression:

𝐹𝑏 = 132.13 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Use 𝐹𝑏 = 132.13 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑀 𝑀
[𝑓𝑏 = 𝑆 ] 132.13 𝑀𝑃𝑎 = 0.002077 𝑥 10003

𝑀 = 274,434,010 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚

𝑀 = 𝟐𝟕𝟒. 𝟒𝟑 𝒌𝑵 − 𝒎
Problem 5-7

A W 8 x 21 beam of A36 steel is used as a roof purlin on a simple span of 4.6 m. The roof slope
is 1:3. The beam carries a uniformly distributed load of 7,200 N/m that passes through the
centroid of the section. Assuming that the purlin has full lateral support provided by roofing
above, check the adequacy of the section.

SOLUTION

Properties of W 8 x 21 relevant to the problem:

𝑆𝑥 = 298,069 𝑚𝑚3

𝑆𝑦 = 60,747 𝑚𝑚3
𝑘𝑔 𝑁
Beam weight, 𝑤𝑏 = 31.3 = 307
𝑚 𝑚

𝑁
Total gravity load, 𝑤 = 7,200 + 307 = 7,507 𝑚

Span, 𝐿 = 4.6 𝑚
1
tan 𝜃 = 3 ; 𝜃 = 18.43°

𝑤𝑁 = 𝑤 cos 𝜃 = 7,121.8 𝑁/𝑚

𝑤𝑇 = 𝑤 sin 𝜃 = 2,374 𝑁/𝑚

𝑤𝑁 𝐿2 7,121.8 (4.6)2
𝑀𝑥 = =
8 8

𝑀𝑥 = 18,837.16 𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝑥 18,837.16(1000)
𝑓𝑏𝑥 = =
𝑆𝑥 298,069

𝑓𝑏𝑥 = 63.197 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑤𝑇 𝐿2 2,374 (4.6)2
𝑀𝑦 = 8
= 8

𝑀𝑦 = 6,279.23 𝑁 − 𝑚
𝑀𝑦 6,279.23(1000)
𝑓𝑏𝑦 = =
𝑆𝑦 60,747

𝑓𝑏𝑦 = 103.37 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Allowable stresses:

The section is a compact section with full lateral support.

On strong axis:

𝐹𝑏𝑥 = 0.66𝐹𝑦 = 0.66(248) = 163.68 𝑀𝑃𝑎

 On weak axis (Eq.5.16)

𝐹𝑏𝑦 = 0.75𝐹𝑦 = 0.75(248) = 186 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Check the interaction equation (Eq. 5.33):

𝑓𝑏𝑥 𝑓
𝐹𝑏𝑥
+ 𝐹𝑏𝑦 ≤ 1.0
𝑏𝑦

63.197 103.37
163.68
+ 186 = 0.942 < 1.0 (𝑂𝐾)

Therefore, the section is adequate.

Problem 5-8

The top chord of a roof truss has a slope of 1 vertical to 2 horizontal. The purlin used is a
standard I-beam purlin (S180 x 22.8).

Span of purlin is 6 m. purlin is simply supported at the ends with the bottom flange resting on
top chord of roof truss.

The purlin is supported in the plane of the top chord of the roof truss by sag rods at the third
points of the purlins (assumed simply supported) running to the ridge purlins.

There is a load normal to the top flange of the purlin of 1.3 kN per meter of purlin, and a vertical
load of 2.3 kN/m including the weight of the purlin.

Properties of S180 x 22.8:

Mass = 22.7 𝑘𝑔/𝑚

Area = 2890 𝑚𝑚2

𝑆𝑥 = 172 𝑥 103 𝑚𝑚3

𝑆𝑦 = 23.6 𝑥 103 𝑚𝑚3

Determine the total bending stress on the purlin.

SOLUTION
 Normal load, 𝑤𝑁 = 1.3 + 2.057

Normal load, 𝑤𝑁 = 3.357 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Tangential load, 𝑤𝑇 = 1.029 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Normal bending moment:

𝑤𝑁 (𝐿𝑥 )2
𝑀𝑥 = 8

3.357 (6)2
𝑀𝑥 = = 15.1065 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
8

Tangential bending moment:

2
𝑤𝑁 (𝐿𝑦 )
𝑀𝑦 = 8

1.029 (2)2
𝑀𝑦 = 8
= 0.5145 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

Total bending stress:

𝑀𝑥 𝑀𝑦
𝑓 = 𝑓𝑏𝑥 + 𝑓𝑏𝑦 = 𝑆𝑥
+ 𝑆𝑦

15.1065 𝑥 106 0.5145 𝑥 106

𝑓= 172 𝑥 103
+ 23.6 𝑥 103

𝑓 = 𝟏𝟎𝟗. 𝟔𝟑 𝑴𝑷𝒂

Problem 5-9

A W 14 x 500 is used as a beam to support a concrete floor system. The floor is to carry a total
load of 250 kPa. The beam is simply supported over a span of 6 m. the properties of the section
are as follows:

Depth, 𝑑 = 498 𝑚𝑚

Thickness of web = 56 𝑚𝑚

Moment of inertia, 𝐼𝑥 = 3417 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4

Section modulus, 𝑆𝑥 = 13730 𝑥 103 𝑚𝑚3

Weight = 7.32 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Assume the beam is laterally supported over its length and that the allowable stress in bending
is 0.66𝐹𝑦 and in shear on gross section is 0.4𝐹𝑦 . Use A36 steel with 𝐹𝑦 = 250 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Allowable
deflection is 𝐿/360.
 a) Determine the center-to-center spacing of the beams without exceeding the allowable
shear stress.
b) Determine the center-to-center spacing of the beams without exceeding the allowable
bending stress.
c) Determine the center-to-center spacing of the beams without exceeding the allowable
deflection.

SOLUTION

Part a:

The shear capacity of the section is:

𝑉
𝐹𝑣 = 𝑑𝑡 = 0.4𝐹𝑦
𝑤

𝑉 = 0.4(248)(498)(56)

𝑉 = 2,766,489.6 𝑁

𝑉 = 2766.5 kN

This shear serves as the reaction 𝑅 at the ends.

Since the beam is loaded uniformly. Then

𝑤𝐿 𝑤(6)
𝑅= = = 2766.5
2 2

922.17𝑘𝑁
𝑤=
𝑚

The beam weighs 7.32 kN/m. the total load it can carry is 922.17-7.32 = 914.85 kN/m = 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 250 𝑥 𝑆 = 914.85

𝑆 = 𝟑. 𝟔𝟔 𝒎

Part b: The moment capacity of the section is:

𝑀𝑐 𝑀
[𝐹𝑏 = 𝐼
] 𝑆𝑥
= 0.66𝐹𝑦

𝑀
13730 𝑥 103
= 0.66(248)

𝑀 = 2,247,326,400 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚

𝑀 = 2247.33 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑤𝐿2 𝑤(6)2
[𝑀 = 8
] 2247.33 = 8

𝑤 = 499.41 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 499.41 − 7.32

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 492.1 𝑘N/m

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 250 𝑥 𝑆 = 492.1

𝑆 = 𝟏. 𝟗𝟕 𝒎

Part c:

𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝐿/360
6000
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 360
= 16.67 𝑚𝑚

5𝑤𝐿4 5𝑤(6,000)4
[𝛿 = 384𝐸𝐼] 384(200000)(3417 𝑥 106 )
= 16.67

𝑤 = 674.96 𝑁/𝑚𝑚

𝑤 = 674.96 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 674.96 − 7.32

𝑘𝑁
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 667.64 𝑚

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 250 𝑥 𝑆 = 667.64

𝑆 = 𝟐. 𝟔𝟕 𝒎

Problem 5-10

The W 21 x 93 beam shown in Figure 5-15 must transmit a total reaction of 1,000 kN to the
steel base plate over a concrete column. All steels are A36 with 𝐹𝑦 = 248 MPa. The concrete
has a 𝑓′𝑐 = 27 MPa and the allowable bearing stress in concrete is 0.35𝑓′𝑐 . It is required to
determine the size and thickness of the steel base plate. The beam has no bearing stiffeners.

a) Determine the required area of base plate.

b) Determine the minimum value of N.
c) Determine the required plate thickness.
 Figure 5-15

SOLUTION

Part a:
𝑅 1,000,000
Plate area = 𝐹 = 0.35(27)
𝑝

Plate area = 105,820 𝑚𝑚2

Part b:
𝑅
𝑡𝑤 (𝑁+2.5𝑘)
≤ 0.66𝐹𝑦

1,000,000
= 0.66(248)
14.7[𝑁+2.5(40.2)]

𝑁 = 𝟑𝟏𝟓 𝒎𝒎
Part c:

𝑁 = 420 𝑚𝑚

𝐵 = 105,820/420

𝐵 = 252 𝑚𝑚

3𝑓𝑝 𝑛2
Plate thickness, 𝑡 = √
𝐹𝑏

𝐵
𝑛= 2
− 𝑘1

252
𝑛= − 27.5
2

𝑛 = 98.5 𝑚𝑚

𝑓𝑝 = actual bearing stress

𝑅 1,000,000
𝑓𝑝 = 𝐴 = 420 𝑥 252
𝑏

𝑓𝑝 = 9.448 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Allowable bending stress, 𝐹𝑏 = 0.75(248) = 186 𝑀𝑃𝑎

3(9.448)(98.5)2
Plate thickness, 𝑡 = √ 186

Plate thickness, 𝑡 = 𝟑𝟖. 𝟒𝟓 𝒎𝒎

Problems 5-11 (CE May 2001)

W 21 x 62 steel is used as a beam simply supported over a span of 8 m. the beam is laterally
unsupported over the entire span. Use 𝐹𝑦 = 250 𝑀𝑃𝑎

The properties of the section are as follows:

Depth, 𝐻 = 533 𝑚𝑚

Flange width, 𝑏𝑓 = 210 𝑚𝑚

Flange thickness, 𝑡𝑓 = 15.6 𝑚𝑚

Web thickness, 𝑡𝑤 = 10.2 𝑚𝑚

Radius of gyration, 𝑟𝑇 = 53.34 𝑚𝑚

Section modulus, 𝑆𝑥 = 2,077 x 103 𝑚𝑚3

a) Determine the value of the ratio 𝐿/𝑟𝑇 .

b) Determine the allowable bending stress.
c) Determine the safe uniformly distributed load that the beam can carry.
 SOLUTION

𝐿 = 8 𝑚 = 8000 𝑚𝑚

𝑟𝑇 = 53.43 𝑚𝑚
𝐿 8000
𝑅𝑡
= 53.34 = 149.98 Part a

𝐶𝑏 = 1 (for simply supported and no end moment)

703,270𝐶𝑏 703,270 (1)

√ 𝐹𝑦
=√ 250
= 53.04

3,516,330𝐶𝑏 3,516,330(1)
√ 𝐹𝑦
=√ 250
= 118.59

𝐿 3,516,330𝐶𝑏
Since <√
𝑟𝑡 𝐹𝑦

1,172,100𝐶𝑏
𝐹𝑏1 = (𝐿⁄𝑟𝑇 )2

1,172,100(1)
𝐹𝑏1 = (149.98)2
= 52.11 𝑀𝑃𝑎

82,740𝐶𝑏
𝐹𝑏2 =
𝐿𝑑
(𝐴 )
𝑓

82,740(1)
𝐹𝑏2 = 8000(533) = 63.57 𝑀𝑃𝑎
( )
(210)(15.6)

0.6𝐹𝑦 = 150 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Therefore, 𝐹𝑏 = 𝟔𝟑. 𝟓𝟕 𝑴𝑷𝒂 Part b

Uniform load:

Moment capacity:
𝑀𝑐 𝑀
𝐹𝑏 = 𝐼𝑥
=𝑆
𝑥

𝑀 = 𝐹𝑏 𝑆𝑥 = 63.57(2,077 𝑥 103 )

𝑀 = 132,034,890𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚

𝑀 = 132.034 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
 𝑤𝐿2 𝑤(8)2
[𝑀 = 8
] 132.034 = 8

𝑤 = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟓 𝒌𝑵/𝒎 Part c

Problem 5-12

An A36 steel beam has the following properties:

Overall depth = 900 𝑚𝑚

Flange width = 400 𝑚𝑚

Flange thickness = 12𝑚𝑚

Web thickness = 12 𝑚𝑚

The beam is simply supported over a length of 4 m and is provided with transverse stiffeners
spaced at 2000 mm. analyze the beam based on shear only using the provisions of 2001
NSCP. Use 𝐹𝑦 = 248 𝑀𝑃𝑎.

a) Determine the maximum value of ℎ⁄𝑡𝑤 so that the effect of transverse stiffeners may not
be considered.
b) Determine the value of the allowable shear stress.
c) Determine the maximum uniformly distributed load (including its own weight) that the
d) beam can carry.

SOLUTION

Part a:
998 998
= = 63.37
√𝐹𝑦 √248

Part b:

Clear distance between flanges, ℎ = 900 − 2(12) = 876 𝑚𝑚

𝑡𝑤 = 12 𝑚𝑚
876
ℎ⁄𝑡𝑤 = = 73
12

Since ℎ⁄𝑡𝑤 > 998⁄√𝐹𝑦

𝑦𝐹
𝐹𝑣 = 2.89 (𝐶𝑣 ) ≤ 0.40𝐹𝑦

𝑎⁄ℎ = 2000⁄876 = 2.283 > 1

4
𝑘𝑣 = 5.34 + (𝑎⁄ℎ)2

4
𝑘𝑣 = 5.34 + (2.283)2 = 6.11
 310,264𝑘𝑣
𝐶𝑣 = 𝐹 2
𝑦 (ℎ⁄𝑡𝑤 )

310,264(6.11)
𝐶𝑣 = 248(73)2
= 1.43 > 0.8

500 𝑘
𝐶𝑣 = ℎ⁄𝑡 √𝐹𝑣
𝑤 𝑦

248
𝐹𝑣 = 2.89 (1.075)

𝐹𝑣 = 92.26 𝑀𝑃𝑎

0.40𝐹𝑦 = 0.40(248) = 99.2

Thus, 𝐹𝑣 = 𝟗𝟐. 𝟐𝟔 𝑴𝑷𝒂

Part c:
𝑉
𝐹𝑣 = ;𝑉 = 𝐹𝑣 (ℎ𝑡𝑤 )
ℎ𝑡𝑤

𝑉 = 92.26(876 𝑥 12)

𝑉 = 969,797 𝑁 = 969. ,8 𝑘𝐾
𝑤𝐿
𝑉 =Reaction, 𝑅 = 2

𝑤(4)
969.8 =
2

𝑤 = 𝟒𝟖𝟗. 𝟗 𝒌𝑵/𝒎

Problem 5-13 (CE November 2005)

A W 21 x 147 beam is reinforced with two 300 mm x 12 mm cover plates attached to the top
and bottom flanges by two rows of 20 mm rivets. The beam is simply supported over a span of 6
m and carries a uniformly distributed load of 270 kN/m including its own weight. The shear
capacity of each rivet is 30 kN. The properties of the W shape relevant to this problem are as
follows:

𝑑 = 560 𝑚𝑚

𝐼 = 0.00151 𝑚4
The spacing or pitch of rivets is given as:
𝑅𝐼
Pitch, 𝑠 = 𝑉𝐴
𝑦

Where R is the shear capacity of the rivet group, I is the moment of inertia of the composite
section about N.A, V is the shear force at the point where pitch is required, and y is the distance
from N.A. to the centroid of cover plate.

a) Determine the distance from the centroid of the cover plate to the N.A. of the W section.
b) Determine the moment of inertia of the built-up section.
c) Determine the longitudinal pitch of the rivets.

SOLUTION

Part a:

Distance from the N.A. to the centroid of the cover plate = 286 mm

Part b:

300(12)3
𝐼𝑁𝐴 = 0.00151 𝑥 10004 + 2 [ + (300 𝑥 12)(286)2 ]
12

𝐼𝑁𝐴 = 2,099,017,600 𝑚𝑚4

𝐼𝑁𝐴 = 𝟐, 𝟎𝟗𝟗 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟔 𝒎𝒎𝟒

Part c:
𝐼𝑅
Pitch, 𝑠 = 𝑉𝐴
𝑦

𝑅 = 30 𝑘𝑁 𝑥 2 = 60,000 𝑁

𝐴 = 300 𝑥 12 = 3600 𝑚𝑚2

𝑤𝐿
𝑉 = Reaction = 2

270(6)
𝑉= 2
= 810 𝑘𝑁

2,099 𝑥 106 (30,000 𝑥 2)

Pitch, 𝑠 = 810,000(300 𝑥 12)(286)

Pitch, 𝑠 = 𝟏𝟓𝟏 𝒎𝒎

Problem 5-14

A plate and angle girder is fabricated by attaching the short legs of four 125 x 90 x 13 angles to
a web plate 1100 mm by 10 mm to form a section 1120 mm deep, as shown in Figure 5-16.
Allowable shearing stress on bolts is 𝐹𝑣 = 100 𝑀𝑃𝑎, allowable bending stress for bolts in single
shear is 𝐹𝑝 = 220 𝑀𝑃𝑎, and in double shear is 𝐹𝑝 = 280 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Determine the spacing of rivets at
a section where the shear is 𝑉 = 400 𝑘𝑁. Area of one angle section is 2,630 𝑚𝑚2 .

Figure 5-16
SOLUTION

Spacing for rivets:

𝑅𝐼
𝑆=
𝑉𝐴𝑦

𝑄 = 𝐴𝑦 = (2 𝑥 2,630)(536,3)

𝑄 = 2,820,938 𝑚𝑚3

Based on shear (double shear):

𝑅 = 𝐹𝑣 𝐴𝑣
𝜋
𝑅 = 100 𝑥 (192 )𝑥 2
4

𝑅 = 56,705.7 𝑁
56,705.7(4,140 𝑥 106 )
𝑆=
400,000(2,820,938)

𝑆 = 208 𝑚𝑚

Based on bearing (double shear):

𝑅 = 𝐹𝑝 𝐴𝑝

Against web plate: 𝐴𝑝 = 10(19) = 190 𝑚𝑚2

Against flange (angle), 𝐴𝑝 = 13(19)(2) = 494𝑚𝑚2

𝑅 = 280(190) = 53,200 𝑁
53,200(4,140 𝑥 106 )
𝑆= 400,000(2,820,938)

𝑆 = 195 𝑚𝑚

Safe spacing, 𝑆 = 𝟏𝟗𝟓 𝒎𝒎

Problem 5-15

A W 14 x 500 is used as a beam to support a concrete floor system. The floor is to carry a total
load of 120 kPa. The beam is simply supported over a span of 7 m. the properties of the section
are as follows:

Depth, 𝑑 = 498 𝑚𝑚

Thickness of web = 56 𝑚𝑚

Moment of inertia, 𝐼𝑥 = 3417𝑥106 𝑚𝑚4

Section modulus, 𝑆𝑥 = 13730 x 103 𝑚𝑚3

Weight = 7.32 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Assume the beam is laterally supported over its length and that the allowable stress in bending
is 0.66𝐹𝑦 and in shear on gross section is 0.4𝐹𝑦 . Use A36 steel with 𝐹𝑦 = 250 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Allowable
deflection is 𝐿/360.

a) Determine the center-to-center spacing of the beams without exceeding the allowable
shear stress.
b) Determine the center-to-center spacing of the beams without exceeding the allowable
bending stress.
c) Determine the center-to-center spacing of the beams without exceeding the allowable
deflection.

SOLUTION

Part a:

The shear capacity of the section is:

𝑉
𝐹𝑣 = 𝑑𝑡 = 0.4𝐹𝑦
𝑤

𝑉 = 0.4(248)(498)(56)

𝑉 = 2,766,489.6 𝑁 = 2766.5 kN

This shear serves as the reaction 𝑅 at the ends.

Since the beam is loaded uniformly. Then

𝑤𝐿 𝑤(6)
[𝑅 = 2
] 2766.5 =
2

𝑤 = 790.4 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Since the beam weighs 7.32 kN/m, then total load it can carry is 790.4 - 7.32 =
783.08 kN/m = 𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 120 𝑥 𝑆 = 783.08

𝑆 = 𝟔. 𝟓𝟑 𝒎

Part b:

The moment capacity of the section is:

𝑀𝑐 𝑀
𝐹𝑏 = 𝐼
= 𝑆 = 0.66𝐹𝑦
𝑥

𝑀
13730 𝑥 103
= 0.66(248)

𝑀 = 2,247,326,400 𝑁 − 𝑚𝑚

𝑀 = 2247.33 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
 𝑤𝐿2 𝑤(7)2
[𝑀 = 8
] 𝑀= 8
= 2247.33

𝑤 = 366.91 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 366.91 − 7.32 = 359.59 𝑘N/m

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 120 𝑥 𝑆 = 360

𝑆 =𝟑𝒎

Part c:
𝐿 7000
𝛿𝑎𝑙𝑙 = = = 19.44𝑚𝑚
360 360

5𝑤𝐿4 5𝑤(7,000)4
[𝛿 = 384𝐸𝐼] 384(200000)(3417 𝑥 106 )
= 19.44

𝑤 = 424.95 𝑁/𝑚𝑚

𝑤 = 424.95 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑘𝑁
𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 424.95 − 7.32 = 417.63
𝑚

𝑤𝑛𝑒𝑡 = 120 𝑥 𝑆 = 417.63

𝑆 = 𝟑. 𝟒𝟖 𝒎

Problem 5-16

A composite beam has cross section as shown in Figure 5-17. The moment due to dead load,
prior to concrete attaining strength is 580 kN-m. subsequent to concrete attaining its strength,
an applied load induces an additional moment of 410 kN-m and a vertical shear of 170 kN.
Assume that the beam is not shored when the slab was poured and assume that the creep and
shrinkage stresses are negligible. Assume full composite action.

a) Determine the bending stress in the lower flange of the steel beam before concrete
attains strength.
b) Determine the maximum flexural stress in the lower flange of the steel beam when the
additional moment is applied.
c) Determine the maximum flexural stress in concrete when the additional moment is
applied.
d) Determine the longitudinal force at the junction of the slab and steel beam due to the
vertical shear.
SOLUTION

Part a:

Stress on lower flange before concrete attains strength:

𝑀𝑐 (580 𝑥 106 )(910⁄2)
[𝑓𝑏 = 𝐼
] 𝑓𝑏1 = 3758.6 𝑥 106

𝑓𝑏1 = 𝟕𝟎. 𝟐𝟏 𝐌𝐏𝐚

Part b:

After concrete attains strength:

Location of N.A.

180(150)(𝑥 + 75) = 28,490(455 − 𝑥)

𝑥 + 75 = 480.11 − 1.055𝑥

𝑐 = 910 − 𝑥

𝑐 = 713 𝑚𝑚

𝐼𝑡 = 3758.6 𝑥 106 + 28,490(455 − 197)2 +

180(150)2
12
+ 180(150)(197 + 75)2

𝐼𝑡 = 7,703,201,360 𝑚𝑚4
𝑀𝑐 (410 𝑥 106 )(713)
[𝑓𝑏 = 𝐼𝑡
] 𝑓𝑏2 = 7,703,201,360

𝑓𝑏2 = 37.95 MPa

Total stress, 𝑓𝑏 = 𝑓𝑏1 + 𝑓𝑏2

Total stress, 𝑓𝑏 = 70.21 + 37.95

Total stress, 𝑓𝑏 = 𝟏𝟎𝟖. 𝟏𝟔 𝑴𝑷𝒂

 Part c:

𝑀 = 410 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

𝑐 = 150 + 𝑥 = 697 𝑚𝑚

𝑀𝑐 (410 𝑥 106 )(697)

[𝑛𝑓𝑐 = 𝐼𝑡
] 10 𝑓𝑐 = 7,703,201,360

𝑓𝑐 = 𝟑. 𝟕𝟏 𝐌𝐏𝐚

Part d:

Longitudinal force at the junction of the slab and steel beam (shear flow)

𝑄 = 𝐴𝑦 = 180(150)(197 + 75)

𝑄 = 7,344,000 𝑚𝑚3
𝑉𝑄 170,000(7,344,000)
[𝑞 = 𝐼
] 𝑞= 7,703,201,360

𝑞 = 162.1 𝑁/𝑚𝑚

𝑞 = 𝟏𝟔𝟐. 𝟏 𝒌𝑵/𝒎

Problem 5-17

A W 21 x 62 interior floor beam has the following data:

Beam span, 𝐿 = 12 𝑚

Beam spacing, 𝑠 = 2.4 𝑚

Concrete strength, 𝑓′𝑐 = 21 𝑀𝑃𝑎

Unit weight of concrete = 23.6 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3

Slab thickness, 𝑡 = 100 𝑚𝑚

Floor live load = 4,700 𝑃𝑎

Partition load = 900 𝑘𝑃𝑎

The steel is A36 steel with 𝐹𝑦 = 248 𝑀𝑃𝑎. Modular ratio 𝑛 = 9. Assuming full composite action:

a) Check the adequacy of the beam if it is shored during construction.

b) Check the adequacy of the beam if it is unshored during construction.
c) Using 12 mm Ø x 50 mm headed stud, determine the required number of studs for the
entire beam.
SOLUTION

Properties of W 21 x 62:
𝑑 = 533 𝑚𝑚 𝑆𝑥 = 2,076,864 𝑚𝑚3

𝑡𝑓 = 15.6 𝑚𝑚 𝐴𝑠 = 11,806 𝑚𝑚2

𝑡𝑤 = 10.2 𝑚𝑚 𝑤 = 92.86 𝑘𝑔/𝑚

𝐼𝑥 = 553.588 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4

Loads:

Dead load:

Weight of slab, 𝑤𝑠 = 𝛾𝑐 𝐴𝑠𝑙𝑎𝑏 = 23.6[(2.4)(0.1)] = 5.664 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑘𝑔 9.81
Weight of beam, 𝑤𝑏 = 92.86 𝑥 = 0.911 𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝑚 1000

Total dead load, 𝑤𝐷 = 5.664 + 0.911 = 6.575 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑤𝐷 𝐿2
𝑀𝐷 = 8
= 118.35 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚

Live load:

Floor, 𝑤𝑓 = 4.7 𝑥 2.4 = 11.28 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Partition, 𝑤𝑝 = 0.95 𝑥 2.4 = 2.28 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

Total dead load, 𝑤𝐿 = 11.28 + 2.28 = 13.56 𝑘𝑁/𝑚

𝑤𝐿 𝐿2
𝑀𝐿 = = 244.08 𝑘𝑁 − 𝑚
8

Shear:
𝑤𝑇 𝐿 20,135(12)
Maximum shear, 𝑉 = 2
= 2

Maximum shear, 𝑉 = 120.81 𝑘𝑁

Beam properties:
 𝑏 = smaller of [(𝐿⁄4 = 3 𝑚)] and (𝑠 = 2.4 𝑚)

𝑏 = 2.4 𝑚 = 2400 𝑚𝑚

𝐴𝑐𝑡 = (𝑏⁄𝑛)𝑡 = (2400⁄9)(100)

𝐴𝑐𝑡 = 26,667 𝑚𝑚2 𝑦𝑐 = 533 + 50 = 583 𝑚𝑚

𝐴𝑠 = 11,806 𝑚𝑚2 𝑦𝑠 = 533/2 = 266.5 𝑚𝑚

[𝐴 𝑇 𝑦̅ = ∑ 𝐴𝑦 ] (26,667 + 11,806) 𝑦̅ = 26,667(583) + 11,806(266.5)

𝑦̅ = 485.9 𝑚𝑚

𝑑𝑐 = 583 − 485.9 = 97.1 𝑚𝑚

𝑑𝑠 = 485.9 − 583/2 = 219.4 𝑚𝑚

[𝐼𝑡 = ∑(𝐼𝑔 + 𝐴𝑑2 )]

𝐼𝑡 = 553.588 𝑥 106 + (11,806)(219.4)2

(2400⁄9)(100)3
+ + 26,667(97.1)2
12

𝐼𝑡𝑟 = 1,395.54 𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4

Section modulus:

Referred to bottom steel flange: 𝑐𝑠 = 485.9 𝑚𝑚

𝐼 1,395.54 𝑥 106
𝑆𝑡𝑟 = 𝑐𝑡 = 485.9
= 2,872,072 𝑚𝑚3
𝑠

Referred to the top of concrete: 𝑐𝑐 = 147.1 𝑚𝑚

𝐼 1,395.54 𝑥 106
𝑆𝑡 = 𝑐𝑡 = 147.1
= 9,487,016 𝑚𝑚3
𝑐

Part a: Shored

Steel stress:

Allowable 𝐹𝑏 = 0.66 𝐹𝑦 = 163.68 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑀𝐷 +𝑀𝐿 (118.35+244.08) 𝑥 106

[𝑓𝑠 = 𝑆𝑡𝑟
] 𝑓𝑠 = 2,872,072

𝑓𝑠 = 126.19 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 0.66𝐹𝑦 (𝑂𝐾)

Allowable shear stress:

ℎ 533−2(15.6) 998
= = 49.2 ≤ ( = 63.37
𝑡𝑤 10.2 √𝐹𝑦
 𝐹𝑣 = 0.4 𝐹𝑦 = 99.2 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑉 120.81 𝑥 103
[𝑓𝑣 = 𝑑𝑡 ] 𝑓𝑣 = 533(10.2)
𝑤

𝑓𝑣 = 22.22 < 0.4𝐹𝑦 (𝑂𝐾)

Concrete stress:

Allowable 𝐹𝑏 = 0.45 𝑓′𝑐 = 9.45 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑀𝐷 +𝑀𝐿 (118.35+244.08) 𝑥 106
[𝑓𝑐 = 𝑛𝑆𝑡
] 𝑓𝑐 = 9(9,487,016)

𝑓𝑐 = 4.24 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 0.45𝑓′𝑐 (𝑂𝐾)

The beam is adequate when shored.

Part b: Unshored

Steel stress:
𝑀𝐷 𝑀
[𝑓𝑠 = 𝑆𝑠
+ 𝑆 𝐿]
𝑡𝑟

118.35 𝑥 106 244.08 𝑥 106

𝑓𝑠 = 2,076,864
+ 2,872,072

𝑓𝑠 = 141.97 < 0.66𝐹𝑦 (𝑂𝐾)

Concrete stress:
𝑀 244.08 𝑥 106
[𝑓𝑐 = 𝑛𝑆𝐿 ] 𝑓𝑐 = 9(9,487,016)
𝑡

𝑓𝑐 = 2.86 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 0.45𝑓′𝑐 (𝑂𝐾)

The beam is adequate when unshored.

Part c: Number of studs:

𝑉ℎ = smaller value of 𝑉ℎ𝑐 and 𝑉ℎ𝑐

0.85𝑓′𝑐 𝐴𝑐 0.85(21)(2400 𝑥 100)
𝑉ℎ𝑐 = =
2 2

𝑉ℎ𝑐 = 2,142,000 𝑁 = 2,142 𝑘𝑁

𝐹𝑦 𝐴𝑠 248(11,806)
𝑉ℎ𝑠 = 2
= 2

𝑉ℎ𝑠 = 1,463,944 𝑁 = 1,463.9 𝑘𝑁

𝑉ℎ = 1,463.9 𝑘𝑁

𝑞 = 22.685 𝑘𝑁 (12 mm Ø x 50 mm headed stud)

 Required number of studs between points of maximum positive and zero moment
(uniformly distributed):

Total number of studs for the entire length = 2N1 = 130 studs

Problem 5-18

Repeat Problem 5-17 assuming that eighty studs were uniformly distributed on the entire span?

SOLUTION

From Problem 5-17 the required number of studs between the points of maximum
positive moment and zero moment is 65.
80
Actual number of studs provided, 𝑁1 = 2
= 40

𝑉ℎ = 1,463.94 𝑘𝑁

𝑉 ′ ℎ = 𝑞𝑁1 = 22.685(40) = 907.4 𝑘𝑁

𝑉′
[𝐼𝑡𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝐼𝑠 + √ 𝑉 ℎ (𝐼𝑡𝑟 − 𝐼𝑠 )]
ℎ

907.4
𝐼𝑡𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 553.588 𝑥 106 + √ (1,395.54 𝑥 106 − 553.588 𝑥 106 )
1,463.94

𝐼𝑡𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 1216.45𝑥 106 𝑚𝑚4

 𝑉 ′ℎ
[𝑆𝑡𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑆𝑠 + √ (𝑆𝑡𝑟 − 𝑆𝑠 )]
𝑉ℎ

907.4
𝑆𝑡𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 2,076,864 + √1,463.94 (2,872,072 − 2,076,864)

𝑆𝑡𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 2,702,928 𝑚𝑚4

𝐼𝑡𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓 1,216.45 𝑥 106

𝑦̅ 𝑒𝑓𝑓 = 𝑆 = 2,702,928
= 450 𝑚𝑚
𝑡𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓

𝑡𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝐼 1,216.45 𝑥 106

𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑓 == 𝐻−𝑦̅
= 633−450
= 6,647,268 𝑚𝑚3
𝑒𝑓𝑓

Shored:
𝑀𝐷 +𝑀𝐿
Steel stress, 𝑓𝑠 =
𝑆𝑡𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓

(118.35+244.08) 𝑥 106
Steel stress, 𝑓𝑠 = 2,702,928

Steel stress, 𝑓𝑠 = 134.09 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 0.66𝐹𝑦 (𝑂𝐾)

𝑀𝐷 +𝑀𝐿 (𝑏⁄𝑛)𝑒𝑓𝑓
Concrete, 𝑓𝑐 = 𝑆𝑡 𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑏

𝑏 𝐴𝑠 𝑦̅ 𝑒𝑓𝑓 −𝑑 ⁄𝑠 11,806 450−533/2

( ) = =
𝑛 𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑡 𝑑+𝑡⁄2−𝑦̅ 𝑒𝑓𝑓 100 533+100−450
2

𝑏
(𝑛) = 162.89 𝑚𝑚
𝑒𝑓𝑓

(118.35+244.08)𝑥 106 162.89

Concrete, 𝑓𝑐 = (6,647,268) 2400

Concrete, 𝑓𝑐 = 3.7 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 0.45𝑓 ′ 𝑐 (𝑂𝐾)

Unshored:
𝑀𝐷 𝑀𝐿
Steel stress, 𝑓𝑠 = 𝑆𝑠
+𝑆
𝑡𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓

118.35 𝑥 106 244.08 𝑥 106

Steel stress, 𝑓𝑠 = +
2,702,928 2,702,928
Steel stress, 𝑓𝑠 = 147.29 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 0.66𝐹𝑦 (𝑂𝐾)

𝑀𝐿 (𝑏⁄𝑛)𝑒𝑓𝑓
Concrete, 𝑓𝑐 = 𝑆𝑡𝑒𝑓𝑓 𝑏

244.08 𝑥 106 162.89

Concrete, 𝑓𝑐 =
6,647,268 2400

Concrete, 𝑓𝑐 = 2.49 𝑀𝑃𝑎 < 0.45𝑓′𝑐 (𝑂𝐾)