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Spiral
Fernando
earthquake Normal
ties
Confinement
Another example of soft story
effects
1997 UBC has several important modifications
following the 1994 Northridge earthquake.
SBC BOCA
NBC
There are three methods to estimate inertia or
earthquake forces.
Resultant (inertia)
earthquake force
distribution
• Response (time) history method
– Linear (elastic) or nonlinear (inelastic)
– Apply acceleration history directly to base of
numerical model of structure
• Response spectrum method
– Linear (elastic) approach to calculate the
modal (peak values) responses
Ground
– Modal responses combined (using SRSS or
acceleration CQC) to give design values
time
• Equivalent static-force method
– Linear approach (assume response
Earthquake dominated by 1st mode response)
acceleration
– Nonlinear approach used for rehabilitation
(“Push-over” analysis)
Complexity
Typical response spectrum of a particular
ground motion.
Peak response acceleration, ar,peak
Short to
medium
period Long Period Period (T)
M Period
M
K T 2
K
a Ground
acceleration
time
The equivalent static force procedure is a simplification
of the dynamic response spectrum method.
Consider more than one
mode to get realistic
results
Response
Spectrum
Method
T6 T5 T4 T3 T2 T1
1
• All structures (regular or
irregular) in Seismic Zone 1 or
in Zone 2 with occupancy 2A and 2B
category 4 or 5. (with
occupancy
category 4
or 5)
• Regular structures using one
of the structural systems
listed in Table 16-N if they
are under 240 feet 3,4
(7,315.2cm) in height.
x+3
x+2
x+1
Stiffness irregularity –
UBC-97 Table 16-L soft story
There are two types of irregularities, on plan or
along the building height.
Vertical
Irregularities Wx+1 > 1.5Wx or Wx+1 > 1.5Wx+2
Where W is the story effective weight (or
mass)
x+2
x+1
Weight (mass)
UBC-97 Table 16-L irregularity
There are two types of irregularities, on plan or
along the building height.
Vertical Where bi: Horizontal
Irregularities b1 > 1.3b2 dimension of lateral
force-resisting system at
b2 story i
Lateral
force
resisting
elements
b1
Vertical geometric
UBC-97 Table 16-L irregularity
There are two types of irregularities, on plan or
along the building height.
Vertical l2: offset
Irregularities l2 > l1
l1: length of lateral-load
l2 resisting elements
l1
In-plane discontinuity in
UBC-97 Table 16-L vertical lateral-force
resisting element
There are two types of irregularities, on plan or
along the building height.
Vertical
Irregularities Sx+1/Sx < 0.8
Where S: Total strength of
lateral force resisting elements
x+1
Discontinuity in capacity
UBC-97 Table 16-L – weak story
There are two types of irregularities, on plan or
along the building height.
Plan Irregularities
Torsional irregularity – to
be considered when
UBC-97 Table 16-M diaphragms are not flexible
There are two types of irregularities, on plan or
along the building height. Deformation
incompatibility
Less stiff; more leading to stress
Stiffer; less
concentration
Plan Irregularities deformation deformation
Stress
concentration
s
Re-entrant corners
UBC-97 Table 16-M
There are two types of irregularities, on plan or
along the building height.
Plan Irregularities
Aopening > 0.5Agross
Agross Open
Aopening
Diaphragm discontinuity
UBC-97 Table 16-M
There are two types of irregularities, on plan or
along the building height.
Vertical lateral force resisting
Plan Irregularities elements offset out-of-plane
Out-of-plane offsets
UBC-97 Table 16-M
There are two types of irregularities, on plan or
along the building height.
Plan Irregularities
These lateral
force resisting
elements are
not parallel to
major axes
These lateral
force resisting
elements are
not parallel
and symmetric
to major axes
Nonparallel systems
UBC-97 Table 16-M
The UBC-97 governing equations are …
Spectral Acceleration
C
Estimation of Total Base Shear 2.5Ca Ts V
2.5C a
CV I T0 0.2Ts
Equation 30-4 V W
RT
CV
But need not be greater than T
2.5C a I
Equation 30-5 V W Ca
R
But need to be at least
Equation 30-6 V 0.11Ca IW T0 Ts Period (T)
Lumped ar = a ar = f(M, K, a, c)
mass (M)
ar = a
F = M.a F = M ar
F = M.a
Flexible with
Infinitely rigid
stiffness K
a a a
Rigid box of Ground
mass M fixed acceleration
time
to the ground
Seismic
Zones
0
1
seismic risk
Increasing
2A
2B
Seismic Seismic
Zone Zone Factor
Z
0 0
1 0.075
2A 0.15
2B 0.2
3 0.3
4 0.4
a a Reference soil
type
ag
Default soil profile
Ground
acceleration ag
based on SB
soil profile Other soil profiles tend to
(i.e. rock). amplify the ground a < ag (Hard rock, rock)
acceleration impart to the
structure base a > ag (All other soil profiles)
Seismic coefficients represent the seismicity of the
region and the characteristics of the soil.
ag
Increase in inelastic
response
System 2
V/R2
System 3
V/R3
R3 > R2 > R3
Displacement
UBC-97 categories 7 basic structural systems with
R-values varying from 2.2 to 8.5
• These are
maximum values
for each structural
system type; lower
value can be used
if required.
Column
Beam
1.2D + 0.5L + Ev
Working stress level
F = D + (W or E/1.4)
F = 0.9D + (E/1.4) 1.2D + 0.5L + Ev
F = D + 0.75 [L + (Lr or S) + (W or E/1.4)]
Eh
OR 1.2D + 0.5L + Ev
F = 4/3[D + L + (W or E/1.4)]
F = 4/3[D + L + (E/1.4)]
Numerical Example – Static lateral-force
procedure Non-bearing
• Determine the design seismic forces for the three- shear wall
story reinforced concrete shear wall shown using
UBC-97 static lateral-force procedure. The building 11 ft
is located in Southeastern California on rock with a
shear wave velocity of 3,000 ft/sec. The story dead 11 ft
loads are 2,200 kips, 2,000 kips and 1,700 kips for
the 1st, 2nd and roof level, respectively. The shear 13 ft
walls do not carry significant vertical loads.
(Adapted from Naeim (2001))
Note
corrections
Numerical Example – Static lateral-force
procedure V (kips)
Oakland, CA
The natural frequencies fell within the dominating
frequency range of the ground motions.
0.25
GILROY
0.4
Fourier Amplitude 0.2 0.3
0.2
Acceleration (g)
0.15 0.1
0
-0.1
0.1
-0.2
-0.3
0.05 -0.4
0 5 10 15 20
0 Time (sec)
0 2 4 6 8 10
0.35 Frequency (Hz)
0.4
0.3
0.3
EL CENTRO
0.25 0.2
Fourier Amplitude
Acceleration (g)
0.1
0.2
0
0.15 -0.1
-0.2
0.1 -0.3
0.05 -0.4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (sec)
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
0.2 Frequency (Hz)
0.2
0.15
0.15
Fourier Amplitude
HOLLISTER 0.1
Acceleration (g)
0.05
0.1 0
-0.05
-0.1
0.05 -0.15
-0.2
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
0 Time (sec)
0 2 4 6 8 10
Frequency (Hz)
The 3 OR 7 pairs of recorded ground motions
were scaled to match the design spectrum.
SRSS of GILROY (N-S and E-W)
0.2T 1.5T
x scale factor1 1.00
0.90
PGA = 0.367 g
0.80
0.00
PGA = 0.177 g 0.612 4.587
0 1 2 3 4 5
Period (sec)
Conventional design
– ductility-based approach
– nonlinear behavior of the structure
– Some damage may occur
Energy-based design
– ‘protective approach’
– ‘structural control’
– classified into 3 groups: passive, active and semi-
active, hybrid controls
INTRODUCTORY - Passive Control
How to choose the appropriate system
for your building???
http://www.oiles.co.jp/en/menshin/building/index.html
INTRODUCTORY - Active Control
• Control motion of
structure through
some external energy
source.
Schematic Details [Chaidez, 2003] Analogy with Human Body (Servio Model)
INTRODUCTORY – Hybrid Systems
Active Control with Base Isolation System [Chaidez, 2003; Iemura, 1994]
Thank you for your attention!