GENERAL CHEMISTRY

Niels Bohr – Danish physicist, who suggested that the total energy of an electron is quantized, i.e., restricted to having only specific values, also developed the Bohr model of the atoms where he proposed that
the electrons revolve in stable orbits around atomic nucleus but can jump from one energy level to another
Ernest Rutherford – New Zealand physicist who discovered the nucleus through his gold- foil experiment, where he measured the deflection of alpha particles aimed at the metal film & observed that most of
the particles weren’t deflected, proposed the Rutherford/Planetary Model
Eugene Goldstein – discovered protons using Crookes tube, with the holes in the cathode, he observed another kind of ray originating from the anode, passing through the holes in the cathode
Democritus – assumed the presence of a void where the unchanging particles were in continuous random motion & came up with a theory stating that everything is composed of atomos
Barometer – used to measure atmospheric pressure, it consist of a glass tube sealed at one end & open at the other, it’s filled with mercury & then inverted over a reservoir of mercury
Robert Millikan – American Physicist who determined the charge of an electron in 1909, he concluded that electrons are identical & are components of all types of matter
James Chadwick – showed that unchanged particles are emitted when atoms of beryllium & other elements are bombarded with high-velocity helium particles a particles
Radioisotopes/Radionuclides – unstable isotopes that emit radiation, causing the nucleus to change into the nucleus of a different element which is more stable
J.J. Thomson – English physicist who discovered electrons in 1897, he used the plum-pudding model to demonstrate that atoms are made up of electrons
John Dalton – an English chemist & meteorologist who proposed his own atomic theory, he attributed atoms with fixed weights & definite properties
Aristotle – the most influential Greek philosopher at his time, accepted the 4 elements & even added a 5th element, quintessence
Modern Atomic Theory – states that matter is composed of small particles called atoms, which possess quantum properties
Hydrogenation – the process where molecular hydrogen is added to react with another compound to treat substances
Atmospheric Pressure – the pressure exerted by the atmosphere as a result of its mass & gravitational attraction
Empedocles – proposed the concept of unchanging particles called the 4 ELEMENTS: fire, air water, & earth
Alexander The Great – one of Aristotle’s pupils, caused the period of classic Greek philosophy to end William Thomson, Lord Kelvin – invented a scale of absolute temperature
Quintessence – the material that fills the region of the universe above the terrestrial sphere Sir William Crookes – English chemist who developed the Crookes tube
Nucleus – a concentrated mass in the middle of the atom made up of protons & neutrons Factor-Unit Method – method of changing from one unit to another
Significant Figures – digits/figures that are certain to give reasonably reliable information Radioactive Decay – the process of emission radiation
Scientific Notation – a way to express extremely large/small numbers easily & efficiently Thermometer – device for measuring temperature
Crookes Tube – an early experimental electrically discharged tube with partial vacuum Heavy Water – denser than ordinary water
Precision – refers to how close to one another the measured values in a series are Atomos – “small indivisible particles”
Accuracy – refers to how close the measured value is relative to a standard value Cathode – negative electrode
Absolute Zero – the temperature where all motion of particulate matter stops Obits – shells/energy levels
Atom – a small, indivisible particle considered to be the basic unit of matter Anode – positive electrode
Cathode Rays – negative particles that produce a glow in the Crookes tube
o Shells are numbered, depending on how close they are to the nucleus, the level closest to the nucleus is numbered 1 & the next level farther is 2, and so on
o In 1960, the International System of Units (SI), which is based on the metric system, was published as a result of an international agreement
o Atoms of an element can be easily identified & represented because each atom has characteristics that’re different from other atoms
o Measurements can be accurate & precise, accurate but not precise, precise but not accurate, or neither accurate nor precise
o In theory there are infinite numbers of levels/orbit around the nucleus, but only the lowest seven are usually mentioned
o The substance that has a specific gravity less than 1 are lighter than 𝐻2 0 & a specific gravity more than 1 is heavier
o Generally density & specific gravity are numerically equal, but specific gravity has no unit o The unit liter (𝐿) is a non-SI unit, but it’s the most commonly used unit
o Given a mixture of 2 substances, the less dense will float & the denser one will sink o The atom is electrically neutral before chemical reaction
𝑜
o The 0 of both Fahrenheit & Celsius scales don’t correspond to 0 heat content o The number of the energy level/orbit is designated 𝑛
RULES IN DETERMINING SIGNIFICANT FIGURES:
 Zeros at the end of a nonzero digit without a decimal point aren’t significant  Zeros between nonzero digits are significant
 Zeros to the right of a nonzero digit with a decimal point are significant  All nonzero digits 1-9 are significant
 st
Zeros to the left of the 1 nonzero digit aren’t significant
ADDITION & SUBTRACTION OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURES: The number of decimal places in the answer should be the same as the number with the least decimal places among those being added or subtracted
MULTIPLICATION & DIVISION OF SIGNIFICANT FIGURES: The answer should have the same number of significant figures as the number with the least number of significant figures
PARAMETERS MEASURED IN CHEMISTRY: Length, Mass, Weight, Volume, Pressure, Temperature, Time, Density, & Specific Gravity
UNIT FOR DENSITY (SOLID): 𝑔/𝑚𝐿, 𝑙𝑏/𝑓𝑡 3 , 𝑙𝑏/𝑔𝑎𝑙 SI UNIT FOR SOLIDS, LIQUIDS, & GASES: 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 3 UNIT FOR DENSITY (GAS): 𝑔/𝐿
SI UNIT OF FORCE: Newton (𝑁) & Pascal (𝑁/𝑚2) UNIT OF PRESSURE: Atmosphere (𝑎𝑡𝑚) & Bar
𝑛
3 PARTS OF SCIENTIFIC NOTATION: 𝑥 × 10
 Exponent (𝑛) – the number that determines how many decimal places the decimal point should be moved  Base (10) – the number that is always 10
 Coefficient (𝑥) – the number that’s equal/more than 1 but less than 10
SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT:
 Metric System – kilogram, meter, & second are units for measuring mass, distance, & time  English System foot, pound, & second are units for measuring distance, weight, & time
PHYSICAL QUANTITIES:
 Temperature – the degree of hotness/coldness of a body & the property of matter that determines the direction of heat transfer
 Weight – a measure of gravitational attraction exerted by the center of gravity upon a body, variable
 Length – the non-directional distance between 2 points, includes width, depth, & height  Volume – a non-fundamental unit derived from length (𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = 𝑙 3 )
 Mass – the actual amount of matter that a substance contains, constant  Time – the interval between 2 events
FIXED POINTS OF TEMPERATURE SCALES:
 𝑜 𝑜
Zero Point: −459.67 𝐹, −273 𝐶, 0 𝐾  𝑜 𝑜
Boiling Point: 212 𝐹, 100 𝐶, 373 𝐾  Freezing Point: 32𝑜 𝐹, 0𝑜 𝐶, 273 𝐾
DERIVATIVE UNITS: Involve measuring of more than one parameter, resulting in a combination of basic units
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 (𝑁)
 Pressure – force applied per unit area 𝑃 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑚2)
𝑀𝑎𝑠𝑠
 Density – mass per unit volume, this determines whether a substance will float on water/another substance 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
 Specific Gravity – the density of a substance compared with the density of water at a given temperature 𝐷𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑎𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
GENERALIZATIONS OF DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY: Atoms have fixed weights & definite properties
 The chemical combination of 2 or more elements consists of the union of the atoms of elements in simple numerical ratios  Atoms of the same element are identical in physical & chemical
 Atoms of the same element can unite in more than one ratio to form more than one compound properties
 Elements are composed of minute, discrete, & indivisible particles called atoms
BASIC LAWS OF MATTER:
 Law of Conservation of Mass
a) States that the mass of products in a chemical reaction will always be equal to the mass of the reactants c) No mass is lost in a chemical reaction
b) Matter can neither be destroyed or created
d) Proposed by Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, French chemist & “Father of Modern Chemistry”
 Law of Constant Composition
a) States that all samples of a chemical compound contain all the elements in the same proportion b) Proposed by Joseph Proust, French Chemist
 Law of Multiple Proportions
a) States that the elements in a compound have a proportion of those chemical compound that can be expressed in a small, whole-number ratio
b) Proposed by John Dalton, English chemist & meteorologist
3 MAIN SUBATOMIC PARTICLES:
 Electrons (𝑒 − ) – negatively charged particles found outside the nucleus, they have a mass of 0.00055 a.m.u.
Electrons (𝑒 − ) – they spin around the nucleus in their orbits & are much smaller than other particles, in the lowest energy level are the most tightly bound & hardest to expel
 Protons (𝑝+ ) – positively charged particles in the nucleus, they have a mass of 1.0073 a.m.u.  Neutrons (𝑛0 ) – particles that have no charge in the nucleus, they have a mass of 1.007 a.m.u.
REPRESENTING AN ATOM: 𝐴𝑍𝑋
 Mass Number (A) – the sum of the number of protons & neutrons in the nucleus, an approximation of the atomic mass
 Atomic Number (Z) – equal to the number of protons inside the nucleus
ISOTOPES: Atoms of the same element that have the same number of protons/atomic number but different number of neutrons/mass number
 Hydrogen
a) Protium – an isotope of hydrogen, has 1 proton but 0 neutron
Protium – the most common isotope of hydrogen & most abundant in nature, is also involved in hydrogenation
b) Deuterium – an isotope of hydrogen, has 1 proton & 1 neutron
Deuterium – “heavy hydrogen”, more massive that protium & used to form “heavy water”, is also involved in some nuclear reactions
c) Tritium – an isotope of hydrogen, has 1 proton & 2 neutrons
Tritium – an unstable, radioactive isotope, that is present in nuclear reactions as a waste product, is also used as fuel in some nuclear fusion reactions
 Carbon
a) Carbon-12 – has 6 protons & 6 neutrons
Carbon-12 – most common isotope for carbon, considered as the reference isotope for measuring the atomic weights of all the other elements’ masses
b) Carbon-13 – has 6 protons & 7 neutrons
Carbon-13 – commonly used in studying the structure of organic compounds using nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy
c) Carbon-14 – has 6 protons & 8 neutrons
Carbon-14 – a radioactive isotope used in carbon dating to determine the age of materials
 CONTEMPORARY PHILIPPINE ARTS
Abstraction – another strand of modern art that generally consists of simplified forms that avoided mimetic representation, also referred to as “non-representational/non-objective art”, it emphasized the
relationships of line, color, & space or the flatness of the canvas rather than the illusion of 3-dimensionality
Appropriation – the technique of transforming existing materials through the juxtaposition of elements taken from one context & placing these in another to present alternative meaning & composition
Context – refers to settings, conditions, circumstances, & occurrences affecting production & reception, it’s a set of background information that enables us to formulate meanings about works of art
MM Yu – a photographer who captured the details of interesting patterns & forms often over looked in the city, unexpected & unsightly piles of garbage were also transformed into aesthetic pictures
“Angud, a forest once” – Junyee’s ephemeral installation at CCP, posed as commentary on the abuse of nature, it involved 10,000 pieces of gathered tree stumps to recreate a deforested landscape
“Asia for Asians” – a slogan that made its way to public through posters, ephemera, comics, Japanese sponsored publications, newspapers & magazines, like Shin-Seiki, Liwayway, & Tribune
“The Beggars” – a painting by Manansala that consists of the image of 2 women with emaciated bodies, their forlorn faces set against a dark background capturing the dreariness of poverty
Nature’s Bounty – a collaborative works which portrays a group of women harvesting fruits in a field & at the center of the painting is the papaya tree & heavenly beings hovering above
Lirio Salvador – Cavite-based artist who fuses accessible objects to form an assemblage, he often includes synthesizers & guitar strings to convert his artwork into functional instruments
“Poleteismo” – Mideo Cruz’s work at an exhibit titled Kulo/Boil at the CCP, it featured a sculpture of Christ with a phallus on his nose, it shocked a vocal segment of the Filipino public
“Botong” Francisco – known for his magisterial murals, particularly, “Filipino Struggles through History”, one of the largest & most ambitious in scope, found at the Manila City Hall
Bulul – an indigenous, pre-colonial ritual object & motif in everyday life of the people of Cordillera, it’s a human-like figure made of hardwood believed to be a granary god
“Awit sa Paglika ng Bagong Pilipinas” – declared as the anthem specifically for the Japanese occupation period, it conveyed allegiance to the nation reared in East Asia
“Angry Christ” – a striking mural of Christ by Filipino-American artist Alfonso Ossorio, the mural delivers pictorial overload, filling the walls & ceiling of the altar space
“Brown Brother’s Burden” – a painting that approximates the look of an old photograph which presents an aspect of colonial history from the gaze of the colonized
Sedition Law – banned the writing, printing, & publication of materials advocating Philippine independence, & engaging in activities which championed the cause
“Harvest Scene” & “Rice Planting” – paintings that evoked a semblance of peace, idealized work in the countryside, & promoted values of docile industriousness
Fernanado Amorsolo – 1st National Artist (1972), he painted landscapes as romantic pictures, capturing the warm glow of the sun on verdant land/clear waters
T’nalak – uses abaca fibers stripped from the trunk of the banana tree, & colored with red & black dyes naturally extracted from roots & leaves of plants
“Church of Holy Sacrifice” & “Church of the Risen” – works that employed concrete as primary material & experimented with rounded/parabolic forms
Marina Cruz – her works refer to old photographs & things like worn clothes, she reproduces them by enlarging their image through painting/casting
Felipe P. de Leon – National Artist who was said to have been “commanded at the point of the gun” to write “Awit sa Paglika ng Bagong Pilipinas”
“Bonifacio Monument” – consists of life-sized figures in dynamic poses exemplifying restraint, formality, & elegance in a historical tableau
Galo Ocampo – known for indigenizing western icons, like “Brown Madonna”, sets the mother & child in a native, tropical environment
Mumbaki – ritual specialist who performs the ritual where the figure is drenched in pig’s blood as a form of offering to the spirits
Transparent Cubism – a style marked by the soft fragmentation of figures using transparent planes instead of hard-edged ones
Julie Lluch – an artist from Iligan City, emphasized her female identity & personal experiences in many of her terracotta works
Bodabil – a motley collection of slapstick, songs, dances, acrobatics, comedy skits, chorus girls, magic acts, & standup artists
Art Association of the Philippines – a support institution established in 1948 under the leadership of Purita Kalaw-Ledesma
Hodobu/Japanese Information Bureau – regulated the information campaign by employing local artists & cultural workers
Mabini Painters – artists who continued to practice in the conservative tradition who exhibited their works on the streets
“Chapel of St. Joseph the Worker” – built by the Czech-American architect Antonin Raymond, featuring “Angry Christ”
Vaudeville – a form of theater that originated in France in traduced by the American to the Philippines in the 1920s
“Sa Kabukiran” – Sylvia La Torre’s hit song, written in Tagalog in the 1940s by the acclaimed composer Levi Celerio
“The Contrast” – a painting by HR Ocampo which exposes dire human conditions amid the backdrop of modernity
Thirteen Moderns – they explored various mediums, techniques, & themes that were considered new & shocking
“Cutting Onions Always Makes Me Cry” – Lluch’s self-portrait that presents cooking as oppressive & unpleasant
“Gadgets II” – a painting by Legaspi that depicts half-naked men almost engulfed in the presence of machines
“Toilers of the Sea” – a painting by Ricarte Purugganan which depicted nature as an uncontrollable force
“A Modern Filipina” – the 1st Filipino play written in English, authored by Lino Castillejo & Jesus Araullo “Genesis” – a painting by HR Ocampo which puts together warm-colored shapes
Nelfa Querubin-Tompkins – a ceramist who experimented on iron-rich San Dionisio clay from Iloilo Traditional Ivatan houses in Batanes are built using stones & fango for its walls
“Dalagang Bukid” – the play that served as the basis of the 1st film ever to be directed by a Filipino “Doomed Family” – Dominador Castañeda’s depiction of the horrors of war
Talaandig artists from Bukidnon express their affinities with land by using soil instead of pigments The Builders – showed distorted figures of toiling workers using dull colors
E. Aguilar Cruz – named that movement that exemplified a new kind of modernism, Neorealism “Atrocities in Paco” – Diosdado Lorenzo’s depiction of the horrors of war
HR Ocampo – well known for combining geometric & biomorphic shapes with vibrant colors Nena Saguil – known for her canvases filled with circles & cell-like forms
Drama Simbolico – one-act plays that represent a deep & profound yearning for freedom Tinikling – imagines the tikling, a local bird, as it escapes the field traps
Street Musicians – Arturo Luz’s work which pared down figures into lines & basic shapes Manansala – his paintings are characterized by transparent cubism
“Job Was Also Man” – Martino Abellana’s work than won him an award from the AAP Levi Celerio – National Artist for Music & Literature, awarded 1997
Taka – red papier-mâché sculpture of horses produced by the town of Paete, Laguna Fango – a kind of mortar formed by combining cogon & mud bits
Philippine Art Gallery – provided a venue & laid out early programs from modern art Metropolitan Theater – an example of Art Deco architecture
“Carroza” – Fernando Zobel’s iconic painting that won him an award from the AAP “Oblation” – its bronze cast is found at the UP Oblation plaza
“Study of Aeta” – a portrait by Crispin Lopez representing an ethnolinguistic group Pabalat – crisp Ilocano bed cover with dainty ubas designs
Academic – a term referring to the kind of art influenced by European academies KALIBAPI – Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod ng Bagong Pilipinas
Suez Canal – made travel & trade more efficient between Spain & the Philippines Sarimanok – a rooster carrying a fish on its beak
o The mode of production encompasses the kind of materials accessible to the artists as well as the conditions surrounding labor
o Before the war Edades publicized a roster of artists who had modernist learnings, which he called “Thirteen Moderns”
o 19th century was a period which brought much economic prosperity to a segment of Filipinos who later became elite
o American Colonial Period (1898-1940) - Postwar Republic (1946-1969) o Tolentino was proclaimed the national artist in 1973
o 20th century, photography became accessible to local photographers o Japanese Occupation (1941-1945)
AMORSOLO’S PAINTINGS WHICH FOCUSED MORE ON THE AESTHETIC QUALITIES OF RUIN & DISASTER: “Bombing of the Intendencia” & “Ruins of the Manila Cathedral”
T’NALAK DESIGNS: Kleng/Crab, Gmayaw/Bird in flight, Tofi/Frog, & Sawo/Snake Skin TRIUMVIRATE OF MODERN ART: Edades, Francisco, & Ocampo
PLAYS THAT ECHOED NATIONALIST SENTIMENTS OF PLAYWRIGHTS & SERVED AS POLITICAL PROTEST AGAINST AMERICANS:
 “Kahapon, Ngayon, at Bukas”/“Yesterday, Today, & Tomorrow”  “Hindi Ako Patay”/“I Am Not Dead”
 “Tanikalang Guinto”/“Golden Chain”
DIFFERENT CONTEXTS OF ART:
 Artist Background – the artist’s age, gender, culture, economic conditions, social environment, disposition, initiation, & training in art affect art production
 Mode of Reception – is affected by our level of exposure to art forms that may be unfamiliar  Society, Politics, Economy, & History
 Nature – can be seen as a source of inspiration & wellspring of materials for art production  Everyday Life
ST
21 CENTURY LITERATURE
“Lengua Para Diablo”/“The Devil Ate My Words” – an excerpt from “Banana Heart Summer”, by Merlinda Bobis, a story about a father who no longer has power over his family & society, it shows how
unemployment can affect people & their family members
“Justice” – a poem by Ralph Semino Galân that explores the concept of justice & how it’s applied in Philippine society, it’s about the supreme court & it reflects other problems of the Philippine government
Art. 333/Adultery – voluntary sexual intercourse between a married man & someone other than his wife/between a married woman & someone other than her husband
“Preludes” – a story by Daryll Delgado that explores the issue of infidelity & how it affects the family
Delsa Flores – a court interpreter who was fired after she failed to declare a market stall in her SALN
Lengua – a Spanish dish that’s part of the Philippine cuisine, it’s a cow’s tongue cooked until tender
Art. 334/Concubinage – cohabitation of persons not legally married
o December 2011, Chief Justice Renato Corona was impeached by the Philippine Senate, with 16 senators voting to impeach him & 3 senators voting for acquittal. He was impeached because he did not
declare 183 million pesos in his SALN, a public document required for all government officials that ensures public officials don’t accept bribes/aren’t prone to corruption
o A notorious triple execution that was broadcasted on national television took place in May 1972, when Jaime José, Basilio Pineda and Edgardo Aquino were electrocuted for the 1967 abduction
and gang-rape of young actress Maggie dela Riva. The state ordered that the executions be
o The 1987 Constitution prohibited the death penalty but allowed the Congress to reinstate it "hereafter" for "heinous crimes"; making the Philippines the first Asian country to abolish capital punishment
o On April 15, 2006, the sentences of 1,230 death row inmates were commuted to life imprisonment, in what Amnesty International believes to be the "largest ever commutation of death sentences"
o Fidel V. Ramos supported the re-introduction of the death penalty in response to increasing crime rates. R.A.7659 was drafted by Ramos, was passed in 1993 restoring capital punishment
o Execution numbers climbed under President Ferdinand Marcos, who was himself sentenced to death in 1939 for the murder of Julio Nalundasan, the political rival of his father, Mariano
o Executions resumed in 1999, starting with Leo Echegaray, put to death by lethal injection under Joseph Estrada, marking the 1st execution after the reinstatement of the death penalty
o In 1926, the electric chair/“silla eléctrica” was introduced by the United States' colonial Insular Government, making the Philippines the only other country to employ this method
o Other notable cases includes Marciál "Baby" Ama, electrocuted at the age of 16 on October 4, 1961, for murders committed while in prison for lesser charges
o During the 2016 election, Duterte and Senator Grace Poe were the only candidates who said "Yes" when asked about the restoration of the death penalty
o The penalties of life imprisonment and reclusion perpetua/detention of indefinite length, usually for at least 30 years replaced the death penalty
o Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, was a vocal opponent of the death penalty and also approved a moratorium on the carrying out of capital punishment
o No executions took place until April 1950, when Julio Gullien was executed for attempting to assassinate President Manuel Roxas
o In 1996, Republic Act 8177 was passed, prescribing the use of lethal injection as the method of carrying out capital punishment
o The electric chair was used until 1976, when execution by firing squad eventually replaced it as the sole method of execution o There were no executions under Manuel L. Quezon, the
o Early Death Penalty Laws were 1st established as far back as the 18th Century B.C. in the Code of King Hammurabi of Babylon first President of the Commonwealth
o Death sentences were carried out by such means as crucifixion, drowning, beating to death, burning alive, and impalement o Capital punishment suspended via R.A. 9346, signed by President
o Under Philippine law, when a woman is guilty of adultery she commits a crime, while for a man, the crime is concubinage Arroyo on June 24, 2006
o José Rizal was executed by firing squad on the morning of December 30, 1896, in the park that now bears his name o In total, 51 people were electrocuted up to 1961
o The last colonial-era execution took place under Governor-General Theodore Roosevelt, Jr. in February 1932
o During Spanish regime, the common methods of execution were death by firing squad, garroting & hanging
VOCABULARY:
 Thoth – Egyptian Moon deity w/ a head of an Ibis; God of Wisdom  Derision – treating with contempt/mock; ridicule  Affluence – abundance of property
 Justitia – the woman in the Philippine Justice System symbol  Luxuriating – enjoy something appealingly rich  Piquant – pleasant, spicy taste
 Epicure – someone that appreciates fine food/drink  Cajole – persuade someone to do something  Chief Magistrate – chief judge
 Appeasement – make someone pleased/less angry  Accoutrements – accessories paraphernalia  Culpability – a state of guilt
 Scrupulously – very careful about doing something  Sauté – fried in a small amount of fat