KALABAGH DAM CONTROVERSAY OR A REAL

TIME SOLUTION
BY
Waleed A Rehman Khattak

ABSTRACT
Water is essential for the survival of all living things on earth. Achieving the goal of sustainable food
supply and enhancing the quality of life is totally depend on the availability of fresh water. Depletion of
water resources and increasing demand in every aspect of life broaden the gap between its availability
and scarcity. This “WATER BOMB” could be diffuse by constructing additional water reservoir. In
Pakistan there is a tug of war going on between all four provinces on the issue of water. Punjab is
emphasizing on a valid point that we should start constructing Kalabagh dam as soon as possible for a
better use of 38 million acre foot of water that dropping into the sea ever year. The rest of the three
provinces are opposing the due to the fear KPK fear of submerging NOWSHER city, Drought danger to
Sindh and royalty related issue to Baluchistan. These provinces are also concerned that they will lose
their fair share of water without knowing the facts blaming and accusing each other and preferring their
personal interest over National interest

INTRODUCTION

The Government of Pakistan with the assistance of WAPDA has initiated several programs to make new
dams and reservoirs in next fifty years. The major projects like Diamer Basha at Chilas, Kurram Tangi at
North Waziristan, Akhori at Attock, and Austro-Asiatic at Mohmand Agency are to be completed by
2016. But sadly, the emotions of ill will among provinces are increasing day by day and that they are
uncertain on the validity of the projects. Provinces are in concern of losing their share of water. They are
blaming each other without knowing the reality. The present study is meant to spotlight the polemic
dialogue over water distribution among provinces of Pakistan and investigate the reality, biasness and
self-interest of provinces during this regard.

Pakistan’s population is expected to reach 335 million by

2050. By then, our requirement of wheat—the most important staple in our diet —will double from the
present-day 22 million tons we need. In another forty years, such volumes of wheat could either not be
offered or could also be prohibitively valuable. And this will feed into the cycle of poverty, deprivation,
anger, and violence. To prevent such a state of affairs from arising, Pakistan has no selection however to
supply the food volumes its growing population needs. This is manageable. It will need higher seeds,
higher fertilizer, higher agricultural practices, and, most importantly, better water availability. We are a
water-stressed country. By 2025, our water storage capacity per capita is projected to dip to 700 cubic
meters from the current 1,038 cubic meters. When this happens, Pakistan can rank as a water-scarce
country. Pakistan has very little capacity to store rain and glacial waters, which account for seventy five
percent of our total water handiness, and is losing no matter capability remains as dams still congest. In
another 5 to seven years, at this rate of dam siltation, we'll not have enough water for our crops and can
suffer major food shortages. This then is all the time we have, five to seven years, to secure our future.
The late governor of the PUNJAB region had advocated turbulently for construction of the Kalabagh
dam, an Indus River project in Mianwali, Punjab that could have contained some of the devastation
wrought by the 2010 floods Pakistan’s worst. In 1960, the world Bank counseled it's engineered, but
Kalabagh became a victim of ill-informed, nationalist fears

KALABAGH DAM
The Kalabagh Dam site is located about 194 km distance of Tarbela dam and 16 km from of Kalabagh
town. Preliminary feasibleness report of Kalabagh dam project was ready by American yank adviser M/s
Tipton& Hill in 1956 and revised by M/s Chas T. Main in1966. The idea of the kalabagh dam conceived in
1953and until 1073 it was going to be a water shortageplace for irrigation purpose only. From 1973 to
1984 the design was change into multipurpose mega dam. This project remained part of the
development portfolio of WAPDA. Kalabagh dam has with success crossed all stages of analysis,
investigation, economic viability, and environment appraisal. International knowledgeable found it
possible, viable and useful . Pakistan’s economy depends on agriculture, its 35 million acres land
irrigated by canals and tube wells. Since the completion of Tarbela reservoir there's no additional
development for increase storage capability.

The country must enhance its water storage capability by developing each attainable reservoir that's
technically possible. Large dams are required as a result of they contribute to national development.
Pakistan engineered sixty eight medium and little dams within the last six decades with a mean storage
capability of regarding eight, thousands acre feet however their power generating ability is nothing .
According to Shams ul Mulk former chairman WAPDA country would need 750 such tiny dams to equal
the storage capability of 1 Kalabagh dam. After much research and doing feasibility surveys in 1980, a
team of World Bank finally confirmed that site C is best for constructing the dam from both economic
and technical point of view. The other two sites i.e. site A and B were rejected because;

(1) The main construction material required at Site A was concrete as the sandstone would not make an
adequate aggregate when crushed. Due to this reason, the dam was estimated to be much expensive.

(2) Site B was having a fault line and hence rejected by the other experts.

From Kalabagh reservoir, water can not only be used for generation of electricity but can also be utilised
to irrigate the barren areas of KPK, Sindh and Balochistan. The site of Kalabagh could be a natural dam,
which can be constructed in much less time with less cost than a regular dam. It will store and preserve
all that water flowing from rivers Indus, Swat and Kabul, which at present is going waste and falls into
the Arabian Sea.
 The length of Kalabagh dam reservoir are going to be eighty kilometer. From there the
Nowshera town is a hundred and ten kilometer away, and if the dam is full to its ends, the height of
Nowshera will be 60 feet above that level. So, the story which has been framed by a political party of
KPK, that Nowshera will be drowned, does not have any truth to it. However, 800,000 acres Low Cost
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land will be irrigated with the increase in the level of the river. This space is 100-150 feet higher than
stream level, when the level of the river is raised, it would be easily irrigated. The same manner, around
1,000,000 acres of land of Sindh will also be irrigated from the water reservoir of Kalabagh-Dam.

The politicians and social lords of Sindh even have framed a

story for his or her poor and uneducated those that if Kalabagh Dam is built, stream river Indus will have
no water in flow and sea water will enter inside the river bed, damaging the lands. This is just a story to
confuse the poor farmers and small land owners, so that they don’t get benefit of water for their fields,
which can result them a better living and educating their children. In addition to irrigation, Kalabagh
Dam would conjointly generate 3600 megawatts of electricity, that once more to the national grid can
bring down the electricity value. Delay in the construction of this dam is criminal on part of the rulers,
politicians and leaders, because it is their utmost duty to look after national interest.

WATER DISTRIBUTION

Water distribution Accord (1991)

The government of Pakistan appreciating the urgency of the matter approved the water distribution
Accord on March sixteen, 1991. It was approved by the council of common interest on March twenty
one, 1991. According to the water distribution Accord, share of each province, both for Kharif and Rabi
and allocation of balance supplies was allocated in maf as given in Table 1. The main clauses of Water
apportionment Accord (1991) are given as follow:

• It supersedes all previous sharing arrangements and agreements got hold of during this regard.

• It protects the present uses of canal water in every province

• It apportions the balance watercourse provides as well as flood surpluses and future storage amongst
the provinces.

• It acknowledges the requirement for constructing new storages where possible on the Indus and
different rivers for planned future agriculture development.

• It conjointly acknowledges the requirement certainly minimum escapage to ocean below Kotri to
examine ocean intrusion that more studies square measure to be undertaken.

• It lays down the procedures for sharing shortage and surpluses on all Asian country bases.
• The requirement to ascertain Associate in Nursing Indus River System Authority for implementation of
the Accord was recognized and accepted. It would have illustration from all the four Provinces.

• The balance river supplies including flood supplies and future storages are allocated as: 37% for
Punjab, 37% for Sindh, 14% for K.PK and 12% for Baluchistan.

Furthermore concise discussion of Eco system around of kalabagh dam is necessary to understand the
futuristic impact of dam on the environment, here I’ll show you the native tree species of kalabagh area
and environmental impacts in a table form for a better understanding.

Plants species avaaiable in a vivinity of dam 1

1
Syed, B. A., 2007. Scribd. [Online]
 Environmental impact of kalabagh dam2

The Kalabagh Dam project has always remained bone of contention in the hydro-politicalhistory ofPakistan. There are
varying perspectives for or against construction of the dam. One school of thought predicates its argument on the need
for food sovereignty for the galloping population of Pakistan, and the other for environmental security on which
the lives and livelihood of millions depend3

The Project's Promotor

2
Abro, R. A., 2005. Here I expose Kalabagh Dam. [Online]
3
Akbar Kazi, Politics of Large Dams in Pakistan, South Asian Journal Jan-Mar 2008, pp.82-92
Promotors of Kalabagh Dam in particular or generically the food security advocates are found almost in all four
provinces of the country; however province of Punjab and technocrats from KPK are among the principal proponents of its
construction. They make numerous claims insupport of their case

1. The case for the project is argued on the basis of water shortage and the need for and possibility
of one more dam on the Indus system 4
2. Besides agriculture, the second vital component associated with the construction of Kalabagh
Dam is that of electricity which is required to sustain the progress of the manufacturing sector
of the country5
3. They assert that Kalabagh Dam Project would lost by sedimentation in existing reservoirs at
Mangla, Chashma and Tarbala, providing additional storage to meet existing water shortages
during early Kharif sowing period of April-June (particularly critical for cotton crop in Sindh),
providing effective regulation of Indus river to meet additional Kharif allocations of the
provinces under WAA-1991, regulation and control high flood peaks in the Indus, generating a
large chunk of hydro-power6.
4. In post-Tarbala 20 years, an annual average of over 38 MAF escaped below Kotri;7 after
adjustment of future abstraction out-side Indus Basin, this could still be around 32 MAF8. Out of
this, an average of over 26 MAF per year could be effectively controlled and efficiently utilized
to bring about prosperity to millions, particularly, in backward areas of Pakistan through
national water resources development approach9
5. Also, Pakistan satisfies 81 percent of its primary energy needs through oil and gas, while total
demand of oil and gas in the country stands at 51 million tons of oil equivalent (TOE)10.The
current production stands at 34 million while the residual is met through imports11. In this
backdrop, a large scale injection of cheap hydropower through multi-purpose storages is a
plausible option if the cost of electric supply is to be kept within affordability of the consumers.
6. Further, it would add a large amount of cheap hydropower to the National Grid through its 2400
MW (Ultimate 3600 MW) installed power12
7. A number of other advantages are also explained in support of the proposed project:
i. For example, reducing dependence on imported fuels;
ii. creating employment for 30,000 persons during construction and significant
numbers after commissioning, etc.
8. Implications of not building Kalabagh Dam find close attention of its supporters. Among other,
one such argument put forward is that annual energy generated at Kalabagh would be

4
Ramaswamy R. Iyer, “South Asian Water Concerns”, in SAPNA: South Asian Studies, Vol XIII, Jun 2006, ed. Imtiaz Alam
5
Sikander Ismail Khan, Kalabagh Dam-- Is It a Political, Economic Or Regional Issue?, Individual Research Paper 89th
National Management Course , Jan 2009 - National
6
Khalid Khokhar : Benefits of Building Kalabagh Dam, June, 2008, http://www.netpakistani.com/pakistan/benefits-of-
building-kalabagh-dam/,
7
Shaukat Mahmood Alvi, “Kalabagh Dam”, op.cit.
8
ibid
9
ibid
10
Energy shortfall reaches 3,330MW”, The Nation, 6 Oct 2010
11
ibid
12
WAPDA, “Kalabagh Dam Project”, http://www.wapda.gov.pk/pdf/KBDAM.pdf
 equivalent to 20 million barrels of oil. This annual import of fuel for thermal generation,
including augmentation of transpor tation infrastructure, would be an additional burden to the
economy13
9. Since Bahalwalpur and Bahawalnagar will get most of the water stored in Kalabagh Dam, it is
appreciated that it would also settle grievance of southern Punjab.
10. Besides, Punjab has agreed not to claim any royalty on generation of resources from Kalabagh
dam; the trust deficit however, persists

The Project Rejectionist

The rejectionist of the project argue that:

1. It is further argued that the key imperatives, transparency and good governance, were never a
factor in the formulation of the project. Thus, the technical specifications have undergone
numerous revisions because of perceived concern in the KPK regarding seepage and inundation
of surrounding areas, a problem that could have been resolved had affective communities been
consulted14
2. Politically, the dam has all Benefits going to Punjab, at the expense of Sindh and the KPK, with
both provinces, it is perceived, being the victims of water deprivation, ecosystem degradation
and social displacement.
3. Specifically a number of apprehensions/doubts have been expressed both by upper (KPK) and
lower (Sindh) riparian provinces15. KPK objects to the Kalabagh because, a sizable number of its
people will be displaced, and a vast area of its land will either be submerged under the reservoir
or rendered waterlogged16
4. The dam will raise the water level of River Indus throughout the Attock gorge, and resultantly,
the Nowshera City, inhibited by 200,000 people falling on both the left and right banks of Kabul
River, will be under severe threat of flooding17.
5. Sindhis believe that Kalabagh Dam left bank canal will divert the waters of Indus to Rasul-
Qadirabad sector in the upper reaches of Punjab, and the whole of River Indus waters will be
left to cater to the needs of Punjab only, whenever there is shortage of water in Jehlum, or in
the eventuality of India appropriating all the waters of Jehlum, or Chenab or both.18
6. Spectra of desertification of riverine area below Kotri, Sindh has perpetually felt vulnerable by
geographic region and has bitterly controversial the figures of water handiness advanced by
WAPDA, citing legal, economic, ecological, and plenty of alternative reasons for opposing
Kalabagh Dam. Its apprehensions stem from past experience of the operation of Taunsa-
Punjnad and Chashma-Jehlum canal [and also baggage of Thal Canal project reportedly built
without consensus], therefore Sindh strongly opposes the construction of Kalabagh Dam19

13
Shaukat Mahmood Alvi, “Kalabagh Dam”, op.cit.
14
The Case Against Kalabagh Dam:The Absence of Good Governance, SDPI, March 2007,
http://www.sdpi.org/research_Programme/environment/Water.htm#2,
15
Shaukat Mahmood Alvi Al-Khobar, KALABAGH Dam, op.cit
16
Iftikhar Ahmad, “Kalabagh Dam -- Development or disaster?”, http://www.sanalist.org/kalabagh/a-10.htm,
17
ibid
18
http://www.oocities.org/tokyo/ginza/5654/kala2.html
19
Riaz Ahmad Abro, KALA BAGH DAM – Some Realities, op.cit
 7. While geographic area queries the 'surpluses' that pass downstream Kotri and considers a
significant amount of this 'surplus' as waste that ought to be keep and place to use, Sindh, on
the other hand, considers the 'surplus' downstream Kotri as essential and feels offended when
this flow is termed as 'wastage.’20 They of mangroves and dilution in fish catch.
8. Rejoinders and counter claims to all apprehensions of Sindh are several. For example, Alvi claims
to recommend that fisheries stocks within the stream reach below Kotri have declined because
of progressive reduction within the surface water provides.On the opposite hand, fish
production has been constantly increasing as indicated by statistical data.As such, Kalabagh Dam
is unlikely to own any adverse impact on fish production within the space21
9. the growth of domestic industrial and agriculture sectors would be impended due to high power
costs, in case the Dam is not developed. Besides, on issue of apprehensions about flooding of
parts of KPK in the context of Peshawar Valley above Nowshera, it is said that frequent flooding
takes place due to entrance of Kabul River into confined channel below this point22
10. Balochistan does not touch River Indus and is not a riparian in the strictest sense. Still the Pat
Feeder canal from Guddu Barrage, with 3400 cusecs of water, ir rigates about 300,000 acres in
the province86.Balochistan's opposition to Kalabagh Dam is based on belief that requests for
more water from River Indus will meet little success if said Dam overstretches the demand of
water in Indus River system. In addition, with the revised distribution of water in the post
Kalabagh Dam scenario, Balochistan fears a further reduction in its share of irrigation water
usage23

20
Ateeq ur Rehman et al, Heading for Water Scarcity in Pakistan: Implications of Internal and External Disputesand
their Resolution, op.cit.
21
Shaukat Mahmood Alvi Al-Khobar, KALABAGH Dam, op.cit
22
Khursheed Anwar, Why Not Kalabagh Dam? http://www.daily.pk/why-not-kalabagh-dam-17533/,
23
Riaz Ahmad Abro, KALA BAGH DAM – Some Realities, op.cit.
Here we have another important contestant who doesn’t want Pakistan to build KALBAGH dam and
funding Pakistani politician secretly to make sure that Pakistan must face water drought in future

INDIAN INTRUSION
Indian Government is spending an enormous quantity of resources against the Kalabagh Dam. India
doesn’t want that Pakistan ever builds this dam and saves that water that nowadays is completely
wasted and which might terribly badly be needed in future days. It is very unfortunate that many
politicians and feudals are on the Indian pay list just to oppose this dam. Please note; additionally to
irrigation, Kalabagh Dam would also generate 3600 megawatt electricity, which when added in the
national grid will bring down the electricity cost. Delay in the construction of this dam is criminal on part
of the rulers, politicians and leaders, because it is their utmost duty to look after the National Interest.
People had no hope from Asif Ali Zardari or Nawaz shareef or his party, but Zia ul Haq and Pervaiz
Musharaf could very easy construct it, but they also became more political than the Rulers. They also
lost their national interest only for their lust of power and to remain in seat for a longer.

Now here are the real time benefits of Kalabagh dam

BENEFITS
1) Electricity: Kalabagh Dam would guarantee spare and low cost electricity. Thermal power prices
Rs sixteen per unit, wherever as Hydel power prices Rs a pair of.5 to three per unit. The big dam’s
square measure required to beat the problem and therefore the country would suffer severe water
crisis if they weren't designed. Kalabagh Dam can have the capability of generating 3600MW of
electricity which will save $4 billion annually for the country, excluding the 30 percent line
losses.(The express tribune, January 14, 2014).

Further, as a result of conjunctive operation an additional 336 million MKWh’s and up to 600 MW of
additional peak power would be generated at Tarbela. To put these figure in perspective, if Kalabagh
was in position today, there would have been no load shedding in Pakistan. The energy generated at
Kalabagh would be admire twenty million barrels of oil p.a..(WAPDA, 2012)

(2) Irrigation: regarding thirty million acre foot water is being wasted into the ocean thanks to
absence of huge water reservoirs and therefore the dam was inflicting the country a loss of Rs132
billion annually. Irrigation oriented operation of the project gives the highest overall return. Thus
the full live storage of 6.1 MAF would be available for guaranteeing assured irrigation supplies
throughout the year including replacement of the storage loss on the three existing reservoirs.

(3) Flood Alleviation: The recent floods in Pakistan caused more than $45 billion loss which could
have been averted if big dams were operational .Kalabagh would store surplus water within the
flood season and build it obtainable for controlled utilization throughout the low flow season (The
specific apse, January 14, 2014).The water would therefore be used for sowing and final maturing of
the Kharif crops and full Rabi crops. Kalabagh would cut back the frequency and severity of flooding
on the Indus notably between the dam website and Indus / Panjinad confluence three hundred
miles downstream (WAPDA, 2012).

Comprehensive benefits
On a conservative basis, the overall direct benefits of Kalabagh Dam would be around Rs. 20 billion
per annum. Thus the investment cost of project would be repaid within a very short period of 8-9
years.

Consequences of Not Building Kalabagh Dam

(WAPDA, 2012)

(1) Economy will be destabilized because national food security problem would be jeopardized and
Pakistan will face additional burden of importing food grains.

(2) Due to sedimentation in the existing storage reservoirs, it will result in shortage of committed
irrigation supplies and will cause serious drop in agricultural production as well.

(3) A storage project like KBD is crucial for implementing water distribution Accord 1991.Otherwise
in dry water seasons, it'd create to inter-provincial disputes and recriminations

(4) 20 million barrels of oil will be imported by Pakistan for fulfilling the energy demands if they are
not constructing KBD. Again, this will be an additional burden on Pakistan’s economy.

(5) Recently an agreement with international private sector is signed by the government in which
the energy producers agreed to install 300 MW of thermal power units in coming 3-4 years in
Pakistan. The power cost will increase with this contract although it may help in overcoming the
load shedding problem. Here for, KBD is best choice to overcome the matter by constructing a
coffee price hydropower plant and therefore to stay the value of electricity among the reach of all
shoppers

(6) Thanks to high power price, growth of domestic industrial and agriculture sectors would be
raised.

In the context of kalabagah dam the comments of SHAMS UL MAIL ex-chairman WAPDA and, Gm
KBD, Gm Tarbela Dam is extremely important and to understand the real need of Kalabagh dam we
have to go through the shams ul malik reviews about KBD which are given below.

SHAMS UL MULK (Ex-Chairman, WAPDA, Gm KBD, Gm Tarbela Dam)

Views of Shams ul Mulk regarding KBD are as follows:

(1) With construction of KBD, three main Problems of Pakistan will be solved; Power, Flood and

Irrigation.

(2) There is no problem of flood due to construction of KBD with a normal flow of water in

River Indus. Flood of August 1929 and 2010 were exceptional cases.

(3) In 2010, the peak level of flood reached Tarbela at 4:00am. The capacity of that flood was 8,

35,000 cusecs. Tarbela was having very less storagecapacity as it was almost at its maximum
reservoir level. The capacity left was only 5, 6 feet. Hence, 2, 15,000 cusecs was stored out of 8,
35,000 cusecs and 6, 20,000 cusecs was released. With this storage, theSukkar barrage gets survived
otherwise there were no chances of Sukkar barrage to have safety from that huge flood. If KBD was
also constructed on time, the damage would be negligible.

(4) KBD is having no effect on Mardan, Charsadda and Swabi scarp project.

(5) World Bank team having great experts suggested to construct KBD before 1992, then Bhashadam
but KBD was not constructed due to lobbies inside Pakistan, i.e. Oil lobbies and foreign countries to
destabilize Pakistan and some other political reasons.

(6) Hydel power from Tarbela and Mangla cost is Rs. 1.2 per unit while from furnace oil it costs Rs.
12.4per unit. Nowadays we are making more power from furnace oil compare to Hydel power.

(7) In D.I.Khan, there is almost 800 Acre land which is at a height of approximately 150 ft from River

Indus. To irrigate this land, we have two options. First option is to pump the water and second is to
make KBD. With first option, the cost of irrigation per acre will be Rs. 5000 while with construction
of KBD; the cost will be Rs. 400 to 500 per acre.

(8) Pakistan is paying Rs. 132 Arab per year because of not constructing KBD. In this amount, Punjab
is paying 68 Arab, Sindh is paying 40 Arab, KPK is paying 18 Arab and Baluchistan is paying 6 Arab.

(9) Before construction of Tarbela and Mangla dams, Sindh was getting 36 MAF water while after
construction of these two dams, Sindh is now getting 43 MAF of water. It means with KBD, Sindh will
get more water as usual.

(10) China have constructed 85,000 dams and India have constructed 4500 dams (Medium and
Large) while Pakistan is having total 153 small, medium and large dams.

(11) We are wasting almost 35 MAF of water and it is going useless in Arabian sea. If India is
constructing dams on our water, they have a reason that if Pakistan is wasting their water so why
not India get benefit of it. And we Pakistani will be having no reason to object.

(12) ANP government was against the construction of KBD but majority of KPK people are in favor. In
KPK, the registered voters are one crore and 8 lac. ANP got 5, 75,000 votes while they came to
government in 2008. It means they got only 5.6% of the total votes. 94.4% were not in favor of ANP
government. It means that ANP is not representing the view point of KPK people but their own
political interests.

(13) The decision makers are having no problem to construct or not construct KBD. Poor people are
suffering because of not constructing KBD.

Last year the most popular and credible survey firm of Pakistan GALLUP took a survey on a
KALABAGH DAM issue in all over Pakistan. In that survey 6 in 10 Pakistanis (60%) believe that the
construction of Kalabagh Dam issue is nothing but an created by petty politicians of Pakistan who
doesn’t wants Pakistan to go forward

CONCLUSION
Water isn't solely essential for any economy however additionally has serious political and social
implications to society. Uncontrolled population, negligence in developing national water strategy
and public’s careless perspective towards conservation are major factors behind the water shortage
in Pakistani nation.
 It is need of hour to create awareness among the people of Pakistan to save
every drop of water for the next generations. There is dire ought to increase water availableness by
building new storage and reservoir. Indus the only river which has surplus water and Kalabagh dam
is the only large multipurpose project could be built in 6 to 8 years. Unfortunately the desperately
required dam is victim of political haggle from last 3 decades. This careless attitude brought the
country to brink on internal water war. Emotion base politics and policies are dangerous for the
spirit of the political theory.

National interest should high priority over native and provincial

concerns. Most freelance analysts believe that the foremost drawback with the projected dam at
Kalabagh is one in every of a trust deficit between the Punjab on one facet and therefore the
alternative 3 provinces on the other. This lack of trust is that the elementary issue within the context
of water resources. Whether or not the 'ripe' moment has return to resolve the conflict is left up to
the simplest judgment of public leaders. The plethora of challenges facing the country warrants that
de- escalation is direly needed. Despite the best irrigation system the country is compelled to import
wheat on credit from abroad and facing severe electricity problem from last 2 decades. Given that
Pakistan contains an exceptional history of with success tackling major water challenges, it's hoped
that its monumental human capability can alter it to confront this challenge as well.

Future Recommendations

(1) From this research paper, it is recommended that Kalabagh dam should be constructed as soon
as possible but the share of water and power should be distributed in all the four provinces in such a
manner that all of them get benefit from KBD. For that, proper agreement should be signed among
the provinces that will be over watch by Supreme Court special committee and that agreement
should not be limited to the documents only but should be implemented practically as well. For the
implementation of the agreement, the control of KBD should not be given to only one province or
federation.

But the dominant team and workers ought to contain specialists from all four provinces before
likewise as once the development of KBD.

(2) The groundwater effect of KBD on both upstream and downstream should be analyzed.