PH HISTORY REVIEWER Other Europeans searched for new trade routes to Asia.

MAGELLAN’S VOYAGE This led to new discovery of territories previously

unknown to Europeans.
It all started when Crusade took place
Rise of Spain
Europeans gained product that weren’t available in
their home country. Marriage of King Ferdinand II of Aragon and Queen
Isabella
Porcelain, fabrics, carpets, spices, etc.
Battle of Granada: Victory of Catholic Monarchs over
Spices - most expensive and in-demand commodity due
the Moors
to numerous uses: food preservation, flavor
enhancement, medicine. They started exploring economic options outside the
Iberian Peninsula.
Merchants wanted to monopolize their supply and
distribution in the European market. They aspired to have a fair share of spice trade.

Trade Routes to Europe: They started financing voyages.

Another route: Christopher Columbus and his transatlantic voyage

Arabian- Italian Ferdinand Magellan and his voyage of going to the East
by sailing westward
Trade Route
Magellan-Elcano Expedition
Silk Road
It left the port of Sanlucar de Barrameda on August 20,
Both routes were expensive and often disrupted by
1519 with around 270 nationalities.
wars, natural calamities and bandits.
It was the first voyage around the world in the human
Ottoman Empire of Constantinople cut trades with
history.
China resulting in closing the routes.
Its objective was to find a new maritime path that
Europeans were forced to explore the oceans for other
would not violate Spain’s treaty with Portugal.
routes that would lead them to the Spice Islands.
Spain & Portugal
New Route Discovery
Inter Caetera - bull written by Pope Alexander VI
Prince Henry the Navigator put up a maritime school to
train sailors that later discovered an eastern sea route All lands west and south of a meridian line 100 leagues
to the Spice Islands and other islands in Southeast Asia west of the Azores and Cape Verde islands rightfully
via Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean. belonged to Spain.

Monarchs got envious to Portugal because of the Treaty of Tordesillas - it settled the conflicts over the
benefits they gain. ownership lands.

Prince Henry the Navigator - (son of King John I) Spain on the west and Portugal on the East.

He was not an explorer himself. Armada de Molucca

He encouraged navigations and sponsored many Also known as “Magellan’s fleet”

expeditions.
5 ships: Santiago, San Antonio, Concepcion, Trinidad,
Early expeditions were focused on the west coast of Victoria.
Africa.
Upon arrival, their stay in the Philippines was marked
Portuguese explorers made their way farther and with hospitality and cordial exchange of goods.
farther South.
Some were converted to Christianity.
Magellan’s Fleet left the Port of Sanlucar de
Barrameda
(August 20,1519)
Lapu-Lapu - chieftain of Mactan refused to trade with
the Spaniards.
It sparked a war - Battle of Mactan.
The Spaniards lost and Magellan was killed.
Trinidad and Victoria were the only ships who managed
to reach Spice Islands.
Victoria was the only ship who managed to go back in
Spain.
Antonio Pigafetta - (1491-c.1594)
• He was a young man possessing an avid
curiosity around the world.
• He became acquainted with the lucrative spice
trade and heard the news about the voyage of
Ferdinand Magellan.
• Owned a handwritten account on what
happened during the expedition. It was from
the time they left Seville until they went back
three years after to Spain.
• He was told to write a formal account on the
expedition of Ferdinand Magellan so he
submitted a draft to Pope Clement VII, Philippe
de Villiers L’Isle - Adam and Louis of Savoy
hoping they would help in financing the
publication.
The book was not published because he was not able to
find a financier.
The interest on Magellan’s expedition had died down.
However, a condensed version of his manuscript was
published in Venice by Jacques Fabre.
The original manuscript did not survive time. Only
copies of manuscript were handed down and the three
of them were in French and two are kept in
Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris.
James Alexander Robertson made his own English
version of the Ambrosian copy in 1819.
It appeared in The Philippine Island opus (Volume 33) as
well as in a separate edition.
Pigafetta’s Account
• The longest and most comprehensive.
• It includes maps, glossaries and native words,
geographic information, etc.
• It helped immensely to the enrichment of
Philippine historiography.
• Information was given by Magellan’s slave/
interpreter, Enrique de Malacca.
• Gave us an eyewitness account on the death of
Magellan in the Battle of Mactan.
Excerpt from Magellan’s Voyage around the World
March 16, 1521
• “We came upon an island named Zamal”
March 17, 1521
• “Captain-general desired to land on another
island which was uninhabited”
March 18, 1521
• “We saw a boat coming toward us with 9 men
in it”.
• Magellan realized that they were reasonable, so
he welcomed them
• Pigafetta detailed his amazement and
fascination to the palm tree
• “Those people became very familiar with us.
We took great pleasure with them, for they
were very pleasant and conversable”
• The ship went to Humunu island and there they
found what they referred to as the “Watering-
place of good signs”
• They named the island together as “The
Archipelago of St. Lazarus”
March 22, 1521
• “Those men came as they had promised us”
• They exhibited great signs of pleasure at seeing
us
March 23, 1521 (Holy Friday)
• Pigafetta recounted that the leader whom he
referred to as the king became closely bonded
with Magellan
• Magellan was introduced to the king’s brother
who was also a king of another island
 • The king was named Raia Colambu (King of
Butuan and Calagan) and the first king was
named Raia Siani
March 31, 1521 (Easter Sunday)
• “Captain-general sent the priest with some men
to prepare the place where the mass was to be
said; together with the interpreter to tell the
king that we were not going to land in order to
dine with, but to say mass”
• “Therefore, the king sent us two swine that he
had had killed”
• “The kings went forward to kiss the cross as we
did, but made no offerings. When the body of
our Lord was elevated, they remained on their
knees and worshipped Him with clasped hands”
• “Then he (they) had a cross carried in and the
nails and a crown, to which immediate
reverence was made”
• “They were the standards given to him (captain-
general) by the emperor his sovereign”
• “He wished to set it up in that place for their
benefit, for whenever any of our ships came,
they would know that we had been there”
• “If any of their men were captured, they would
be set free immediately”
• “Captain-general had him asked to declare
whether he had enemies, so that he go with his
ships to destroy them and to render them
obedient to him”
• “On asking which port was best to get food,
they (kings) replied that there were three,
namely, Ceylon (Leyte), Zubu (Cebu), and
Calaghann (Calagan), but that Zubu was the
largest and the one with most trade”
• “They offered of their own accord to give us
pilots to show us the way”
• They had to pass through an island called
Mazava and described the people there. They
remained there for seven days.
• “Those people were heathens, and go naked
and painted. They wear a piece of cloth woven
from a tree about their privies. They are heavy
drinkers”
April 7, 1521
• Magellan and his men reached Zubu (Cebu)
• “The sails were lowered and arranged as if for a
battle, and the artillery was fired”
• People were frightened, but the interpreter told
them that it was their custom
• “The king told him that he was welcome, but it
was their custom for all ships that entered their
ports to pay tribute”
• Magellan refused
• The king Zubu negotiated with him and said that
he will give him the answer the following day
April 8, 1521
• “The king, accompanied by his chiefs, came to
the open square where he had our men sit
down near him”
• “If the captain wished to be his friend, he
should send him a drop of blood from his right
arm, and he himself would do the same as a
sign of the most sincere friendship”
• On Wednesday morning, one of Magellan’s man
died. Pigafetta together with the interpreter
asked the king if where they should bury the
deceased.
• Spaniards wanted the land to be holy. They set
up a cross as a symbol. It is now called
“Magellan’s cross”
• They carried goods from trading ashore.
• “Those people live in accordance with justice,
and have weights and measures. They have
love, peace, ease and quiet”
Talaro - is a kind of balance scale used by the Filipinos
when weighing goods.
Subin - pipes that were used in playing
Swine, goats and fowls were found under their houses.
Large sea snails (corniolli) were found in their houses.
Laghan - shellfish
Then the Spaniards showed them their shop full of their
merchandise.
Metals, iron, and other large goods = GOLD
Smaller good = RICE, SWINE, GOATS, OTHER FOOD
XIIII Libras or 14 pounds of iron = 10 pcs of gold (one
piece being worth about one and one-half ducados)
The Captain - general didn’t wish to take too much gold.
• The captain told the king that he will return to
Spagnia, but he would return again with so
many forces and make the king the greatest of
their region.
• The captain told them that if they wished to be
Christians, they need to burn all their idols and
set up a cross in their place.
• Five hundred men were baptized before the
mass.
• After mass they invited the chiefs to mass, but
they refused.
• After dinner the priest baptized the queen, who
came with forty women.
• The queen was named Johanna, after the
emperor’s mother.
• They baptized 800 souls consisting of men,
women and children.
• The queen was entirely covered with a white
and black cloth.
• Many trombs of fire and mortars were
discharged in which they were mostly delighted.
The king and the captain called one another
brothers.
• The king’s name is Rajah Humabon.
• Moros was hard to convince than the heathens.
• A miracle happened when a sick man was
healed by Christ.
Villages and their chiefs who rendered obedience to
Magellan:
• Cinghapola (chiefs: Cilaton, Ciguibucan,
Cimaningha, Cimatichat, and Cicanbul)
• Mandaui (chief: Tapan)
• Cilumai
• Lubucan
Near the island of Zubu is the island called
Matan/Mactan, their chief is Zula and Cilapulapu
(Lapu-Lapu)
CUSTOMS OF THE TAGALOG
1st Century of Spanish Rule – Colonial Government had
a hard time in running politics because of limited
number of Spaniards who wanted to live outside
Intramuros.
They forced Filipinos to be gobernadorcillo.
Friars performed administrative duties that colonial
officials should do, such as:
• Supervising election of local executives
• Collecting Taxes
• Educating the Youth
Friars became an influential figure in the pueblo
Friars reports to their superiors with what is happening
to their areas. Report contains the following:
• Number of natives they converted
• People’s way of life
• Socio-economic situations
• Problems they encounter
Plasencia’s de las Costumbres de Los Tagalogs
(Customs of the Tagalogs, 1589) – considered as
primary source
Contained:
• Information that historians use in reconstructing
socio-cultural history of the Tagalog region.
Other Friars & Colonials Officials who wrote about the
Filipinos during the early part of the Spanish period:
• Miguel de Loarca, an encomendero of Panay -
Relacion de las Islas Filipinas in 1582 and he described
the Filipinos’ way of life in the Western Visayas area.
• Lieutenant Governor Antonio de Morga – Sucesos de
las Islas Filipinas. It provides information about the the
Philippine’s state during the latter part of the 16th
century.
Spanish missionaries who continued historiographical
tradition:
• Fr. Pedro Chirino S.J. (Relacion de las Islas Filipinas,
1604)
• Fr. Juan Delgado S.J. (Historia General, 1751)
• Fr. Francisco Colin S.J. (Labor Evangelica, 1663)
• Fr. Francisco Ignacio Alcina S.J (Historia natural del
sitio, fertilidad y calidad de las Islas e Indios de Bisayas,
1668)
Author - Fray Juan de Plasencia (Joan de Portocarrero)
Member of the Franciscan order with the first batch of
missionaries to the Philippines in 1578.
Excerpts from Customs of the Tagalogs
Datos – people’s chiefs and their captains in their wars.
If you disobey them or speak against their wives and
children, you’ll be severely punished.
Chiefs ruled only a few people, a hundred houses
sometimes even thirty.
Barangay – tribal gathering
Three castes: nobles, commoners and slaves
Nobles – freeborn whom they call maharlica. They do
not pay tax or tribute to the dato but must accompany
him at their own expense.
Aliping Namamahay – Commoners. They are married
and they serve their master whether he is a dato or not,
with half of their cultivated lands, as was agreed upon in
the beginning.
Aliping sa guguilir – Slaves. They serve their master in
his house and on his cultivated lands, and may be sold.
Difference of aliping namamahay and aliping guguilir
should be noted because confusion of the two terms
are the cause of classifying slaves who really are not
slaves.
• In the three classes, those who are maharlicas
on both father’s and mother’s side continue to
be so forever; and if it they become slaves, it is
through marriage.
• If two persons married, one maharlica and the
other a slave, whether namamahay or sa
guguilir, the children were divided.
• Of these two kinds of slaves, sa guguilir could be
sold but not the namamahay and their children
nor could they be transferred.
• The maharlicas could not, after marriage, move
from one village to another, or from one
barangay to another, without paying a certain
fine in gold, as arranged among them.
• They had laws by which they condemned to
death a man of low birth who insulted the
daughter or wife of chief; likewise witches of
the same class.
• Dowries are given by the men to the women’s
parents
• It should be noticed that unmarried women can
own no property, in land or dowry for the result
of all their labors accrues to their parents
• In the case of a divorce before the birth of the
children, if the wife left the husband for the
purpose of marrying another, all her dowry and
an equal additional amount fell to the husband;
but if she left him, and did not marry another,
the dowry was returned.
• The fine was heaviest if, upon the death of the
parents, the son or daughter should be
unwilling to marry because it had been
arranged by his or her parents.
• But if the parents were living, they paid the fine,
because it was assumed that it had been their
design to separate the children.
II. Worship of the Tagalogs
There are no temples for sacrifices, the adoration of
their idols, or the general practice of idolatry.
Simbahan - temple or place of adoration; but it is
because, formerly, when they wished to celebrate a
festival, which they called pandot or “worship”, they
celebrated it in a large house of a chief.
Bathala – “all powerful”, or “maker of all things.”
• Sun - which, on account of its beauty, is almost
universally respected and honored by the
heathens.
• Moon - when it’s new at which time they had
great rejoicings, adoring it and bidding it
welcome.
• Stars – they also adored the stars and the
exception of the morning star is called Tala.
“Seven little goats” (The Pleiades)- Mapolon; and
Balatic, which is our Greater Bear.
Dian Masalanta - patron of lovers and of generation.
Lacapati and Idianale – patrons of the cultivated lands
and of husbandry. T
They paid reverence to water-lizards called by them
buaya or crocodiles, for fear of being burned by them.
These natives had no established division of years,
months, and days; these are determined by the
cultivation of soil, counted by moons, and the different
effect produced upon the trees when yielding flowers,
fruits, and leaves: all this helps them in making up a
year.
Praise it in poetics songs sung by the officiating priest,
male or female, who is called catolonan.
The devil was sometimes liable to enter into the body of
the catalonan, and assuming, her shape and
appearance, filled her with so great arrogance
Buyos – which is a small fruit wrapped in a leaf with
some lime, a food generally eaten in these regions-as
well as fried food and fruits.
The distinctions made among the priests of the devil
were as follows:
1.) Catolonan – Officiating priest (either a man or
woman).
2.) Mangangagauay – witches who deceived by
pretending to heal the sick.
3.) Manyisalat - the same as mangagauay. The
priests had the power of applying such
remedies to lovers that they would abandon
and despise their own wives, and in fact could
prevent them from having intercourse with the
latter.
4.) Mancocolam - whose duty it was to emit fire
from himself at night, once or oftener each
month.
5.) Hocloban - another kind of witch, of greater
efficacy, than the mangangauay. Without use of
medicine, and by simply saluting or raising the
hand, they killed whom they chose.
6.) Silagan - if they saw anyone clothed in white,
to tear out his liver and eat it, thus causing his
death.
7.) Magtatangal - show himself at night to many
persons, without his head or entrails.
8.) Osuang - “sorcerer;” they say that they have
seen him fly, and the he murdered men and ate
their flesh. These are among the Visayas
Islands.
9.) Mangangayoma – Class of witches. They made
charms for lovers out of herbs, stones and
wood, which would infuse the heart with love.
10.) Sonat - “preacher”. It was his office to help one
die, at which time he predicted the salvation or
condemnation of the soul.
11.) Pangatahojan - sotthsayer, and predicted the
future. This office was general in the islands.
12.) Bayoguin - “cotquean”, a man whose nature
inclined toward that of a woman.
• The deceased was buried beside his house; and,
if he were a chief, he was placed beneath a little
house or porch which they constructed for his
purpose.
• If the deceased had been a warrior, a living
slave was tied beneath his body until in this
way he died.
• Life of rest which they called maca, just as if we
should say “paradise,” or, in other words,
“village of rest.” Those who go to this place are
the just, and the valiant, and those who lived
without doing harm, or who possessed moral
virtues.
• There were also other pagans who confessed
more clearly to a hell, which they called, as I
have said, casanaan; they said that all the
wicked went to that place, and there dwelt the
demons, whom they called sitan.
• Ghosts, which they called vibit; phantoms,
which they called tigbalaang
• If any woman died in childbirth, she and the
child suffered punishment; and that, at night,
she could be heard lamenting. This is called
patianac.
PROCLAMATION OF PHILIPPINE INDEPENDENCE
• The first phase of the Philippine Revolution ended
in a stalemate between the Spaniards and the
Filipino Rebels.
• In December 1897, a truce was declared between
the two forces with the Filipino leaders, led by Gen.
Emilio Aguinaldo, agreeing to be exiled in Hong
Kong while the Spaniards paid an indemnity for the
damages, caused as a result in the conflict.
• Even before in the Battle of Manila in 1898,
Aguinaldo had already been meeting with the
Americans in Singapore. He talked with consul E.
Spencer Pratt regarding US-Filipino Collaboration
against the Spaniards before he went back to Hong
Kong to meet up with Commodore George Dewey,
Commander of the Asiatic Fleet.
• Aguinaldo remained in Hongkong and met with
the American Consul General Rounseville Wildman.
• On May 19, 1898, Aguinaldo finally returned to
the Philippines on board the U.S cruiser McCulloch
• From his headquarters in Cavite, Aguinaldo
announced the resumption of the revolution against
the Spaniards, thus beginning the second phase of
revolution.
• The Filipinos immediately flocked to the province
to join the army. By the End of May, Aguinaldo was
in command of an Army of 12,000 troops.
• On May 28, The Filipino forces won their first
victory in Alapan Imus.
• On May 24, Aguinaldo announced the creation of
Dictatorial Government.
• June 12, 1898 Aguinaldo declared Philippine
independence from Spanish rule.
• Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista read the declaration
that was later signed by 177 persons including an
American Military Officer.
• The Philippine National anthem is known then as
“Marcha Nacional Filipina” composed by Julian
Felipe
Author - Emilio Aguinaldo
• Born March 22, 1869 in Kawit Cavite
• The Aguinaldo’s were a wealthy and influential
family in Cavite.
• Became a Capitan Municipal of Kawit in 1894
• Month later Joined Katipunan choosing the name
Magdalo
• 1896, The Katipunan succeeded in driving away
the Spaniards from the province
• Soo Aguinaldo was forced to settle the conflict in
Supremo Bonifacio.
• Elections for a pamahalaang panghihimagsik were
held in Barrio Tejeros, San Francisco de Malabon
(Now General Trias) on March 22, 1897.
• Aguinaldo was elected President with
O Mariano Trias as Vice President
O Artemio Ricarte (Captain-General)
O Emiliano Riego de Dios (Director of War)
O Andres Bonifacio (Director of Interiors)
• Bonifacio tried to put up his own Government
with an armed group, he was arrested and founded
guilty. So he was executed with his brother
Procopio on May 10, 1897.
• The Internal dissent caused by Bonifacio’s death
weakened the Katipunan further.
• The Spanish troops regained Cavite and Aguinaldo
was forced to retreat to the mountains of Biak na
Bato.
• In exchange for an indemnity, amnesty and
colonial reform, Aguinaldo and his officers wento
into exile in Hongkong in December 1897 SPANISH
AMERICAN WAR 1898
• Americans won the Battle of Manila bay in 1898
• Declaration of Philippine Independence – June 12,
1898
• Birth of the Philippine Republic – Pres. Aguinaldo
– Jan. 1899
THE ACT OF PROCLAMATION OF INDEPENDENCE
OF FILIPINO PEOPLE
• In the town of Cavite- Viejo, Province of Cavite,
12th day of June 1898
• WAR COUNSELOR, AND SPECIAL DELEGATE
DESIGNATED TO PROCLAIM AND SOLEMNIZE THIS
DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE BY THE
DICTATORIAL GOVERNMENT OF THE PHILIPPINES
• THE PEOPLE OF THIS COUNTRY ARE ALREADY
TIRED OF BEARING THE OMINOUS YOKE OF
SPANISH DOMINATION
• HAD RESOLVED TO START A REVOLUTION IN
AUGUST 1896 IN ORDER TO REGAIN THE
INDEPENDENCE AND SOVEREIGNTY OF WHICH THE
PEOPLE HAD BEEN DEPRIVED BY SPAIN THROUGH
GOVERNOR MIGUEL LOPES DE LEGASPI
• They have ceased to have any allegiance to the
crown of spain; that all political ties between them
are and should be completely severed and annulled.
• War and Peace, conlude commercial treaties,
enter into alliances, regulate commerce, and do all
other acts and things.
• Whom we revere as the supreme head of this
nation, which today begins to have a life of its own,
in the conviction that he has been the instrument
chosen by God.
• Machiavellian ends, trampling upon the Pental
Code of these Isalnds, and those suspected persons
arrested by the Chiefs of Detachments at the
investigation of the friars.
• Doctor Don Jose Burgos, Don Mariano Gomez, and
Don Jacinto Zamora.
• At the Fort of San Felipe in Cavite on the night of
January 21, 1872 was instigated by those Filipino
martyrs.
• Ministry of Foreign Affairs to which they are sent
last month of last year for the issuance of the
proper Royal Decree.
• The unequalled heroism of its inhabitants fought a
one- sided battle againts superior forces of general
blanco and general polavieja for a period of three
months, without proper arms nor ammunitions,
except bolos, pointed bamboos, and arrow.
• This nation, already free and independent as of
this day, must use the same flag which up to now is
being used, whose design and colors are found
described in the attached drawing.
MARCOS VS. AQUINO
Ferdinand Marcos, in full Ferdinand Edralin
Marcos, (born September 11, 1917, Sarrat,
Philippines—died September 28, 1989, Honolulu,
Hawaii, U.S.), Philippine lawyer and politician who,
as head of state from 1966 to 1986, established
an authoritarian regime in the Philippines that came
under criticism for corruption and for its
suppression of democratic processes.
Benigno Aquino of the Philippines was a leading
opponent of the rule of President Ferdinand Marcos
and the husband of Ex-President Coy Aquino.
Aquino's opposition ended in August 1983 when,
after living in the United States for three years, he
returned to the Philippine capital of Manila and was
assassinated (killed) at the airport. Aquino's death
touched off massive demonstrations
against President Marcos.
Maria Corazon “Cory” Cojuangco Aquino
Born on January 25, 1933 to a wealthy and
politically prominent family in Tarlac.
Graduated from Mount St. Vincent College in New
York City in 1954
Married to Benigno “Ninoy Aquino” Jr.
A mother of five children while his husband’s
career as a prominent opposition politician during
the Marcos administration.
Martial Law – 1971
• Marcos declared martial law in the form of
Proclamation 1081 over the entire country
on September 21, 1972, using the activity of
leftist student groups and insurgent groups
such as the New People's Army (NPA), anti-
Vietnam-War demonstrations and a series
of bomb explosions in downtown Manila as
an excuse.
• He dissolved Congress; suspended rights of
habeas corpus, freedom of speech, press
and assembly; and imprisoned the
opposition Liberal Party leaders.
• Normally a constitutional last resort
designed to protect the masses, martial law
was declared by Marcos to keep himself in
power and to protect his cronies. Asia's
most vibrant democracy was no more.
• Marcos: Martial Law Prelude to a "New
Society"
August 21, 1983 – Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino Jr. was
assassinated at the Manila International Airport.
• The gradual downfall of the dictatorial regime
of President Marcos began with the
assassination of his political rival, former
Senator Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino, Jr. on August
 21, 1983 moments after the latter returned
from exile in the United states.
• The murder of Ninoy Aquino set in motion a
series of events that destabilized the Marcos
administration that calling for Marcos to resign.
• Protest rallies erupted in the streets of Manila
and other major cities in the provinces.
• Rumors continued to circulate that Marcos was
sick. Following opinions by the U.S government
that he was losing the mandate of the Filipino
people, Marcos announced on American and
local television that he would hold a snap
presidential election.
• The election wanted to field their own
candidates against Marcos. It was decided that
Ninoy’s widow, Corazon Aquino would run as
president with opposition leader, Salvador
Laurel as her running mate.
• The snap election proved to be farce there was
a rampant cheating and violence. In the end
Batasang Pambansa declared Marcos as the
winner of the election and Aquino in protest
would for a boycott of products of businesses
that supported Marcos.
PEOPLE POWER REVOLUTION 1986
• But on February 22, Marcos defense
minister Juan Ponce Enrile and Armed
Forces of the PH Vice Chief of Staff,
Gen.Fidel Ramos announce their defection
from the Marcos government.
• This led to what is known in our history as
the Four-day People Power Revolution
where civilians faced tanks and soldiers to
protect who defied the Marcos regime.
• Marcos eventually was flown to Hawaii
where he lived in exile and Aquino was
sworn into office as the President of the
Philippines.
• The people Power Revolution caught the
imagination of the world. President Aquino
began to lead a country that had been badly
damaged economically.
• February 1986 ended the Marcos
dictatorship and propelled Cory as the First
Filipino Woman President.
• The Cory administration became known for
its restoration of Philippine democracy. A
new constitution was written and a
Congress was soon elected. But the newly-
restored freedom did not last the Aquino
administration failed to enforce the social
and economic status. The problems of
peace and order especially with the
communist insurgency continued.
• In January 1987, Cory Aquino was named
the TIME Magazine’s 1986 PERSON OF THE
YEAR. She returned in 2001 to support the
impeachment of President Joseph Estrada
which became known as EDSA 2.
• In 2006, she was listed in TIME Magazine’s
issue called “60 YEARS OF ASIAN HEROES”
• September 1986, Cory Aquino went on a
state visit to the United States where she
spoke before the U.S Congress to ask for
financial aid to the Philippines and
conferred with then President Ronald
Reagan and to other Americans to invest.
• The nine-day visit as deemed a success by
Filipino and American newsmen.
TEODORO “TEDDY BOY” LOCSIN Jr.
• Cory’s Executive Secretary and the task of
writing the speech was given to him, but in
an interview years later, admitted that he
was unable to finish it in time for the
occasion.
• It was Cory who finished the draft and it
was this speech that she delivered before
the U.S Congress
• It ran for half an hour and was interrupted
by several applauses and ended with a
standing ovation by both the senators and
congressmen.
• Delivered at Washington, D.C on
September 18, 1896
• Senator Majority Leader Robert Dole said to
Mrs. Aquino, “Cory, you hit a home run.”
• Aquino smiled back and said, “I hope the
bases were loaded.”