Substation and Distribution

Substation and Distribution
Resource Persons:
Dr. Enamul Basher
Dr. Md. Ziaur Rahman Khan
Hamidur Rahman
Dr. Samia Subrina
Yeasir Arafat
Outline of the presentation:

1. SLD of substations in a network and voltage ranges of 
1 SLD of substations in a network and voltage ranges of
substations in RMG
2. Types of substations
3. Components of a substation
4. Description of components
5. Key concerns
y
• 11 kV/400 V Substations
For RMG
Types of Substation

1. Indoor substation
Oil filled equipment – if possible use outside of building
Oil filled equipment  if possible use outside of building
Use Fire barriers for indoor substations
Smoke forms

2. Outdoor substation
S k i l
Smoke is less 
Substation components:
1 Batteries
1. B tt i
2. Surge arresters
3 Grounding
3.
4. Fault sensing and interrupting devices
5. Switchgear that contains oil filled equipment 
g q p
– fixed extinguishing system
6. Oil filled reactor ‐ fixed extinguishing system
7. Power capacitor
8. Diesel or gasoline engines
Single bus: Lack of operational flexibility
Si l b L k f i l fl ibili
Upto 33 kV, Simple relay, low cost
Sectionalizing improves flexibility
Transformers:
• Contain largest quantity of combustible 
substance in a substation
• Fires in oil insulated transformer may result 
from breakdown of insulation
• Fixed fire extinguishing system may be 
considered
• Tripping before activation of water system
Tripping before activation of water system
• Maintain water pressure to drive water from 
holding tank
holding tank 
• Foam system may also be used
• Actuation of fire extinguishing systems – when 
two sensors operate concurrently
Oil containment of transformers
Oil containment of transformers
• Yardstone, Berms, Pits, Sump pumps, Holding 
tanks
• Drainage pipes

Insulating oil:
• Flash point – minimum temperature at which a 
liquid will give off vapour that can be ignited
liquid will give off vapour that can be ignited 
• 146 deg. C
• Separation of transformers from building and 
Separation of transformers from building and
other transformers
Batteries:
• Hydrogen from batteries in confined areas can be 
explosion hazard
pp p y
• Appropriate exhaust system
• Lighting switches should be located outside
3 levels of fire safety:
1. Fire prevention
2. Fire detection
3. Fire fighting
Fire Prevention

1. Isolate fire hazardous equipments such as oil filled 
Equipments batteries etc
Equipments, batteries etc. 
Control and relay building:
Fire resistive or non‐combustible
Fire resistive or non combustible material
material
2. Cable could spread fire, give off chlorine producing 
HCl gas when Combined with water
Use:
Fire retardant cable
Fi
Fire resistant cable
i t t bl
Heat resistant cable
Low smoke cable
Low smoke cable
Install cables in: 
Install cables in
• Trays
• below the raised floor
below the raised floor
• Trenches cast into the floor
for indoor applications.

For Outdoor ‐ Direct burial, permanent trenches,
underground conduit, vertical cable runs –
d d d i i l bl fi b k
fire breaks

• Removable covers of metal or fire retardant material
Removable covers of metal or fire retardant material
• Conduits:
Should be sealed at ceiling, floor and wall penetrations
g, p
To prevent transfer of fire, smoke
Fire detection system:

1. Heat detector – fixed temperature, rate of rise and 
combination
2 Smoke detector –
2. Smoke detector
3. Photoelectric detector
4. Flame detector
Flame detector
5. Air sampling detector
6.  Linear beam smoke detectors
Fire Fighting
• Fire extinguishers:
Fire extinguishers:
1. Portable extinguishers – location adjacent to normal 
entrance/exit doors are suggested
2. Fixed extinguishing systems – for oil filled equipments
• Extinguishing agent:
1. Water – should not envelop energized bushings or surge 
h ld l i d b hi
Arresters 
Since water conducts depending on the impurities present
Since water conducts depending on the impurities present 
2. Carbon dioxide – non‐combustible gas
Spreads and eliminates oxygen
p yg
Can be used on energized electrical equipment since 
non‐conducting
Produce unconsciousness and death
Ineffective for outdoor application due to wind 
3. Dry chemicals –
y rapid extinguishing,
p g g,
reduce visibility, breathing hazard

4. Foam –
4 Foam – mixture of water, foam liquid and air or gas
mixture of water foam liquid and air or gas
Electrically conductive so should not be used in exposed energized
Electrical equipment

Ventilation:

If forced ventilation circulate smoke or gaseous extinguishing agent
Ventilation system should be shut down and if possible smoke 
should be reduced by bringing in outside air in confined areas where
should be reduced by bringing in outside air in confined areas where
Manual fire fighting is must
Lighting:

Exit lights
Emergency yellow lights
Sh ld b
Should be sufficient
ffi i
Exits:
Exits

• At least two exits at opposite ends 
At least two exits at opposite ends

• Doors opening outwards with illuminated exit signs
Key concerns about substation and distribution:

• Earthing system
• Lightning protection system
• Emergency exit sign or means of escape illuminated
• Automatic fire detection and alarm system
y
• Fire detection and alarm system including the detectors
installed with proper design
• Commandd station
i – FACP, PA system
• Electrical service shaft
• Electrical drawings
Signs and illumination
• Exit signs illuminated at all times
• Means of Escape has Emergency Lighting (yellow light)
• Exit sign
g and means of escape p have alternate power
p source

Fig. Emergency yellow light
Transformer

• Separate room for the transformer

• Adequate illumination in transformer room
• Adequate
Ad t cross ventilation
til ti for
f the
th transformer
t f room
• Silica gel in good condition.
• Horn Gap provided and properly aligned
• Proper earthing of transformer body
• Transformer room not used for storage of combustible
material/junk
• Transformer room size meets the requirement of the
guidelines.
id li
• Appropriate detector in transformer room
Fig. Horn gap alligned
Fig Silica gel in good condition (blue not pink)
Fig. Silica gel in good condition (blue  not pink)
Generator

• Separate room for generator

• Generator not located on the higher floor.
• The
Th generatort room size
i meets t the
th requirement
i t off
the guidelines
• Adequate ventilation of the generator room
• Combustible materials not inside generator room
• Cover on the cable trench
• Two point frame earthing of generator
• Over current or earth fault protection provided
• Wáter/oil/lint/dirt
Wá / il/li /di not in i generator room
• Appropriate detector in generator room
Substation
• Substation not located on a higher floor
• Access to substation/ substation equipment
q p easy
y
• Ventilation and illumination of substation is good
• Separating wall extended up to the ceiling
• Substation room not used for storage of combustible material/
junk
• SLD/clear identification mark on distribution panel
• Instruction for first aid to electrical shock and artificial respiration
• Indicating
I di ti lamps
l on the
th panell
• No temporary connection from the substation
• Loose cabling/connection without lug/uncovered cable trench
• Non-conductive mat provided/ sufficient
• Panel door present and not damaged
• Earthing at all required electrical points
• No burning g sign
g inside the ppanel
• Wáter/oil/lint/dirt in substation
• Appropriate detector in substation
Fig. Instruction for first aid to electric shock and 
artificial respiration
Fig. Indicating lamps for panels
Fig. Lugs for connection
Fig. Insulating mat in front of panels
Fig. Panel with door
Fig. Burning sign inside panel
MDB/DB/SDB/SB/MCCB/MCB/ Electrical Machines
• SLD/clear identification mark for MDB/DB/SDB
• Access not obstructed/barred
• No burn marks
• Panel
P l door
d presentt andd nott damaged
d d
• Live parts of machine or equipment not exposed
• MDB/DB/SDB/SB or MCB not installed on wooden board
• Combustible material not near or inside
• MDB/DB/SDB body and door earthed
• Earth bar/neutral bar
• Motor body earthed
• MDB/DB/SDB installed
i ll d at accessible
ibl height
h i h
• No undressed messy wire inside
• Connections with lug
• No loose or broken box/socket
• MDB has duplícate earth leads
 Fig. Service shaft
Electrical service shaft for buildings having more
than 6 stories
• Service shaft is not used for other than its purpose
• Easy access to shaft
Lightning Protection and Earthing System
Lightning Protection and Earthing System

• Metal building earthed

• Lightning protection system available
• Air terminals present
• Earthing/lightning
E thi /li ht i pits it are identifiable
id tifi bl
• Proper Earth leads
Fig. Air terminals for lightning protection system
Fig. Down conductor and ground rods for 
lightning protection system
Fire Detection and Alarm System
• Automatic fire detection and alarm system
• Standard fire detection and alarm system
St d d fi d t ti d l t

Fig. Fire alarm control panel
Thank you.