Important formulae for physics

SECTION A: Mechanics

𝑚
Density: (𝑝 = )
𝑣
𝑣−𝑢
Acceleration: (𝑎 = )
𝑡
𝑚(𝑣−𝑢)
Force: (F= ma) or (𝑓 = )
𝑡

Weight: (𝑤 = 𝑚𝑔)
𝐹
Pressure: (𝑝 = ) or (𝑝 = ℎ𝑝𝑔)
𝐴

Momentum: (𝑝 = 𝑚𝑣)
Moment: (𝑇 = 𝐹𝑑)
Work or energy: (𝑊 = 𝐹𝑑)
𝐸 𝑊
Power: (𝑝 = ) or (𝑝 = ) or (𝑝 = 𝐹𝑣)
𝑡 𝑡
𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
Efficiency=( × 100)
𝑤𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
𝑢𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑝𝑢𝑡
=( × 100 )
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡
1
Kinetic Energy= (𝐸𝑘 = 𝑚𝑣 2 )
2

Change in gravitational potential energy= (∆𝐸𝑝 = 𝑚𝑔∆ℎ)

∆𝑑
Displacement-time graphs velocity= (𝑣 = ) ( i.e gradient)
∆𝑡
∆𝑣
Velocity-time graph acceleration= (𝑎 = ) ( i.e gradient)
∆𝑡

Distance= area between graph line and t-axis (all areas

possible)
Displacement=areas between graph lines and t-axis (areas
above axis are positive and below are negative)
SECTION B: Thermal Physics And Kinetic Theory

Heat Energy= (𝐸𝐻 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇) or (𝐸𝐻 = 𝑚𝑙)

𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 𝑚𝑙
Heat Power= (𝑃𝐻 = ) or (𝑃𝐻 = )
𝑡 𝑡
𝑃1 𝑉1 𝑃2 𝑉2
Equation of Ideal Gas= ( = ) ( note: T must be in kelvin)
𝑇1 𝑇2

SECTION C: Waves and Optics

Within a medium: (𝑣 = 𝜆𝑓)
𝑣1 𝜆1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃1 𝜂2
Changing mediums: ( = = = )
𝑣2 𝜆2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃2 𝜂1
1
Frequency: (𝑓 = )
𝑇
1 1 1
Lens Equation: ( + = )
𝑢 𝑣 𝑓
𝑣 ℎ𝑖
Magnification: (𝑚 = ) or (𝑚 = )
𝑢 ℎ𝑜

SECTION D: Electricity and Magnetism

Charge: (𝑄 = 𝐼𝑇) or (𝑄 = 𝑁𝑞)
Energy and Work: (𝐸 = 𝑉𝑄) or (𝐸 = 𝑉𝐼𝑡) or (𝐸 = 𝐼2 𝑅𝑡) or
𝑉 2𝑡
(𝐸 = )
𝑅
𝑉 2𝑡
Power: (𝑃 = 𝑉𝐼) or (𝑃 = 12 𝑅) or (𝑃 = )
𝑅

Emf: sum of pd’s in circuit (𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅)

𝑁𝑝 𝑉𝑝
Transformers: ( + )
𝑁𝑠 𝑉𝑠
𝑃𝑠 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑠
Efficiency= ( × 100) or ( × 100)
𝑃𝑝 𝑉𝑝 𝐼𝑝
 𝑁𝑝 𝑉𝑝 𝐼
Ideal Transformers (100% efficient) = ( = = 𝑠)
𝑁𝑠 𝑉𝑠 𝐼𝑝

SECTION E: The Physics Of The Atom

Einstein’s equation of mass – energy equivalence:
(∆𝐸 = ∆𝑚𝑐 2 )