Comprehension 52 Sets Download PDF

Is Now In CHENNAI | MADURAI | TRICHY | SALEM | COIMBATORE | CHANDIGARH |
BANGALORE|NAMAKKAL|ERODE|PUDUCHERRY
www.raceinstitute.in | www.bankersdaily.in
Simplification – 100
Questions
Chennai: #1, South Usman Road, T Nagar. | Madurai: #24/21, Near Mapillai Vinayagar Theatre, Kalavasal. | Trichy: opp
BSNL office, Juman Center, 43 Promenade Road, Cantonment. | Salem: #209, Sonia Plaza / Muthu Complex, Junction
Main Rd, State Bank Colony, Salem. | Coimbatore #545, 1st floor, Adjacent to SBI (DB Road Branch), Diwan Bahadur
Road, RS Puram, Coimbatore (Kovai) – 641002 | Chandigarh: SCO 131-132 Sector 17C. | Bangalore.
H.O: 7601808080 / 9043303030 | www.raceinstitute.in

Chennai RACE Coaching Institute Pvt Ltd
Chennai | Madurai | Trichy | Salem | Coimbatore | Chandigarh | Bangalore
PASSAGE 1 has no reason to feel sinful, and then

The happy man is the man who lives proceed, to plant this rational conviction in
objectively, who has free affections and wide his unconscious mind, concerning himself
interests, who secures his happiness through meanwhile with some more or less neutral
these interests and affections and through activity. If he succeeds in dispelling the
the fact that they in turn make him an object sense of sin, it is possible that genuine
of interest and affection to many others. To objective interests will arise spontaneously.
be the recipient of affection is a potent cause If his trouble is self-pity, he can deal with it
of happiness, but the man who demands in the same manner after first persuading
affection is not the man upon whom it is himself that there is nothing extraordinarily
bestowed. The man who receives affection unfortunate in his circumstances. If fear is
is, speaking broadly, the man who gives it. his trouble, let him practice exercises
But it is useless to attempt to give it as a designed to give courage. Courage has been
calculation, in the way in which one might recognized from time immemorial as an
lend money at interest, for a calculated important virtue, and a great part of the
affection is not genuine and is not felt to be training of boys and young men has been
so by the recipient. What then can a man do devoted to producing a type of character
who is unhappy because he is encased in capable of fearlessness in battle. But moral
self? So long as he continues to think about courage and intellectual courage have been
the causes of his unhappiness, he continues much less studied. They also, however, have
to be self-centered and therefore does not their technique. Admit to yourself every day
get outside it. It must be by genuine at least one painful truth, you will find it
interest, not by simulated interests adopted quite useful. Teach yourself to feel that life
merely as a medicine. Although this difficulty would still be worth living even if you were
is real, there is nevertheless much that he not, as of course you are, immeasurably
can do if he has rightly diagnosed his superior to all your friends in virtue and in
trouble. If for example, his trouble is due to intelligence. Exercises of this sort prolonged
a sense of sin, conscious or unconscious, he through several years will at last enable
can first persuade his conscious mind that he
Head Office - Chennai: #1, South Usman Road, T Nagar. Chennai. Mob: 9043303030 / 7601808080
2
Madurai | Trichy | Salem | Coimbatore | Chandigarh | Bangalore|www.raceinstitute.in
doing, free you from the empire of fear over 4. Which of the following virtues, according
a very large field. to the passage, has been recognized for long
1. According to the passage, calculated as an important virtue?
affection (a) Patriotism (b) Sacrifice
(a) appears to be false and fabricated (c) Courage (d) Self-consciousness
(b) makes other person to love you (e) None of these
(c) turns into permanent affection over a 5. Which of the following words is SIMILAR
period of time in meaning of the word ‗bestowed‘ as used
(d) leads to self-pity in the passage?
(e) gives a feeling of courage (a) Conferred (b) Accommodated
2. Who according to the passage is the (c) Trusted (d) Withdrawn
happy man? (e) Directed
(a) Who is encased in self 6. Which of the following, according to the
(b) Who has free affection and wide interests passage, has not been studied much?
(c) Who is free from worldly passions (a) Feeling of guilt and self-pity
(d) Who has externally centred passions (b) The state of mind of an unhappy man
(e) None of these (c) How to get absorbed in other interests
3. Which of the following statements is NOT (d) Moral and intellectual courage
TRUE in the context of the passage? (e) None of these
(a) The happy man has wide interests. 7. What should a man do who is suffering
(b) Courage has been recognized as an from the feeling of self-pity?
important virtue. (a) He should control his passions and
(c) Unhappy man is encased in self. emotions.
(d) A man who suffers from the sense of sin (b) He should persuade himself that
must tell himself that he has no reason to be everything is alright in his circumstances.
sinful. (c) He should seek affection from others.
(e) Issue of intellectual courage has been (d) He should develop a feeling of
extensively studied. fearlessness.
Trichy: opp BSNL office, Juman Center, 43 Promenade Road, Cantonment. Mob: 9360703030
3
Salem: #209, Muthu Plaza, Junction Main Rd, State Bank Colony, Salem. Mob: 7305958080
Coimbatore: #545, First Floor, Diwan Bahadur Road, RS Puram. Mob: 7667673030 / 7667678080
(e) He should consult an expert to diagnose (c) explaining (d) providing

his trouble. (e) debating
8. What happens to a man who demands 12. How can one get out of the vicious circle
affection? mentioned in the passage?
(a) His feelings are reciprocated by others. (a) By practicing skills of concentration
(b) He tends to take a calculated risk. (b) By inculcating the habit of self absorption
(c) He becomes a victim of a vicious circle. (c) Being true to others and one‘s internal
(d) He takes affection for granted from circumstances
others. (d) Admitting to oneself that others could be
(e) None of these right
9. If a man is suffering from a sense of sin, (e) None of these
(a) he should invite opinion of others 13. Which of the following words is
(b) he should admit his sin at once OPPOSITE in meaning of the word
(c) he should consciously realize that he has ‗dispelling‘ as used in the passage?
no reason to feel sinful (a) giving (b) accumulating
(d) he should develop a fearless character (c) receiving (d) scattering
(e) he should develop an internal focus of 14. What according to the passage is the
control real cause of happiness?
10. Which of the following statements is (a) Material rewards and incentives received
TRUE in the context of the passage? (b) Critical analysis of the happy state of
(a) All passions stem from unhappiness. mind
(b) The happy man lives subjectively. (c) Affection received from others
(c) Any virtue has a dark side also. (d) Calculated risk taken
(d) Ones feels happy if one receives (e) None of these
affection. 15. What happens when you think about the
(e) Any affection is always genuine. cause of your unhappiness?
11. Which of the following statements is (a) You try to introspect and look critically at
SIMILAR in meaning to the word ‗flinching‘ yourself.
as used in the passage? (b) You realize that life can be lived in
(a) wincing (b) convincing different ways.
Chennai: #1, South Usman Road, T Nagar. Chennai. Mob: 9043303030 / 7601808080 4
Madurai: #24/21, Near Mapillai Vinayagar Theatre, Kalavasal. M: 7695814311 | www.RACEInstitute.in
(c) You try to practice exercise designed to large organizations for the first time in
give coverage. human history, we didn‘t have enough good
(d) You remain a self-centered person. managers to keep all those burrreaucracies
(e) None of these functioning. So many companies and
universities developed management
programmes, and hundreds and thousands
PASSAGE 2 of people were encouraged to learn
Management is a set of processes that can management on the job. And they did. But,
keep a complicated system of people and people were taught little about leadership.
technology running smoothly. The most To some degree, management was
important aspects of management include emphasized because it‘s easier to teach than
planning, budgeting, organizing, staffing, leadership. But even more so, management
controlling, and problem-solving. Leadership was the main item on the twentieth-century
is a set of processes that creates agenda because that‘s what was needed. For
organisations in the first place or adapts every entrepreneur or business builder who
them to significantly changing was a leader, we needed hundreds of
circumstances. Leadership defines what the managers to run their ever growing
future should look like, aligns people with enterprises. Unfortunately for us today, this
that vision, and inspires them to make it emphasis on management has often been
happen despite the obstacles. This institutionalized in corporate cultures that
distinction is absolutely crucial for our discourage employees from learning how to
purposes here: Successful transformation is lead. Ironically, past success is usually the
70 to 90 per cent leadership and only 10 to key ingredient in producing this outcome.
30 per cent management. Yet for historical The syndrome, as I have observed it on
reasons, many organisations today don‘t many occasions, goes like this: success
have much leadership. And almost everyone creates some degree of market dominance,
thinks about the problems here as one of which in turn produces much growth. After a
managing change. For most of this century, while keeping the ever larger organizations
as we created thousands and thousands of under control becomes the primary
5
challenge. So attention turns inward, and (d) In today‘s context, organizations need
managerial competencies are nurtured. leaders much more than managers in
With a strong emphasis on management but transforming them.
not on leadership, bureaucracy and an (e) None of these
inward focus take over. But with continued 2. Why did companies and universities
success, the result mostly of market develop programmes to prepare managers in
dominance, the problem often goes such a large number?
unaddressed and an unhealthy arrogance (a) Companies and universities wanted to
begins to evolve. All of these characteristics generate funds through these programmes.
then make any transformation effort much (b) A large number of organizations were
more difficult. Arrogant managers can over- created and they needed managers in good
evaluate their current performance and number.
competitive position, listen poorly, and learn (c) Organisations did not want spend their
slowly. Inwardly focused employees can scarce resources in training managers.
have difficulty seeing the very forces that (d) Organisations wanted to create
present threats and opportunities. communication network through trained
Bureaucratic cultures an smother those who managers.
want to respond to shifting conditions. And (e) None of these
the lack of leadership leaves no fore inside 3. Which of the following statements is NOT
these organizations to break out of the TRUE in the context of the passage?
morass. (a) Bureaucratic culture can smother those
1. Why, according to the author, is a who want to respond to changing conditions.
distinction between management and (b) Leadership produces change and has the
leadership crucial? potential to establish direction.
(a) Leaders are reactive whereas managers (c) Pressure on managers comes mostly
are proactive. from within.
(b) Organisations are facing problems of not (d) Leadership centres on carrying out
getting good managers. important functions such as planning and
(c) Organisations are pursuing the strategy problem-solving.
of status quo.
(e) Managers believe that they are the best 7. Management education was emphasized
and that their idiosyncratic traditions are in the management programmes because
superior. (a) establishing direction was the main focus
4. Which of the following is not the of organizations
characteristic of bureaucratic culture? (b) motivating employees was thought to be
(a) Managers listen poorly and learn slowly. done by managers
(b) Managerial competencies are nurtured. (c) strategies for producing change was the
(c) Employees clearly see the forces that main focus of organizations
present threats and opportunities. (d) organizations wanted to create powerful
(d) Prevalence of unhealthy arrogance. guiding coalition
(e) Managers tend to stifle initiative and (e) management was the main item of
innovation. agenda in organizations
5. Which of the following is SIMILAR in 8. What is the historical reason for many
meaning to the word SMOTHER as used in organizations not having leadership?
the passage? (a) A view that leaders are born, they are
(a) suppress (b) encourage not made
(c) instigate (d) criticise (b) Leaders lack managerial skills and
(e) attack organizations need managers
6. How has the author defined management? (c) Leaders are weak in carrying out
(a) It is the process of adapting traditional functions of management
organizations to changing circumstances. (d) Leaders allow too much complacency in
(b) It is the system of aligning people with organizations
the direction it has taken. (e) None of these
(c) It refers to creating a vision to help direct 9. In the passage, management is equated
the change effort. with
(d) Creating better performance through (a) Organisation
customer orientation. (b) Leadership
(e) None of these (c) Organisational vision
(d) Bureaucracy
7
(e) Managerial training (c) Bureaucratic and inward-looking

10. Why does the attention of large approach
organizations turn inward? (d) Failing to acknowledge the value of
(a) Their managers become arrogant. customers and shareholders
(b) They have to keep themselves under (e) None of these
control. 14. Why were people taught little about
(c) Their success creates market dominance. leadership in management programmes?
(d) None of these (a) Teachers were busy in understanding the
11. Which of the following is SIMILAR in phenomenon of leadership.
meaning of the word NURTURED as used in (b) Enough study material was not available
the passage? to facilitate teaching of leadership.
(a) created (b) developed (c) Focus of these programmes was on
(c) thwarted (d) surfaced developing managers.
(e) halted (d) Leadership was considered only a
12. What, according to the author, is political phenomenon.
leadership? (e) None of these
(a) Process which keeps the system of 15. Which of the following statement is/are
people and technology running smoothly definitely true in the context of the passage?
(b) Planning the future and budgeting (A) Bureaucracy fosters strong and
resources of the organization arroganat culture.
(c) Inspiring people to realize the vision (B) Leadership competencies are nurtured in
(d) Carrying out the crucial functions of large-size organizations.
management (C) Successful transformation in
(e) None of these organizations is 70 to 90 per cent leadership.
13. Which of the following characteristics (a) Only A and B (b) Only A and C
helps organizations in their transformation (c) Only B and C (d) Only B
efforts? (e) Only C
(a) Emphasis on leadership but not on Answer key:
management PASSAGE 1
(b) A strong and dogmatic culture
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (e) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (b) or so victims feel that they have mild
8. (c) 9. (c) 10. (d) 11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (b) influenza which may recede after a day or
14. (c) 15. (d) two. Then the symptoms return again and
PASSAGE 2 their lungs start filling with fluid. They rush
1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (e) to local hospitals for treatment, but the
8. (e) 9. (d) 10. (b) 11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (e) panic-stricken people may find that the
14. (c) 15. (b) medicare services run quickly out of drugs
due to excessive demand. But no one would
be able to realize that a terrorist attack has
PASSAGE 1
occurred. One cannot deny the possibility
In the second week of August 1998, just a
that the germ involved would be of
few days after the incidents of bombing the
contagious variety capable of causing an
US embassies in Nairobi and Dar-es-Salaam,
epidemic. The meeting concluded that such
a high-powered, brain-storming session was
attacks, apart from causing immediate
held near Washington D.C., to discuss
human tragedy, would have dire long-term
various aspects of terrorism. The meeting
effects on the political and social fabric of a
was attended by ten of America‘s leading
country by way of ending people‘s trust on
experts in various fields such as germ and
the competence of the government. The
chemical warfare, public health, disease
experts also said that the bombs used in
control and also by the doctors and the law-
Kenya and Tanzania were of the old-fashion
enforcing officers. Being asked to describe
variety and involved quantities of high
the horror of possible bio-attack, one of the
explosives, but new terrorism will prove to
experts narrated the following gloomy
be more deadly and probably more elusive
scenario. A culprit in a crowded business
than hijacking an aeroplane or a gelignite of
centre or in a busy shopping mall of a town
previous decades. According to Bruce
empties a test tube containing some fluid,
Hoffman, an American specialist on political
which in turn creates an unseen cloud of
violence, old terrorism generally had a
germ of a dreaded disease like anthrax
specific manifesto-to overthrow a colonial
capable of inflicting a horrible death within 5
power or the capitalist system and so on.
days on any one who inhales it. At first 500,
9
These terrorists were not shy about planting 2. In what way would the new terrorism be
a bomb or hijacking an aircraft and they set different from that of the earlier years?
some limit to their brutality. Killing so many (A) More dangerous and less baffling
innocent people might turn their natural (B) More hazardous for victims
supporters off. Political terrorists want a lot (C) Less complicated for terrorists
of people watching but not a lot of people (a) A and C only (b) B and C only
dead. ―Old terrorism sought to change the (c) A and B only (d) All the three
world while the new sort is often practised (e) None of these
by those who believe that the world has 3. What was the immediate provocation for
gone beyond redemption‖, he added. the meeting held in August 1998?
Hoffman says, ―New terrorism has no long- (a) the insistence of America‘s leading
term agenda but is ruthless in its short-term (b) the horrors of possible bio-attacks
intentions. It is often just a cacophonous (c) a culprit‘s heinous act of spreading germs
cry of protest or an outburst of religious (d) people‘s lack of trust in the government
intolerance or a protest against the West in (e) None of these
general and the US in particular. Its 4. What could be the probable consequence
perpetrators may be religious fanatics or of bio-attacks, as mentioned in the passage?
diehard opponent of a government and see (A) several deaths
no reason to show restraint. They are simply (B) political turmoil
intent on inflicting the maximum amount of (C) social unrest
pain on the victim.‖ (a) A only (b) B only
1. In the context of the passage, the culprit‘s (c) C only (d) A and B only
act of emptying a test tube containing some (e) None of these
fluid can be classified as 5. The author‘s purpose of writing the above
(a) a terrorist attack passage seems to explain
(b) an epidemic of a dreaded disease (a) the methods of containing terrorism
(c) a natural calamity (b) the socio-political turmoil in African
(d) panic created by an imaginary event countries
(e) None of tehse (c) the deadly strategies adopted by modern
terrorists
(d) reason for killing innocent people (d) give a setback to socio-political order
(e) the salient features of terrorism of (e) None of these
yesteryear 9. Which of the following statements is true
6. According to the author of the passage, about new terrorism?
the root cause of terrorism is (a) Its immediate objectives area quite
(A) religious fanaticism tragic.
(B) socio-political changes in countries (b) It has far-sighted goals to achieve.
(C) the enormous population growth (c) It can differentiate between the innocent
(a) A only (b) B only people and the guilty.
(c) C only (d) A and B only (d) It is free from any political ideology.
(e) All the three (e) It advocates people in changing the
7. The phrase ―such attacks‖, as socio-political order
mentioned in the last sentence of the second Directions (q. 10-12): choose the word
paragraph, refers to which is most opposite in meaning of
(a) the onslaught of an epidemic as a natural the word printed in bold as used in the
(b) bio-attack on political people in the passage
government 10. gloomy
(c) attack aimed at damaging the reputation (a) discouraging (b) disgusting
of the government (c) bright (d) tragic
(d) bio-attack maneuvered by unscrupulous (e) versatile
elements 11. cacophonous
(e) None of these (a) loud (b) melodious
8. The sole objective of the old terrorism, (c) sonourous (d) harsh
according to Hoffman, was to (e) distant
(a) plant bombs to kill innocent people 12. intolerance
(b) remove colonial power or capitalist (a) forbearance (b) permissiveness
system (c) adaptability (d) acceptance
(c) make people realize the incompetence of (e) faithfulness
the government
11
Directions (Q. 13-15): Choose the word transparency. The composition, the role and
which is most nearly the SAME in the procedures of the proposed National
meaning of the word printed in bold as Judicial Commission, must be clearly spelt
used in the passage. out, lest it be a case of jumping from the
13. perpetrators frying-pan into the fire. Recently, there
(a) opponents (b) followers has been a lively debate in England on the
(c) sympathizers (d) leaders subject. A judicial commission has been
(e) manoeuvrers proposed but there are not many takers for
14. elusive that proposal. In the paper issued this month
(a) harmful (b) fatal by the Lord Chancellor‘s Department on
(c) destructive (d) baffling judicial appointments, the Lord Chancellor
(e) obstructing has said, ―I want every vacancy on the
15. inflicting Bench to be filled by the best person
(a) elevating (b) imposing available. Appointments must and will be
(c) alleviating (d) reflecting made on merit, irrespective of ethnic origin,
(e) soothing gender, marital startus, political affiliation,
PASSAGAE 2 sexual orientation, religion or disability.
An independent, able and upright judiciary is These are not mere words. They are firm
the hallmark of a free democratic country. principles. I will not tolerate any form of
Therefore, the process of judicial discrimination.‖ At present, there are hardly
appointments is of vital importance. At any persons from the ethnic minorities
present, on account of the Supreme Court‘s manning the higher judiciary and so far not a
last advisory opinion, the role of the single woman has made it to the House of
executive and its interference in the Lords. The most significant part of Lord
appointment of judges is minimal, which, in Chancellor‘s paper is the requirement that
light of our previous experience, is most ―allegations of professional misconduct made
welcome. However, there is a strong demand in the course of consultations about a
for a National Judicial Commission on the candidate for judicial office must be specific
ground of wider participation in the and subject to disclosure to the candidate‖.
appointment process and for greater This should go a long way in ensuring that
principles of natural justice and fair play are (a) Not having enough judges from
not jettisoned in the appointment process, backward communities.
which is not an uncommon phenomenon. (b) Interference of the executive in the
1. What, according to the passage should go appointment of judges.
a long way in judicial appointments? (c) Professional misconduct of judges.
(a) Decision that all sections of the society (d) Delay that occurred in the judicial
are represented. appointments.
(b) Candidate‘s qualifications and seniority (e) None of these
are considered 4. The role and procedure of the National
(c) Candidate‘s must know the charge of Commission must be spelt out clearly
professional misconduct leveled against him. (a) because executive wing will depend on it
(d) There should be strong reason for heavily.
discrimination. (b) because judges will take judicial
(e) None of these decisions on the basis of it.
2. According to the passage, there has been (c) it will be represented by a cross-section
a demand for a National Judicial Commission of the society.
to (d) it will bring a qualitative change in the
(a) clear the backing of court cases. interpretation of law.
(b) make judiciary see eye to eye with (e) None of these
executive. 5. What has been the subject of lively debate
(c) wipe out corruption at the highest places. in England?
(d) make the appointment process of judges (a) Role of judiciary in free and democratic
more broad-based and clear. nations
(e) Safeguard the interest of natural justice (b) Appointment of judicial commission
and fair play in judicial pronouncement. (c) Seniority as the basis of appointment of
3. Which of the following could be in the judges
author‘s mind when he says ‗in the light of (d) Appointments of judicial posts
our previous experience‘? (e) None of these
13
6. What, according to the author, is the (a) Appointments to judicial posts must take
typical characteristic of an independent into consideration the aspirations of the
democratic country? weaker sections of the society.
(a) Objective process of judicial (b) Vacancies in the judiciary must not
appointments. remain unfilled.
(b) Supreme Court‘s advisory opinion on (c) Merit should be the sole criterion for
legal metters. judicial appointments.
(c) Responsible, free and fair judiciary. (d) Selective discrimination may be preached
(d) Lively and frank debate in the society on and also practiced.
the role of judiciary. (e) None of these
(e) None of these 10. Which of the following according to the
7. Which, according to the passage, is not an author is the most welcome thing?
uncommon phenomenon? (a) The negligible role to be played by the
(a) An independent and upright judiciary executive in the appointments of judges.
(b) Delays taking place in legal (b) Coordinating role played by the executive
pronouncements in the appointment of judges
(c) Justice being denied too poor people (c) The appointment of judges from the
(d) Partiality and subjectivity in judicial ethnic minority classes
appointments (d) Appointment of judges purely on the
(e) None of these basis of merit
8. Which of the following words is SIMILAR in (e) None of these
meaning as the word jettison as used in the 11. Which of the following groups of words is
passage? SIMILAR in meaning as the word lest as
(a) sacrifice (b) accept used in the passage?
(c) modify (d) destroy (a) in spite of (b) for fear that
(e) advocate (c) for want of (d) in order to
9. Which of the following forms part of what (e) with regard to
the Lord Chancellor has said? 12. What does the expression ―from the
frying-pan into the fire‖ mean?
(a) Seeing one dream after the other
(b) Making plan after plan creating a new world economic or

(c) Crossing one hurdle after the other information order, establishing a new health
(d) Jumping from one high place to another set-up is essentially a matter for individual
(e) None of these countries to accomplish. No conflict of
Answer key: international interests is involved. But this
PASSAGE 1 advantage is, at least until it begins to take
1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (e) 4. (e) 5. (c) 6. (a) 7. (d) concrete shape, only theoretical. The million-
8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (b) dollar question is whether individual third-
14. (d) 15. (b) world governments are able and willing to
PASSAGE 2 muster the will, the resources, the
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (e) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (d) administrative and other infrastructure to
8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (a) 11. (b) 12. (e) carry out what it is entirely within their
power to attain and implement. The
dimensions of the problem are known and
PASSAGE 1
the solutions broadly agreed on. The present
After the ―Liberal‖ a new catch-phrase is
medical and health-care system is urban-
being coined: ‗A New Health Order‘. Talking
base, closely geared to drugs, hospitals and
about setting it up is the theme of the WHO-
expensively trained apathetic doctors. The
sponsored international conference on
bulk of the population in poor countries, who
primary health and medical care, currently
live in rural areas, are left untouched by all
being held at Milan in Italy. While much has
this and must rely on traditional healers.
been said and written on establishing ―new
The answer is to turn out medical/health
order‖, little has actually been done. Will the
personnel sufficiently, but not expensively,
conference at Milan too swear by the ―new
trained to handle routine complaints and to
health order‖, go home and then forget
get villagers to pay adequate attention to
about it, while the present medical and
cleanliness, hygienic sanitation, garbage
healthcare set-up in poor countries further
disposal and other elementary but crucial
entrenches itself? This does not have to be
matters. More complicated ailments can be
the fate of the radical resolutions that will
referred to properly equipped centres in
undoubtedly be passed at Milan. Unlike
15
district towns, cities and metropolises. 2. The author has reservations about the
Traditional healers, whom villagers trust, can utility of the Milan Conference because…
be among these intermediate personnel. (a) it is expected only to discuss but not
Some third-world countries, including India, decide upon anything.
have launched or are preparing elaborate (b) earlier conferences had failed to reach
schemes of this nature. But the experience is any decisions.
not quite happy. There is resistance from (c) the medical profession is opposed to a
the medical establishment which sees them new health order.
as little more than licensed quackery but is (d) while ―new orders‖ are talked and written
to prepared either to offer condensed about, not much is actually done.
medical courses such as the former licentiate (e) None of these
course available in this country and unwisely 3. The contents of the passage indicate that
scrapped. There is the question of how much the author is opposed to…
importance to give to indigenous system of (a) traditional healers.
medicine. And there is the difficult matter of (b) licentiate practitioners.
striking the right balance between preventive (c) allopathic system of medicines.
healthcare and curative medical attention. (d) hospitals.
These are complex issues and the Milan (e) None of these
conference would perhaps be more fruitful if 4. It can be inferred from the contents of the
it were to discuss such specific subjects. passage that the author‘s approach is …
1. The author is doubtful whether…. (a) sarcastic (b) constructive
(a) an individual country can set up a a new (c) indifferent (d)fault-finding
health order. (e) hostile
(b) the Milan conference would pass radical 5. The author thinks that the solution to the
resolutions. problem of medical/health care lies in ….
(c) under-developed countries have the (a) opening hospitals is rural areas.
capacity to organize their resources (b) conducting inexpensive medical courses.
(d) traditional healers could be trained as (c) improving the economic condition of the
intermediate health personnel. masses.
(e) the problem has been understood at all.
(d) expediting the setting up of a new health (c) urban-based medical practitioners.
order. (d) expensively trained allopathic doctors.
(e) making cheap drugs available. (e) None of these
6. To make the conference really useful, the 9. For a new health order, the author
author suggests… recommends all of the following EXCEPT
(a) resolving the international conflicts (a) motivating villagers to pay attention to
involved. cleanliness
(b) that it should address itself to specific (b) setting up well equipped centres in
issues. district towns
(c) it should give importance to indigenous (c) discontinuing the present expensive
system of medicine. medical courses
(d) that it should not pass radical (d) training traditional healers to function as
resolutions. medical health personnel
(e) None of these (e) striking a balance between preventive
7. What does the author suggest for the cure healthcare and curative medical attention
of the cases involving complications? Directions (Q. 10-12): Choose the word
(a) Treating such cases at well-equipped which is most nearly the SAME in
hospitals in district places meaning as the word printed in bold as
(b) Training such victims in preliminary used in the passage.
hygiene 10. LAUNCHED
(c) Training semi-skilled doctors to treat (a) participated (b) accomplished
such cases (c) elevated (d) planned
(d) Issuing licences to semi-skilled doctors to (e) started
treat such cases 11. MUSTER
(e) None of these (a) enlist (b) summon
8. The medical establishment seems to be (c) manifest (d) extend
reluctant to trust the… (e) enrich
(a) allopathic medical practitioners. 12. ENTRENCH
(b) traditional healers. (a) being deteriorating
17
(b) surround completely the patient which could be misused. Till

(c) establish firmly recently, patients had implicit faith in their
(d) enclose carefully physician whom they loved and respected,
(e) finish radically not only for his knowledge but also in the
Directions (Q. 13-15): Choose the word total belief that practitioners of this noble
which is most nearly OPPOSITE in profession, guided by ethics, always placed
meaning of the word printed in bold as the patient‘s interest above all other
used in the passage. considerations. This rich interpersonal
13. CONDENSED relationship between the physician, patient
(a) concentrated (b) envigoured and family has, barring a few exceptions,
(c) expanded (d) lengthened prevailed till the recent past, for caring was
(e) inexplicable considered as important as curing. Our
14. CRUCIAL indigenous systems of medicine like
(a) trivial (b) critical ayurveda and yoga have been more
(c) significant (d) marvellous concerned with the promotion of the health
(e) conspicuous of both the body and mind and with
15. RESISTANCE maintaining a harmonious relationship not
(a) opposition (b) agreement just with fellow-beings but with nature itself,
(c) repulsion (d) acceptance of which man is an integral part. Healthy
(e) compliance practices like cleanliness, proper diet,
PASSAGE 2 exercise and meditation are part of our
There is no field of human endeavour that culture which sustains people even in the
has been so misunderstood as health. While prevailing conditions of poverty in rural India
health which connotes well-being and the and in the unhygienic urban slums. These
absence of illness has a low profile, it is systems consider disease as an aberration
illness representing the failure of health resulting from disturbance of the equilibrium
which virtually monopolizes attention of health, which must be corrected by gentle
because of the fear of pain, disability and restoration of this balance through proper
death. Even Sushruta has warned that this diet, medicines and the establishment of
provides the medical practitioner power over mental peace. They also teach the graceful
acceptance of old age with its infirmities (A) The real cause and ways of control of
resulting from the normal degenerative communicable diseases
process as well as of death which is (B) Evolution of the concept of harmony
inevitable. This is in marked contrast to the between man and nature
western concept of life as a constant (C) Special techniques for fighting ageing
struggle against disease, ageing and death (a) Only B and C (b) Only A and B
which must be fought and conquered with (c) Only A (d) Only B
the knowledge and technology derived from (e) Only C
their science: a science which, with its 2. In India traditionally the doctors were
narrow dissective and quantifying approach, being guided mainly by which of the
has provided us the understanding of the following?
microbial causes of communicable diseases (a) High technology
and provided highly effective technology for (b) Good knowledge
their prevention, treatment and control. This (c) Professional ethics
can rightly be claimed as the greatest (d) Power over patient
contribution of western medicine and (e) Western concept of life
justifiably termed as ‗high‘ technology. And 3. What caution have proponents of
yet the contribution of this science in the indigenous systems sounded against medical
field of non-communicable diseases is practitioners?
remarkably poor despite the far greater (a) Their undue concern for the health of the
inputs in research and treatment for the person.
problems of ageing like cancer, heart (b) Their emphasis on research on non-
diseases, paralytic strokes and arthritis communicable diseases.
which are the major problems of affluent (c) Their emphasis on curing illness rather
societies today. than preventive health measures.
1. Which of the following has been described (d) Their emphasis on restoring health for
as the most outstanding benefits of modern affluent members of the society.
medicine? (e) None of these
19
4. Why has the field of health not been (a) It concentrates more on health than on
understood properly? illness.
(a) Difficulty in understanding distinction (b) It suggests remedies for the poor people.
between health and illness. (c) It demands more inputs in terms of
(b) Confusion between views of indigenous research and technology.
and western system. (d) The cost of treatment is low.
(c) Highly advanced technology being used (e) None of these
by the professionals. 8. Which of the following can be inferred
(d) Not given in the passage. about the position of the author in writing
(e) None of these the passage?
5. Why, according to the author, have people (A) Ardent supporter of western system n
in India survived in spite of poverty? present context.
(a) Their natural resistance to communicable (B) Supremacy of ancient Indian system in
diseases is very high. today‘s world.
(b) They have easy access to western (C) Critical and objective assessment of the
technology. present situation.
(c) Their will to conquer diseases (a) Only A (b) Only B
(d) Their harmonious relationship with the (c) Only C (d) Neither B nor C
physician (e) None of these
(e) None of these 9. The author seems to suggest that
6. Which of the following pairs are (a) we should give importance to improving
mentioned as ‗contrast‘ in the passage? the health rather than curing of illness.
(a) Western concept of life and science. (b) we should move towards becoming an
(b) Technology and science. affluent society.
(c) Western physician and western-educated (c) ayurveda is superior to yoga.
Indian physician. (d) good interpersonal relationship but not
(d) Indian and western concepts of life. sufficient.
(e) Knowledge and technology. (e) ayurvedic medicines can be improved by
7. Why does the author describe the following western approaches and methods
contributions of science as remarkably poor? of sciences.
Directions (Q. 10-12): Choose the word (a) Constructed (b) Sprung
which is most OPPOSITE in meaning of (c) Directed (d) Processed
the word printed in bold as used in the (e) Continued
passage. Answer key:
10. INEVITABLE PASSAGE 1
(a) Undesirable (b) Unsuitable 1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (e) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (a)
(c) Detestable (d) Avoidable 8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (e) 11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (d)
(e) Available 14. (a) 15. (d)
11. CONCERNED PASSAGE 2
(a) Diluted (b) Liberated 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (e) 6. (d) 7. (e)
(c) Indifferent (d) Divested 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (d) 11. (c) 12. (a) 13. (e)
(e) Relaxed 14. (c) 15. (b)
12. DEGENERATIVE
(a) Recuperative (b) Revolving PASSAGE 1
(c) Productive (d) Innovative We have inherited the tradition of secrecy
(e) Integrative about the budget from Britain where also the
Directions (Q. 13-15): Choose the word system has been strongly attacked by
which is most nearly the SAME in eminent economists and political scientists
meaning as the word printed in bold as including Peter Jay. Sir Richard Clarke, who
used in the passage. was the originating genius of nearly every
13. CONNOTES important development in the British
(a) Helps (b) Cures budgeting techniques during the last two
(c) Follows (d) Confirms decades, has spoken out about the abuse of
(e) Implies budget secrecy: ―The problems of long-term
14. ABERRATION tax policy should surely be debated openly
(a) Observation (b) Alternative with the facts on the table. In my opinion, all
(c) Deviation (d) Outcome governments should have just the same
(e) Stimulate duty to publish their expenditure policy.
15. DERIVED Indeed, this obligation to public taxation
21
policy is really essential for the control of openness and public consultations, resulting
public expenditure in order to get realistic in fair laws and the people‘s acceptance of
taxation implications.‖ Realising that their moral duty to pay.
democracy flourishes best on the principles 1. How do the British economists and
of open government, more and more political scientists react to budget secrecy?
democracies are having an open public They are
debate on budget proposals before (a) in favour of having a mix of secrecy and
introducing the appropriate Bill in the openness.
legislature. In the United States the budget (b) indifferent to the budgeting techniques
is conveyed in a message by the President to and taxation policies.
the Congress, which comes well in advance (c) very critical about maintenance of budget
of the date when the Bill is introduced in the secrecy.
Congress. In Finland the Parliament and the (d) advocates of not disclosing in advance
people are already discussing in June the the budget contents.
tentative budget proposals which are to be (e) None of these
introduced in the Finnish Parliament in 2. The author thinks that openness in budget
September. Every budget contains a cartload is essential as it leads to
of figures in black and white-but the dark (a) prevention of tax implications
figures represent the myriad lights and (b) People‘s reluctance to accept their moral
shades of India‘s life, the contrasting tones duties
of poverty and wealth, and of bread so dear (c) exaggerated revelation of the strengths
and flesh and blood so cheap, the deep tints and weaknesses of economy
of adventure and enterprise and man‘s (d) making our country on par with Finland
ageless struggle for a brighter morning. The (e) None of these
Union budget should not be an annual 3. The author seems to be in favour of
scourge but a part of presentation of annual (a) maintaining secrecy of budget
accounts of a partnership between the (b) judicious blend of secrecy and openness
Government and the people. That (c) transparency in budget proposals
partnership would work much better when (d) replacement of public constitution by
the nonsensical secrecy is replaced by secrecy
(e) None of these (d) bringing down the tax load on British
4. The secrecy of the budget is maintained people.
by all of the following countries except (e) None of these
(A) Finland 7. From the contents of the passage, it can
(B) India be inferred that the author is
(C) United States (a) authoritarian in his approach.
(a) Only A (b) Only B (b) a democratic person.
(c) Only C (d) A and C (c) unaware of India‘s recent economic
(e) B and C developments
5. Which of the following statements is (d) a conservative person.
definitely TRUE in the context of the (e) None of these
passage? 8. Which of the following statement(s) is/are
(a) The British Government has been definitely False in the context of the
religiously maintaining budget secrecy. passage?
(b) Budget secrecy is likely to lead to corrupt (A) Transparency helps unscrupulous
practices. elements to resort to corrupt practices.
(c) Consulting unjustifiable taxes with public (B) Open approach of Government is a sign
helps make them accept those taxes. of healthy democracy.
(d) There should be no control on public (C) People‘s acceptance of their moral duties
expenditure in democratic condition. can best be achieved through openness and
(e) None of these public consultations.
6. Sir Richard Clarke seems to deserve the (a) Only A (b) Only B
credit for (c) Only C (d) A and B
(a) transformation in the British budgetary (e) B and C
techniques. 9. For making the budget realistic, the
(b) Maintenance of secrecy of the British Government should
budget. (a) refrain from making public the proposed
(c) detection of abuse of transparency in provisions before finalization.
budget. (b) discuss it secretly within themselves.
23
(c) encourage the public to send in their (a) questioned severely

suggestions. (b) opposed strongly
(d) consult the public to send in their (c) accepted unconditionally
suggestions. (d) discussed frankly
(e) None of these (e) implemented forcibly
Directions (Q. 10-12): Choose the word 15. IMPORTANT
which is most nearly the SAME in (a) major (b) uncountable
meaning to the word printed in bold as (c) significant (d) unscheduled
used in the passage. (e) trivial
10. SCOURGE PASSAGE 2
(a) ritual (b) presentation In a disarmingly frank talk at the Indian
(c) whip (d) compromise Merchants Chamber in Mumbai, the
(e) remedy Japanese Ambassador in India dwelt at
11. MYRIAD length on issues that exercise the minds of
(a) adequate (b) functional Japanese investors when they consider
(c) incompatible (d) abundant investment proposals in India. Raising the
(e) excellent question ―What comparative advantages
12. DUTY does India offer as an investment market?‖,
(a) obligation (b) imposition he said though labour in India is
(c) tax-liability (d) function inexpensive, wage levels are offset by
(e) job productivity level to a large extent.
Directions (Q. 13-15): Choose the word Acknowledging that the vastness of the
which is most OPPOSITE in meaning to Indian market is a great inducement for
the word printed in bold as used in the investment in manufacturing industry, he
passage. wondered if it was justifiable to provide
13. FLOURISHES that overseas remittance of profit in foreign
(a) disappears (b) degenerates exchange be fully covered by exchange
(c) vanishes (d) blooms earnings as had been done. Significantly, on
(e) opens the eve of the Prime Minister‘s visit to Japan,
14. DEBATED the government delinked profits repatriation
from exports, meeting this demand. The Japanese investment is a poor benchmark
Ambassador said foreign investors needed to for future expectations.
be assured of the continuity and consistency 1. The author has appreciated the Japanese
of the liberalisation policy and the fact that for their
new measures had been put into force by (a) quality of products manufactured in the
means of administrative notifications without fifties.
amending government laws acted as a (b) passing through an ordeal.
damper. The Ambassador pleaded for speedy (c) perseverance in raising quality of
formulation of the exit policy and pointed to products.
the highly restrictive control by the (d) future expectations.
government on disinvestment by foreign (e) None of these
partners in joint ventures in India. While it is 2. According to the Japanese Ambassador,
all too easy to dismiss critical comment on which of the following motivates the foreign
conditions in India contemptuously, there investors to invest in Indian manufacturing
can be little doubt that if foreign investment industry?
is to be wooed assiduously, we will have to (a) very large scope of Indian market
meet exacting international standards and (b) overseas remittance of profit in foreign
cater at least partially to what we may exchange
consider the idiosyncrasies of our foreign (c) assurance of continuity of the
collaborators. The Japanese too have passed liberalization policy
through a stage in the fifties when their (d) high productivity levels
products were derided as sub-standard and (e) None of these
shoddy. That they have come out of that 3. The purpose of the author in writing this
ordeal of fire to emerge as an economic passage seems to be to
superpower speakes as much of their (a) discourage foreign investment in India.
doggedness to pursue goals against all odds (b) critically examine Indian investment
as of their ability to improvise and adapt to environment.
internationally acceptable standards. There (c) paint a rosy picture of India‘s trade and
is no gainsaying that the past record commerce.
25
(d) criticize government‘s liberalization (d) raise the quality of product to match
policy. international standards.
(e) raise the expectations of foreign (e) None of these
investors. 7. From the passage it can be inferred that
4. Which of the following suggestions were the author is
expected by the Japanese Ambassador? (a) a political commentator.
(A) speedy formulation of the exit policy (b) a secretary of the Japanese Ambassador.
(B) imposing restrictions of disinvestment by (c) a Japanese investor.
foreign partners in joint ventures in India (d) an Indian investor.
(C) continuity and consistency of the (e) None of these
liberalization policy 8. The author attributes Japan‘s emergence
(a) All the three (b) A and B only as an economic superpower to
(c) B and C only (d) A and C only (A) their ability to overcome any ordeal.
(e) None of these (B) their tenacity and perseverance despite
5. According to the Japanese Ambassador, unfavourable circumstances.
India offers a comparative advantage to (C) their ability to improvise and adapt to
foreign investors in terms of globally acceptable quality levels.
(a) inexpensive labour (a) A and B only (b) B and C only
(b) abysmally low wage levels (c) A and C only (d) All the three
(c) higher productivity (e) None of these
(d) skilled workforce 9. Which of the following statement(s) is/are
(e) None of these true about the critical comments on
6. For seeking more and more foreign investment conditions in India?
investment, the author suggests that we (A) These comments are difficult to be
should countered.
(a) satisfy fully the whims of our foreign (B) These comments are received from
collaborators. various international quarters.
(b) dismiss all critical comments on Indian (C) These comments are based more on
conditions. biases than on facts.
(c) link profit repatriations to exports. (a) Only C (b) Only B
(c) Only A (d) A and B only (e) inevitable

(e) A and C only 15. CONTEMPTUOUSLY
Directions (Q. 10-12): Choose the word (a) amicably (b) reasonably
which is most SAME in meaning to the (c) respectfully (d) methodically
word printed in bold as used in the (e) indecisively
10. ASSIDUOSLY PASSAGE 1
(a) persistently (b) hastly 1. (c) 2. (e) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (e) 6. (a) 7. (b)
(c) feebly (d) deliberately 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (c) 11. (d) 12. (a) 13. (b)
(e) innocently 14. (c) 15. (e)
11. IDIOSYNCRASIES PASSAGE 2
(a) demands (b) needs 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (a) 5. (e) 6. (d) 7. (a)
(c) deviations (d) ideologies 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (d) 11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (e)
(e) identity 14. (d) 15. (c)
12. SHODDY
(a) extraordinary (b) shabby PASSAGE 1
(c) cheap (d) disadvantageous Since July 1991, the government of India
(e) unprofitable has effectively put the liberalization policy
Directions (Q. 13-15): Choose the word into proactive. The drastic steps even include
which is most OPPOSITE in meaning of some administrative reforms for pruning
the word printed in bold as used in the the government agencies. Last year the
passage. Japanese business circles represented by the
13. INDUCEMENT Ishikawa Mission called attention of their
(a) incentive (b) motive Indian counterparts to what they considered
(c) breach (d) temptation to be the major impediments in India.
(e) impediment However, thanks to the almost revolutionary
14. JUSTIFIABLE reforms put into effect by the Indian
(a) unreasonable (b) formidable government, those impediments either
(c) irrecoverable (d) unscrupulous have been removed or now are on their way
27
out. This development gives a new hope for India in the world. By effectively
the future of economic co-operation between implementing its economic reform with the
the two countries. At the same time, it support of public opinion, this democratic
should be borne in mind that there is a stiff polity of India has again demonstrated its
competition with other countries, notably viability and resilience. At the same time, it
China and South-East Asian countries, in this gives hope and inspiration to the whole
regard. The success stories of ASEAN world which faces the difficult problem of
countries welcoming Japanese investments North-South confrontation.
with adequate infrastructure are already 1. The Ishikawa Mission during its visit to
known in India but it may be useful if further India emphasized on
studies of Japanese joint ventures in ASEAN (a) future economic co-operation between
countries be made by Indian business Japan and India.
circles. The coastal areas of China have (b) need for removing policy and/or
initiated a very active campaign to welcome implementation hurdles.
foreign economic participation. Beyond our (c) need for a stiff competition.
bilateral relationship, India‘s more active (d) striking down revolutionary reforms.
participation in global economy is needed. (e) None of these
India certainly deserves a far bigger share of 2. How did the Indian government react to
world trade considering its vast resources. It the hurdles in the way of bilateral trade
is strongly hoped that the Indian between India and Japan?
government‘s recently initiated effort of (a) The government, in principle, agreed for
enlarging its export mart would bear fruit. removal of these hurdles.
India has steadfastly maintained its (b) Bureaucracy succeeded in maintaining a
parliamentary democracy since status quo.
independence. Considering its size, its (c) Government thought it was against
population and its internal complexity, the liberalization policy.
overall maintenance of national integrity and (d) The Japanese delegation could not
political stability under parliamentary forcefully argue their case.
democracy is remarkable and admirable (e) It failed to remove these hurdles.
indeed. Here lies the base for the status of
3. What is the result of Japanese (d) unconvinced about its effectiveness.

investments in ASEAN nations? (e) None of these
(a) It could not gather momentum for want 6. It can be inferred from the content of the
of infrastructure. passage that the author is a/an
(b) The experiment failed because of stiff (a) political analyser
competition from other countries. (b) Japanese bureaucrat
(c) China and South-East Asian countries (c) economist
objected to Japanese investments. (d) Japanese politician
(d) The passage does not provide complete (e) Indian Prime Minister
information. 7. The author seems to appreciate India‘s
(e) None of these national integrity and political stability
4. Which of the following is TRUE about the particularly in view of which of the following?
author‘s view regarding India‘s participation (A) the size of the country
in world trade? (B) India‘s population
(a) India should actively contribute in a big (C) its internal complexity
way as it had tremendous resources. (a) None of the three
(b) India‘s sharing in global economy has (b) All the three
already been very fast and beyond its (c) A and B only (d) B and C only
resources. (e) A and C only
(c) India should refrain from making efforts 8. The author feels that India has a better
in enlarging its export market. status in the world market because of its
(d) India needs to first strengthen its (a) success in political stability and national
democracy. integration in democratic set-up.
(e) None of these (b) vast population.
5. On India‘s implementing liberalization (c) giant size.
policy, the author seems to be (d) effective bilateral relationship with other
(a) unreasonably critical. countries.
(b) sarcastic. (e) foreign economic participation.
(c) appreciative.
29
9. Which of the following statements is TRUE (e) empowering

in the context of the passage? Directions (Q. 13-15): Choose the word
(A) India‘s successful experiment of which is most OPPOSITE in meaning of
economic reform has become an inspiration the word printed in bold as used in the
to the world. passage.
(B) size, population and internal complexity 13. STIFF
of our country area the barriers in the way of (a) stubborn (b) indelible
attaining national integrity and political (c) tense (d) yielding
stability. (e) soapy
(C) A few government agencies were not in 14. VAST
favour of liberalization policy at the (a) minute (b) meagre
beginning. (c) minor (d) innumerable
(a) A only (b) B only (e) intangible
(c) C only (d) All the three 15. IMPEDIMENTS
(e) None of these (a) exaggeration (b) compendium
Directions (Q. 10-12): Choose the word (c) obstacle (d) aggravation
which is most SAME in meaning as the (e) furtherance
word printed in bold as used in the
passage.
10. STEADFASTLY PASSAGE 2
(a) quickly (b) violently It is an old saying that knowledge is power.
(c) adversely (d) religiously Education is an instrument which imparts
(e) faithfully knowledge and, therefore, indirectly controls
11. RESILIENCE power. Therefore, ever since the dawn of
(a) quietening (b) amplifying civilization persons in power have always
(c) existence (d) adaptability tried to supervise or control education. It has
(e) rejuvenation been the hand-maid of the ruling class.
12. PRUNING During the Christian era, the ecclesiastics
(a) activating (b) trimming controlled the institution of education and
(c) punishing (d) encouraging diffused among the people the gospel of the
Bible and religious teachings. These gospels a mere keeping of law and order while, on
and teachings were no other than a the other hand, in practice the law of the
philosophy for the maintenance of the jungle prevailed in the form of free
existing society. It taught the poor man to competition and the survival of the fittest.
be meek and to earn his bread with the 1. Who controlled education during the era
sweat of his brow, while the priests and the after the industrial revolution?
landlords lived in luxury and fought duels for (a) The baron class (b) The priests
the slightest offence. During the (c) The prince (d) The monarch
Renaissance, education passed more from (e) None of these
the clutches of the priest into the hand of the 2. What does the theory of Divine Right of
prince. In other words, it became more king stipulate?
secular. It was also due to the growth of the (a) That kings are gods.
nation-state and powerful monarchs who (b) They have the right to be worshipped like
united the country under their rule. Thus, gods by their subjects.
under the control of the monarch, education (c) That the right of governing is conferred
began to devise and preach the infallibility of upon kings by god.
its masters, the monarch or king. It also (d) That the rights of kings are divine and
invented and supported fantastic theories therefore sacred.
like the Divine Right Theory and that the (e) None of these
king can do no wrong etc. With the advent of 3. What does the expression ‗hand-maid of
the industrial revolution education took a the ruling class‘ mean?
different turn and had to please the new (a) Private mistress of the prince
masters. It now no longer remained the (b) Something fully under the control of the
privilege of the baron class but was thrown ruling class
open to the new rich merchant class of (c) Private maid-servants of the prince
society. Yet education was still confined to (d) The symbol of authority of the prince
the few elite. The philosophy which was in (e) None of these
vogue during this period was that of ‗laissez- 4. Who controlled education during the
faire‘ restricting the function of the State to Renaissance?
31
(a) The common people (b) The prince (c) The wrinkles visible on the face
(c) The church and the priests (d) The sign of innocence
(d) The secular leaders of the society (e) None of these
(e) None of these 9. Why have persons in power always tried
5. What does the word ―infallibility‖ mean? to supervise or control education?
(a) That every man is open to error (a) Because they wanted to educate the
(b) That some divine power is responsible for whole public.
determining the fate of men (b) Because they wanted to deprive the
(c) The virtue of not making any mistake common man of the benefits of education.
(d) Sensitivity (c) Because it involved a huge expenditure
(e) None of these on the state exchequer.
6. What did the ruling class in the Christian (d) Because it is an instrument of knowledge
era think of the poor man? and therefore power.
(a) That he is the beloved of god (e) None of these.
(b) That he deserves all sympathy of the rich 10. What does the philosophy of Laissez-
(c) That he should be strong Faire stand for?
(d) That he is meant for serving the rich (a) Joint control of the means of production
(e) None of these by the state and private enterprise
7. Who controlled the institution of education (b) Individual freedom in the economic field
during the Christian era? (c) State control of the means of production
(a) The church and the priests (d) Full development of the individual‘s
(b) The monarchs personality
(c) The secular leaders of society (e) None of these
(d) The common people Answer key:
(e) None of these PASSAGE 1
8. What do you mean by the ‗sweat of his 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (c) 7. (b)
brow‘? 8. (a) 9. (a) 10. (e) 11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (d)
(a) Very hard work 14. (b) 15. (e)
(b) The tiny droplets of sweat on the PASSAGE 2
forehead
1. (e) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (a) through the nurturing of a historiography
8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (e) that just denied the existence of any
overarching national consciousness. The
PASSAGE 1 national struggle, the national movement
The development of nationalism in the third were given a tribal or religious character,
world countries, as is well known, followed a they were portrayed as being no more than
very different trajectory from that in the the movement of the dominant tribe or the
advanced capitalist countries. In the latter it dominant religious group for the
was a part of the process of the emergence achievement of narrow sectional ends. But
of the bourgeois order in opposition of the important point in this colonialism, while,
feudalism, while in the former it was a part on the one hand, it objectively created the
of the anti-colonial struggle. The impact of condition for the coming into being of a
colonialism, though it differed across national consciousness at a supra-tribal,
countries, had on the whole been in the supra-local and supra-religious level, on the
direction of transcending localism and other hand it sought deliberately to subvert
unifying supra-local economic structures this very consciousness by using the same
through the introduction of market relations. forces which it has objectively undermined.
The struggle against colonialism, 1. Which of the following was the advantage
consequently, took the form of a national of struggle against colonialism?
struggle in each instance in which people (a) Tribal groups held their separate identity
belonging to different tribes or linguistic throughout the struggle.
communities participated. And the colonial (b) Communities got divided on the basis of
power in each instance attempted to break religion and language.
this emerging national unity by splitting (c) Backwardness of tribals was eradicated.
people. The modus operandi of this splitting (d) Awareness beyond linguistic and religious
was not just through political manipulation identity was generated.
as happened for instance in Angola, South (e) None of these
Africa and a host of other countries; an 2. How did colonial power react to topple the
important part of this modus operandi was anti-colonial structure?
33
(a) by splitting people on the basis of their (c) It advocated importance of localism and
financial positions restricted economic growth.
(b) by using tempting economic strategies (d) It broke the shackles of localism and
(c) by creating linguistic, tribal and religious helped unify the economic structures.
divides (e) None of these
(d) by instigating tribals against anti- 5. How did nationalism originate in the third
communal forces. world countries?
(e) None of these (a) as a struggle against feudalism
3. The author has given the example of (b) as vehement opposition to colonialism
Angola, South Africa, etc in order to (c) to advocate capitalistic movement
(a) bring out the similarity of tactics used by (d) to strengthen localism
the rulers of colonies to divide the natives (e) None of these
(b) emphasise how nationalism has become 6. What was the motive of colonial powers in
almost extinct and capitalism has borne writing a distorted history?
roots (a) to emphasise he existence of domination
(c) support the argument that feudalism was by one tribe over other weaker tribes
opposed by people in underdeveloped (b) to make people aware of and to
countries also integregate on the basis of their rich cultural
(d) lay stress on the fact that tribals in those heritage
countries were divided on account of (c) to make people aware of their glorious
language religion and widely used language
(e) None of these (d) to give an impression to general people
4. What was the role of introduction of that there was no national consciousness
market relations in the process of economic and to prevent them from being united
integration? (e) None of these
(a) It had different impacts in all colonial 7. Which of the following statements is
exercises. definitely true in the context of the
(b) It overthrew the capitalistic approach in passage?
the third world countries.
(A) Colonialism internally helped awakening (d) survival of the fittest in the struggle
nationalism among people of different tribes, against colonialism
religions, etc. (e) None of these
(B) Advanced capitalist countries had Directions (Q. 10-12): Choose the word
nurtured nationalism as an opposition to which is most SAME in meaning as the
feudalism. word printed in bold as used in the
(C) The national struggle was not successful passage.
because the colonial powers succeeded in 10. TRAJECTORY
dividing the people. (a) result (b) tradition
(a) A and B only (b) B and C only (c) path (d) consequence
(c) A only (d) B only (e) precedence
(e) C only 11. TRANSCENDING
8. From the content of the passage it (a) widening (b) reviving
appears that the author is (c) encompassing (d) surpassing
(a) a vehement critic of anti-feudalism (e) piloting
(b) a staunch follower of capitalistic pattern 12. EMERGENCE
(c) an impartial commentator of historical (a) renaissance (b) onslaught
and political events (c) imposition (d) development
(d) a person holding colonialism in high (e) rise
esteem Directions (Q. 13-15): Choose the word
(e) a historian with view coloured in favour which is most OPPOSITE in meaning of
of nationalism the word printed in bold as used in the
9. The colonial powers tried to camouflage passage.
national movement and to show it as only 13. SPLITTING
(a) a historical fact having ancient roots (a) severing (b) uniting
(b) skirmish led by a dominating tribe or a (c) adding (d) collecting
religious group with selfish motive (e) assembling
(c) dominance of narrow sectional ends over 14. NURTURING
national goals (a) weakening (b) cultivating
35
(c) demolishing (d) fostering regulatory orders of conduct are often

(e) poisoning directed by distant bureaucrats. The police
15. SUBVERT are strangers executing these prescriptions
(a) conquer (b) escalate on an anonymous set of subjects. Minor
(c) create (d) emanate offences in small town or village are often
(e) strengthen handled without resort to official police
action. As disputable as such action may
seem to be, it results in fewer recorded
PASSAGE 2 violations of the law compared to those in
India is a country of villages. Rural the big cities. Although perhaps causing
population still dominates the urban some decision difficulties for the police in
population as far as the number is small town, formal and objective law
considered. This is despite the fact that there enforcement is not always acceptable to the
is rampant migration of rural families to villagers. Urban area with mass population,
urban centres. Generally, the gains of being greater wealth, more commercial
a unit of the urban population are less than establishments and more products of our
the disadvantages and risks that are in-built technology also provide more frequent
in the urban life. Crime, riots, etc are some opportunities for theft. Victims are
of the examples of such risks of urban life. impersonalized property is insured,
The forces that generate conditions consumer goods in more abundance are
conducive to crime and riots are stronger in vividly displayed and are more portable.
urban communities than in rural areas. The crime rate increases despite formal
Urban living is more anonymous living. It moral education given in schools.
often releases the individual from 1. Which of the following would be the best
community restraints more common in title for the above passage?
tradition-oriented societies. But more (a) Crime and Punishment
freedom from constraints and controls also (b) Hazards of Urban Life
provides greater freedom to deviate. And (c) Lure of Village Life
living in the more impersonalized, formally (d) Rural-Urban Life
controlled urban society means that (e) Urban Crimes and their Reasons
2. The passage mainly emphasizes the (b) Lack of personal contacts increases
(a) comparative account of wealth in rural crimes in urban areas
and urban areas (c) Small communities have more minor
(b) increasing crime rate in rural areas crimes than in urban centres.
(c) need for formal moral education to be (d) Urban crimes cannot be prevented.
given in schools (e) Police in urban areas settle minor
(d) reasons for growing crime rate in urban disputes without official action.
centres as compared to that in rural areas 6. Which of the following inference(s) can be
(e) None of these drawn from the contents of the passage?
3. The author thinks that risks and (A) Migration of people from rural areas to
disadvantages are urban centres is almost negligible.
(a) more than the gains in urban life (B) Strangers can enforce laws in more
(b) almost negligible in rural life impartial manner than known people can.
(c) outweigh the gains of rural life (C) Wealth has concentrated more in urban
(d) surpassed by the gains of urban life centres than in the rural areas.
(e) None of these (a) A and B only (b) B and C only
4. Which of the following is a characteristic (c) A and C only (d) All the three
of an urban setting? (e) None of these
(a) Unreported minor crimes 7. The behavior of people is generally
(b) Deviation from freedom moulded because of social control in
(c) Less forceful social control (a) formally controlled urban societies
(d) Minimal opportunities of crime due to (b) the presence of the police authorities
better law enforcement (c) an anonymous form of living
(e) Fewer recorded violations of the law (d) non-traditional societies
5. Which of the following statements in (e) None of these
TRUE in the context of the passage? 8. It can be inferred from the passage that
(a) The display of consumer goods in the urban crime can be controlled by
main case of crime. (a) greater emphasis on moral education
37
(b) enforcement of law by distant 11. Which of the following statements is

bureaucrats NOT TRUE in the context of the passage?
(c) vivid display of expensive consumer (a) Moral education imparted in schools is
goods ineffective in checking crime rate.
(d) making expensive consumer goods less (b) There is less freedom in the current
portable society than in a traditional society.
(e) None of these (c) Urban areas are thickly populated and
9. The author‘s view of ‗Traditional Societies‘ commercialized.
is best expressed by which of the following? (d) Anonymous living in urban areas may
(a) They provide less freedom for the lead a freedom to deviate from rules.
individual in many circumstances. (e) Urban areas provide more opportunities
(b) They have lower crime rates because of for crime than rural areas do.
the moral teachings in schools. 12. According to the passage, all of the
(c) They provide inadequate freedom for following contribute to higher crime rates in
personal movements and travel. urban areas
(d) They do not have adequate modern EXCEPT
technology. (a) vivid display of consumer goods
(e) They are ruled and controlled by distant (b) higher standard of living
bureaucrats. (c) urban impersonalized living
10. According to the passage, the crime in (d) increasing population
small towns (e) inadequate police force
(a) is less frequently reported or dealt with Directions (Q. 13-16): Choose the word
officially which is most SAME in meaning to the
(b) is brought well under control by distant word printed in bold as used in the
bureaucrats passage.
(c) leads to an impersonalized style of living 13. SUBJECTS
(d) is often dealt with objective law (a) topics (b) people
enforcement (c) crimes (d) rules
(e) always causes difficulties for the police (e) provinces
authorities 14. HANDLED
(a) reported (b) settled 20. RAMPANT

(c) dispensed (d) punished (a) reluctant (b) enforced
(e) judged (c) uninhibited (d) unrestricted
15. DISPLAYED (e) controlled
(a) exhibited (b) kept Answer key:
(c) rested (d) removed PASSAGE 1
(e) sold 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (a)
16. CONDUCIVE 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (c) 11. (d) 12. (e) 13. (b)
(a) prohibitive against 14. (c) 15. (e)
(b) helping to reduce PASSAGE 2
(c) prone to minimize 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (e)
(d) tending to promote 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (a) 11. (b) 12. (e) 13. (b)
(e) helping to deteriorate 14. (b) 15. (a) 16. (d) 17. (d) 18. (b) 19. (c)
Directions (Q. 17-20): Choose the word 20. (e)
which is most OPPOSITE in meaning to
the word printed in bold as used in the PASSAGE 1
passage. We all seek happiness but few, very-few,
17. DEVIATE indeed, get it. We are unhappy partly
(a) obviates (b) break because we desire much more than what we
(c) locate (d) follow can hope to attain. Our countless desires are
(e) concentrate hard to be satisfied. And that is what makes
18. VIVIDLY us so sad in life. The secret of happiness lies
(a) unintentionally (b) unimpressively in the simplification of life. Simple living
(c) unscrupulously (d) unwillingly encourages high thinking. It leads to
(e) unpopularly contentment. Contentment gives us inner
19. RELEASES wealth, the wealth of the mind and of the
(a) liberates (b) closes soul. A contented man devotes himself to
(c) confines (d) provides virtues, a man can feel true happiness. I do
(e) strengthens not mean that for simplification of life, a man
39
should become an ascetic. The happiness of misfortune spare none but they will not cow
a sadhu is of a negative kind. I want positive such a person.
kind of happiness. For this I must live in the 1. What does a contented man do?
midst of life and faithfully carry out my (a) He purses and assimilates the basic
responsibilities to my home and my country. virtues of life
But all this should be done in the spirit of (b) He faces boldly the adversities of life
selfless service. A man who wants to lead a (c) He encounters the strings of misfortunes
happy life, should also make others happy. (d) He gives up bad habits effortlessly
In making others happy he will taste real (e) None of these
and lasting happiness. There is a kind of joy 2. Which of the following is the correct chain
in serving others with virtuous motives, in of things, as mentioned in the passage,
sacrificing what one has for the good of leading to happiness?
others. An act of goodness is of itself an act (a) Contentment, high thinking, simple
of happiness. The secret of perfect happiness living, inner wealth
lies in renunciation. Wealth may give us joy (b) Simple living, high thinking, inner
for a while and fame may provide us with wealth, contentment
fleeting excitement. But they cannot give us (c) High thinking, simple living, inner wealth,
permanent happiness. Kings have everything contentment
to make them happy and yet they feel (d) Inner wealth, simple living, contentment,
unhappy. It is because they do not practise high thinking
renunciation. There is a sense of joy in doing (e) Simple living, high thinking,
one‘s work honestly and efficiently. A contentment, inner wealth
research-worker feels joy in research and a 3. According to the passage, the essence of
journalist in writing. In doing one‘s duty happiness lies in _____
sincerely, one feels peace of mind which is (a) worldly desires
an important essence of happiness. It is only (b)matching one‘s abilities with the work
by cultivating spirit of renunciation, self- undertaken
sacrifice, contentment and science work that (c) avoiding all unfortunate events
one can really be happy. The strings of (d) adopting a simple life style
(e) following the dictates of nature
4. We are unhappy partly because ______ 8. Which of the following is SIMILAR in

(a) We have no inner strength meaning as the word ‗cow‘ as used in the
(b) We have lost moral and spiritual values passage?
(c) We have countless, unfulfilled desires (a) spare (b) conquer
(d) Our lives have become extremely (c) discard (d) provoke
complicated (e) mould
(e) We carry several stresses and strains 9. Which of the following statements in TRUE
5. Which of the following statements is NOT in the context of the passage?
TRUE in the context of the passage? (a) Human beings seldom seek happiness
(a) One feels peace of mind in doing one‘s (b) Doing one‘s work sincerely hardly makes
duty sincerely one happy
(b) Renunciation is the result of perfect (c) Peace of mind is tangent to happiness
happiness. (d) Simple life is like a life of an ascetic
(c) Multiplicity of desires make us unhappy. (e) A happy man is also not spared by the
(d) Making others happy makes one happy. misfortunes
(e) An act of goodness is an act of happiness 10. What according to the passage, is a
6. Which of the following is OPPOSITE in positive kind of happiness?
meaning to the word ‗fleeting‘ as used in (a) Keeping ones motives and feelings under
the passage? control
(a) permanent (b) passing (b) Love for life and a country
(c) fast (d) momentary (c) Leading a simple life of an ascetic
(e) pleasing (d) Carrying out all worldly activities in the
7. A man who wants to live a permanent spirit of selfless service
happy life should _____ (e) None of these
(a) make others happy PASSAGE 2
(b) master the art of renunciation Agriculture dominates change in India
(c) pursue wealth and fame through its causal links with factor and
(d) inculcate the virtues of life product markets. It employs 60 per cent of
(e) keep a tight control on his desires the labour force and contributes 26 per cent
41
of the gross domestic product. In the poorer much longer period. There is a widely held
states, its contribution to the domestic view that in a large country like India, the
product is close to 40 per cent. Low demand stimulus for industrialization would
productivity in agriculture has led to the come mainly from agriculture with less social
concentration of the poor in this sector. Due and economic costs. Interdependencies in
to the sheer size of the agricultural food and labour market are important for the
economy and the importance of its major development process. An upward shift in the
products (cereals) in the diets of the poor, food supply curve would simultaneously
gains in agricultural productivity have result in an upward shift in the labour
significant potential impact on poverty. demand curve. The magnitude of the
Theoretically, it is possible to reduce poverty interdependence depends on the technique
as well as expand the domestic market for of production causing the shifts in the food
industry by raising labour productivity in supply curve. Similarly, an upward shift in
agriculture and spreading its gains among the labour supply curve shifts up the food
the low-incocme groups. Modelling of the demand curve. The extent of
linkages between agricultural and industrial interdependence between the forces of
growth has shown that a 10 per cent labour supply and food demand depends on
increase in agricultural output would the employment-output elasticity and the
increase industrial output by 5 per cent and income elasticity of demand for food. The
urban workers would benefit by both recent estimate of the employment output
increased industrial employment and price elasticity in agriculture is around 0.5, income
deflation. However, there is an asymmetry elasticity of food is in the range of 0.55-0.50
of adjustments in the demand and supply of and that for cereals is 0.25-0.30. The other
agricultural goods. An increase in non- important interdependency which plays a
agricultural production would lead to an crucial role in inducing indirect employment,
immediate increase in demand for is that between food and other sectors
intermediate and final agricultural goods, through demand linkages. Since food
whereas supply-side adjustments involving accounts for a major share in the budget of
reallocation of resources and net additional the poor and any reduction in the food price
investment for capacity expansion take a leaves a significant proportion of income for
other items, a lower food price stimulates (A) Higher labour productivity in agriculture
employment in industrial and service reduces poverty.
sectors. On the other hand, an increase in (B) Agricultural products is the main
the food price would increase the wage costs constituent of the food of the poor.
of industrial products and hence the prices of (C) Agriculture output spurs industrial
industrial products. In the absence of growth which ultimately helps the poor.
adjustments through exports, it would result (a) A and B only (b) B and C only
in demand defiency. Clearly, the most (c) A and C only (d) All A, B, and C
favourable situation in India is one in which (e) None of these
labour demand outpaces its supply and food 2. Which of the following, according to the
supply outpaces its demand. Wage rates passage, benefits do the urban workers get
cannot fall below a certain minimum from increased agricultural production?
determined by the costs of subsistence living (A) Urban workers get agricultural products
and the labour supply curve turns elastic at at a cheaper rate.
the subsistence wage rate. Demographic (B) Urban workers get agricultural products
pressure cannot push the wage rate below at a cheaper rate.
the subsistence level. People would be willing (C) Urban workers get more job offers in the
to starve rather than work unless the energy agricultural sector.
expended in physical work is compensated (a) None
by the energy provided by food. Foodgrain (b) A and B only (c) B and C only
price usually determines the subsistence (d) A and C only (e) All A, B and C
wage rate in agricultural as well as in the 3. Which of the following has the same
urban informal sector since foodgrains meaning as the word ‗sheer‘ as used in the
account for about four-fifths of the calorie passage?
intake of the poor. (a) simple (b) undiluted
1. Which of the following, according to the (c) mere (d) outright
passage, signifies influence of agricultural (e) unassisted
products on poverty?
43
4. Which of the following has the same (d) Concentration of low-income group
meaning as the word ‗deflation‘ as used in people is relatively higher in the non-
the passage? agricultural sector.
(a) reduction (b) index (e) All are true
(c) inflation (d) improvement 7. Which of the following in addition to
(e) diffusion employment-output elasticity, according to
5. Which of the following is meant by ―the the passage, creates indirect employment?
labour supply curve turns elastic at the (a) Inter linkage of demand of food and
subsistence wage rate‖ as used in the other sectors
passage? (b) Interdenpendence of forces of labour
(a) People refuse to work at the minimum supply and food demand
wage rate. (c) Income elasticity of demand of food
(b) People still work at the minimum wage (d) All of these (e) None of these
rate. 8. Which of the following, according to the
(c) People are eager to work at the minimum passage, can lead to demand deficiency in
wage rate. India?
(d) People have no option but to work at the (a) Widespread import of foodgrains
minimum wage rate. (b) Oversupply of agricultural products
(e) None of these (c) Increase in prices of industrial products
6. Which of the following statements is not (d) Foresight in gauging the demand-supply
true in the context of the passage? of labour
(a) Increase in labour productivity in (e) None of these
agriculture can reduce poverty. 9. Which of the following, according to the
(b) Agricultural sector can provide the passage, will be the result of increase in
impetus for greater industrialization at lower non-agricultural production?
cost. (A) Increase in demand for non-agricultural
(c) Increase in food supply will increase the products
demand for labour forces. (B) Increase in demand for intermediate
agricultural products
(C) Increase in demand for final agricultural (A) Agriculture sector

products (B) Informal urban sector
(a) Only A and B (b) Only B and C (C) Orgainsed urban sector
(c) Only A and C (d) Only B (a) A only (b) B only
(e) All A, B and C (c) C only (d) A and B only
10. Which of the following is most opposite (e) All A, B and C
in meaning of the word ‗interdependence‘ 14. Why, according to the passage, lower
as used in the passage food price stimulates employment in
(a) correlated (b) dependence industrial and service sectors?
(c) independence (d) relativity (a) Poorer people cannot afford to buy non-
(e) interrelated food products.
11. Which of the following is most opposite (b) Low price of food items provides the poor
in meaning of the word ‗elasticity‘ as used with extra funds to buy other products and
in the passage? service.
(a) flexibility (b) brittleness (c) The production cost of non-agricultural
(c) rigidity (d) adamancy products and services reduces.
(e) peculiarity (d) Industrial sector can afford to employ
12. Which of the following, according to the more people at lower cost.
passage, is the case for increase in food (e) None of these
supply? 15. Which of the following has the same
(a) Less demand by the industrial sector meaning as the word ‗casual‘ as used in the
(b) Bumper food production due to adequate passage?
monsoon (a) casual (b) precursor
(c) Change in technique of food production (c) effective (d) causing
(d) Not mentioned in the passage (e) experiencing
(e) None of these
13. The wage rate of which of the following
sectors is dependent on the foodgrains Answer key:
price? PASSAGE 1
45
1. (a) 2. (e) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (b) acquiring them and not the society as a
8. (e) 9. (b) 10. (d) whole. Multilateral agencies like the world
PASSAGE 2 Bank have too been pushing countries like
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (e) 6. (d) 7. (d) India to stop subsidies to higher education.
8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (c) 11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (d) When Ron Brown, former US commerce
14. (b) 15. (d) secretary visited India, a public meeting was
organized at IIT Delhi. At that meeting I
PASSAGE 1 asked him: ―I understand that since the 19th
A few weeks ago I ran into an old friend who century all the way up to the 1970s, most
currently one of t he mandarins deciding land grant and state universities in the US
India‘s economic and financial policies. He virtually provided free education to state
asked, ―And so, how is IIT doing?‖ As one citizens. Was that good for the economy, or
can only indulge in friendly banter at such should they have charged high fees in the
gatherings, I responded with, ―Not so well early 20th century?‖ He replied, ―It was great
actually. Your market-friendly policies have for the economy. It was one of the best
forced us to raise the fee, so we have 50% things that the US government did at that
fewer PhD applicants this year. Not batting particular time in American history-building
an eyelid, he shot back: ―Obviously. Your institutions of higher education which were
PhD students don‘t have any market value.‖ accessible to the masses of the people. I
Taken aback, I shifted to a more serious think it is one of the reasons why our
tone and tried to start a discussion on the economy grew and prospered, one of the
need for research in these globalised times. ways in which the US was able to close some
But he had already walked away. The last of its social gaps. So people who lived in
word on the imperatives of the ‗market‘ had rural areas would have the same kind of
been spoken. Actually, this view f higher access to higher education as people living in
education should not have surprised me. other parts of the country. It was one of the
Worthies who look at everything as reasons for making America strong.‖ Our
consumer products classify higher education policy-makers seem unaware that their
as a ‗non-merit‘ good. Non-merit goods are mentors in the US did not follow policies at
those where only the individual benefits from home which they now prescribe for other
countries. Ron Brown‘s remarks summarise divert funds from higher education to
the importance of policy-makers in the US primary education.
place on higher education as a vehicle for 1. The author of the passage seems to be
upward mobility, for the poorer sectors of a/an
their population. Even today, a majority of (a) official working in economic affairs
Americans study in state-run institutions. department
Some of these Michigan, Illinois, Ohio, (b) financial advisor to Government or a
Wisconsin and Texas, are among the best in bureaucrat in finance department
world. The annual tuition charged from state (c) social activist devoted to illiteracy
residents (about $ 5000 a year) is about a eradication programme
month‘s salary paid to a lecturer. Even this (d) educationist in IIT or some such
fee is waived for most students. In addition, educational institution
students receive stipends for books, food (e) industrialist employing highly qualified
and hostel charges. The basic principle is technocrats
that no student who gets admission to a 2. What was the net tangible impact of
university should have to depend on parental raising fees on the higher level of
support if it is not available. Ron Brown‘s technological research?
remarks went unnoticed in India. Every (a) The number of prospective researchers
other day some luminary or the other opines was reduced to almost a half.
that universities and technical education (b) The market value of PhD students was
institutions should increase their charges and almost lost.
that such education should not be (c) Research studies attained a higher
subsidized. Most editorials echo these market value.
sentiments. Eminent industrialists pontificate (d) Research became more and more
that we should run educational institutions relevant to market demands.
like business houses. Visiting experts from (e) In the current globalised times, the need
the Bank and the IMF, in their newly for research was less than ever.
emerging concern for the poor, advise us to 3. According to the author, the US policy-
makers consider education as a
47
(a) hindrance in the way to economic growth (e) None of these

and prosperity 6. What was Ron Brown‘s reaction to the
(b) means for achieving upward mobility for author‘s question on free education provided
the poor by US universities to their citizens? Ron
(c) wastage of resources and a totally futile Brown
exercise (a) criticized the US govt for its action.
(d) matter of concern only for the parents of (b) appreciated the author buy remained
the students non-committed.
(e) None of these (c) ignored the fact and gave an ambiguous
4. Who among the following support the reaction.
view that higher education should be free to (d) mentioned that the author‘s information
everyone aspiring for it? was not correct.
(A) Editors and Journalists (e) None of these
(B) Industrialists 7. The basic principle adopted by the
(C) Visiting Experts from the Bank and the renowned State-run Universities in the US is
IMF that the students
(a) A only (b) B only (a) Must pay the lecturer‘s salary from their
(c) C only (d) All the three own resources
(e) None of these (b) should earn while they learn and pay
5. Which of the following makes the policy- higher education fees
makers classify education as ―non-merit‖ (c) must seek the necessary help from their
commodity? parents on whom they depend
(a) The tendency of people to seek any (d) need not be required to depend upon
individual benefit their parents for acquiring higher education
(b) The attitude of giving unreasonably more (e) None of these
weightage to society 8. What was the outcome of the US strategy
(c) The tendency of viewing everything as of imparting free university education to US
mere consumer product citizens?
(d) Undue pressure from International (a) Education was easily accessible to the
Agencies like the World Bank, etc vast majority.
(b) US citizens found it unaffordable and (c) Condoned (d) Overlooked

expensive. (e) Paid
(c) US economy suffered due to such a lop- 12. MASSES
sided decision. (a) Institutions (b) Groups
(d) US Govt could not plug the loopholes in (c) Students (d) Officers
their economic policies. (e) Parents
(e) None of these Directions (Q. 13-15): Which of the
9. Multilateral agencies like The World Bank following is MOST OPPOSITE in meaning
have been of the word printed in bold as used in
(a) pressurizing India and other countries to the passage?
stop substantial higher education 13. GLOBALISED
(b) insisting on discontinuance of subsidies (a) Universalised (b) Liberalised
to higher education (c) Earthly (d) Prospering
(c) analyzing the possibilities of increasing (e) Decentralised
subsidies to higher learning 14. PROSPERED
(d) emphasizing on the needs of lowering (a) Declined (b) Progressed
fees for higher education (c) Improved (d) Decomposed
(e) forcing countries like India to strengthen (e) Englightened
only industrial development 15. CONCERN
Directions (Q. 10-12): Which of the (a) Worry (b) Anxiety
following is MOST NEARLY THE SAME in (c) Sympathy (d) Indifference
meaning as the word printed in bold as (e) Nullification
used in the passage? PASSAGAE 2
10. UNAWARE The rapid and unprecedented changes in the
(a) Famous (b) Ignorant external environment such as liberalization
(c) Familiar (d) Unworthy of the economy, globalization of international
(e) Negligent markets, deregulation of the financial system
11. WAIVED and implications of various clauses under
(a) Moved (b) Charged WTO exerted considerable pressure on the
49
agricultural system. The inadequate levels of areas like Haryana and Punjab, is on the
capital formation in the agricultural sector, decline. Agricultural productivity in the
distancing of farm technologies from Eastern region, excepting West Bengal, is
requirements of the market, inadequate and low, and it is mainly attributed to weak
untimely supply of credit and post-harvest infrastructure. Indian agriculture is also on
losses are the worrying factors. Agricultural the threshold of becoming globally
sector employs about 64% of the workforce, competitive and is in a position to make
contributes 27.4% of Gross Domestic major gains in the export market.
Product (GDP) and accounts for about 18% Foodgrains account for 63% of country‘s
share of the value of the country‘s exports. agricultural output and hence even a
It supplies bulk of wage goods required by marginal production has ‗ripple effect‘ on
non-agricultural sector and raw material for the rest of the economy. IN 1997, the
a large section of the industry. In terms of foodgrains output was 199 million tones but
gross fertilizer consumption, India ranks 4th in 1998 it was lowered by over 4 million
in the world after USA, Russia and China. tones owing to a fall in the pulse production.
The country has the largest area in the world Initiatives for increasing the production and
under pulse crops while in the field of cotton, productivity of cereal crops on the basis of
India is the first to evolve a cotton hybrid. cropping systems approach continued during
In 1996-97, the per capital net availability of the year 1996-97. In 1997-98, 31.2 million
foodgrains touched 528.77gms, which was a tones of coarse cereals was produced.
mere 395gms ate the time of India‘s However, barring the record production of
independence. Therefore, it has a vital place 69.3 million tonnes of wheat in 1996-97, the
in the economic development of the country. production of wheat at 66.5 million tonnes in
Significant strides have been made in 1997-98 and expected rice production at
agricultural production towards ensuring 83.5 million tones is said to be the highest
food security. There has been a significant ever. Procurement of wheat during the rabi
improvement in agricultural productivity marketing season 1998-99 touched a record
which has helped in reducing rural poverty. high of 10.61 million tonnes. Pulses
The trend in the growth of foodgrain production in the country has been
production, particularly in high productivity stagnating around 8-14 million tonnes for
the last 40 years. The production of pulses is (b) It exceeds India‘s gross fertilizer
expected to be about 13 million tonnes in consumption.
1997-98 compared to 13.19 million tonnes (c) It is just a rank below in gross fertilizer
during 1995-96. The adverse agro-climatic consumption.
conditions have had their impact on the (d) It is just a rank after India to evolve a
production of commercial crops. The cotton hybrid
production of 9 major oilseeds in 1997-98 is (e) None of these
expected to be 24 million tonnes, as 3. Decline in production of commercial crops
compared to 25 million tonnes in 1996-97 is mainly due to
and 22.4 million tonnes in ‘95-96. Among (a) want of timely procurement of foodgrains
the nine oilseed crops grown in the country, (b) inadequate fertilizer feeding
groundnut and rapsed/mustard together (c) reduction in production of oilseed crops
account for 62% of the total oilseeds (d) decline in rabi crops as compared to
production. The production of groundnut and oilseeds
rapeseed and mustard is expected to touch 8 (e) None of these
million and 6 million tonnes compared to 9 4. According to the passage, how is agro
million and 7 million tonnes in 1996-97. sector helpful to other industries?
1. The author has mentioned the following (a) It utilizes 64% of the workforce.
factors that influenced the agricultural (b) It contributes to more than one-fourth of
system EXCEPT the GDP.
(a) Bringing international markets together (c) It contributes to about 18% of the value
(b) Freeing various economic activities from of the country‘s exports.
restrictions (d) It provides raw material to various
(c) Automation in agro and industrial sectors industries.
(d) Deregulation of financial system (e) None of these
(e) None of these 5. What is the author‘s assessment about
2. Which of the following is TRUE about Indian agriculture in terms of the world
China? scenario?
(a) It has the largest area under pulse crops. (a) It is not gaining the desirable impact.
51
(b) It is likely to show only a marginal (a) Increase in foodgrains leads to over
increase in production consumption and in effect generates
(c) It will fetch reasonable gain by way of pressure on economy
exports. (b) Substantial influence on certain things;
(d) It is on the fourth position in global slight decrease or increase in certain other
competition. things
(e) None of these (c) Decrease in production of one commodity
6. The sharp decline in foodgrain production because of decrease in production of some
in 1998 over its preceding year is attributed other commodity
to (d) Increase in production of one commodity
(a) increasing productivity of cereal crops due to decrease in production of some other
(b) cropping system approach commodity.
(c) sub-standard production of cereals (e) None of these
(d) decrease in the pulse production 9. Which of the following is FALSE in the
(e) None of these context of this passage?
7. What is the impact of increase in food and (a) Farm technologies are not in contrast
other agro-production, according to the with market requirements.
passage? (b) Capital formation in agricultural sector is
(a) Total elimination of rural poverty in the less than required.
entire country (c) The supply of credit to agro-sector is less
(b) Haryana and Punjab have shown a and ill-timed
decline in food production. (d) Mechanism of compensation for crop
(c) West Bengal has improved in foodgrains losses is not adequate
production. (e) None of these
(d) Infrastructural facilities have improved. Directions (Q.10-12): Choose the word
(e) None of these or group of words which is MOST
8. What, according to the passage, is the NEARLY THE SAME in meaning as the
‗RIPPLE EFFECT‘? word printed in bold.
10. STRIDES
(a) Achievements (b) Setbacks
(c) Effects (d) Aspirations 1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (e) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (d)
(e) Developments 8. (e) 9. (b) 10. (b) 11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (e)
11. EVOLVE 14. (a) 15. (d)
(a) Visualise (b) Nurture PASSAGE 2
(c) Discover (d) Develop 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (e) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (e)
(e) Migrate 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (a) 11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (b)
12. CONSIDERABLE 14. (c) 15. (e)
(a) Marginal (b) Significant
(c) Desirable (d) Negligible PASSAGE 1
(e) Excessive As a concept, outsourcing is no doubt
Directions (Q.13-15): Choose the word gaining ground. But there are many who still
or group of words which is MOST keep away from it. First, there‘s a perception
OPPOSITE in meaning of the word that outsourcing could adversely impact the
printed in bold. quality of service. ―We believe that directly
13. MARGINAL controlling our stores is the only way to
(a) Trivial (b) Crucial maintain quality. If we outsource, quality
(c) Influential (d) Forceful would suffer as a whole. You can do
(e) Negligible outsourcing only if you‘re willing to shut your
14. ADVERSE eyes to many things,‖ says a Managing
(a) Reverse (b) Confronting Director of a company. Despite being the
(c) Favourable (d) Gainful dominant partner in the relationship, the
(e) Exceptional outsourcer doesn‘t always have all the
15. RAPID advantages. For one, very few entrepreneurs
(a) Fast (b) Retarded are willing to take on a new outsource,
(c) Extreme (d) Intangible unless it comes with a guarantee of a certain
(e) Gradual level of sales. The trade refers to it as the
Answer key: minimum gurantee clause, which means that
PASSAGE 1 if an outsourcee is unable to reach an
anticipated sales level, he will be
53
compensated for the balance amount. This customer needs. The logic may seem
invariably acts as an incentive for outsources reasonable, but convincing an outsourcee to
to be lax in developing the business. Yet, invest more in upgradation is seldom easy.
given that there are too many outsourcers Bentex wants to move beyond the retail
chasing too few potential outsources, the ambience it is offering to its customers. ―We
minimum guarantee clauses often become a have grown to a fair level with our
crucial deciding factor in choosing an outsourcees but times have changed. We
outsource. Of course, there are ways of need to move on,‖ says executive director.
working around this. The Rs 14 –crore-chain Won‘t it unsettle the 430-odd Bentex
of personal grooming and fitness clinics tried outsources? ―We are only setting up 25 of
the outsourcing route two years ago by these shops to show our outsources it can
handing over management of the outlet to work. The rest we want to outsource,‖
its outsourcee. That agreement did not work. affirms marketing manager. But potential
―Ours is a very critical service. Our business outsourcees will be up aginast a hurdle: the
is about people‘s health and well-being. If stores will be allowed to stock only branded
the standards area not kept up one mistake Bentex products, from earnings to bangles.
will wipe out so many years of goodwill. And This may put off consumers who seek
since we saw maintaining the right service variety. Currently, Bentex allows its
levels was a problem, we decided to opt out outsourcees to outsource 35% of the
of outsourcing,‖ says a managing director. products in the outlet. ―There may be a
To make things simpler, it set up joint certain sense of independence that an
ventures with interested parties and kept outsourcee gets by choosing some stock but
65% of the stake and, therefore, we think it is a habit. Once he realizes the
management control in its hands. Its future convenience of sourcing from just one place,
plans of opening specialized fitness centre he will upgrade. But Bentex realizes the
chains and good health eateries are also psychological impact of starting its own retail
based on the current 65:35 model. Players stores.‖ So, how does outsourcing work?
with a large existing outsourced network ―It‘s like a marriage,‖ says general manager,
have an incumbency problem: upgrading the marketing. The stakes are high on both
quality of the outlets in line with changing sides. The outsourcer gives up his precious
asset, the brand, and the outsourcee parts (d) variety is sacrificed at the cost of high
with his right to operate alone. In the end, quality.
implicit trust is at the cornerstone of the (e) None of these
relationship between an outsourcee and an 4. What prohibits entrepreneurs to take up
outsourcer. new outsource?
1. Which of the following is a disadvantage (a) Dominance of outsourcer
of outsourcing ? (b) Fear of losing existing business
(a) The relationship of partners are at stake. (c) High overheads in maintaining ambience
(b) The quality of the business is always on (d) Uncertainty in reaching the sales target
the higher side. (e) None of these
(c) It is very difficult to control the quality. 5. What puts off customers?
(d) The profit margins are low. (a) Lack of ambience
(e) None of these (b) Unhealthy competition
2. What compensation does the outsource (c) Poor quality standards
expect? (d) Absence of variety
(a) The cost of maintenance should be borne (e) None of these
by the outsourcer. 6. What does minimum guarantee clause
(b) In the event of loss, outsourcer should mean?
buy back the stock. (a) The minimum number of goods should be
(c) For declining sales level, outsourcer guaranteed.
should not be held responsible. (b) The sales level should be such that the
(d) The ambience should be the market share is not affected.
responsibility of the outsourcer. (c) The outsourcer will make the amount
(e) None of these good if the sales fall down below a particular
3. Outsourcing works best if level.
(a) the relations between the partners are (d) There will be penalty for laxity in
symbiotic. business development.
(b) the outsourcer accepts a submissive role. (e) None of these
(c) high-cost ambience is maintained.
55
7. The outsourcing is like a marriage 10. Which of the following best explains the
because phrase ‗one mistake will wipe out so many
(A) the partner relationships are based on years of goodwill‘?
trust. (a) One error will not affect the years of hard
(B) the stakes of both the parties are work.
interdependent. (b) Omissions in big businesses are normally
(C) the parties concerned do not have equal wiped out.
say. (c) Whether or not, a mistake is a mistake.
(a) All A, B and C (b) Only A and B (d) One mistake is enough to affect the
(c) Only A and C (d) Either A or C business reputation adversely.
(e) Neither A nor B nor C (e) None of these
8. The incumbency problem, according to the Directions (Q. 11-13): Choose the
passage, is linked with word/phrase which is most nearly the
(a) quality standards prescribed by the same in meaning as the word/phrase
outsourcer. given in bold as used in the passage.
(b) the ambience standards of the 11. SHUT YOUR EYES
outsourcee. (a) look over (b) sleep
(c) keeping pace with customer needs. (c) avoid storm (d) winking
(d) maintaining minimum level of sales. (e) overlook
(e) None of these 12. RUB-OFF
9. What is a 65:35 model? (a) jeaslousy (b) rivalry
(a) A model where 65% is hard work and (c) impact (d) pressure
35% is chance (e) publicity
(b) A situation where majority of shares lies 13. PLAYERS
with the 35% owner (a) entrepreneurs (b) sportsmen
(c) A model to make complicated things (c) workers (d) partners
simpler (e) politicians
(d) A model to where management control Directions (Q.14-15): Choose the
remains with the major stakeholder word/phrase which is most opposite in
(e) None of these
meaning to the word/phrase printed in ―Suddenly I could read. I could take a walk.‖
bold as used in the passage. By August, tests showed her bone marrow
14. IMPLICIT was clear of leukemia cells; in December,
(a) explicit (b) candid she took up the Argentine tango. She still
(c) clear (d) inbuilt has the lists of what her daughters will get,
(e) outspoken but, she exults, ―They‘re not going to get it
15. DOMINANT yet!‖ For Bob Ferber, a Los Angeles
(a) progressive (b) weak-headed prosecutor specializing in animal-abuse
(c) submissive (d) lay-off cases, the Gleevec experience was very
(e) hostile much the same. Less than two years ago, he
was lying in a hospital room considering
suicide to escape the pain radiating from his
PASSAGE 2 bones. ―From crawling across the floor on my
By February of last year, Victoria Reiter, 63, knees to go to the bathroom, I‘m now back
figured she had only a few months to live. A at work,‖ says Ferber, 48. ―I go to the gym.
writer and translator living in Manhattan, she I‘m volunteering for an animal-rescue group.
was suffering from chronic myeloid It‘s the dream of any cancer patient in the
leukemia, an especially deadly form of blood world to be able to take a pill that works like
cancer. The only treatment available was this. It‘s truly a miracle.‖ That‘s a tempting
interferon, an immune-system booster that way to look at it, anyhow. Gleevec is so
wasn‘t really working and that made her effective that the US Food and Drug
violently ill. Reiter had spent most of 1999 in Administration approved it in record time
bed, too sick to read, to walk, to do much of two weeks ago-even as researchers
anything-although she had managed to put announced that it also works against a rare
together lists dividing her possessions form of stomach cancer. The drug doesn‘t
between her two daughters. Then she went help everyone, and it can have side-effects,
on an experimental drug called Gleevec, and including nausea, muscle cramps and skin
within weeks everything changed. ―All my rash. Moreover, nobody is claiming that it
energy started coming back,‖ She says. actually cures cancer. Patients may have to
57
continue taking the drug, probably for the trials and won‘t be available to save lives for
rest of their lives, and unless Gleevec likely years to come. If you have cancer today,
their cancer will come back. Despite all these these treatments are likely to come too late
caveats, Gleevec is still a breakthrough-not to help you. But, says Dr Larry Norton, a
only for what it does but, more important, medical director at Memorial Sloan Kettering
for the revolutionary strategy it represents. Cancer Center in New York City: ―I think
A full 50 years have passed since the leaders there is no question that the war on cancer
of developed countries declared war on is winnable.‖ That sentiment was pounded
cancer and called for a national commitment home last week at the animal meeting of the
comparable to the effort to land on the moon American Society of Clinical Oncology in San
or split the atom. But over decades, Francisco, where a record 26,000 cancer
researchers have come up with one potential specialists from around the world briefed
miracle cure after another-only to suffer one each other on the good news starting to pour
disappointment after another. Aside from out of their laboratories. Unlike chemo and
surgery, which almost invariably leaves radiation, which use carpet-bombing tactics
behind some malignant cells, the standard that destroy cancer cells and troop of
treatment for most cancers continues to be snipers, firing on cancer cells alone and
radiation and chemotherapy-relatively crude targeting their weakest links.
disease-fighting weapons that have limited 1. Victoria Reiter came to know her days
effectiveness and leave patients weak and were numbered because of
nauseated. Along the way, though, scientists (A) the immune system booster.
have amassed wealth of information about (B) chronic myeloid leukemia.
how cancer works at the molecular level, (C) failure of interferon.
from its first awakening in the aberrant DNA (a) All the three (b) A and B only
of a single cell‘s nucleus to it rapacious, all- (c) B and C only (d) A and C only
out assault on the body. Armed with that (e) None of these
information, they have been developing a 2. Victoria Reiter had decided to
broad array of weapons to attack the disease (A) divide her property between her two
every step along the way. Many of these daughters owing to her chronic illness.
therapies are just beginning to reach clinical
(B) postpone her plan of dividing her (d) narrate the problems faced by him while
possessions between her two daughters as crawling to reach the bathroom
she had started recovering. (e) None of these
(C) undergo a treatment with an 5. What, according to Ferber, does any
experimental drug called Gleevec when the cancer patient look forward to?
interferon treatment was found to be futile. (a) To dream of recovery from cancer
(a) All the three above without any pill
(b) A and B only (c) B and C only (b) To get a drug that would relieve agony of
(d) A and C only (e) None of these cancer
3. What was the impact of Gleevec on the (c) To take a pill that would help eradicate
health of Victoria Reiter? pain while crawling on the knees
(a) Her bone marrow was full of clear cells of (d) To volunteer for an animal rescue group
leukemia. (e) None of these
(b) She started suffering from Argentine 6. Which of the following characteristics are
tango. applicable to Gleevec?
(c) She regained her lost speech and could (A) The drug doesn‘t help anyone suffering
read aloud. from nausea and muscle cramps.
(d) Her health showed clear symptoms of (B) It is not free form side-effects.
recovery. (C) It is effective in curing a rare form of
(e) None of these stomach cancer.
4. The author has given the example of Bob (a) All the three above
Ferber in order to (b) A and B only (c) A and C only
(a) convince the readers of the ill-effects of (d) B and C only (e) None of these
suicide thoughts 7. Which of the following statements is
(b) impress upon the readers the adverse definitely TRUE about Gleevec?
impacts of animal abuse (a) Medical scientists are vehemently
(c) emphasise how painful it is to suffer from asserting that Gleevec cures cancer.
cancer. (b) The patient requires to take Gleevec for
the entire residual part of his life.
59
(c) Certain other drug supplement is word printed in bold as used in the
necessary to be combined with Gleevec. passage.
(d) Probability of reoccurrence of cancer is 10. FINGURED
high if Gleevec is not supplemented with (a) Drew diagram (b) Quoted price
other drugs. (c) Paid cash (d) Maintained health
(e) None of these (e) Gained understanding
8. What are the effects of radiation and 11. CAVEATS
chemotherapy on cancer patients? (a) Appeal (b) Warnings
(a) These are the standard treatments to (c) Drawbacks (d) Withstandings
eradicate cancer completely. (e) Virtues
(b) Besides having serious side-effects, their 12. AMASS
effectiveness (a) Accumulate (b) Manipulate
(c) They help patients leave their weakness. (c) Bribe (d) Disseminate
(d) They act as an effective remedy on (e) Sift
patient‘s nauseatic conditions Directions (Q. 13-15): Choose the word
(e) None of these or group of words which is MOST
9. Dr Larry Norton‘s statement is OPPOSITE in meaning of the word
(a) pessimistic and discouraging for cancer printed in bold
patients 13. RARE
(b) merely an unrealistic optimism not based (a) Exceptional (b) Common
on data (c) Huge (d) Enormous
(c) supported by the recent research findings (e) Recurring
and is heartening 14. BOOSTER
(d) not worthy of taking into consideration (a) Dose (b) Disease
as it is baseless (c) Activator (d) Dislodger
(e) None of these (e) Retarder
Directions (Q.10-12): Choose the word 15. RAPACIOUS
or group of words which is MOST (a) Greedy (b) Exorbitant
NEARLY THE SAME in meaning of the (c) Abominable (d) Noble
(e) Inhuman
Answer key: early Friday amid India‘s continuing

PASSAGE 1 economic boom; and Hong Kong shares
1. (c) 2. (e) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (b) reached a five-year high while indices in
8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (d) 11. (e) 12. (c) 13. (a) Singapore, Jakarta and Sydney set new
14. (a) 15. (c) records. And though stocks in Asia, in
PASSAGE 2 particular, are on fire, they are not alone.
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (e) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (c) From Germany to Venezuela to South Africa,
8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (e) 11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (b) equity markets in both mature and emerging
14. (e) 15. (d) markets have moved up sharply this year-
and show little sign of slowing. The
PASSAGE 1 underpinning for stocks‘ strong performance,
For more than three years, Anna Feng didn‘t global bulls say, is straightforward. Economic
tell her husband that she had sunk nearly growth continues to be strong in places
half of their savings into the Shanghai stock where it has been buoyant for several years
market. While he thought all their money (the US, China and India) and is finally
was safely sitting in a bank, the value of the picking up in places where it had been
stocks plunged by almost 75%. But over notably absent-Japan and parts of ―old‖
the past couple of months, the Shanghai Europe. Moreover, earnings and corporate
market has shown signs of life, and Feng, a profits have climbed for four straight years
56-year-od retiree, has recouped half her and consumer spending is rising briskly on
losses. She‘s quietly hopeful that maybe the back of declining unemployment.
she‘ll make it all back. ―Everyone seems to Economists say that Japan is now in a golden
be so optimistic about the markets now,‖ cycle. So, for now, is much of the world. ―It
She says. Around the world, stocks have comes down to very simple
been on a tear. In Asia, for example, the macroeconomics,‖ says Subir Gokam, an
Tokyo TOPIX stock index hit a 14-year high economist at CRISIL, India‘s largest credit-
last week as a bull run in once-dormant rating firm. ―The global economy is growing
Japan gathered momentum; Mumbai‘s main without much inflationary pressure.‖ Is
equity index hit an all-time high in trading anything wrong with this picture? One very
61
big thing, warn the skeptics. Internet rates (b) The trend of substantial increase in the
are rising nearly everywhere, and if there is value of stocks
one simple adage that many investment (c) Safety provided by banks to their
advisers live by, it‘s this: ―When rates are deposits
high, stocks will die.‖ Indeed, one of the (d) Optimism of the stock market players
most impressive-or-scariest-aspects of the (e) The interest rates are going up
current global bull run is that is has come in 2. Which of the following is TRUE about the
the teeth of the central-bank tightening, comparison between market indices of
most importantly by the US Federal Reserve, Mumbai and Hong Kong on the one hand and
which could slow growth in the world‘s key Singapore, Jakarta and Sydney on the other?
economic locomotive. The Fed has increased (a) The indices in the former case are
a key short-term interest rate-the so-called increasing while those in the latter are
Fed funds rate-15 times dating back to June decreasing.
2004, and is widely expected to raise it once (b) There is no remarkable trend visible
or twice more over the next few months. A between the two sets of indices.
brief recession and the Sep 11 terrorist (c) The markets in both the groups have
attacks in 2001 spurred a prolonged period been stable over a period of last five years.
of very low interest rates. That boosted US (d) The markets in both the groups of
consumption-in particular the rate-sensitive countries have shown upward trend.
housing market-and kept the global (e) None of these
economy humming. But long-term rates are 3. What is the impact of increasing long-
now beginning to tick upward: last week the term interest rates?
US 30-year treasury bond reached 5.04%, (A) Demand in housing market is gradually
its highest level since late 2004, and the diminishing.
housing market is cooling off-potentially (B) Retardation in economic growth.
triggering an economic slowdown as (C) Restrictions imposed by central bank.
homeowners cut their spending. (a) A only (b) B only
1. According to the passage, what makes (c) C only (d) A and C only
people hopeful about the markets? (e) None of these
(a) The descent in the value of stocks
4. In what way did the terrorist attacks in 7. How do the stock values in Asian
the US influence the markets? countries compare with that in the other
(a) It led to a brief recession. countries of the globe?
(b) It increased long-term need for housing. (a) It cannot be inferred on the basis of the
(c) It helped increase the interest rates on content of the passage.
housing. (b) There is a general decline in the market
(d) It prolonged the low interest rate regime. indices all over the globe.
(e) None of these (c) Markets show a general rise in the
5. How are the interest rates associated with indices all over the globe.
the stocks? (d) Markets only in Asian countries have
(a) In direct proportion shown upward trend.
(b) In inverse proportion (e) None of these
(c) No relation 8. Which of the following is/are the reason(s)
(d) Dependent upon the investors for the statement that ‗Japan is now in a
(e) None of these golden cycle‘?
6. Which of the following statements is/are (A) It is an economic growth without much
FALSE in the context of the passage? inflationary pressure.
(A) Economic growth in US, China, India, (B) Japan witnessed a substantial increase in
Japan and old European countries started to corporate profits for the last four years.
show a downward trend. (C) There are more employment avenues
(B) Higher interest rates help boost stock open and consumer spending has increased
value. significantly.
(C) Skeptics firmly believe that economic (a) All the three A, B and C
growth is a boon from all the angles. (b) A and B only
(a) All the three (b) A and B only (c) Either B or C only
(c) B and C only (d) A and C only (d) A and C only
(e) None of these (e) Either A or C only
9. According to the content of the passage,
the spurt in stock markets appears to be
63
(a) a healthy sign of growing world peace (e) sailing

(b) an indication of eradication of global 14. SPURRED
(c) a proof of a negligible number of people (a) shortened (b) widened
below poverty line (c) thronged (d) stimulated
(d) a transition from under-development to (e) escalated
enrichment 15. SKEPTIC
(e) None of these (a) disbeliever (b) orthodox
Directions (Q. 10-12): Which of the (c) theist (d) philosopher
following is most OPPOSITE in meaning (e) analyst
of the word given in bold as used in the PASSAGE 2
passage? ―Rivers should link, not divide us,‖ said the
10. BRISKLY Indian Prime Minister expressing concern
(a) vigorously (b) efficiently over interstate disputes and urged state
(c) hurriedly (d) insignificantly governments to show ―understanding and
(e) slowly consideration, statesmanship and an
11. BOOSTED appreciation of the other point of view.‖
(a) aggravated (b) elevated Water conflicts in India now reach every
(c) deflated (d) damaged level; divide every segment of our society,
(e) stopped political parties, states, regions and sub-
12. PLUNGED regions within states, districts, castes and
(a) fell (b) increased groups and individual farmers. Water
(c) dropped (d) more conflicts within and between many
(e) appeared developing countries are also taking a
Directions (Q. 13-15): Which of the serious turn. Fortunately, the ―water wars‖,
following is most nearly the SAME in forecast by so many, have not yet
meaning as the word given in bold as materialized. War has taken place, but over
used in the passage? oil, not water. Water is radically altering
13. BUOYANT and affecting political boundaries all over the
(a) drawing (b) haphazard world, between as well as within countries.
(c) upbeat (d) extravagant In India, water conflicts are likely to worsen
before they begin to be resolved. Till then however contested the space may be.
they pose a significant threat to economic Reformists as well as revolutionary
growth, security and health of the ecosystem movements are rooted in issues related to
and the victims are likely to be the poorest land. Several political and legal interventions
of the poor as well as the very sources of addressing the issue of equity and societal
water-rivers, wetlands and aquifers. Conflicts justice have been attempted. Most countries
might sound bad or negative, but they are have gone through land reforms of one type
logical developments in the absence of or another. Issues related to forests have
proper democratic, legal and administrative also generated a body of comprehensive
mechanisms to handle issues at the root of literature on forest resources and rights.
water conflicts. Part of the problem stems Though conflicts over them have received
from the specific nature of water, namely much more serious attention, have been
that water is divisible and amenable to studied in their own right and practical as
sharing; one unit of water used by one is a well as theoretical means of dealing with
unit denied to others; it has multiple uses them have been sought. In contrast, water
and users and involves resultant trade-offs. conflicts have not received the same kind of
Excludability is an inherent problem and attention.
very often exclusion costs involved the issue 1. According to the author which of the
of graded scales and boundaries and need following is/are consequences of water
for evolving a corresponding understanding conflicts?
around them. Finally, the way water is (A) Trans-border conflicts between
planned, used and managed causes developing countries.
externalities, both positive and negative, and (B) Water bodies will remain unused and
many of them are unidirectional and unaffected till the conflict is resolved.
asymmetric. There is a relatively greater (C) Water conflicts have altered the political
visibility as well as a greater body of boundaries within countries.
experience in evolving policies, frameworks, (a) Only A (b) Only B
legal set-ups and administrative mechanisms (c) Only C (d) Both A and C
dealings with immobile natural resources, (e) None of these
65
2. Why does the author ask readers not to (d) Water diversion by Indian states has
view conflicts too negatively? helped resolve water disputes.
(A) Most countries have survived them (e) None of these
easily. 5. What is the Prime Minister‘s advice to
(B) They bring political parties together. resolve water disputes?
(C) They only affect the grassroot levels. (a) Link all rivers to make national grid.
(a) Only A (b) Only B (b) Politicians alone can solve the problem.
(c) Only C (d) All A, B and C (c) Bridges and dams can resolve water
(e) Neither A, B nor C issues.
3. The author‘s main objective in writing the (d) Make consensual and conscious efforts.
passage is to (e) Create public awareness.
(a) showcase government commitment to 6. Which of the following is NOT TRUE in
sole the water distribution problem the context of the passage?
(b) make a strong case for war as the logical (a) Deeper problems exist at the root of all
resolution for water conflicts water conflicts.
(c) point out the seriousness of the threat (b) Competing uses of water is a cause of
posed by unresolved water conflicts water conflict.
(d) describe how the very nature of water (c) In India water conflicts affect all levels.
contributes to water struggles (d) Only social stability is unaffected by
(e) criticize governmental efforts for water water disputes.
conflict resolution. (e) All are true
4. Which of the following is TRUE in the 7. According to the author, which of the
context of the passage? following factors aggravates water disputes?
(a) Water wars are taking place between (a) Political interventions
many developing countries. (b) Excessive analysis of the issue
(b) There have been several legal (c) Reformist movements by political parties
interventions in India to govern the use of (d) Inadequate administrative and legislative
water resources. frameworks
(c) The poor people are worst affected by (e) None of these
water conflicts.
8. Which of the following can be inferred 11. INHERENT

about water conflicts? (a) functional (b) intense
(a) Water management techniques like (c) persistent (d) characteristic
dams, linking rivers, etc have negative (e) genetic
consequences. 12. MATERIALIZED
(b) There is no real solution to water (a) mattered (b) interfered
conflicts. (c) hidden (d) presented
(c) Despite receiving much attention water (e) expanded
conflicts remain unresolved. Directions (Q. 13-15): Pick out the word
(d) Water conflicts threaten the livelihood of which is the closest in meaning to the
those who depend on water sources. word printed in bold as used in the
(e) None of these passage.
9. According to the passage, which of the 13. ASYMMETRIC
following is a limitation of water resulting in (a) unsteady (b) equilibrium
disputes? (c) discouraging (d) superior
(a) Water is not a divisible resource. (e) contradictory
(b) Manipulation of water distribution is 14. DENIED
easy. (a) considered (b) assigned
(c) Water is an interconnected resource. (c) concerned (d) fined
(d) Water is an immobile resource. (e) acknowledged
(e) None of these 15. WORSEN
Directions (Q. 10-12): Pick out the word (a) bounty (b) accept
which is the closest in meaning to the (c) better (d) stable
word printed in bold as used in the (e) capable
10. RADICALLY PASSAGE 1
(a) suddenly (b) equally 1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (c)
(c) completely (d) moderately 8. (a) 9. (e) 10. (e) 11. (e) 12. (b) 13. (c)
(e) concurrently 14. (d) 15. (a)
67
PASSAGE 2 education of a generation of students in half-

1. (a) 2. (e) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (e) truths underpinned by the personal beliefs,
8. (a) 9. (e) 10. (c) 11. (d) 12. (d) 13. (b) sectarian concerns and folk pedagogy of
14. (b) 15. (c) faculties who have had little access
themselves to education and training in
PASSAGE 1 related areas. Over the last decade or so,
Right of entry to education, an ample educational reform has included, apart from
teaching-learning environment, a suitable access, a focus on developing alternative
curriculum and an empowered and all- text materials, and the training of faculty to
encompassing faculty are four essential handle these materials, without directly
prerequisites of an education system that engaging with the issue of curriculum
seeks to enable social transformation. While revamp. At the turn of the 20th century, a
educational reform since the 1980s was major national curriculum redesign was
strongly focused on the first two elements, initiated following the change of political
the late 1990s brought the role of the regime at the centre. The subsequent
curriculum into national focus. The critical development of college programme came
link that binds these four critical elements under wide public scrutiny and debate.
together-the activity of the faculty-continues Issues of equity, inclusion and exclusion,
to be cast aside, by political ideologies of learner medley religious identity and
most hues, contemporary curriculum reform communalism gained considerable
efforts and the professional practices of the importance in the curriculum debates that
faculty. Far-reaching educational initiatives followed. For instance, scholars argued that
of both the Left and the Right have ―… the curriculum, while loud on rhetoric,
recognized the potential power of the fails to address the equality of education that
faculty. In multiple experiments, they have students of underprivileged and marginalized
used this dormant force to build committed groups experience.‖ Several other critics
institutions and cadres of faculties dedicated described the revised curriculum as a
to their particular causes. In many instances retrogressive step in education that sought
this has led to extreme politicization of the to impose the religious agenda in the garb of
college faculty. In others it has led to the a national identity. The subsequent change
of national government in 2004 led to the 2. To facilitate social transformation, which

curriculum review in 2005, underlining a new of the following has been identified by the
political interest in the role of education in author as one of the factors?
national development, its role in social (a) A committed political ideology
mobilization and transformation directed (b) Support of the well-framed curriculum
specifically at questions of caste and gender (c) A strong administration system
asymmetry and minority empowerment. (d) Carefully planned education delivery
Deeper than these politically driven (e) None of these
initiatives, however, the professional need 3. Prior to 1990 what was NOT on the
for curriculum review emerges from the long agenda of the educational reforms?
ossification of a national education system (A) An appropriate curriculum
that continues to view faculty as ―dispensers (B) Well-managed admission process
of information‖ and students as ―passive (a) Only A (b) Only B
recipients‖ of an ―education‖ sought to be (c) Both A and B (d) Either A or B
―delivered‖ in four-walled classrooms with (e) None of these
little scope to develop critical thinking and 4. Which of the following is the most
understanding. opposite in meaning of the word medley as
1. Which of the following best describes the used in the passage?
phrase ―passive recipients‖ as used in the (a) amalgamate (b) united
passage? (c) unity (d) diffuse
(a) The users of the educational system (e) focusing
(b) The political ideology of right and left 5. Which of the following best describes the
parties word ossification as used in the passage?
(c) Well-framed curriculum guiding the (a) hardening (b) plasticity
teaching/learning process (c) imbibitions (d) incorporation
(d) Free access to education system (e) coalescing
(e) The faculty 6. Revamping of the text material was the
main focus in
(a) early eighties (b) late nineties
69
(c) 21st century (d) The loopholes in the educational system

(d) evolving curriculum framework allowed it to happen.
(e) training faculty (e) It was by design.
7. Which of the following best describes the 10. Development of textbooks generated
meaning of the word underpinned as used public debate on many issues except
in the passage? (A) making the curriculum student-centred.
(a) advocated (b) supported (B) using teaching community as an agency
(c) prepared (d) bolstered to bring change.
(e) boosted (a) Only A (b) Only B
8. What hampers the critical thinking ability (c) Both A and B (d) Either A or B
of college-going students? (e) None of these
(a) The emphasis on rote memorization and PASSAGE 2
recalling the facts of education based on real A few IITs and IIMs do not make an
experience educational summer. The 21st century is
(b) Lack of political will to develop these supposed to be all about human capital, but
abilities India doesn‘t yet have a coherent plan for
(c) Absence of focus while designing its development, or for meeting the thirst
curriculum framework for quality education that exists-leading to
(d) Ignoring the active role of faculty and the Indians spending as much as $3 billion
student annually to study abroad. One Ministry
(e) Lack of proper tests of critical thinking proposed recently to the WTO to open the
ability Indian educational sector to foreign
9. How did personal beliefs and folk providers, but another Ministry has been
pedagogy enter into educational system? opposing this tooth and nail. Its plea is that
(a) The college acted as an agent of local the domestic education sector must be
communities. protected. In keeping with this mindset it
(b)The faculties were not properly trained. has proposed the Foreign Education
(c) College faculties started acting as passive Providers Regulation Bill (FEPR Bill), which
listeners. bristles with archaic regulations designed to
keep foreigners outmoded in other sectors
where we are waking up to the realization currently leading to high labour cost that
that trade is a revolving door. If could cause companies to ship elsewhere.
foreigners export to us, we can do the same Even in case of industry and agriculture, an
to them too. This is particularly true of educated workforce helps enormously in
education-if anything, the Indian affinity for enhancing productivity. On a human level,
it gives us a competitive edge if we dare to education becomes less alienating if one
throw open our classrooms. A group, set up learns useful skills at the end of it, instead of
by a PIO entrepreneur, has already just earning a paper degree. Indian students
established a large chain of successful now commit suicide at a rate rivalling that
schools in the UAE and expanded to the of farmers. If they don‘t get that much
United Kingdom. Delhi Public School has attention it is because education isn‘t yet a
branches in Los Angeles, New York and political issue in India. It‘s high time it
Washington DC. There‘s no reason why IIMs became one.
can‘t set up in Singapore or Bangkok and run 1. According to the author, the emphasis of
profitable branches there, if allowed. Indians the present century is on the development of
are now dealing with the world confidently. If (a) global trade
there‘s need to clear mental cobwebs (b) seeking higher education abroad
inherited from the past, this is particularly so (c) nurturing and developing human
for education. It does not prosper if resources
restricted to an artificial, hothouse (d) increasing budget on education
environment. But if fully opened up to (e) protecting domestic educational
private send foreign investment, it can take institutions
on the world. From losing $3 billion annually 2. The basic purpose of FEPR Bill appears to
it could become a net foreign exchange be
earner for the country. But that‘s only the (a) to protect India‘s cultural heritage
icing on the cake. The real cake is that an (b) to eradicate monopoly of domestic
upgraded educational system is needed to education
maintain Indian advantages in the global (c) to maintain the quality of education
services sector, where skill shortages are (d) to keep away foreign tourists
71
(e) None of these (B) Sufficient funds

3. Which of the following, according to the (C) Permission from the foreign country
author, is/are the shortcoming(s) of our (a) A only (b) B only
country? (c) C only (d) All the three
(A) A systematic module for betterment of (e) Either A or B
human resources 6. Which of the following statements is/are
(B) Adequate foreign exchange to help FALSE in the context of the passage?
talented students to study abroad (A) Indians are yet to realize that free trade
(C) Systematic plans for providing education with other countries is helpful for India‘s
of a desirable standard development.
(a) A and B only (b) A and C only (B) The FEPR Bill is aimed at preventing
(c) B and C only (d) All the three foreigners‘ entry into Indian education
(e) None of these system.
4. Which of the following best explains the (C) Indians are very unlikely to survive in
clause ―trade is a revolving door‖? the open competition if the field of education
(a) Trading with foreign countries is mutually is opened to foreign countries.
beneficial. (a) A only (b) A and B only
(b) If trade is opened to foreign countries, it (c) B and C only (d) A and C only
affects the domestic market adversely. (e) All A, B and C
(c) Trade with foreign countries is more 7. According to the author, the roots of the
beneficial to India than to the foreign confusion in our thinking lie in
country. (a) leaders‘ decision-making
(d) Trade with foreign countries is less (b) our perception about foreigners
beneficial to India as compared to the (c) the past
former. (d) comparing trade with education
(e) Foreign trade enhances the chances of (e) our economic system
getting blocked in the area of export-import. 8. If India‘s education sector is fully opened
5. What, according to the author, do IIMs to foreign countries, which of the following
ask for opening centres abroad? would be the likely impact(s)
(A) Adequate expertise (A) Prevention of loss $3 billion per annum
(B) Increase in foreign exchange (a) Emphasis (b) Rational

(C) Skill shortage will be aggravated (c) Greed (d) Standard
(a) A and B only (b) A and C only (e) Requirement
(c) B and C only (d) All the three Directions (Q. 13-15): Choose the word
(e) None of these which is most OPPOSITE in meaning of
9. Which of the following, according to the the word given in bold as used in the
author, can make education directly passage.
relevant? 13. ALLIENATE
(A) Bestowing useful skills (a) Distancing (b) Involving
(B) Bestowing a degree (c) Isolating (d) Disaffecting
(C) Distinguishing between knowledge and (e) Discriminating
skills 14. COHERENT
(a) Only A and B (b) Only B and C (a) Rational (b) Consistent
(c) Either B or C (d) All the three (c) Illogical (d) Lucid
(e) None of these (e) Articulate
Directions (Q. 11-12): Choose the 15. ARCHAIC
word/group of words which is most (a) Outdated (b) Obsolete
nearly SAME in meaning as the (c) Pre-historic (d) Outmoded
word/group of words given in bold as (e) Modern
used in the passage. Answer key:
10. ENORMOUSLY PASSAGE 1
(a) Tremendously (b) Forcibly 1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (b)
(c) Rarely (d) Minutely 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (c)
(e) Ruthlessly PASSAGE 2
11. RIVALLING 1. (c) 2. (e) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (d) 7. (a)
(a) Challenging (b) Opposing 8. (a) 9. (e) 10. (a) 11. (a) 12. (e) 13. (b)
(c) Containing (d) Equating 14. (c) 15. (e)
(e) Withstanding
12. THIRST PASSAGE 1
73
The Indian pharma industry is flourishing company wishing to market a drug is

overseas, touching almost every part of the required to submit data to the drug
world. With low cost, speed and high quality controller to show that the drug is both
advantage, India is gearing up to become effective and safe. The first (originator)
the hub for contract research and company that makes the application for
manufacturing. Having a competitive edge is marketing approval has to submit its data
one thing and maintaining it is another. relating to the clinical trials to the drug
Canada provides tax benefits up to 46 per controller, who once satisfied that the drug is
cent for research carried out within the safe and effective will register it. Another
country. Others like Korea and China without drug company wishing to market the same
a large pool of scientists make up by drug only requires to show a bioequivalence
facilitating foreign research in every to the drug of the originator company. Thus,
conceivable way. India does not do any of as per the prevailing laws, the regulator in
this and faces many hurdles diseases that it India can rely on an innovator‘s data to
has been inflicted with since independence approve the competitor‘s product. While the
like Malaria and TB. While Indian companies system in general is responsible for
have only focused on reverse-engineering maintaining the necessary secrecy, it is not
blockbuster drugs from MNCs, overseas accountable for the same-the competitor
scientists have displayed little interest in gets an unfair advantage over the innovator
researching sub-continent-specific diseases even when he is clandestinely abusing an
as there are more profits and public interest innovator even when he is clandestinely
in lifestyle drugs such as obesity which in abusing an innovator‘s intellectual property.
turn fund their research. In the interest of Consequently research-based pharma
Indian research industry a decision must be companies are being forced to undertake
taken quickly on the implementation of data vital clinical trials abroad. Huge
protection laws. India is one of the few expenditures are incurred overseas draining
countries where data exclusively provisions precious foreign exchange when this could
are not prevalent. Data protection is a be done at home at a fraction of the cost.
contentious issue, hotly debated by the The product patent law protections required
government and the industry. A pharma by the TRIPS agreement and brought about
by the 2005 amendment to the Patent Act 2. Which of the following is/are TRUE in the
require India to protect undisclosed test date context of the passage?
from disclosure and unfair commercial use (A) Countries like China prefer to outsource
by competitors. Effective 2005, Indian research at home.
companies can no longer copy patent- (B) Multinational pharma companies are
protected foreign drugs. Some negate the pressuring India to have product patent
necessity to make data exclusivity a law. (C) The Indian pharmaceutical industry is
They argue that the advocates of making it a booming.
law, the MNCs, want the data to be (a) Only A (b) Only C
protected absolutely for a period of 5 years. (c) Both B and C (d) Both A and B
However, in case certain drugs are not (e) None of these
available or unaffordable, should the 3. According to the passage, what is the
government for the common good not be main purpose of data protection laws?
able to exercise powers to get another (a) To ensure that foreign countries invest in
company to make such drugs? research for drugs to treat diseases like TB
1. Which of the following is a reason for (b) To attract Indian scientists back to the
India‘s continuing battle with commonplace country
diseases? (c) To prevent misuse of research to make
(a) Rigid patent laws mean essential foreign profit by competing companies
drugs are not easily available in India. (d) To make clinical trials more acceptable to
(b) Newer more effective treatments and the public
drugs are unaffordable. (e) None of these
(c) Government does not adequately 4. Which of the following measures has
subsidise drugs required for treatment of Korea taken to be competitive in the pharma
these diseases. industry?
(d) Research and development of drugs for (a) It offers blockbuster drugs at highly
such diseases is taken up only by advanced subsidized rates.
countries. (b) It collaborates with foreign research
(e) None of these firms.
75
(c) It provides regulatory approvals. (C) it is not in the interest of the general
(d) It enacts relaxed tax laws. public.
(e) None of these (a) Only A (b) Both A and C
5. Which of the following is/are India‘s (c) Only C (d) Both B and C
strengths in drug discovery and research? (e) None of these
(A) Relaxed patent laws 8. What is the objective of the TRIS
(B) Reverse engineering of foreign agreement?
blockbuster drugs (a) To allow the government to determine
(C) Incentives to foreign companies the focus of drug research conducted
researching subcontinent diseases (b) To ensure India meets international legal
(a) Only C (b) Both A and C requirements
(c) Only A (d) All of these (c) To give developed countries an edge in
(e) None of these pharma manufacturing
6. According to the author, what is the (d) To ensure that competing companies do
disadvantage of holding clinical trials not benefit commercially from using each
abroad? other‘s clinical data
(a) Research facilities in India are far more (e) None of these
sophisticated. 9. Which of the following is NOT TRUE in the
(b) Authenticity of research methodology context of the passage?
cannot be monitored. (a) Costs of clinical trials and research are
(c) Delayed processing of test data relatively lower in India.
(d) Higher cost resulting in the drain of (b) India has laws to ensure patent
financial resources protection but data exclusively provisions are
(e) The laws abroad are more stringent. not prevalent.
7. The argument against making data (c) China has a large number of well-
exclusivity a law is: qualified clinical research personnel which
(A) specialized knowledge will be shared. has made it attractive to MNCs.
(B) it will unfairly favour large western (d) Indian pharma companies can no longer
pharma companies. duplicate patent-protected foreign drugs.
(e) None of these
10. The Indian pharma industry 14. FLOURISHING

(a) is hampered by severe intellectual (a) drooping (b) declining
property rights laws (c) fluctuating (d) opposing
(b) trails in research on health threats like (e) lacking
obesity 15. VITAL
(c) is the largest growing one in the world (a) practical (b) voluntary
(d) only has the expertise to reverse- (c) negative (d) worthless
engineer drugs (e) minimum
(e) provides quality research at low cost PASSAGE 2
Directions (Q.11-13): Choose the For years now, George W Bush has told
word/phrase which is most nearly SAME Americans that he would increase the
in meaning as the word printed in bold number of troops in Iraq only if the
as used in the passage. commanders on the ground asked him to do
11. PREVAILING so. It was not a throwaway line: Bush said it
(a) popular (b) implemented from the very first days of the war, when he
(c) existing (d) persuading and Pentagon boss Donald Rumsfeld were
(e) winning criticized for going to war with too few
12. HURDLES troops. He said it right up until last summer,
(a) bars (b) defects stressing at a news conference in Chicago
(c) rejections (d) protests that Iraq commander Generall George Casey
(e) obstacles ―will make the decisions as to how many
13. INCURRED troops we have there.‖ Seasoned military
(a) collected (b) included people suspected that the line was a dodge-
(c) spent (d) experienced that the civilians who ran the Pentagon were
(e) adjusted testing their personal theory that war can be
Directions (Q.14-15): Choose the fought on the cheap and the brass simply
word/phrase which is most OPPOSITE knew better than the generals on the
in meaning of the word printed in bold ground? Now, as the war nears the end of its
as used in the passage. fourth year and the number of Americans
77
killed has surpassed 3,000, Bush has bipartisan rescue mission out of pride,
dropped the generals-know-best line. stubbornness or ideology, or some
Sometime next week the President is combination of the three. Rather than
expected to propose a surge in the number reversing course, as all the wise elders of the
of US forces in Iraq for a period of up to two Iraq Study Group advised, the Commander-
years. A senior official said reinforcements in-Chief is betting that more troops will lead
numbering ―About 20,000 troops,‖ and may the way to what one White House official
be more, could be in place within months. calls ―Victory.‖
The surge would be achieved by extending 1. Bush and Rumsfeld has received brickbats
the stay of some forces already in Iraq and for
accelerating the deployment of others. The (a) waging a war against Iraq
irony is that while the generals would have (b) testing their personal theories
liked more troops in the past, they are cool (c) their assertion in the news conference in
to the idea of sending more now. That‘s in Chicago
part because the politicians and commanders (d) turning down the demands of General
have had trouble agreeing on what the goal George Casey
of a surge would be. But it is also because (e) None of these
they are worried that a surge would further 2. George Bush gave an impression to his
erode the readiness of the US‘s already subjects that his army commanders were
stressed ground forces. And even those who given the autonomy to decide
back a surge are under no illusions about (a) when to start or stop the war in Iraq
what it would mean to the casualty rate. ―If (b) the reasonable requirement of American
you put more American troops on the front troops to fight the war in Iraq
line,‖ said a White House official, ―You‘re (c) how many troops should Iraq use to fight
going to have more casualties.‖ Coming from against the Americans
Bush, a man known for bold strokes, the (d) the Pentagon policies regarding war in
surge is a strange half-measure-too large for Iraq
the political climate at home, too small to (e) None of these
crush the insurgency in Iraq and surely 3. From the content of the passage, which of
three years too late. Bush has waved off a the following can be definitely inferred?
(A) The US troops in Iraq are happy with (c) an impartial assessor of the US strategy
their victory. related to the situation in Iraq.
(B) The troops already fighting the war in (d) an indifferent onlooker of what is
Iraq are sufficient enough to combat the happening in Iraq.
situation effectively (e) inclined to the idea of withdrawal of
(C) The generals who were earlier not in American troops to save casualty.
favour of increasing troops in Iraq are now 6. Which of the following is the assessment
insisting on surge. of the Commander-in-Chief of US forces in
(a) A and B only (b) B and C only Iraq on the present situation there?
(c) A and C only (d) None (a) America‘s desired goal will be achieved if
(e) All the three more troops are deployed in Iraq.
4. Which of the following best describes (b) Withdrawal of troops from Iraq is
Bush‘s persistent reaction to the essential to raise the morale of the US Army.
observations that the Iraq war strategy was (c) Further strengthening of the US Army in
not effective due to inadequate American Iraq will be suicidal as it means more
forces? destruction of US forces.
(a) Such strategies are better left to Army (d) Pentagon‘s civilians should not have been
Commanders to decide on the ground. allowed to interfere with the army
(b) Civilians are the best assessors of such commanders‘ strategies.
strategies (e) None of these
(c) Wars can be fought on the cheap. 7. Which of the following strategies would
(d) The brass knew better of war but not of achieve the desired increase in American
politics. forces in Iraq?
(e) None of these (A) Continuation of stay of troops for a
5. The author of the passage appears to be further period.
(a) in favour of enhancement of American (B) Expeditious deployment of additional
troops in Iraq. troops.
(b) critical about Bush‘s strategy of handling
situation in Iraq
79
(C) Seeking additional input from politicians as the word given in bold as used in the
and commanders of neighbouring friendly passage?
countries. 10. COOL
(a) A and C only (b) C only (a) Warm (b) Enthusiastic
(c) B only (d) A and B only (c) Unwelcome (d) Intemperate
(e) None of these (e) Indifferent
8. Why do the army commanders disfavor 11. SURGE
enhancement of troops now? (a) Enhancement (b) Trivializing
(A) More force means more casualties. (c) Reduction (d) Strengthening
(B) Difference of opinion between politicians (e) Upgradation
and commanders about the aim of the troop 12. STUBBORNNESS
enhancement. (a) Uncertainty (b) Weakness
(C) Probable adverse psychological impact (c) Acceptability (d) Infirmity
on ground forces. (e) Flexibility
(a) Only A and B (b) Only B and C Directions (Q. 13-15): Which of the
(c) All the three (d) Only A and C following is most nearly SAME in
(e) None of these meaning as the word given in bold as
9. Which of the following made Bush change used in the passage?
his thinking about the requirement of forces 13. ILLUSION
in Iraq? (a) Reality (b) Reflection
(A) The unreasonably long period for which (c) Fantastic (d) Delusion
the war continued (e) Deviation
(B) The large number of American soldiers 14. INSURGENCY
killed in the war (a) Rebellion (b) Ingredient
(C) Demand from the Army Commanders (c) Combat (d) Debacle
(a) Only A and C (b) Only A and B (e) Violation
(c) Only B and C (d) All the three 15. IRONY
(e) Only C (a) Levelling (b) Precaution
Directions (Q. 13-15): Which of the (c) Controversy (d) Mockery
following is most OPPOSITE in meaning (e) Perception
Answer key: development in a low income setting. They

PASSAGE 1 squander time, surplus aid funds and
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (e) 6. (d) 7. (d) opportunities because they are not familiar
8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (d) 11. (c) 12. (e) 13. (d) with local conditions and do not understand
14. (b) 15. (d) their point of view. There are distinct phases
PASSAGE 2 of outside help to end a conflict. In the first
1. (e) 2. (b) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (d) phase focus is on providing food, water,
8. (b) 9. (b) 10. (a) 11. (c) 12. (e) 13. (d) shelter and medicine to refugees, ie
14. (a) 15. (d) humanitarian. In the second, emphasis is on
the refugees returning home while in the last
PASSAGE 1 phase long-term investments and
Politicians and generals talk of military strengthening of courts is the main focus.
strategies and manouvres but something However, once a conflict is over, aid
completely different is needed. Stability will agencies sanctioned by the World Bank send
come only when economic opportunities study groups instead of requisite personnel.
exist, when youth can find jobs and support There is a gap of several years before
families rather than seeking their livelihood moving from humanitarian relief arrives the
in violence. Peace can only be achieved with war has restarted. It is possible to restart
a withdrawal of foreign troops, sanctions and economic development through targeted
peacekeepers and the arrival of jobs, ―quick impact‖ initiatives. Most economies in
productive farms and factories, healthcare post-conflict countries are based on
and schools. Repeatedly, the fragile peace agriculture. Providing free packages of
in impoverished countries has broken down seeds, fertilizers and low-cost equipment
because f the lack of economic follow-up. quickly will ensure that former soldiers will
Despite promises of aid, the actual record of return to their farms and establish their
international aid to post-war reconstruction livelihood. But the window of opportunity
is deficient. Once the war ends, agencies closes quickly and one has to implement
involved in post-war relief efforts fail to these measures almost immediately.
understand how to start or restart economic
81
1. Which of the following is a reason why 4. Which of the following is NOT TRUE in the
post-conflict reconstruction efforts have context of the passage?
failed? (a) Focus in the first phase of a war is on
(a) Aid organizations do not understand providing humanitarian aid
issues from the perspective of the poor. (b) Sanctions are not a means to ensure
(b) Rapid economic development in low- peace.
income countries. (c) Adequate time must be taken to plan and
(c) World Bank studies are not valid. implement quick impact strategies.
(d) International aid organizations become (d) Providing employment to the younger
too involved in reconstruction efforts. generation will prevent wars.
(e) None of these (e) Focus on delivering justice through
2. Where does the problem lie in courts should be in the last phase of conflict
implementing post-war relief measures? aid.
(a) Aid agencies fail to study the situation. 5. How can economic development be
(b) Economic development measures are too restarted in an impoverished country?
rapid. (a) Long-term studies should be
(c) Focus on economic development not commissioned.
humanitarian aid. (b) Retaining soldiers in the army to ensure
(d) Lack of funds to implement programmes. law and order
(e) Lack of essentials and qualified (c) Restrict number of aid agencies to avoid
personnel. waste
3. According to the author, how can political (d) Focusing on agricultural initiatives
stability be achieved? (e) Deploying peacekeepers in the country
(a) Increasing the number of foreign troops 6. What is the benefit of ―quick impact‖ aid?
in areas of conflict (a) Soldiers earn income from the army and
(b) Depending more on foreign aid their farms.
(c) Following recommendations given by the (b) Providing alternate livelihood to soldiers
World Bank before war can restart.
(d) Providing economic opportunities (c) Free land is given to soldiers.
(e) None of these (d) Price of equipment is low.
(e) None of these from playing the kind of active role in

Directions (Q. 7-8): Choose the word international affairs that would seem
that is most nearly SAME in meaning as commensurate wit its economic weight. This
the word printed in bold as used in the is because traditionally China‘s politics have
passage. been defined by the need for economic
7. EXIST development above all else.
(a) live (b) fit In the past China‘s authorities have tended
(c) create (d) occur to downplay the country‘s international clout,
(e) survive choosing to stress instead its developing
8. SQUANDER country status and limited military
(a) lavish (b) spend capabilities. Such modest rhetoric was
(c) displace (d) lose intended to allay the fears that China‘s rise
(e) misuse was causing across its immediate
Directions (Q.9-10): Choose the word neighbourhood. That Beijing is finally
which is most OPPOSITE in meaning of acknowledging its status as a major player in
the word printed in bold as used in the the international system is evidenced by the
passage. fact that the President has formally
9. FRAGILE developed a theory of international
(a) weak (b) lasting relations; the concept of harmonious world.
(c) long (d) strong The concept, encompassing broad notions of
(e) unstable multilateralism, prosperity for all through
10. DEFICIENT common development and tolerance for
(a) surplus (b) valued diversity has left world opinion perplexed.
(c) short (d) secure These are commendable objectives but the
(e) repaired theory is short on specifics regarding the
Passage 2 means to achieve them.
Though the last twenty-five years have seen China‘s recent willingness to be a more
China dazzle the world with its excellent active player internationally stems from
economic performance it has shied away complex factors. The country‘s economic
83
strength- having acquired the largest foreign Despite this when Africa was in need of aid
exchange reserves in the world—is and infrastructure or the US needed help in
undeniable and reports favour it to be the negotiating with Korea they turned to China.
largest economy in the next quarter of the By taking a lead in variety international and
century. For sustained double-digit economic regional forums, initiating bilateral and
growth China thus has no choice but to military exchanges, and dispensing aid and
become more active internationally. technical assistance in parts of the world
Moreover, as a major proportion of the oil where traditional powers are sitting on the
and other natural resources that china needs sidelines, content has signaled that its days
aggressively woo the countries rich in energy of sitting on the sidelines, content to let
resources, which also represent emerging others shape world affairs, are emphatically
markets for Chinese products. To ensure a over.
stable security environment within the region 1. Why has China traditionally been a
and thus facilitate economic growth China passive spectator in global affairs?
played an active role in facilitating (a) To safeguard its oil resources
negotiations with North Korea. (b) To maintain security in its vicinity
Destabilization of a potential flashpoint like (c) To conceal its economic predicament
the Korean peninsulas would lead to a flood (d) To focus on domestic economic growth
of refugees crossing the border, interrupting (e) Economic dominance of the US.
careful plans of economic rejuvenation of 2. Which of the following best describes
China‘s North-East. China‘s growing China‘s current international status?
influence has caused a shift in the (a) Cause of insecurity among developing
geopolitical status quo influence is beginning nations
to replace that of the United States and (b) Largest economy in the world
European powers in Africa. China‘s new (c) Largest donor of aid to developing
diplomacy though has had its share of critics countries
who have expressed their unease at China‘s (d) Pioneer of implementing a ―harmonious
military modernization porgramme and its world‖ philosophy
willingness to deal with regimes widely (e) None of these
condemned as corrupt and oppressive.
3. What has been the fallout of China‘s (d) The US has recognised and
increased participation in world affairs? acknowledged China‘s growing international
(a) International scrutiny of its economic reputation.
policies (e) China has stopped dealing with corrupt
(b) Growth of corruption among politicians countries because of international pressure.
(c) Its influence and prestige have grown 6. The main purpose behind Beijing‘s
substantially intervention in North Korea is to
(d) Its growth rate has stablilised. (a) ensure that the US acknowledges China‘s
(e) None of these growing military influence
4. On which of the following factors in (b) prevent any hindrances to its domestic
China‘s economic growth dependent? economic development programmes.
(A) Increased supply of oil and other natural (c) protect its financial investment in
resources to developed countries neighbouring countries.
(B) Success of harmonious world policy (d) provide humanitarian assistance to one
(C) Political stability in Africa of its strongest allies Korea.
(a) Only C (b) Only A (e) None of these
(c) Both A and B (d) All A, B and C 7. Which of the following CANNOT be said
(e) None of these about China‘s international relations theory?
5. Which of the following is TRUE in the (a) The theory is ambiguous in nature.
context of the passage? (b) The theory reflects China‘s realization
(a) China‘s current political standing that it occupies a vital place in global affairs.
internationally is disproportionate to its (c) It promotes the concept of common
financial strength. development for all nations.
(b) China is a reluctant participant in military (d) It is a theory which explains China‘s
dialogues. sustained growth rate.
(c) The harmonious world theory is the only (e) It emphasises achieving prosperity
utilitarian remedy to the current challenges thrugh universal development.
facing the world.
85
8. Which of the following is NOT a step (a) Only A (b) Both A and B
taken by China to cement its role as a world (c) Only B (d) Both B and C
leader? (e) None of these
(A) Providing aid to countries when other Directions (Q.11-13): Choose the word
nations are unwilling to do so. which is most similar in meaning to the
(B) Curtailing its military modernisation word printed in bold as used in meaning
programme to reassure neighbouring to the word printed in bold as used in
countries. the passage.
(C) Negotiating bilateral treaties only with 11. SUSTAINED
countries with good human rights records. (a) sporadic (b) Confirmed
(a) Only A (b) Both A and B (c) steady (d) supported
(c) Both B and C (d) Only B (e) encouraging
(e) None of these 12. POTENTIAL
9. Which of the following is an outcome of (a) promise (b) talent
Beijing‘s role in Africa? (c) opportunity (d) capable
(a) America‘s influence in the region has (e) possible
reduced. 13. ENCOMPASSING
(b) Instability in the region. (a) surrounding (b) incorporating
(c) The amount of aid from Europe and other (c) enveloping (d) accepting
countries has doubled. (e) dealing
(d) The balance of power in Africa has Directions (Q.14-15): Choose the word
shifted in favour of Europe over the US. which is most opposite in meaning to
(e) None of these the word printed in bold as used in the
10. Which of the following is/ are responsible passage.
for China‘s active international participation? 14. COMMENDABLE
(A) Rapid economic growth as a result of (a) valuable (b) unreliable
selling its surplus foreign exchange reserves. (c) undeserved (d) unworthy
(B)The head to explore and expand to new (e) deficient
markets. 15. ALLAY
(C) The need to modernize its armed forces. (a) strengthen (b) alleviate
(c) grow (d) expedite also have profound effect on global markets
(e) discourage and both corporate and private borrowers.
Answer key: The race hike is by no means guaranteed—
PASSAGE 1 the BOJ could wait until its next meeting in
1. (a) 2. (e) 3. (d) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (d) August or beyond. But 32 out of 41 analysts
8. (a) 9. (b) 10. (a) and traders surveyed by Reuters last week
Passage 2 said they expect an increase at this week‘s
1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (e) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (d) meeting. Yasunari Ueno, Chief market
8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (c) 12. (e) 13. (b) economist at Mizhuo securities, says, ―I put
14. (d) 15. (a) the possibility for hike this week at 80% to
90%.‖ If it doesn‘t happen, there‘s
nonetheless a widespread belief that it will
Passage 1 inevitably do so in the next few months—and
During a two-day meeting later this week in that the first rise will likely be followed by
a stately neo-baroque building in Tokyo, nine more.
men may vote to end of one of the oldest This conviction is an indication of just how
periods in the history of central banking- and far the Japanese economy has come.
send one of the clearest signals yet that Following the stock and property collapses of
Japan‘s economy has finally emerged from the early ‗90s, most business and consumers
15 years of stagnation. Led by governor drastically cut their spending and
Toshihiko Fukui, the monetary policy investments. With demand falling, prices
committee at the Bank of Japan (BOJ) will dropped too, exacerbating businesses‘
vote on whether to raise its overnight unwillingness to invest in new ventures, and
lending rate to 0.25% or leave it at Zero, Japan found itself in a disastrous deflationary
where it has been for more than five years. spiral. In desperation, the BOJ reduced
That shift would not just demonstrate that interest rates or zero in 1999, but it had
the BOJ believes the world‘s second largest little impact for years because Japanese
economy is now on sound footing—it would companies were hobbled by so many other
problems, like bloated payrolls and debt-
87
laden balance sheets. Under the reform (A) Give a perception to the world that it is
agenda initiated by Prime Minister Junichiro on concrete footing.
Koizumi in 2001, however, Japanese industry (B) Markets all over the world
began to modernize and streamline. Taking (C) It will not have any impact on corporate
the hell of the BOJ in 2003 as Koizumi‘s and private borrowers.
handpicked favourite, Fukui led central-bank (a) A and B only (b) B and C only
intervention into uncharted waters. His (c) A and C only (d) All the three
frequently claimed impotence, saying there (e) None of these
was little a central bank could do to stoke an 3. It can be inferred from the passage that
economy‘s fires once it had lowered rates to (a) the initial move by BOJ was unexpected
zero. But Fukui stepped up or initiated a (b) the rate increase could have been
series of unorthodox ―quantitative easing‖ avoided
programs designed to flood the market with (c) the current move by BOJ was not
easy money. For example, he more than unpredictable
doubled the target for current-account (d) the proposed increase in lending rate is
deposits held by financial institutions and he of an insignificant impact
ramped up the BOJ‘s purchases of corporate (e) None of these
and government bonds. With increased 4. Which of the following was a
deposits, banks had more money to put on demonstrable result of the debacle of Japan‘s
the street; and the BOJ‘s shopping spree economy in the last decade of the last
also put more money in circulation. century?
1. It appears that about one- and-a-half (A) Substantial education in spending and
decades ago, Japan‘s economy was in a investments by consumers
state of (B) Consumers and business refrained from
(a) jeopardy (b) progress investing in new ventures.
(c) hibernation (d) severe decline (C) Japan‘s global presence was negligible
(e) None of these (a) Only A (b) Only B
2. The change in lending rate by Bank of (c) Only (d) All the three
Japan (BOJ) would affect which of the (e) None of these
following?
5. BOJ‘s reduction of interest rate of Zero in 8. Which of the following best describes the
1999 was intended to term ―quantitative easing‖ as used in the
(a) reduce the exorbitant salaries of passage?
employees (a) Series of unorthodox measures
(b) salvage debt- ridden companies (b) initiating superficial remedies
(c) invigorate the dormant economy (c) resorting to strategies to gain cheap
(d) revitalize balance sheets of big popularity
companies (d) pumping more money for hassle- free
(e) None of these excess
6. Who among the felt that central bank‘s (e) None of these
intervention was going to be futile? 9. Which of the following statements is/ are
(a) Junichiro Koizumi TRUE in the context of the passage?
(b) Toshihiko Fukui (A) BOJ‘s reduction of interest rate to zero in
(c) Bank of Japan‘s committee members the last century had a desirable effect
(e) None of these (B) Spending and investments by consumers
7. Which of the strategies was adopted by and business do not have any significant
Fukui to bring Japan‘s economy on the impact on the economy.
proper track? (c) A regulatory central bank cannot boost
(A) Schemes to pump lots of easy money the economy if the interest rates are lowered
into the market to 0%.
(B) Increasing the target of current account (a) A and B only (b) B and C only
deposits held by financial institution by more (C) C and A only (d) All the three
than 10% (e) None of these
(C) Drastically cutting the purchasing power Directions (Q. 10-12): Choose the word
of consumers. which is most nearly the SAME in
(a) A and C only (b) A and B only meaning as the word is given in bold as
(c) B and C only (d) All of these used in the passage.
(e) None of these 10. EMERGED
(a) divided (b) reunited
89
(c) born (d) surfaced which generate more than one-third of the
(e) invented developing world‘s GDP. Slums are not
11. SURVEYED caused by the poor but by governments
(a) audited (b) measured denying people the right to own and
(c) counted (d) apprised exchange property. When people own their
(e) interviewed own property they have incentives to invest
12. DESPERATION in time, money and energy to improve it
(a) nervousness (b) anxiety because they know that they will be able to
(c) confusion (d) complexity benefit from any such improvements. ie the
(e) effect ability to obtain mortgages etc. In short,
Directions (Q.13-15): Choose the word property rights beget capital, which begets
which is most nearly the OPPOSITE in innovation, which begets wealth. Sadly, the
meanings as the word given in bold as poor typically don‘t have secure title to their
used in the passage. land as there are bureaucratic restrictions on
13. SOUND transferring title or there is no clear system
(a) silence (b) calmness for titling. Without legal deeds they live in
(c) loose (d) concrete constant fear of being evicted by landlords or
(e) noisy municipal officials. Illiteracy is a major
14. EXACERBATING reason poor people often choose not to seek
(a) improving (b) aggravating the protection of local courts since in so
(c) intensifying (d) redeeming many countries laws established under
(e) demonstrating colonial rule have never been translated into
15. PREDECESSOR local languages. When entrepreneurs do set
(a) ancestor (b) forerunner out to legally register business they are
(c) precursor (d) successor discouraged by red tape and costly fees. In
(e) colleague Egypt, starting a bakery takes 500 days,
PASSAGE 2 compliance with 315 laws and 27 times the
We are well into the 21st century yet half the monthly minimum wage. The proprietors of
world‘s population live in squatter such business cannot get loans, enforce
settlements and work in shadow economies, contracts or expand a personal network of
familiar customers and partners. As a result initiative made up of two dozen leaders- is
the poor have no choice but to accept exploring ideas to extend enforceable legal;
insecurity and instability as a way of life. rights to impoverishment members of
In India severe restrictions on free transfer society and is seeking to bring about a
of property in most rural areas inhibit consensus on incentives for national and
investment and encourage urban flight. local leaders. As the growth of illegal
Planning policies however discourage settlement amply demonstrates, the poor
building homes for these migrants as are not helpless, all they need is
numerous homes are destroyed if they do governments to grant them fundamental
not comply with planning rules, essentially human rights of freedom and responsibility.
forcing people to live in slums and 1. What did Argentine study indicate?
perversely blaming it on population growth. (A) Argentina‘s economy is booming and the
UN Habitat, the UN agency for housing the percentage of poor has fallen.
poor, has implemented more plans to (B) when the government gives the legal
stabilize the unplanned aspects of urban means to control their assets they plan for
growth but grandiose plans like UN schemes the future.
and governments housing projects simply (C) The government succeeded in widening
ignore or worsen the underlying problems. It the gap between the rich and poor.
is when governments grant people legal (a) Only A (b) Both A and B
means to control their assets that they (c) Only B (d) All A, B and C
empower them to invest and plan ahead. In (e) None of these
Buenos Aires, economists studied the 2. According to the author, which of the
experience of two Argentine communities. following factors is responsible for the
One had received legal title to its land in the creation of a slum?
1980s and surpassed the other group which (a) Migration of landless labourers to cities.
had not, in a range of social indicators (b) Municipal authorities building low-cost
including quality of house construction and housing for the poor.
education levels. The commission on Legal (c) Unchecked population growth.
Empowerment of the poor- a UN – afflicted
91
(d) Government failure to secure property (b) Although the government allocates land
rights for citizens. for them the poor choose not to invest in
(e) Exorbitant cost of living in cities. building houses.
3. The author‘s main objective in writing the (c) With the spread of slums populations are
passage is to drifting back to rural areas.
(a) exhort the UN to play a greater role in (d) In order to accumulate profit slum-
rehabilitation slum-dwellers. dwellers avoid legally registering their
(b) praise government initiatives fro migrant business.
(c) convince governments to empower the (e) UN has declared the right to housing as a
poor. fundamental right.
(d) enlist the aid of developed countries to 6. What impact do planning policies have on
tackle the issue of slums the development of slums?
(e) chastise slum-dwellers for illegal (a) They encourage the poor to invest in
activities that they engage in. land thereby perpetuating slums.
4. What benefit does the author see in (b) They focus on developing rural rather
providing land ownership rights to the poor? than urban areas so people have to live in
(a) Steady increase in GPD slums.
(b) Gaining independence from colonial (c) They offer alternative practical
rulers suggestions for construction of low-cost
(c) Municipal services afforded to the poor housing.
will improve. (d) They advocate demolishing homes which
(d) It will be an inheritance for future violate planning rules, encouraging slums.
generations. (e) None of these.
(e) None of these. 7. What is the objective of the Commission
5. Which of the following is TRUE in the on Legal Empowerment of the Poor?
context of the passage? (a) Coerce international leaders to
(a) Additional UN projects will exacerbated implement housing project.
the plight of slum-dwellers. (b) Bring sanctions against countries denying
their citizens the right to housing
(c) Selecting experts to recommend ideas to (a) They do not want to make an effort.
do away with poverty. (b) Government officials are discourteous.
(d) Establish practical ways for government (c) They lack funds to bribe government
to empower the underprivileged. officials.
(e) None of these. (d) They do now want to pay taxes.
8. Which of the following difficulties do (e) They are intimidated by bureaucratic
unregistered businesses face? procedures.
(A) Banks do not give loans in the absence Directions (Q. 11-13): Choose the word
security. which is most nearly the SAME in
(B) They are unable to earn the loyalty of meanings as the word printed in bold as
any customer. used in the passage.
(C) They cannot enforce contracts. 11. SEVERE
(a) Only A (b) Both A and C (a) Acute (b) dangerous
(c) Both A and B (d) Only B (c) bad (d) flexible
(e) None of these (e) demanding
9. What does the growth of illegal 12. BEGET
settlements indicate? (a) lead (b) produce
(a) The government needs to implement (c) happens (d) effect
more restrictions on property transfer. (e) result
(b) Capital earned from underground 13. SURPASSED
economies is beneficial to a country‘s (a) excel (b) matched
economy. (c) outshone (d) won
(c) The poor are capable of investing (e) competed
resources in their development. Directions (Q. 14-15): Choose the word
(d) UN housing projects are not properly which is most OPPOSITE in meaning of
implemented. the word printed in bold as used in the
10. Which of the following prevents the poor 14. PERVERSELY
from obtaining a business license? (a) reasonably (b) stubbornly
93
(c) conveniently (d) formally living, I have rarely been anywhere else.
(e) helpfully Diving became a passion and then a way of
15. STABILISE life—one , as you will gather, I totally
(a) insecure (b) fixed endorse.
(c) weaken (d) unsure For the first year after that initial experience
(e) unreliable I amused myself by haunting fish with a
Answer key: spear gun. It was not at all difficult. Fish are
Passage 1 so abundant there that divers do not need to
1. (a) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (e) 7. (b) use tanks to get down to where the fish are;
8. (d) 9. (e) 10. (d) 11. (e) 12. (c) 13. (c) they find them near the surface.
14. (d) 15. (d) Furthermore, the water of the Red Sea, like
Passage 2 the Caribbean, the South Seas and parts of
1. (c) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (e) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (d) the Indian Ocean, is so transparent that
8. (b) 9. (c) 10. (e) 11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (c) you can see up to 150 feet away. Thus, all
14. (a) 15. (a) you really need is a mask, a snorkel tube to
breathe trough, flippers and a spear gun.
PASSAGE 1 Hunting, however, began to pall on me. I
Off the coast near Jeddah about six years began to wonder if it wouldn‘t be more
ago I slipped a pair of flippers onto my feet, interesting and more sporting to photograph
put on a face mask and gingerly poked my some of these magnificent creatures rather
head beneath the placid surface of the Red than kill them. It was certainly an ideal place
Sea. I am not sure, now, exactly what I saw for underwater photography. In addition to
in that first glimpse: shafts of sunlight, hundreds of species of fish, the Red Sea
probably, slanting off through clear blue coast offers thousands of moles of what they
water; a coral reef of fantastic beauty; and call ―fringing reefs‖ — great barriers of
, no doubt, many fish. But I do recall that by coral 10 to 200 miles wide that wind along
the time I surfaced I had already world the African shore from Egypt to Djibouti and
below. So I did. Indeed, it would not be down the Asian shore from Aqaba to the
much of an exaggeration to say that except Bab-al-Mandab at the gate of the Indian
for such periods as were necessary to earn a Ocean. Although no more than the
accumulation of billions of coral polyps— (d) diving is a passion to most of the people
minute creatures that produce a calcareous in the world.
deposit—the reefs have grown to fantastic (e) None of these
sizes, the largest being the 1,200 mile-long 4. What made the author revisit the
Great Barrier Reef in Australia. underwater reef?
1. What does the sentence ―So I did‖ (a) Placid surface of the Red Seas
convey? The author (b) Glimpses of the sunlight
(a) wore a face mask (c) Clear blue sea water
(b) slipped a pair of flippers onto his feet (d) Scenic beauty of the underwater world
(c) saw glimpses of sunlight (e) none of these
(d) exaggerated the lovely world below 5. Through the passage, the author gives an
water account of
(e) None of these (a) his underwater journey by a submarine
2. What did the author do at the coast near (b) how he was fascinated by the
Jeddah? underwater world
(a) Fell down in a minor accident (c) his hobby of fishing
(b) Drowned into the Red Sea (d) his expertise in the art of photography
(c) Dived into the Red Sea (e) None of these
(d) Walked on the sandy coast 6. In what way is the Red Sea SIMILAR to
(e) None of these the Caribbean Sea, the South Seas, etc?
3. The author does not consider it an (A) Variety of fish
exaggeration to state that (B) Fantastic reefs
(a) he had dedicated his leisure time to (C) Clear and transparent water
watch people diving in the Red Sea. (a) A only (b) B only
(b) he had devoted his spare time to diving (c) C only (d) All the three
activity to watch the world below water. (e) None of these
(c) the beauty of the world under water was 7. Which of the following changes occurred
very fantastic. in the author after the initial period of a year
or so?
95
(A) He got fed up with haunting. meaning as the word given in bold as
(B) He was struck with the idea of shooting used in the passage?
the fish with a camera rather than by spear 10. GINGERLY
gun. (a) Cautiously (b) Recklessly
(C) Hunting became more interesting and (c) Unintentionally (d) Purposely
sporting. (e) Clearly
(a) Only A (b) Only B 11. MAGNIFICENT
(c) A and C only (d) A and B only (a) Delicate (b) fragile
(e) All the three (c) Obvious (d) powerful
8. Fishing in the Red Sea off the coast near (e) Splendid
Jeddah was 12. TRANSPARENT
(a) difficult because the water was (a) Opaque (b) Glowing
transparent. (c) Dependable (d) Visible
(b) risky because tanks are needed to spot (e) Dark
the fish. Directions (Q. 13-15): Which of the
(c) easy because the fish are clearly visible following is most OPPOSITE in meaning
near the surface itself. of the word given in bold as used in the
(d) cumbersome because of the tools like passage?
mask, snorkel tube, flippers, etc. 13. RECALL
(e) more difficult than at the Caribbean Sea, (a) Call up (b) Recollect
the South Sea and the Indian Ocean. (c) Forget (d) Invite
9. What are ―fringing reefs‖? (e) Send back
(a) Calcareous deposit formation 14. MINUTE
(b) Collection of fish (a) enormous (b) Tiny
(c) Sea-food accumulation (c) Small (d) Heavy
(d) Collection of minute creatures other than (e) Delay
fish 15. FANTASTIC
(e) None of these (a) Incredible (b) Plausible
Directions (Q. 10-12): Which of the (c) Unforgettable (d) Imaginary
following is most nearly the SAME in (e) Realistic
PASSAGE 2 carrying small marks value encourage

The main idea conveyed by the report is that teachers to concentrate on scoring topics
our children do not get a chance to enjoy overlooking the importance of perspective
learning at school because the syllabi are and overall understanding little surprise that
irrationally organized teaching is text-book many elite high-fee schools are opting for
centered, and the system of examinations international Baccalaureate not because it
instills fear and encourages mechanical offers status with its global certification but
repetition text books developed along the for its flexibility and respect for individual
lines of reconceptualised syllabi can attempt differences learning.
to integrate positive values, life skills, The second area is teacher training, which
aesthetic sensibility and concern for the suffers from obsolete notions most teachers
environment. are trained mainly to cover the syllabus in a
They are interactive and make a conscious mechanical exam-oriented manner by
effort to point both children and the teachers insisting that every child move at the same
towards other sources of learning such as pace in all subjects teachers encourage rote
neighborhood, nature etc. In addition two learning and ridicule for those who fall
parallel challenges deserve attention the behind teachers training whether for nursery
first is examination reforms. Rigid or secondary school teachers, should be
indifference to individual differences is the embedded in courses which have the
major flaw of the present system from the capacity to develop both the teachers
quality of questions to the manner of personality and perspective on society by
evaluation, it favors drilled preparedness and linking subject learning with reflective and
ignores independent thought while the creative project work. The ultimate
unrealistically high cut offs in coveted responsibility lies with universities and
colleges are a further sign of systemic institutes of higher learning to ensure the
inefficiency. It is hardly surprising that the quality of all teachers invites to improve the
very thought of examinations makes the content of teacher training courses will
young depressed. Moreover, practices of ensure utilization of desolate university
splitting unified topics into arbitrary bits campuses during summer vacations which
97
conceal an enormous waste of infrastructure (c) Only C (d) All A, B and C

and expertise. The quality of education is a (e) None of these
reflection of the quality of teachers and 3. What is the drawback of teacher training
major improvements in their training and courses?
working conditions will motivate the young (a) They are held during summer vacations
pursue a teaching career and determine how so attendance is low.
India fares in the pursuit of economic and (b) Content is being constantly changed so
social development in the years to come. teachers can-not keep up.
1. According to the author, what is the major (c) Their focus is on imparting education
weakness of the present examination only from an examination perspective.
system? (d) They focus on making syllabi interactive
(a) Teachers do not take into account the rather than focusing on examination pattern.
nature of question asked in the examination. (e) None of these
(b) Teachers are subjective in their 4. Which of the following is not true in the
assessment of papers. context of the passage?
(c) Cut-off standards for admissions to good (a) Examinations arouse negative emotions
institutions need to be raised. in students.
(d) it distinguishes between a creative (b) Week students are at a disadvantage if
student and a rote learner. teachers force students to learn at some
(e) It does not consider unique learning speed.
patterns of students. (c) Holding teacher training courses only
2. Which of the following factors is during the academic year will help teachers
responsible for children‘s dislike of learning? cover the syllabus in an exam-oriented
(A) Rigid logical, systematic organization of manner.
syllabus. (d) The responsibility for improving the
(B) Teaching methodology which does not quality of teachers lies in the hands of
focus on text books. universities.
(C) Examination pattern which rewards rote (e) In the present educational system rote
learning. learning is encouraged.
(a) Only A (b) Both A and B
5. According to the author, which of the (C) Lowering the cut-offs for expensive
following conditions will influence India‘s colleges so that all students have access.
future development? (a) None (b) Both A and B
(A) Replacing traditional educational systems (c) All A, B and C (d) Only A
with globally accepted foreign systems. (e) None of these
(B) Improving employment conditions of 8. Why do teachers focus on ‗scoring‘ topics?
teaching staff. (a) Pressure from colleges who want to
(C) Getting global accreditation for Indian maintain high cut-offs.
college courses. (b) Faulty examination pattern which divides
(a) Only A (b) Both A and B topics into smaller sections.
(c) Both B and C (d) Only B (c) It is an objective of teacher training
(e) None of these programmes.
6. What will be the impact of having an (d) To reduce the nervousness of students
interactive syllabus? curing examinations.
(a) Teachers and students will explore (e) None of these
sources other than the textbook. 9. What is the author‘s recommendation to
(b) Students may get distracted and perform universities?
poorly in examinations. (a) Encourage only creative project work for
(c) Weaker students may get left behind. primary school teachers.
(d) Teachers may not be able to cover the (b) Enforce strict rules so that only those
entire syllabus for the examinations. truly interested take up teaching as a
(e) Students and teachers alike will be ever profession.
burdened. (c) Utilize their infrastructure during the
7. Which of the following is essential to academic year for teacher training.
improve the quality of education? (d) Pass on responsibilities for improving
(A) Focus on encouraging educational teacher training content to a government
systems like international baccalaureate. body.
(B) Reducing the number of examinations (e) None of these
students have to take.
99
10. Why is the international Baccalaureate (c) Dejected (d) Repaired

gaining popularity? (e) Cheerful
(a) It is a rigid well-defined system. 15. OBSOLETE
(b) It has a good reputation. (a) Stylish (b) Fashion
(c) Fees and other educational systems are (c) Present (d) Useless
too high for the quality of education given. (e) Novel
(d) It allows students some scope to learn at Answer key:
their own pace. Passage 1
(e) None of these 1. (e) 2. (c) 3. (b) 4. (d) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (d)
Directions (Q.11- 13): Choose the word 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (a) 11. (e) 12. (d) 13. (c)
that has the most nearly the SAME in 14. (a) 15. (e)
meaning as used in the passage. Passage 2
11.COVETED 1. (e) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (a)
(a) Desired (b) Priceless 8. (b) 9. (e) 10. (d) 11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (d)
(c) Necessary (d) Private 14. (b) 15. (e)
(e) Valid
12. INSTILLS PASSAGE 1
(a) Teach (b) Causes The wakeup call that China represents to
(c) orders (d) Inserts India is not limited to its showpiece urban
(e) Invites centres or that New Delhi hopes India will
13. PURSUIT experience the benefits that the Olympic
(a) Chase (b) Forecast Games have brought to Beijing. More
(c) To introduce (d) Obstacles pertinent is the comparison of the
(e) Applying agricultural sectors of the two countries.
Directions (Q.14-15).Chose the word Why and how has China managed to outstrip
which is most nearly the OPPOSITE in India in agriculture when 25 years ago the
meaning as the word/ group of words two countries were on par on most
given in bold as used in the passage. parameters? Both have traditionally been
14. DESOLATE agrarian economies and over half their
(a) Happy (b) Occupied populations continue to depend on the land
for their livelihood. With large populations reasons for China having outperformed India
and histories of famine, India and China are threefold: technological improvements
share concern on issues such as food accruing from research and development
security, however while India‘s agricultural (China has over 1,000 R & D centers
sector is projected to grow by about 2.5 devoted to agriculture), investment in rural
percent this year-a slide from the previous infrastructure and an increasingly liberalized
year‘s growth, China‘s has been steadily agricultural policy moving away from self
growing at between 4 percent and 5 per cent sufficiency to leveraging the competitive
over the last fifteen years. The widest advantage with a focus on ―efficiency as
divergence between India and China is in the much as equity‖. Investment in rural
profitable horticultural sector with the infrastructure, roads, storage facilities,
production of fruits and vegetables in China marketing facilities are also crucial but
leaping from 60 million tonnes in 1980 government support in India has mainly
compared to India‘s 55 million tonnes at the been through subsidies, not investment.
same time, to 450 million tonnes in 2003 There has been much debate about subsidies
ahead of India‘s corresponding 135 million and their utility; the opposing view being
tonnes. China‘s added advantage lies in the that subsidies are against the market
more diversified composition of its reforms and distorts the market as well as
agricultural sector with animal husbandry reduces resource efficiency. In contrast to
and fisheries which account for close to the 2,046 applications for the registration of
45 per cent of growth compared to 30 per new plant varieties in China over the past
cent for India. few years, data reveals that despite
According to the latest report by the India having the largest number of
Economic Advisory Council the traditional agricultural scientists in the world India‘s
excuses for India‘s substandard performance current research track record is abysmal,
in the farm sector are inadequate since India equivalent to what China achieved in the
is placed favorably when compared to China 1980s. Far from developing new strains, the
in terms of quantity of arable land, average number of field crop varieties fell by 50
farm size, farm mechanization etc. The percent between 1997 and 2001 despite the
101
fact that there was sharp and sustained (c) China has experienced substantial growth
increase in funding. One reason is that in production in allied agriculture activities
majority of the budget is eaten up by staff like horticulture.
salaries with only 3 per cent being allotted (d) India‘s agricultural sector is too
for research. In contrast, most agricultural diversified so it is
research centres in China must use Central difficult to channel funds for development
government funding purely for research. (e) None of these
Funds relating to salaries and other 2. Which of the following is/are area/s in
administrative incidentals must be generated which China has not outdone India?
by the centres themselves. The centres (A) Development of urban infrastructure.
and scientists are thus encouraged to (B) Activities allied to agriculture like animal
engage in joint ventures with private sector husbandry.
companies to form commercial signoffs from (C) Successful bids for international sporting
their research. In fact research staff is now events.
being hired on a contract basis with pay (a) None (b) Only B
based on performance and salaries raised (c) Only A (d) Both A and C
proportionately for those who perform well. (e) None of these
India needs to learn from China‘s example 3. Which of the following is NOT TRUE in
and adopt a pragmatic approach if it has to the context of the passage?
meet its targets of the Eleventh Five Year (a) Agricultural status of China and India
Plan. was equivalent a quarter of a century ago.
1. What has been the major area of (b) India‘s current economic growth rate is
difference in the development of the half that of China.
agricultural sectors of India and (c) China is traditionally an agrarian
China? economy.
(a) Quantity of arable land in China is far (d) Agricultural research in India is
greater than in India. inadequate.
(b) Food security is not a concern for China (e) India‘s current agricultural growth rate
as the country is basically self-sufficient. has fallen from the previous year.
4. How are Chinese agricultural research (c) Only C (d) Both A and C
facilities governed? (e) None of these
(a) Salaries of staff are linked to 6. Which of the following is an advantage
performance which hampers productive that India holds over China with respect to
research the agricultural sector?
(b) Their funding comes from the (a) Lack of diversification of the agricultural
government alone to prevent private sector.
companies from manipulating the direction (b) Superior technology and farming
of their research practices
(c) A fixed proportion of government grants (c) Greater prevalence of farm
is allotted to be utilized for administrative mechanization
incidentals which cannot be exceeded (d) Provision of fertilizer and power subsidies
(d) Research staff even those on contract (e) Abundant research generated by their
are entitled to increments for good scientists.
performance 7. What argument has been posed against
(e) None of these implementation of subsides?
5. According to the author, which of the (A) Subsides sacrifice equity for efficiency.
following is a legitimate explanation for (B) Subsidies hamper efficient resource
India‘s stagnating agricultural sector? utilization.
(A) India diverts funds that should be spent (C) Subsidies reduce private sector
on agricultural research to urban investment and involvement in agriculture.
development. (a) Both A and B (b) Only B
(B) Reforms are hampered because (c) Both B and C (d) Only A
adequate subsides are not provided by the (e) None of these
government. 8. What argument has been posed against
(C) The procedure for registering new plant implementation of subsidies?
varieties is very tedious so research is (A) Subsides sacrifice equity for efficiency.
limited. (B) Subsidies hamper efficient resource
(a) Only A (b) Only B utilization.
103
(C) Subsidies reduce private sector meaning as the word printed in bold as
investment and involvement in agriculture. used in
(a) Both A and B (b) Only B the passage.
(c) Both B and C (d) Only A 11. CONCERN
(e) None of these (a) importance (b) regret
9. Which of the following cannot be said (c) business (d) anxiety
about Indian agricultural universities? (e) emphasis
(A) Attendance is poor because of the 12. PERTINENT
dwindling funds to carry out research. (a) intense (b) sizeable
(B) Enrollment of students and qualified staff (c) practical (d) visible
have fallen because of the lack of funds for (e) significant
salaries. 13. DEVOTED
(C) Allotment for research funding by the (a) surrendered (b) dedicated
government is nonexistent. (c) established (d) staunch
(a) Only B (b) Both A and B (e) dependent
(c) Both B and C (d) All A, B and C Directions (14-15): Choose the word
(e) None of these which is most OPPOSITE in meaning of
10. Which of the following is not responsible the word printed in bold as used in the
for China‘s successful transformation of its passage.
agricultural sector? 14. SUSTAINED
(A) Change in philosophy from self- (a) intermittent (b) discouraged
sufficiency to competitiveness and efficiency. (c) habitual (d) defeated
(B) Greater allocation for subsidies. (e) restrained
(C) Increased investment in marketing and 15. PRAGMATIC
distribution networks. (a) faithful (b) unwilling
(a) Only B (b) Both B and C (c) idealistic (d) practical
(c) Both A and C (d) All A, B and C (e) inexperienced
(e) None of these PASSAGE 2
Directions (11-13): Choose the word It is difficult to imagine the extraordinary
which is most nearly the SAME in number of controls on Indian industry before
1991. Entrepreneurs needed permission to competitive global market. Reliance built a

invest and could be penalized for exceeding world-class refinery. Tatas developed an
production capacity. Even with the given indigenously designed car. The success of
investment capacity they had, entering the software sector has created much higher
certain areas was prohibited as these were expectations from and much higher
reserved for the public sector. If they had to confidence in what Indian industry can do.
import anything, they required licenses. To On the government‘s side it‘s a vindication
get these licenses was tough, they had to that liberalization of both domestic and
persuade a bureaucrat that the item was external policies, including the increased
required but even so permission was inflow of Foreign Direct Investment, has
unavailable if somebody was already created an environment in which industry
producing it in India. The impact of the can do well, has done well and is preparing
reforms was not instantaneously and to do even better. What they need is not
permanently wonderful. In India‘s case it sops, but good quality infrastructure. For the
began to show after about a year-and-a-half. 11th Plan an industrial growth rate of around
After 1993 there came three years of rapid 12% is projected. It will have methods of
industrial growth of about 8% or so. But, in developing infrastructure, which will close
the second half of the 90s, there had an the deficit. This can be done through
impact on the Indian industry. But, in the increased investment in public sector for
last few years there has been a tremendous those infrastructure areas, which cannot
upturn. With the rise of investment attract private investment, and through
industrial growth has reached double digits efforts to improve private participation in
or close. different ways of public-private participation.
However, even during the period when In the early stages of reforms, the
industrial growth was not that rapid, there is liberalization of trade policies and a shift to a
a lot of evidence that positive results of the market-determined exchange rate had the
reforms were seen. There were companies effect of removing constrains on agriculture
that didn‘t look at all internally but instead in terms of depressed prices. The removal of
performed remarkably n the highly protection on industry helped to produce a
105
more level playing field, because the earlier (d) There were sanctions against East Asian
system was extremely unfair to agriculture. countries by WTO
The lesson to be learnt from the reforms (e) The software sector grew but the other
process is to preserve in reforming the sectors were neglected
strategic parts of the economy, which will 3. Which of the following can be said about
lead to even higher growth rate. India has to the reforms of 1991?
do better than its current average growth (a) They benefited Indian industry
rate of 8% and ensure that benefits from immediately.
this higher growth go beyond industry and (b) All Indian companies began to focus on
urban areas and extend to agriculture. indigenous development instead of looking
1. Which of the following was not a for opportunities abroad
restriction on Indian industry prior to 1991? (c) They were targeted only at the software
(A) A private business needed government sector
sanction to invest in any sector. (d) Indian was among the worst affected
(B) Industrial growth had to be maintained countries by the East Asian economic crisis
at a certain percentage fixed by the because it had opened up its economy.
government. (e) They encouraged Foreign Direct
(C) It was difficult to obtain licenses. Investment in India.
(a)All A, B and c (b) Only B 4. What was the impact of the flourishing
(c) Only C (d) Both A and C Indian software sector?
(e) None of the above (a) Other companies were unable to be
2. Which of the following factors was competitive in the global market.
responsible for the fall of India‘s growth rate (b) It filled expectations of a good
in the late 1990s? performance from the Indian economy
(a) The implementation of economic reforms (c) Growth rate rose to 12%
was too rapid. (d) It created cut throat competition among
(b) It was expected after achieving a high software companies which would hinder the
growth at 10% sector in the long run
(c) There was a slowdown in the global (e) None of the above
economy
5. Why was investment by private business (b) They campaigned for infrastructure
disallowed in certain sectors? development
(a) To ensure proper development in these (c) They diversified into different sectors
sectors (d) They entered into partnerships with
(b) To prevent corruption in key sectors like public sector enterprises in reserved sectors
infrastructure (e) They targeted global markets
(c) To ensure steady not inconsistent growth 8. Which of the following is NOT true in the
in key sectors context of the passage?
(d) To protect the interest of the public (A) India experienced a slowdown in growth
sector in these sectors during the late 1990s because initially the
(e) None of the above economic growth rate was too rapid
6. What is the author‘s opinion about the (B) There were a few stringent regulations
government‘s decision to liberalize the on Indian industries which kept economic
economy in 1991? growth below 12%.
(a) It was beneficial because it created (C) Companies did not get import licenses
confidence in the Indian economy for goods if they were being indigenously
(b) The timing was wrong since the economy produced.
experienced a slowdown in growth rate (a)Only A (b) Both B and C
(c) It led to a focus on software and other (c) Both A and B (d) All A, B and C
sectors were neglected (e) None of the above
(d) Foreign companies took advantage of the 9. What does the author recommend to
new policies and exploited certain sectors ensure that the industrial continues to
(e) None of the above perform better?
7. How did software companies deal with (a) Subsidies should be provided in
slow industrial growth in an open Indian infrastructure development
industry? (b) Government should keep control of and
(a) The focused on strengthening their monitor all infrastructure projects
position in the domestic market
107
(c) Wipe out any infrastructure deficit by (e) progress

transferring responsibility of these projects 13. PROJECTED
to the private sector (a) discussed (b) needed
(d) Ensure a combination of public and (c) estimate (d) achieved
private sector involvement in developing (e) thrown
infrastructure Directions (14-15): Choose the word
(e) None of the above which is most OPPOSITE in meaning of
10. How did the economic reforms affect the the word printed in bold as used in the
agriculture sector? passage.
(a) A system of market determined 14. PERSEVERE
exchange rate was introduced constraints in (a) lose (b) hide
agriculture increase (c) chase (d) disturb
(b) Constraints in agriculture increase (e) stop
(c) Prices were depressed because there was 15. ATTRACT
a removal of protection on the sector (a) ugly (b) offend
(d) Agriculture growth rate doubled (c) push (d) sick
(e) The agriculture sector was not a part of (e) reject
the reforms process Answer key:
Directions (11-13): Choose the word Passage 1
which is most nearly the SAME in 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (b) 4. (e) 5. (e) 6. (c) 7. (e)
meaning as the word printed in bold as 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (a) 11. (d) 12. (e) 13. (b)
used in the passage. 14. (a) 15. (c)
Passage 2
11. EXTRAORDINARY 1. (b) 2. (c) 3. (e) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (e)
(a) unusual (b) wonderful 8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (e) 11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (c)
(c) rare (d) beautiful 14. (e) 15. (e)
(e) strange
12. RISE PASSAGE 1
(a) stand (b) increase Hiero, King of Syracuse, had commissioned a
(c) slope (d) upward goldsmith of the town to make a crown of
pure gold, but, having taken delivery of the Eureka! (I have found it! I have found it!)
finished article, he was suspicious. There Without waiting, or even thinking of such a
was reason to believe that the craftsman had detail as clothes, he tore out of the building
mixed with the gold a certain amount of and rushed through the streets of Syracuse,
other metal of inferior value. But how to find still shouting: "Eureka! Eureka!"
out? There was no direct evidence, and it Arriving at his house, the mathematician put
was, therefore, obviously a case for the his newly found discovery to a practical test,
learned men of the city. And who was more and found indeed that a body plunged in a
learned than Archimedes? The fluid loses an amount of its weight which is
mathematician was, therefore, charged with equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by
the task which would nowadays be it. With this as a starting point — as it was to
considered a simple one, but was then a prove the starting point of many
matter for serious thought. Nothing, known subsequent discoveries of importance —
to science, could be brought forward to Archimedes was able to tell his king how
prove fraud or otherwise on the part of the much pure gold was in his crown. Thus was
goldsmith. the first fundamental law in hydrostatics
It is more than probable that the human enunciated.
side of the problem interested Archimedes Archimedes was by this time well known to
not at all, but the scientific puzzle worried his fellow townsmen, and his sometimes
him intensely. This worry pursued him strange appearance and unusual actions
everywhere he went for days, and persisted probably met with indulgent smiles. He came
through the routine acts of his daily round. from a good family; his father Phidias was an
In the normal course of that routine, he went astronomer; he was on intimate terms with,
to the public baths. We can imagine him and — according to some — was even a
standing at the edge of the bath tub as he kinsman of King Hiero himself.
prepares to enter it, absently allowing the 1. Why could the king not punish the
water to flow until he cannot help noticing it. fraudulent goldsmith?
Suddenly, he splashed out of his tub, (a) By that time Archimedes had not
shouting at the top of his voice: "Eureka! discovered the law of hydrostatics.
109
(b) The king did not have concrete evidence 4. Which of the following statements is
to prove the fraud. definitely TRUE in the context of the
(c) The finishing of the crown was perfect passage?
but deceptive. (a) Archimedes' action of running nude
(d) The king had lot of faith in the goldsmith. through public places was not taken lightly
(e) None of these by the onlookers.
2. Why was Archimedes charged with the (b) Archimedes' eccentric actions used to
task of finding out if there was any impurity create anguish among the public.
in the crown? (c) The goldsmith had mixed inferior quality
(a) Archimedes was famous as the most metal in the crown.
learned man and mathematician. (d) Archimedes could prove that there was
(b) The king was worried that the goldsmith no impurity in the gold used by the
will tell the truth to Archimedes. goldsmith in the crown.
(c) The goldsmith was one of the kins of the (e) Archimedes was not a mathematician.
craftsman. 5. When Archimedes was entrusted with the
(d) Archimedes was famous for interrogating task, he was curious because
the criminals and exploring the truth. (a) he was thrilled by the human side of the
(e) None of these problem.
3. What was the king's suspicion? (b) he used to forget all his routine matters
(a) The goldsmith had made a crown with and concentrate on the problem.
some inferior metal instead of gold. (c) he had never worked on such scientific
(b) The craftsman had replaced gold with a challenges in the past.
cheaper metal. (d) it was a challenge to unearth scientific
(c) The goldsmith had mixed a cheaper fact.
metal with gold in the crown. (e) None of these
(d) The finishing of the crown was not up to 6. ―Eureka! Eureka!‖ as spelt out by
the mark. Archimedes was
(e) None of these (a) an outburst of unreasonable pride of
inventing a novel principle
(b) a spontaneous reaction of excitement 9. Which of the following is FALSE in the

due to a discovery context of the passage?
(c) an immature expression of a half-baked (A) Archimedes' father was a relative of King
idea Hiero.
(d) an exhibition of encouragement for a (B) Before Archimedes' discovery, science
useful discovery had limitation to detect the goldsmith's
(e) None of these fraud.
7. What was the impact of Archimedes' (C) Archimedes discovered his principle while
tremendous mental involvement in solving he was in the tub for bath.
the king's riddle? (a) A and B (b) B and C
(a) He was worried but able to take care of (c) A and C (d) A only
his daily routine. (e) B only
(b) The involvement ultimately led to a Directions (10-12): Choose the word
failure in completing the assignment. which is most nearly the SAME in
(c) He was not able to think of the details of meaning as the word printed in bold as
the problem entrusted to him. used in the passage.
(d) Because of his involvement he forgot to 11. ENUNCIATED
put the discovery to a practical test. (a) framed (b) lost
(e) None of these (c)implemented (d) concocted
8. A body submerged in a liquid loses its (e) applied
weight equal to 12. CHARGED
(a) the weight of the liquid in which it is (a) suspected (b) accused
submerged (c) filled (d) encourage
(b) the volume of the liquid in which it is (e) entrusted
submerged 13. TORE OUT
(c) the weight of the body which is (a) came out gently (b) pushed out
submerged in the liquid (c) walked out
(d) the weight of the liquid displaced by it (d) rushed out forcefully
(e) None of these (e) destroyed angrily
111
Directions (14-15): Choose the word especially in agriculture and infrastructure,

which is most OPPOSITE in meaning of to lay the basis for private sector-led growth.
the word printed in bold as used in the In a hungry and poor rural economy, as
passage. China was in the 1970s and as most of Africa
13. SUBSEQUENT is today, a key starting point is to raise farm
(a) successive (b) preceding productivity. Farmers need the benefits of
(c) pre-determined (d) consequent fertilizer, irrigation and high-yield seeds, all
(e) prerequisite of which were a core part of China‘s
14. UNUSUAL economical take off. Two other equally
(a) ordinary (b) remarkable critical investments are also needed : roads
(c) abnormal (d) curious and electricity, without which there cannot
(e) odd be a modern economy. Farmers might be
15. INTENSELY able to increase their output, but it won‘t be
(a) powerfully (b) deeply able to reach the cities, and the cities won‘t
(c) mildly (d) hugely be able to provide the countryside with
(e) extremely inputs. The government has taken pains to
PASSAGE 2 ensure that the electricity grids and
China‘s rising power is based on its transportation networks reach every village
remarkable economic success. Shanghai‘s in China. China is prepared to help Africa in
overall economy is currently growing at substantial ways in agriculture, roads,
around 13% per year, thus doubling in size power, health and education. And that is not
every five or six years. Everywhere there are an empty boast. Chinese leaders are
start-ups, innovations, and young prepared to share new high-yield rice
entrepreneurs hungry for profits. In a series varieties, with their African counterparts
of high level meetings between Chinese and and, all over Africa, China is financing and
African officials, the advice that the African constructing basic infrastructure.
leaders received from the Chinese was This illustrates what is wrong with the
sound, and more practical than they typically World Bank. The World Bank has often
get from the World Bank. Chinese officials forgotten the most basic lessons of
stress the crucial role of public investments, development, preferring to lecture the poor
and force them to privatise basic as an enemy of private sector development.

infrastructure, which is untenable, rather Whenever the banks‘ ideology failed, it has
than to help the poor to invest in blamed the poor for corruption,
infrastructure and other crucial sectors. The mismanagement, or lack of initiative.
Banks‘s failure began in the early 1980s Instead of focusing its attention on helping
when under the ideological sway of the poorest countries to improve their
them American President and British Prime infrastructure, there has been a crusade
Minister it tried to get Africa and other poor against corruption. The good news is that
regions to cut back or close down African governments are prepared to help
government investments and services. For Africa in substantial ways in agriculture,
25 years, the bank tries to get governments roads, power, health and education.
out of agriculture, leaving impoverished And that is not an empty boast. Chinese
peasants to fend for themselves. The result leaders are prepared to share new high yield
has been a disaster in Africa, with farm rice varieties, with their African counterparts
productivity stagnant for decades. The bank and, all over Africa, China is financing and
also pushed for privatization of national constructing basic infrastructure. getting the
health systems, water utilities, and road and massage on how to spur economic
power networks, and has grossly growth and are getting crucial help from
underfinanced these critical sectors. China and other partners that are less
This extreme free-market ideology, also wedded to extreme free-market ideology
called ―structural adjustment‖, went than the world Bank. They have declared
against the practical lessons of development their intention to invest in infrastructure,
successes in China and the rest or Asia. agriculture modernistation, public, health,
Practical development strategy recognises and education. It is clear the Bank can
that public investments- in agriculture, regain its relevance only if it becomes
health, education, and infrastructure- are practical once again, by returning its focus to
necessary complements to private financing public investments in priority
investments. The World Bank has instead sectors. If that happens, the Bank can still
wrongly seen such vital public investments do justice to the bold vision of a world of
113
shared prosperity that prompted its creation (e) None of these

after World War II. 3. What effect has the World Bank policy had
1. The author‘s main objective in writing the on African nations?
passage is to (a) The African government has restricted
(a) make a case for the closure of the World private sector investment in agriculture.
Bank since it promotes US interests over (b) Africa has focused more on health and
those of other countries. education rather than on agriculture.
(b) illustrate how China can play a more (c) The agriculture sector in these countries
concrete role in Africa. is not as productive as it could be.
(c) Criticise the World bank for playing a (d) US and Britain have volunteered
crucial role in China‘s development but substantial aid to Africa as Africa has
neglecting Africa. complied with World Bank ideology.
(d) Recommend that China adopt the (e) None of these
guidelines of the World Bank to sustain 4. What is the difference in the Chinese and
growth. World Bank approach to development?
(e) Use China‘s Success as an example of (a) Unlike the World Bank, China favours
the changes required in World ideology. the public sector and restricts private
2. What advice have African leaders received sector participation in crucial sectors.
from their Chinese counterparts? (b) Contrary to China‘s strategy of
(A) Focus primarily on innovation, startups dependence on the private sector, the
and urban development. World Bank pressurises governments to
(B) To ensure all citizens benefit from take the lead in investing in agriculture.
economic development, investment in (c) While the World Bank has focused on
crucial sectors should come from the agriculture, China‘s priority has been
government, not the private sector. rooting out corruption so that investment
(C) Improve agricultural output through infrastructure is utilised appropriately.
government investment to stimulate (d) The Chinese government has retained
economic growth. control over essential services like
(a) None (b) Only (C) transport while the World Bank favours
(C) Only (B) (d) both (A) & (B) private sector involvement.
(e) None of these Bank which needs to be modified to

5. What is China‘s view on the development facilitate economic growth.
of the transportation and power networks? 7. Which of the following is NOT true in the
(a) Development in these sectors is not as context of the passage?
important as investing in agriculture. (A) China‘s involvement in Africa so far has
(b) Resources need to be diverted from the been restricted to advising its leaders.
rural to the urban areas to meet the (B) The World Bank was created by the US
needs of the growing population in cities. and Britain for the sole purpose of
(c) The government should be solely furthering their interests.
responsible for developing these (C) China‘s economy was once in the same
services so all citizens have access to state as many African countries are today.
them. (a) None (b) Only B
(d) It is more important to develop and (c) Only B (d) Both A and B
maintain transportation networks and (e) None of these
power grids in rural areas. 8. What has/have been the outcome/s of
(e) None of these Shanghai‘s economy prospering?
6. Which of the following cannot be said (A) The World Bank has changed its
about structural adjustment? development strategy.
(a) It is the World Bank‘s free market (B) China‘s importance globally has been
ideology adapted by Asian countries. enhanced.
(b) Under this strategy public sector (C) Rural areas are being neglected to
investment in priority sectors is promote development of cities.
discouraged. (a) Only B (b) Both A and B
(c) As a development strategy it has failed (c) Both B and C (d)All A, B and C
in Africa. (e) None of these
(d) With this strategy there has been a lack 9. Why is the author optimistic about Africa‘s
of adequate investment in critical future?
sectors. (a) The World Bank has committed itself
(e) It is an ideology advocated by the World to invest huge sums in Africa‘s
115
development. (e) unsteady

(b) Africa has decided to adopt a structural 12. CORE
adjustment ideology which has benefited (a) Centre (b) heart
many nations. (c) adequate (d) intermediate
(c) Africa has committed itself to adopting (e) essential
China‘s strategy for economic growth. 13. STRESS
(d) China has urged the World Bank to (a) highlight (b) strain
waive the interest on its loans to Africa. (c) govern (d) dependence
(e) None of these (e) unsteady
10. What advice has the author given the Directions (Q. 14-15): Choose the word
World Bank? which is most OPPOSITE in meaning of
(a) Support China‘s involvement in the word printed in bold as used in the
developing Africa passage.
(b) Reduce the influence of the US and 14. UNTENABLE
Britain in its functioning (a) viable (b) unsound
(c) Adopt a more practical ideology of (c) consistent (d) superior
structural adjustment (e) attractive
(d) Change its ideology to one encouraging 15. EMPTY
both public and private sector investment (a) full (b) objective
in basic infrastructure (c) meaningful (d) occupied
(e) Focus on fighting corruption rather than (e) intelligent
interfering in the governance of Answer key:
developing countries. Passage 1
Directions (Q. 10-13): Choose the word 1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (a)
which is most nearly the SAME in 8. (d) 9. (d) 10. (a) 11. (e) 12. (d) 13. (b)
meaning as the world printed in bold as 14. (a) 15. (c)
used in the passage. Passage 2
11. SWAY 1. (e) 2. (e) 3. (c) 4. (e) 5. (e) 6. (a) 7. (d)
(a) Fluctuate (b) influence 8. (e) 9. (c) 10. (d) 11. (b) 12. (e) 13. (a)
(c) govern (d) dependence 14. (a) 15. (c)
massive climatic instability, the change in

PASSAGE 1 global temperature ought not to be more
Economists have rightly emphasised the than 2° C above preindustrial levels. To
risks to globalization from economic and secure that outcome with some certainty,
financial instability. But they have ignored the concentration of carbon .dioxide needs to
environmental destruction, and the resulting stay below 400 ppm. Rich countries like the
global warming which is now the central United States, Japan, and the European
global concern. Fast-growing middle-income nations are by far the most irresponsible for
nations, such as China, Malaysia and India, this and other greenhouse gas emissions in
have a big stake in globalisation - and per capita terms. So they must propel
therefore, in confronting this environmental mitigation measures to improve energy
danger. Their rise has been tied to efficiency and protect the environment. But
globalisation. They have doubled their trade middle-income countries now account for
in the past decade, and by liberalising half of all emissions, and they would not
commercial policies, have also helped want to emulate the poor example set by
others gain. To China; Indonesia as well as rich countries.
India, environmental outcomes have a In Brazil, China and India, air and water
special significance. They possess 60% of pollution is severely impairing people‘s
the world‘s freshwater resources, 60% of the health and productivity in the workplace with
forests, much of the coral reefs,‘ and a direct impact on growth prospects.
valuable bio-diversity. But they also face Moreover, globalisation has speeded the spill
massive degradation of air, forest, land, over of these damages. Growth fuelled by
freshwater, and marine resources, with the energy-intensive industry, urban crowding,
rise in population, adding up to high cost. and deforestation has added to atmospheric
The atmosphere concentration of carbon concentrations of carbon, warming land and
dioxide reached 379 parts per million in ocean and bringing extreme weather. In
2005 compared to a pre-industrial level of turn, climate change threatens to erode
280 ppm. Scientists concur that to avoid coastlines and provoke droughts and floods,
in rich countries and poor. A clear link
117
is emerging between deforestation and soil carbon emissions in the atmosphere, paving
degradation on the one side, and the fastest the way for new markets for tradable
rising natural disasters, which are floods and emission permits that would compensate
wind storms, on the other. Societal benefits them for the protection. Whether and how
of abating high levels of emissions far quickly the environment is accorded top
outweigh the costs of doing so. Yet priority will determine the future, of the
economists and policy, makers have not world economy.
drawn the implication of this calculus for the 1. Which of the following is TRUE in the
reform agenda, be it in trade, energy or context of the passage? .
infrastructure. Sadly, the costs of such (a) Pollution from vehicles is the single
neglect are large. Also, no country, rich or greatest contributor to global warming.
poor, has enough motivation to confront (b) The rise of middle-income countries has
global problems alone. Because only doubled the levels of greenhouse gas
a part of the benefits of addressing those emissions.
problems would accrue to countries taking (c) China and India have the motivation but
action, while others could have a free ride. not sufficient influence to implement
The gains are also spread over time, beyond environmental reform.
the horizon of politicians‘ interest. Such (d) Urban crowding has resulted in extreme
situations call for collective action, even if weather conditions.
they are not easy when many diverse (e) To reduce climate instability global
countries are involved. temperature should be just below or at pre-
The crucial question is how best countries industrial levels.
might participate in collective measures to 2. The author‘s main objective in writing the
mitigate environmental passage is to
threats to growth. One opening involves (a) exhort scientists to provide feasible
avoiding deforestation. Cutting down forests solutions to stop climate change.
accounts for a fifth of the emissions, more (b) warn politicians not to disregard the
than those from all transportation. By threat of economic instability while focusing
protecting their forests, countries can reduce on environmental challenges.
(c) coerce middle-income countries into (c) Bring pressure on middle-income

taking some initiative in bringing about countries to draft an environmental policy.
environmental reform. (d) Restrict trade with countries not
(d) criticise the citizens of rich countries for complying with universal measures to
not pressurising their governments to do combat global warming.
more to protect the environment. (e) None of these
(e) urge countries to take the threat of 5. According to the author, why are
global warming seriously and to take politicians reluctant to formulate
necessary steps to address the problem. environmental reform?
3. Which of the following is NOT an impact of (A) The expenditure on implementing
global warming? environmental reform does not justify the
(A) Countries have begun to invest heavily in benefits.
the alternative energy industry. (B) Economic stability is a more pressing
(B) Productivity of the work force has concern for countries today.
diminished on account of the failing health of (C) The impact of these policies will only be
the employees. felt in the long run which does not benefit
(C) Rich countries have undertaken research them politically.
to prevent natural disasters despite (a) Only C (b) Both A & B
deforestation. (c) Only A (d) All A, B, C
(a) Only A (b) Both A & C (e) None of these
(c) Both B & C (d) Only C 6. According to the author, which of the
(e) None of these following is a likely outcome of neglecting
4. What role should the US play in slowing environmental reform?
down environmental destruction? (a) Globalisation will take place at a faster
(a) Compromise on funding of scientific pace because of few restrictions.
research into alternative energy sources. (b) Politicians in many countries will be
(b) Create a forum for nations to arrive at a voted out of power for neglecting these
consensus on how to deal with reforms.
environmental threats.
119
(c) Poor countries rather than rich ones will (d) Massive climate instability is unavoidable
bear the brunt of natural disasters. and the focus should be on measures to cope
(d) Potential for future economic growth is with the fallout.
threatened .. (e) None of these
(e) Concentration of carbon will reach pre- 9. What impact has globalisation had on
industrial levels. India?
7. Which of the following is a means to (a) It has exacerbated the fallout of
reduce the environmental threat to growth? environmental degradation.
(A) Governments should conduct a cost- (b) Its economic benefits are not felt by all
benefit analysis of various environmental its citizens.
protection measures and (c) India has ignored infrastructure
implement those which are cost-efficient. development.
(B) Participation of all countries in arriving at (d) Professionals have left to seek better
a consensus on measures necessary to employment in foreign countries.
combat environmental (e) None of these
challenges to growth 10. Which of the following factors has
(C) Scientists not economists should contributed to global warming?
determine the risks to globalisation. (A) Failure to provide incentives to poor
(a) None (b) Only B (c) Both A & B countries to implement environmental
(d) All A, B & C (e) None of these policies .
8. What is the view of scientists on the (B) Sanctioning tradeable emission permits.
current climate change? (C) Environmental policies adopted by rich
(a) Rich countries are solely responsible for countries have not been successful in
global warming. middle-income countries.
(b) Pre-industrial levels of carbon (a) None (b) Both A & B
concentration are unachievable. (c) Only C (d) Both A & C
(c) Controlling rise in global temperature is (e) None of these
possible by maintaining carbon concentration Directions (11-13): Choose the word
below a certain level. which is most nearly the SAME in
meaning as the word printed in bold as 60,000 crore farm loan waiv-er announced
used in the passage. In the budget writes off 100% of overdues of
11. ABATING small and mar-ginal farmers holding upto
(a) relaxing (b) alleviating two hect-ares, and 25% of overdues of
(c) varying (d) intensifying larger farmers. While India has enjoyed 8%-
(e) contracting 9% GDP growth for the past few years, the
12. STAKE boom has bypassed many rural areas and
(a) perspective (b) chance farmer distress and suicides have made
(c) support (d) gamble newspaper head-lines. Various attempts to
(e) share provide re-lief (employment guarantee
13. PROVOKE scheme, public distribution system) have
(a) cause (b) inspire made little Impact, thanks to huge leakages:
(c) exasperate (d) irritate from the government‘s lousy delivery
(e) tempt systems So. Many economists think the loan
Directions (14-15): Choose the word waiver is a worthwhile alter-native to provide
which is most OPPOSITE in meaning of relief.
the word printed in bold as used in the However the poorest rural folk are landless
passage. labourers, who get neither farm loans nor
14. PROPEL waivers. Half of the small and marginal
(a) sanction (b) collapse farmers get no loans from banks and depend
(c) discourage (d) abhor entirely on money-lenders, and will not
(e) deplete benefit. Besides, rural India is full of the
15. EMULATE family holdings rather than individual
(a) copy (b) fake holdings and family holdings will typically be
(c) replace (d) originate much larger than two hectares even for dirt
(e) rival poor farmers, who will, therefore, it denied
PASSAGE 2 the 100% waiver. It will thus fail in both
Political ploys initially hailed as master- economic and political ob-jectives. IRDP
strokes often end up as flops. The Rs. loans to the rural poor In the 1980s
121
demonstrated that crock-ed bank officials those with biometric cards, ending the
demand bribes amounting to one-third the massive leakages of current schemes.
intended benefits. Very few of the Intended The political benefits of the loan waiver have
ben-eficiaries who merited relief received it. also been exaggerated since if only a small
After the last farm loan waiver in 1990, fraction of farm families‘ benefit and many of
many bank went slow on fresh farm loans for these have to pay bribes to get the actual
some years. This waiver will similarly slow benefit. Will the waiver really be a mas-sive
down fresh loans to de-serving fanners. vote, winner? Members of joint families will
While overdues 10 co-operatives may be feel aggrieved that, despite having less
higher, economist Surjit Bhalla says less than one hectare per head, their family
than 5% of farmer loans to banks are holding is too large, to qual-ify for the 100%
overdue i.e. over-dues eidst for only 2.25 waiver. Ail finance min-isters. of central or
million out of 90 million farmers. If so, then state governments, give away freebies in
the 95% who have repaid loans will not their last bud-gets, hoping to win electoral
benefit. They will be angry at being regards. Yet, four-fifth of all incumbent
pena-lised for honesty. govern-ments are voted out. This shows that
The budget thus grossly overes-timates the beneficiaries of favours are not nota-bly
number of beneficiaries , It also grateful, while those not so favoured may
underestimates the negative ef-fects of the feel aggrieved, and vote for the Opposition.
waiver-encouraging willful default in the That seems to be why election budgets
future and discouraging fresh bank lending constantly fall to win elections in India and
for some years. Instead of trying to reach the loan waiver will not change that pattern.
the needy, through a plethora of leaky 1. Why do economists feel that loan waivers
schemes we should transfer cash directly to will benefit farmers in distress?
the needy using new technology like (a)It will improve the standard of living of
bio-metric smart cards, which are now those farmers who can afford to repay their
be-ing used in many countries, and mobile loans but are exempted.
phones bank accounts. Then ben-efits can go (b)Other government relief mea-sures have
directly to phone accounts operable only by proved ineffective.
(c)Suicide rates of farmers have declined (d) Government should ensure that loans
after the announce-ment of the waiver. waivers can be implemented over the
(d)Farmers will be motivated to increase the number of years
size of their family holdings not individual (e) Rural infrastructure can be improved
holdings. using schemes which are successful abroad.
(e)The government will be forced to 4. What was the outcome of IRDP loans to
reexamine and im-prove the public the rural poor?
distribution system. (a) The percentage of bank loan sanctioned
2. What message will the loan waiver send to family owned farms increased.
to farmers who have re-paid loans? (b) The loans benefited dishonest money
(a)The Government will readily provide them lenders not landless laborers.
with loans in the future. (c) corrupt bank officials were the untended
(b)As opposed to money lenders banks are a beneficiaries of the loans.
safer and more reliable source of credit. (d) It resulted in the Government
(c)Honesty is the best policy. sanctioning thrice the amount for the current
(d)It is beneficial to take loans from co- loan waiver.
operatives since their rates of interest are (e) None of these.
lower. 5. What are the terms of the loan waiver?
(e) None of these. (A) One-fourth of the overdue loans of
3. What is the author‘s suggestion to provide landless labourers be written off.
aid to farmers? (B) The Rs.60,000 crores loan waiv-er has
(a) Families should split their joint holding to been sanction for 2.25 million farmers.
take advantage of the loan waiver. (c) any farmer with between 26 percent to
(b) The government should in-crease the 100 percent of their loan repayments
reach of the em-ployment guarantee overdue will be penalized.
scheme. (a) Only A (b) Only B (c) Both B and C
(c) Loans should be disbursed directly into (d) All A, B, C (e) None of these.
the farmers using the latest technology. 6. What is the author‘s view of the loan
waiver?
123
(a) It will have an adverse psychological (d) Only C (e) All A, B and C
impact on those who cannot avail of the 9. What impact will the loan waiver have on
waiver. banks?
(b) It is a Justified measure in view of the (a) Banks have to bear the en-tire brunt of
high suicide rate among landless labourers. the write off.
(c) It makes sound economic and political (b) Loss of trust in banks by big farmers.
sense in the existing scenario. (c) Corruption among bank staff will
(d) It will ensure that the benefits of India‘s increase.
high GDP are felt by the rural poor. (d) Farmer will make it a habit to default on
(e) None of these loans
7. Which of the following cannot be said (e) None of these.
about loan waiver? 10. According to the author what is the
(A) Small and marginal farmers will benefit government‘s motive In sanctioning the
the most, loan waiver?
(B) The loan waiver penalises de-serving (a) To encourage farmers to opt for bank
farmers. loans from moneylenders.
(C) A large percentage i.e. ninety five per (b) To raise 90 million farmers out of
Cent of distressed farm-ers will benefit. indebtedness.
(a) Only C (b) Both A and C (c) To provide relief to those marginal
(c) Only A (d) Both B and C farmers who have the means to but have not
(e) None of these. repaid their loans.
8. Which of the following will defi-nitely be (d)To ensure they will be re-elected.
an impact of loan waivers? (e) None of these.
(A) Family holdings will he split into Directions (11-13): Choose the word
individual holdings not exceed-ing one which is most nearly the SAME in
hectare. meaning to the word printed in bold as
(B)The public distribution system will be used in passage.
revamped. 11. INCUMBENT
(C)Opposition will definitely win the election (a) mandatory (b) present
(a) None (b) Only A (c) Both A and B (c) incapable (d) lazy
(e) officious 1. (b) 2. (e) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (e) 6. (a) 7. (b)

12. PLOYS 8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (d) 11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (d)
(a) surveys (b) entreaties 14. (a) 15. (e)
(c) ruses (d) sliders
(e) assurances. PASSAGE 37:
13. AGGRIEVATED Over the past few decades, many Asian
(a) vindicated (b) intimidated nations transformed from poverty into global
(c) offensive (d) wronged competitors. From 2003 to 2007, Asian
(e) disputed. economies expanded at an average annual
Directions (14-15): Choose the word rate of 8.1%, triple that of advanced
which is most OPPOSITE in meaning to economies. Over the same period, inflation
the word printed in bold as used in the in Asia averaged only about 3.5%. But Asia
passage. could be facing turbulent economic times. In
14. PLETHORA May, the average inflation rate throughout
(a) dearth (b) missing the region reached nearly 7%, led by spikes
(c) superfluous (d)sufficient in oil and food prices. In India, inflation
(e) least jumped to an 11.6% annual rate in June,
15. MERITED according to the latest government figures,
(a) ranked (b) unqualified for the highest in 13 years.
(c) lacked (d) inept at Policymakers and central bankers are forced
(e) unworthy of to raise interest rates and limit credit to get
Answer key: inflation under control. But these same
Passage 1 measures suppress the investment and
1. (d) 2. (e) 3. (e) 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (d) 7. (b) consumption that generates growth. The
8. (c) 9. (e) 10. (a) 11. (b) 12. (e) 13. (a) combination of slowing growth and soaring
14. (c) 15. (d) inflation makes economic policy-making
Passage 2 tricky. Inflation stirs up the middle classes
because it can quickly erase years of
hardwon personal gains. Inflation is cruel to
125
the poor, because families have to spend a more talk than action on the international
larger share of their meagre incomes on front, so Asian governments are on their
necessities. In the Philippines, farmers, own.
unable to afford fuel for tractors, use water Even though inflation throughout the region
buffaloes to plough their fields. is likely to continue to rise in coming
But to avoid unrest, leaders cannot blindly months, no one is expecting an economic
adopt rigid anti-inflation measures. Voters calamity. According to the Asian
won‘t hesitate to remove from office any Development Bank Asian countries have
politician who doesn‘t deliver the goods. So large hard currency reserves and relatively
they cannot overreact to the inflation threat healthy banks, and so are far better
and scale down economic growth in the prepared to absorb external shocks than
process. Developing nations need to grow they were during the region‘s last recession
quickly to create jobs and increase incomes ten years ago. Asian policymakers have
for their large populations. With prices learned their lessons and are more alert.
soaring, doing nothing is not an option. Most 1. Which of the following can be said about
central banks in Asia have started raising Asian economies during the period from
interest rates. The Reserve Bank of India 2003- 2007?
increased its benchmark rate twice last (A) Though inflation was rising at the time
month to a six year high of 8.5%. politicians did not pay much attention.
The challenge is especially difficult because (B) Many of the poor countries were able to
currently, inflation is not of domestic origin. compete internationally.
Prices are being driven higher by a global (C) The growth rate of Asian countries was
surge in oil and food prices, which individual facilitated by growth in advanced countries.
governments can do little to control. Of (a) All A, B and C (b) Only A
course, inflation is not just a problem in (c) Only B (d) Both A and B
Asia. World Bank President Robert Zoellick (e) None of these
called rising food and oil prices a man-made 2. Which of the following is not an anti-
‗catastrophe‘ that could quickly reverse the inflation measure being used by Asian
gains made in overcoming poverty over the countries?
past seven years. For now, though, there is
(A) Increase in benchmark interest rate by a (e) None of these

central bank. 5. What is the author‘s advice to politicians
(B) Checks on lending. regarding the handling of inflation?
(C) Subsidising fuel for farmers. (a) They should focus on preventing
(a) Only C (b) Both A and B agitations among their citizens not
(c) Both B and C (d) Only B implementing anti-inflation measures
(e) None of these (b) They ought to implement anti-inflation
3. What makes it difficult for Asian countries measures even at the cost of losing office
to control inflation? (c) They must focus on maintaining high
(a) Restrictions by organizations like the economic growth rate as inflation will taper
Asian Development Bank off
(b) Governments are indecisive and adopt on its own
counterproductive measures (d) Countries should handle the problem
(c) The problem is global in nature, not independently and not collectively
restricted to their individual countries (e) None of these
(d) Countries have never faced a financial 6. What could the impact of stringent
crisis inflation measures be?
(e) Economic growth rate cannot occur in the (a) Increased consumption as families spend
absence of inflation a larger part of their income on essential
4. Why are experts not very concerned about goods
the impact of inflation on Asian economies? (b) Politicians may be voted out of power
(A) Asian countries have not maintained (c) Economic growth rate remains constant
substantial hard currency reserves. (d) Oil prices within the country remain
(B) The condition of Asian banks is currently stable despite high global prices
both stable and strong. (e) None of these
(C) The Asian Development Bank will bail 7. Why is high economic growth necessary
them out of any trouble. for developing countries ?
(a) Only A (b) Both A and C (a) To catch up with the growth rate of the
(c) Both A and B (d) Only B advanced countries
127
(b) To sustain their economies despite the ill 10. Which of the following factors was
effects of inflation responsible for inflation in India?
(c) To provide better educational (a) Reserve Bank India raising the interest
opportunities to their citizens rates very frequently
(d) To create employment opportunities for (b) High population growth
citizens (c) Sudden rise in prices of oil worldwide
(e) None of these (d) Reckless competition with China
8. Why has inflation been referred to as a (e) None of these
‗catastrophe‘? Directions—(Q. 11–13) Choose the word
(a) Prices of essential commodities are which is most similar in meaning to the
unaffordable for all word printed in bold as used in the
(b) Our past efforts to reduce poverty will be passage.
nullified 11. STIRS
(c) Governments are unstable and do not (a) trembles (b) moves
take stringent decisions (c) mixes (d) inspires
(d) It has divided countries rather than (e) agitates
ensuring co-operation among them 12. SCALE
(e) None of these (a) descent (b) climb
9. Which of the following can be inferred (c) hindrance (d) cut
from the passage? (e) measure
(A) Growth rate in advanced countries was 13. ORIGIN
low so the effects of inflation were not felt. (a) ancestry (b) source
(B) Closing the economy to global markets (c) inauguration (d) down
will reduce inflation. (e) heritage
(C) India has been the most severely Directions—(Q. 14–15) Choose the word
affected by inflation. which is most opposite in meaning to
(a) None (b) Only A the word printed in bold as used in the
(c) Only B (d) Both B and C passage.
(e) All A, B and C 14. TURBULENT
(a) quiet (b) rest
(c) soothes (d) stormy Documents describing the Chinese

(e) lawful vision state that science and technology
15. GAINS constitute premier productive forces and
(a) decreases (b) fails represent a great revolutionary power that
(c) deprives (d) frauds can propel economic and social
(e) losses development. It is interesting to note that
PASSAGE 2 the main lessons the Chinese have drawn
It is difficult to compare countries from their past performance is their failure
because various factors such as size, to promote science and technology as
culture, history, geography, natural strategic tools for empowerment, they also
endowments, geopolitics and internal point to the absence of mechanisms and
polity come into play. There are some motivations in their economic activity to
goals which can be achieved by smaller promote dependence on science and
countries; but sometimes smaller countries technology. Similarly, they hold that their
find it difficult to embark upon certain big scientific and technological efforts were
technological plans even if they have the not oriented towards economic growth. As a
funds, because the size of the domestic consequence, they conclude, a large number
market is too small. If we consider the of scientific and technological achievements
bigger countries, the closest comparison to were not converted into productive forces as
India is China, though there are many crucial they were too far removed from China's
differences. immediate economic and social needs.
The Chinese vision is to prepare The Chinese vision is therefore aimed
the country for entry into the ranks of at exploiting state-of-arts science and
mid-level developed nations by the technology to enhance the nation's overall
middle of the twenty-first century. power and strength, to improve the people's
Acceleration of the nation's economic growth living standard, to focus on resolving
and social development by relying on problems encountered in large - scale
advances in science and technology industrial and agricultural production and to
is pivotal in this. effectively control and alleviate pressures
129
brought on by population, resources and the (B) Each country has its own culture
environment. and natural resources which differ from
By the year 2000, China had aimed at those of others
bringing the main industrial sectors up (C) The countries with homogenous
to the technological levels achieved by the backgrounds are many in numbers.
developed countries in the 1970s or 80s and (a) A only (b) B only
by 2020 to the level they would have (c) A and B only (d) All A, B & C
attained by the early twenty first century. (e) None of these
The aim is to bridge the overall gap with the 2. Why can't smaller countries take up big
advanced world. There is a special emphasis technological planning?
on research and development of high (a) They have other goals to achieve
technologies that would find defence (b) They have smaller domestic
applications. market size
Some of these technologies are critical for (c) Smaller countries lack technological
improving the feature of key conventional Know how
weapons. Some technologies (d) Bigger countries do not permit them to
are meant for enhancing future military do so
capabilities. Other factors are aimed at (e) None of these
maintaining the momentum to develop 3. What is the goal of China to be
capabilities for cutting edge defence accomplished by the middle of 21st century?
technologies. They call for unremitting (a) To become one of the most developed
efforts in this regard with the aim of nations
maintaining effective self-defence and (b) To surpass the level of all middle-level
nuclear deterrent capabilities and to enable developed nations by a good margin
parity in defence, science and technology (c) To be the most influential superpower
with the advanced world. (d) To be the most developed nation
1. Comparison between two countries (e) None of these
becomes difficult because 4. What according to the Chinese vision can
(A) The countries differ in their internal boost socioeconomic development?
political systems (a) Science and technology
(b) Minds united with revolutionary powers (C) To utilize modern technology for bringing
(c) Premier Productive forces the latent power under control
(d) A vision which propels development (a) A & B only (b) B & C only
(e) None of these (c) A & C only (d) A, B & C
5. Which of the following have the Chinese (e) None of these
identified as their pitfall(s) from their past? 8. What according to the passage is the gap
(A) Lack of orientation of science and in terms of number of years between the
technology towards economic growth targeted developments in China and in other
(B) Lack of mechanisms in their economic developed countries?
activities to promote use of science and (a) 5-10 years (b) 20-30 years
technology (c) 40-50 years (d) More than 50 years
(C) Neglect of science and technology as a (e) Less than 5 years
strategic measures for employment 9. Which of the following is the essence of
(a) A & B only (b) B & C only the contents of the passage?
(c) A & C only (a) Enormous population of the country can
(d)All A, B & C (e) None of these be positively utilized for developments
6. The scientific and technological (b) Scientific and technological principles
accomplishments of china could may not necessarily be instrumental in
(a) remains dysfunctional economic
(b) be transformed into productive forces growth
(c) be utilized for motivating economic (c) Harmonious development of a country
activities can take place even in the absence of
(d) be promoted through political will technology up gradation
(e) None of these (d) Economic growth needs to be driven by
7. Which of the following is/are the expected science and technology
result/s of China's new vision? (e) Countries should not be compared with
(A) To augment people's standard of living each other
(B) To tackle effectively pressure brought on Directions (Q. No. 10 -12): Choose the
by the population word which is most nearly the SAME in
131
meaning as the word given in bold as Answer key:

used in the passage. Passage 1
10. ENDOWMENTS 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (e) 4. (d) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (d)
(a) Powers (b) Measures 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (e) 12. (d) 13. (b)
(c) Habitats (d) Findings 14. (a) 15. (e)
(e) Gifts Passage 2
11. ORIENTED 1. (c) 2. (b) 3. (e) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (a)
(a) Stated (b) Tempting 8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (e) 11. (d) 12. (e) 13. (b)
(c) Deciding (d) Leaning 14. (a) 15. (c)
(e) Leading
12. CONVENTIONAL PASSAGE 1
(a) Functional (b) Activist Though the Cold War has ended, selective
(c) Deliberate (d) Adventurous tactics are still continuing for ensuring the
(e) Traditional military and economic dominance of
Directions (Q. No. 13-15): Choose developed countries. Various types of
the word which is OPPOSITE in meaning technology denial regimes are still enforced
of the word given in bold as which are now being mainly targeted against
used in the passage. developing countries like India.
13. CRUCIAL Today, we in India encounter twin problems.
(a) Central (b) Trivial On one side, there is a large scale
(c) Decisive (d) Fundamental strengthening of our neighbours through
(e) Imperative supply of arms and clandestine support to
14. PIVOTAL their nuclear and missile programmes and on
(a) Irrelevant (b) Unmanageable the other side, all efforts are being made to
(c) Irreparable (d) Inauspicious weaken our indigenous technology growth
(e) Irritating through control regimes and dumping of low-
15. PARITY tech systems, accompanied with high
(a) Impropriety (b) Import commercial pitch in critical areas. Growth of
(c) Inequality (d) Similarity indigenous technology and self-reliance are
(e) Homogeneity the only answer to the problem.
Thus, in the environment around India, the from the USA, are Japan, the UK, France,
number of missiles and nuclear powers are Germany, certain South-East Asian countries
continuously increasing and destructive and a few others. The driving force is the
weapons continue to pile up around us, in generation of wealth with certain types of
spite of arms reduction treaties. economic doctrine.
To understand the implications of various The urgent issue we need to address
types of warfare that may affect us, we need collectively as a nation is, how do we handle
to take a quick look at the evolution of war the tactics of economic and military
weaponry and the types of warfare. I am dominance in this new form coming from the
highlighting this point for the reason that in backdoor? Today technology is the main
less than a century we could see change in driver of economic development at the
the nature of warfare and its effects on national level. Therefore we have to develop
society. indigenous technologies to enhance our
In early years of human history, it was competitive edge and to generate nation
mostly direct human warfare. During the wealth in all segments of economy.
twentieth century upto about 1990, the Therefore, the need of the hour is arm India
warfare are weapon driven. The weapons with technology.
used were guns, tanks, aircraft, ships, 1. Why do certain countries use selective
submarines and the nuclear weapons tactics against developing countries?
deployed on land/sea/air and also (a) To help developing countries gain
reconnaissance spacecraft. Proliferation military and economic independence
of conventional nuclear and biological (b) To help developing countries govern
weapons was at a peak owing to the themselves and be economically independent
competition between the superpowers. (c) To ally with developing countries to
The next phase, in a new form, has just dominate over other developed countries
started from 1990 onwards. The world has (d) To curtail their domination over
graduated into economic warfare. The means developing countries
used in control of market forces through high (e) None of these
technology. The participating nations, apart
133
2. Which are the issues of great concern that (d) economic forces to high technology
India is facing at present, according to the driven warfare
passage? (e) None of the above
(A) The supply of high-tech weaponry by 5. Why according to the author, is it
other countries to India's neighbours who necessary to examine how weaponry and
are likely to use the same against India warfare have evolved?
(B) Other countries secretly helping India's (A) To understand their implications for us
neighbours to strengthen their nuclear might (B) To learn the rapid changes that have
(C) Obstruction of India's genuine efforts to taken place in weaponry and warfare.
develop its own nuclear technology. (C) To master them and enable us to attack
(a) only A and B (b) only B and C our enemies.
(c) only A and C (d) All A, B and C (a) All A, B and C (b) A and B only
(e) None of these (c) A and C only (d) B and C only
3. Enforcement of technology denial regimes (e) None of these
by developed countries implies which of the 6. According to the author, the most
following? effective way to counter our major problems
(a) Dominance of developing countries over is to
developed ones (A) develop indigenous technologies
(b) Exploitation of developing nations by the (B) compete with other countries in their
mightier ones warring tactics
(c) Targeting of developed countries by (C) generate national wealth in all segments
developing countries of economy.
(d) Sympathizing with underdeveloped (a) All A, B and C (b) A and B only
countries (c) A and C only (d) B and C only
(e)None of these (e) None of these
4. The striking difference in warfare before 7. What, according to our author, is the
and after 1990 was the shift from solution to our problems in international
(a) guns, tanks, etc to nuclear weapons field?
(b) ships and submarines to spacecraft
(c) weaponry to economic warfare
(A) Importing up-to-date technology and (d)To develop indigenous technology to

nuclear equipments from developed develop mightier weapons
countries (e)None of these
(B) Developing our own in-house technology Directions(10-12): Choose the word
(C) Eliminating dependence on developed which is most nearly the same in
countries meaning as the word printed in bold as
(a) only A and B (b) only A and C given in the passage
(c) only B and C (d) All A, B and C only 10. RECONNAISSANCE
(e) None of these (a) Investigation (b) Reserved
8. What is the general outcome of arms (c) Recognizable (d) Remedy
reduction treaties as a whole according to (e)Attack
the author of the passage? 11. PROLIFERATION
(a)They seem to have totally defunct (a) Explosion (b) Devastation
(b)They have achieved the desired outcome (c) Discomfiture (d) Abundance
in most cases (e) Extraction
(c)They have resulted in curbing the trade of
destructive weapons 12. EVOLUTION
(d)Piling up of weapons has significantly (a) Magnification (b) Expansion
reduced due to such treaties (c) Progression (d) Modification
(e)None of these (e) Changing
9. What, according to the author, is the Directions(13-15): Choose the word
immediate problem to be collectively which is most nearly the opposite in
resolved by our country? meaning as the word printed in bold as
(a)To counter the dominance of developed given in the passage
countries through money and muscle power 13. INDIGENOUS
(b)To eradicate poverty and become (a) Local (b) Domestic (c) Abroad
economically self reliant (d) Foreign (e) Exported
(c)To control the exorbitant rate of 14. DOMINANCE
population growth (a) Aggression (b) Submission
135
(c) Assertion (d) Ignorance has enriched only tycoons and corrupt
(e) Lethargy government officials. Oil tycoons in Russia
15. CONTINOUSLY have made huge fortunes by using gaping
(a) Illegitimately (b) Unconditionally holes in tax legislation to pay far below the
(c) Insensitively (d) Uninterrupted standard 24 percent corporate rate.
(e) Intermittently Recently, Russia introduced a stiff tax
PASSAGE 2 system in which the government takes
As India and other energy importing eighty percent of the oil revenues. With the
countries struggle with runaway oil prices, oil wealth tricking down to the other sectors,
Russia earned more than $ 300 billion in oil millions have been lifted out of poverty in
export earnings. This has driven its economic the last ten years. Russia has also overtaken
growth. Today, Russia is the eighth largest Germany as Europe‘s biggest car market.
economy in the world in purchasing Power Demand has outpaced supply. With Russians
Parity. According to the World Bank, it is having to wait a year to get the car of their
poised to overtake France to become the choice. But the gap between the rich and the
world‘s sixth largest economy. poor continues to widen with 19 million
The oil industry was the prime target of a people still below the poverty line. The fact
sweeping privatization drive launched after that Russia has the second largest number of
the break-up of the Soviet Union. However billionaires in the world does not measure up
not all Russians have been rolling in oil to the size of the economy and level of the
wealth. The Russian government has failed country‘s development.
to do for its people even a fraction of what Revenue generated from oil is now going to
the Soviet Union, with twice the population, play a key role in overcoming Russia‘s oil
did with the revenue generated from oil. curse‘ – over dependence on energy. Russia
While the Soviet Government bought grain is one of the few places in the world with
and other foreign and other foreign significant unexplored and unexploited
consumer goods to be sold in domestic reserves of oil in order to lay a stable
markets at heavily subsidized rates, Russia foundation for the economy when the oil
rejected socialism. Instead it embraced price boom comes to an end. Russia is slowly
capitalism in which money earned from oil moving form a resources dependent to a
science based economy. The government (a) Only A (b) All A, B and C
has raised funding for infrastructure (c) Only C (d) Both A and C
(outmoded transport networks put a brake (e) None of these
on the economy), aviation and nuclear 3. Which of the following factors is
energy among other sectors. The biggest responsible for Russia‘s economic growth?
challenge is to manage this huge investment (a) Russia imports fuel from developing
programme without fuelling rapidly rising countries like India at low cost.
inflation. Driven by high global energy and (b) Receiving aid worth 300 billion dollars
food prices, the Russian central bank has from energy importing countries.
been forced to rise the interest rate four (c) Funding received from the ―World Bank
times this year in order to keep inflation and developed countries like France
down. (d)The revenue Russia has earned from
1. Why are a large number of the world‘s exporting oil.
very rich people found in Russia? (e) Russia has been able to control inflation
(a) Russia is one of the most developed 4. What step(s) has the Russian Government
countries in the world. taken to control inflation?
(b) Russia is the world‘s largest automobile (A) It has raised he amount of money
supplier. allocated for exploring new oil reserves.
(c) Russian oil businessmen took advantage (B) Taxes have been hiked.
of ambiguity in Russia‘s tax laws. (C) Subsidies on essential commodities like
(d) Russia is the world‘s largest supplier of food have been introduced.
oil. (a) None (b) Only (A)
2. Which of the following is / are impact(s) (c) Only (C) (d) Both (A) &(B)
Russia‘s economic growth? (e) None of these
(A) Russia‘s population has doubled. 5. Which of the following can be said about
(B) Foreign consumer goods are heavily Russia‘s economy?
subsidized (a) Russia is the fastest growing economy in
(C) There is a huge gap between the haves the world
and the have-nots
137
(b) The Russia economy is being (a) Russia is a Communist country

transformed into a technology based one (b) Most of Russia‘s wealth has gone into
(c) Oil wealth has been invested in Russia‘s exploring new oil fields
energy sector only (c) There is a great demand for automobiles
(d) Russia‘s economy is more developed in Russia
than that o Germany (d) Privatizing the oil industry has lifted 19
(e) Russia has the least number of poor in million Russians out poverty
the world. (e) Currently Russia has the highest
6. What does the phrase ‗Russia‘s oil curse corporate tax in the world
‗imply? 9. Why has Russia increased its spending on
(a) High prices of oil products have meant its transport system?
that common people in Russia cannot afford (a) It is outdated and will hinder Russia‘s
them. economic growth
(b) Russia oil resources will be completely (b) To boost tourism which has been falling
depleted in the next ten years. (c) To create jobs and reduce the high rate
(c) Mismanagement of the Russian oil of unemployment
industry led to the fall of the Soviet Union. (d)There have been a substantial number of
(d) Exploring new oil resources takes a accidents
substantial amount of Russia‘s GDP. (e) None of these
(e) None of these 10. Why was the Russian oil industry
7. Which of the following factors is privatized?
responsible for inflation in Russia? (a) As part of the agreement with the Soviet
(a) Depleted Russian oil reserves Union.
(b) Low investment in new Russian oilfields (b) It was not profitable in the long term
(c) Utilization of nuclear energy which his (c) The government wanted to concentrate
expensive on developing other sectors
(d) High prices of food all over the world (d) Lack of funds from the world Bank for
(e) Raising taxes for the oil industry developing this sector.
8. Which of the following is TRUE in the (e) None of these
context of the passage?
Directions(11-13): Choose the word Passage 1

which is most nearly the same in 1. (e) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (d) 7. (c)
meaning as the word printed in bold as 8. (a) 9. (e) 10. (a) 11. (d) 12. (c) 13. (d)
given in the passage 14. (b) 15. (e)
11. SWEEPING Passage 2
(a) Waving (b) Clearing 1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (d) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (e) 7. (d)
(c) Removal (d) Extensive` 8. (c) 9. (a) 10. (e) 11. (d) 12. (e) 13. (b)
(e) Discarding 14. (b) 15. (a)
12. EMBRACED
(a) Hugged (b) Encompass PASSAGE 1
(c) Held (d) Covered We have witnessed several disasters in
(e) Accepted recent times—some natural, others man-
13. STRUGGLE made. The frequency of such calamities has
(a) Compete (b) Battle inured us and deadened our collectively
(c) Rival (d) Exert sensitivity, but that does not reduce the
(e) Hostile enormity of the personal tragedy of each
Directions (14-15): Choose the word victim‘s family and community. The
which is most nearly the opposite in economic loss is only secondary to the
meaning as the word printed in bold as human suffering, but is also substantial.
given in the passage The Government, whether State or Central,
14. ENRICHED has standardized its response. This consists
(a) Improved (b) Injured of reacting late, blaming others, visits by
(c) Soiled (d) Disadvantage VIPs announcing a relief package including
(e) Criticised compensation for those affected, and then
15. STIFF forgetting all about it. There seems to be
(a) Lenient (b) Formal little attempt at drawing lessons from each
(c) Light (d) Yield disaster, storing the knowledge for future
(e) Supple use, and long-term planning for possible
Answer key: pre-emptive action. Preparedness for
139
disasters thus falls short of what is possible getting caught in a labyrinthine of police and
using today‘s technologies. legal systems. The resulting delay in
Floods in many parts of India like the states treatment converts injuries into deaths. Of
of Bihar and Assam are a yearly late, unique and free service to provide
Phenomenon. Yet the government seems to assistance in emergency cases is
be caught by surprise year after year. It is operational. Emergency management and
obvious that tarpaulins, vaccines and other Research institute (EMRI) is a professionally
medicines, clothes, satellite phones, large managed operation-initiated by the vision
numbers of doctors and paramedical staff etc and grant from Ramalinga Raju. The service,
will be needed as will boats and buses for which is a successful example of public-
evacuation. This is known o all those who private partnership, is likely to become
have combated emergencies, yet the non- operational in a few states in the near
availability of these essential services and future. Given the sad failure of conventional
commodities occurs. Worse, the government organisations in handling
organizational structure and mechanisms for disasters, it is time we looked at the PPP
dealing with disasters are lethargic and ill- model as an alternative without the
defined. The National Disaster Management government seeking in any way to abdicate
Agency set up a short time ago, being a its responsibility. While the state provides
Central Government agency, has its the funding, private orgaisations will provide
limitations relating to infringing the the drive, professionalism, competent
jurisdiction of states. It could have management and output-linked efficiency of
aggregated and disseminated experiences a good corporate organisation. Combining
and knowledge, shocked many of the the sensitivity and purpose of an NGO with
essential items required in an emergency or private entrepreneurial drive to handle
worked with agencies to ensure sufficient disasters together is thus a worthwhile
stocks, but hasn‘t. challenge for both corporate and the
While the reaction to major disasters is government?
dismal, the response to emergencies like 1. Why do bystanders not help accident
accident is equally sad. Victims lie victims?
unattended since passers-by are wary of
(a) They lack the necessary medical (C) It ensures monetary aid reaches those
knowledge. afflicted by disasters.
(b) It is the responsibility of the driver of the (a) Only A (b) Only B
vehicle. (c) Both A and B (d) Only C
(c) Cumbersome police formalities (e) None of these
(d) Medical attention via satellite phones can 4. What is the author‘s view of the
be provided promptly. government‘s current reaction to natural
(e) None of these disasters?
2. Which of the following is NOT true in the (a) The government has not been able to
context of the passage? handle disasters and should seek foreign aid.
(a) Man-made disasters occur more (b) A Central Government agency should be
frequently than natural disasters. set up to speed up coordination in rescue
(b) The Public Private Participation model efforts.
has been successful in handling (c) It has failed to utilise donations
emergencies. effectively to provide relief.
(c) Floods occur every year in some Indian (d) The government is apathetic and has not
states. managed to handle disasters effectively.
(d) Analysis of previous disasters will help us (e) None of these
cope with future ones. 5. Which of the following is TRUE about
(e) People have become indifferent to EMRI?
disasters. (a) It is run by a philanthropist
3. Which of the following has been the (b) It has widespread operations all over
customary government reaction to disasters? India.
(A) It has handled disasters with utmost (c) The government has no say in its
sensitivity. functioning.
(B) It responds in a professional, efficient (d) EMRI is a non-governmental
manner which has been standardized over organisation.
time. (e) It is an emergency management service.
141
6. Why is there a lack of medical care at (C) It disburses funds to disaster

disaster sites? management organizations to procure
(a) Inadequate transportation facilities emergency stocks.
(b) Lack of disaster management training for (a) None (b) All A, B and C
medical staff (c) Only A (d) Both A and B
(c) Loss of medical supplies due to (e) None of these
dangerous conditions 9. According to the passage, which of the
(d) Safety of medical staff cannot be assured following will be the likely impact/s of the
(e) None of these Public Private Participation model of disaster
7. What does the author consider ―a management?
worthwhile challenge for both corporate and (A) Politicians will not be able to interfere
the government‖? with relief efforts.
(a) Governments should gradually transfer (B) Aid will be effectively deployed.
disaster management to corporate. (C) Professional approach to disaster
(b) Their working together to manage management efforts
disasters competently, keeping public (a) Only A (b) Both B and C
interests in mind (c) All A, B and C (d) Only C
(c) Reducing the incidence of man-made (e) None of these
disasters 10. Which of the following has/have been the
(d) Mitigating the financial losses sustained impact/s of consistently occurring natural
during natural disasters disasters?
(e) None of these (A) The Governmental has initiated a long-
8. Which of the following can be inferred term planning process to handle them.
about the National Disaster Management (B) Use of technology in combating disasters
Agency? has increased in India.
(A) It has a substantial experience in dealing (C) The Government is not caught unawares
with disasters when such disasters occur.
(B) It has been successful in sharing (a) None (b) Only B
information with other disaster management (c) Both A and C (d) Both A and B
agencies. (e) All A, B and C
Directions (Q. 11-13): Choose the word The current global food situation is very
which is most similar in meaning to the serious and hence we need to understand
word printed in bold as used in the the reasons for such a dramatic increase in
passage. food prices in a short period.
11. infringing It is argued that increases in energy costs
(a) breaking (b) violating are resulting in cost-push inflation but the
(c) provoking (d) hampering contribution of energy costs to overall costs
(e) disobeying in agriculture may not explain the huge
12. frequency increase in food prices.
(a) sound (b) habit Related to the current elevated energy
(c) recurrence (d) average prices, there has been a diversion of corn
(e) occasion and edible oils to bio-fuels, which is
13. pre-emptive significantly influenced by policy mandates.
(a) widespread (b) seizing Very clearly this diversion to bio-fuels is a
(c) restrained (d) prevantive policy-induced new reality, which coincided
(e) commanding with price escalation in precisely those
Directions (Q. 14-15): Choose the word products and hence is noteworthy.
which is most opposite in meaning of The financialisation of commodity trade and
the word printed in bold as used in the current extraordinary conditions in global
passage. financial markets could have influenced the
14. lethargic spurt in prices. The recent reductions in
(a) healthy (b) active interest rates in the US and the injection of
(c) favourable (d) awake liquidity have resulted in investors seeking
(e) intense new avenues such as commodity markets, in
15. dismal view of the turbulence in financial markets
(a) depressing (b) upset and the low returns in treasuries. The
(c) competent (d) animated relatively easy liquidity and low interest
(e) smiling rates, by themselves, make holding of
Passage 2 inventories attractive and thus induce
143
greater volatility in commodity markets. The match the growing demand over the medium
weakening of the US dollar is also advanced term.
as a reason for the recent volatility in 1. The passage lays emphasis on which of
commodity markets, including food items. It the following central theme(s)
is evident that this phenomenon is now also (A) The abysmally throwaway prices offered
coinciding with the across-the-board rise in for food commodities
food prices. (B) The worldwide acute shortage of food
In brief, while there are demand and supply commodities
side pressures on food items, there is (C) Promoting the use of bio-fuel for
considerable merit in the argument that the automobiles
recent extraordinary increases in food prices (a) A only (b) B only
are closely linked to public policy responses (c) C only (d) All the three
to high energy costs in advanced economies, (e) None of these
and the turbulence in financial markets and 2. In what way are bio-fuels responsible for
financial institutions. It is said that the the increasing cost of food?
impact of such policy-induced diversion of (A) It is a policy mandate to use bio-fuel in
food to bio-fuels is significant at this juncture place of petroleum products, especially in
and reflects a preference to fill the fuel tanks developing countries.
of automobiles rather than fill the empty (B) Certain essential food commodities are
stomachs of people. Similarly, it is being used for manufacturing alternative
sometimes held that the weight accorded to fuels.
financial stability in public policy may now be (C) The low cost of bio-fuels has created
at the expense of stability in real sector- fluctuation in prices of other agricultural
especially of sensitive commodities like food. commodities.
At the same time, there is a general (a) A only (b) B only
consensus that public policy in regard to (c) C only (d) A and B only
food in many economies around the world (e) None of these
has not provided adequate incentive to 3. Which of the following situations has/have
farmers to increase the supply of food and prompted investors to look towards
other agricultural products to comfortably commodity markets?
(A) Dip in rates of interest in the US (c) A and C only (d) None of these
(B) Easy liquidity (e) All A, B and C
(C) Volatility in commodity prices 6. Which of the following can be thought of
(a) A and B only (b) B and C only as a measure to remedy the global situation
(c) A and C only (d) All the three mentioned in the passage?
(e) None of these (A) Reducing the production of cars and
4. Which of the following shows a cause- thereby the demand for energy
effect relationship between its two (B) Inducing farmers to increase their food
components? and other agricultural produce
(a) Reduction in interest rates and (C) Increasing the prices of food items to
abundance of food commodities compensate farmers for their losses.
(b) Reduction in energy prices and increase (a) A only (b) A and B only
in food commodity prices (c) B only (d) B and C only
(c) Turbulence in financial markets and (e) None of these
escalation in production of food commodities 7. Which of the following statements is
(d) Dipping of US dollar value and volatility TRUE in the context of the passage?
in commodity markets (a) Commodity markets have become erratic
(e) Injection of liquidity and the drop in due to easy liquidity and low interest rate.
investor confidence (b) Governments of many countries have
5. Which of the following can be inferred begun paying better prices for food
from the contents of the passage? commodities to ensure their farmers are
(A) At present the demand for food items taken care of.
exceeds the supply. (c) Farmers in developing countries have to
(B) Fuel production has been given higher compulsorily produce a certain quantity of
priority than caring for the millions who are bio-fuels annually.
starving. (d) The financialisation of commodity trade
(C) Farmers have not been motivated to has resulted in a dip in prices of food
increase their production of food. products.
(a) A and B only (b) B and C only
145
(e) The weakening of other currencies the word given in bold as used in the
against the US dollar has resulted in high passage.
fuel prices. 10. ELEVATED
8. Which of the following statements is/are (a) raised (b) stabilised
FALSE in the context of the passage? (c) inclined (d) fallen
(A) Unusual conditions in global financial (e) slanted
markets have aggravated the food price. 11. VOLATILITY
(B) No government would prefer fuelling (a) agitation (b) effervescence
vehicles to feeding the hungry. (c) optimism (d) disparity
(C) Maintenance of financial stability in (e) inactivity
public policy will be at the cost of stability in 12. CONSENSUS
the real sector. (a) deviant (b) disagreement
(a) A and B only (b) B and C only (c) dejection (d) denial
(c) B only (d) C only (e) dissuasion
(e) None of these Directions (Q. 13-15): Choose the
9. Which of the following best explains the word/group of words which is most
phrase ―this phenomenon‖ as used in the nearly the SAME in meaning as the word
fourth paragraph of the passage? given in bold as used in the passaege.
(a) Volatility in commodity markets which 13. TURBULENCE
has led to hoarding (a) tranquility (b) certainty
(b) Escalating food prices caused by high (c) turmoil (d) restless
interest rates (e) lacklustre
(c) Easy liquidity because of lack of 14. INCENTIVE
investment in America (a) acceleration (b) surplus
(d) Weakening of the US dollar and (c) baiting (d) inspiration
consequent variability in commodity markets (e) encouragement
(e) Fluctuation in energy price and outdated 15. ADVANCED
public policy (a) put forward (b) set aside
Directions (Q. 10-12): Choose the word (c) taken over
which is most OPPOSITE in meaning of (d) marched forward
(e) escalated further As President-elect Barack Obama prepares to

Answer key: throw money at the current downturn-a
Passage 1 stimulus package starting at about $800
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (e) 4. (d) 5. (e) 6. (e) 7. (b) billion, plus the second $350 billion chunk of
8. (a) 9. (c) 10. (a) 11. (b) 12. (c) 13. (d) the financial bailout-we all really do seem to
14. (b) 15. (e) be Keynesians now. Just about every expert
Passage 2 agrees that pumping $1 trillion into a
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (e) 6. (c) 7. (a) moribund economy will rev up the ethereal
8. (c) 9. (d) 10. (d) 11. (e) 12. (b) 13. (c) goods-and-services engine that Keynes
14. (e) 15. (a) called ―aggregate demand‖ and stimulate at
least some short-term activity, even if it
Passage 1 right that there would be more sensible ways
John Maynard Keynes, the trendiest dead to spend it. A trillion dollars‘ worth of bad
economist of this apocalyptic moment, was ideas-sprawl-inducing highways and bridges
the godfather of government stimulus. to nowhere, ethanol plants and pipelines that
Keynes had the radical idea that throwing accelerate global warming, tax breaks for
money at recessions through aggressive overleveraged McMansion builders and
deficit spending would resuscitate flatlined burdensome new long-term federal
economies-and he wasn‘t too particular entitlements-would be worse than mere
about where the money was thrown. In the waste. It would be smarter to buy every
depths of the Depression, he suggested that American an iPod, a set of Ginsu knives and
the Treasury could ―fill old bottles with 600 Subway footlongs.
banknotes, bury them at suitable depths in It would be smarter still to throw all that
disused coal mines‖ then sit back and watch money at things we need to do anyway,
a money-mining boom create jobs and which is the goal of Obama‘s upcoming
prosperity. ―It would, indeed, be more American Recovery and Reinvestment Plan.
sensible to build houses and the like,‖ he It will include a mix of tax cuts, aid to
wrote, but ―the above would be better than beleaguered state and local governments
nothing.‖ and spending to address needs ranging from
147
food stamps to computerized health records spending and tax-cutting sprees when they
to bridge repairs to broadband networks too were flush are begging for bailouts now that
energy-efficiency retrofits, all designed to they‘re broke. And politicians are dusting off
save or create 3 million to 4 million jobs by their unfunded mobster museums,
the end of 2010. Obama has said speed is waterslides and other pet projects for
his top priority because the faster rebranding as shovel-ready infrastructure
Washington injects cash into the financial investments. As Obama‘s aides scramble to
bloodstream, the better it stands to help assemble something effective and
avert a multi-year slump with double-digit transformative as well as politically
use the stimulus to advance his long-term achievable, they acknowledge the tension
priorities: reducing energy use and carbon between his desires for speed and reform.
emissions cutting middle-class taxes, 1. John M Keynes was advocate of which of
upgrading neglected infrastructure, reining in the following suggestions?
healthcare costs and eventually reducing the (a) Spending money recklessly during
budget deficits that exploded under George recessions is suicidal.
W Bush. Obama‘s goal is to exploit this crisis (b) Exorbitant spending during recessions is
in the best sense of the word, to start likely to boost economy.
pursuing his vision of a greener, fairer, more (c) Aggressive deficit spending is likely to be
competitive, more sustainable economy. fatal for economic meltdown.
Unfortunately, while 21st-century Washington (d) Government stimulus to economy may
has demonstrated an impressive ability to not help because of red-tapism.
spend money quickly, it has yet to prove (e) None of these
that it can spend money wisely. And the 2. Which of the following is TRUE about
chum of a 1 with 12 zeros is already creating Keynes‘ philosophy?
a feeding frenzy for the ages. Lobbyists for (a) Actual spending money during meltdown
shoe companies, zoos, catfish farmers, mall is more important than where and on what it
owners, airlines, public broadcasters, car is spent.
dealers and everyone else who can afford (b) Government should be selective in
their retainers are lining up for a piece of the approach for spending money during
stimulus. States that embarked on raucous recession.
(c) Filling old bottles with banknotes and (a) reasonably appropriate propositions to
burying them is an atrocious proposal. spend money on
(d) Creating jobs and prosperity during (b) measures that affect the environment
recessions is almost an impracticable adversely
proposal (c) imprudent proposals to waste money on
(e) None of these (d) tax-saving schemes bestowed on
3. The author of the passage calls Barack builders
Obama and his team as ―Keynesians‖ (e) None of these
because 6. Obama‘s upcoming American Recovery
(a) Barack Obama has been reluctant to and Reinvestment Plan focuses on which of
follow Keynes‘ philosophy. the following?
(b) his team is advising Barack to refrain (A) Recovery of all debts from the debtors in
from Keynes‘ philosophy. a phased manner
(c) Barack Obama and his team have (B) Pumping money very liberally in projects
decided to fill old bottles with banknotes. that are mandatory
(d) building houses has been under the (C) Investing money recklessly in any
active consideration of Barack Obama and project regardless of its utility
his team. (a) A only (b) B only
(e) None of these (c) C only (d) B and C only
4. What, according to Keynes, is the (e) All A, B and C
―aggregate demand‖? 7. According to the author of the passage,
(a) Goods and services sector food stamps, bridge repairs, etc are the
(b) Stimulation of a short-term activity projects that
(c) Attempting to rev up the sluggish (a) do not warrant urgent spending as they
economy have a lower utility value.
(d) Pumping one trillion dollars into economy (b) need the least investment and priority as
(e) None of these compared to building houses for the needy.
5. Highways, bridges, ethanol plants, etc are (c) may not have any favourable impact on
considered by the author as attempts to counter recession.
149
(d) have lower value in terms of returns but (a) declining (b) waning
require major investments. (c) thriving (d) pessimistic
(e) None of these (e) glorifying
8. Obama desires to accelerate the process 11. BELEAGUERED
of pumping money with utmost rapidity as (a) carefree (b) harassed
he believes that it would (c) stressful (d) uneventful
(A) help create reasonably high employment (e) evaporating
opportunities. 12. RAUCOUS
(B) avoid deflation. (a) strident (b) harsh
(C) inject cash into the already troubled (c) rough (d) unprecedented
economy. (e) soft
(a) A and B only (b) B and C only Directions (Q. 13-15): Choose the word
(c) A and C only (d) All A, B and C which is most nearly the SAME in
(e) None of these meaning as the word given in bold a
9. Which of the following is/are corrective used in the passage.
measure(s) as part of the long-term 13. apocalyptic
priorities of Obama that was an outcome of (a) unwelcome (b) disastrous
his predecessor‘s regime? (c) risk-free (d) joyous
(A) Countering recession through immediate (e) ceremonious
rescue operations 14. RESUSCITATE
(B) Reining in the budget deficit (a) meltdown (b) devastate
(C) Creating a more sustainable economy (c) mislead (d) save
(a) A and B only (b) B and C only (e) deactivate
(c) A and C only (d) B only 15. FRENZY
(e) None of these (a) passion (b) expression
Directions (Q. 10-12): Choose the word (c) succession (d) habit
which is most OPPOSITE in meaning of (e) manifestation
the word printed in bold as used in the Passage 2
passage. Anyone who forms his own opinions and
10. moribund beliefs will feel that he owes no responsibility
to the majority for his conclusions. If he is a constant flux, its factors and elements are
genuine lover of truth, if he is inspired by a eternally shifting. It is not one, but many
passion for seeing things as they are and a generations. Each of the seven ages of man
detestation of holding ideas which do not is neighbor to all the rest. The column of the
conform to facts, he will be wholly veterans is already sinking into the last
independent of the acquiesce of those abyss, while the column of the newest
around him. When he proceeds to apply his recruits is forming. To its tradition, the
beliefs in the practical conduct of life, tendency and its possibilities, only a
the position is different. There are then good proportion of each can have nerve enough to
reasons why his attitude should be less rigid. grasp the banner of a new truth and
The society in which he is placed is an endurance to bear it along rugged and
ancient and composite growth. The people untrodden ways.
from whom he dissents have not come by Then we must remember the substance of
their opinions and institutions by a process which life is made. We must consider what
of mere haphazard. These opinions and an overwhelming preponderance of the most
customs all had their origin in a certain real persistent energies and most concentrated
or supposed fitness. They have a certain interests of a society must be absorbed
depth of root in the lives of a proportion of between material cares and the solitude of
the existing generation. Their fitness for the affections. It is obviously unreasonable
satisfying needs may have misplaced, and to lose patience and quarrel with one‘s time
their congruity with one another may have because it is tardy in throwing off its
come to an end. That is only one side of the institutions and beliefs, and slow to achieve
truth. The most passionate propagandist the transformation which is the problem in
cannot penetrate to them. front of it. Men and women have to live. The
In common language we speak of a task for most of us is hard enough to make
generation as something possessed of a kind us well pleased with even such imperfect
of exact unity, with all its parts and shelter as we find in daily use and customs.
members homogeneous. Yet plainly it is not To insist on a whole community being made
this. It is whole, but a whole in a state of at once to submit to the supremacy of new
151
practices and ideas that have just begun to (e) None of these
acclaim themselves to the most advanced 4. Which of the following best describes the
speculative intelligence of the time. This, phrase ―apply his beliefs in the practical
even if it were a possible process, would do conduct of life‖
much to make life impracticable and to hurry (a) To indoctrinate what he believes
on social dissolution. (b) To denounce what he believes
1. Overnight changes in social settings are (c) To preach what is practised
not desirable because they will (d) To practise what is preached
(a) retard the progress (e) None of these
(b) lead to social disintegration 5. According to the author, a generation,
(c) give vitality to social life which is heterogeneous, should be perceived
(d) make a society too narrow to survive as
(e) None of these (a) sum total of the parts of the sub-system
2. The hard task, according to the author, is (b) a whole, which is not a total of the parts
to (c) a fragmented group of people
(A) change the society (d) individual inter linkages connected
(B) earn a living through synergy
(C) change according to times (e) None of these
(a) Only A and C (b) Only B and C 6. According to the passage, which of the
(c) Only A and B (d) Only A following is true?
(e) Only C (a) Impatience of intellectuals with practical
3. The problem, which is discussed in the problems is the source of progress.
passage, reflects (b) Day-to-day concerns dominate the life of
(a) the realist attitude of the author most people.
(b) the pessimistic views expressed by a (c) Intellectuals are the leaders of social
group of people transformation.
(c) a doctrine that explains the role of (d) Social change will be slow in the absence
culture of effective leaders.
(d) making good use of a genuine lover of (e) None of these
truth
7. According to the passage, from which of have to fall by a very sizeable quantity for
the following do the customs and traditions the price of crude to respond as it did. In the
originate? short run, the price elasticity of demand for
(a) Ignorance of events happening around crude oil is very low. Conversely, in the
(b) Leadership prevailing in the short run, even a relatively big change in the
contemporary society price of oil does not immediately lower
(c) Social utility of the societal set-up consumption. It takes months, or years, of
(d) Conflicts of individuals living in society high oil price to inculcate habits of energy
(e) None of these conservation. World crude oil price had
Answer key: remained at over $60 a barrel for most of
Passage 1 2005-07 without making any major dent in
1. (b) 2. (a) 3. (e) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (e) demand.
8. (a) 9. (d) 10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (e) 13. (b) The long answer is more complex. The
14. (d) 15. (a) economic slowdown in the US, Europe and
Passage 2 Asia along with dollar depreciation and
1. (b) 2. (d) 3. (a) 4. (d) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (c) commodity speculation have all had some
Passage 1 role in the downward descent in the
Goldman Sachs predicted that crude oil price international price of oil. In recent years, the
would hit $ 200 and just as it appeared that supply of oil has been rising but not enough
alternative renewable energy had a chance to catch up with the rising demand, resulting
of becoming an economically viable option, in an almost vertical escalation in its price.
the international price of oil fell by over The number of crude oil futures and options
70%. After hitting the all-time high of $147 contracts have also increased manifold,
a barrel, a month ago, crude fell to less than which has led to significant speculation in the
$40 a barrel. What explains this sharp oil market. In comparison, the role of the
decline in the international price of oil? There Organization of Petroleum Exporting
has not been any major new discovery of a Countries (OPEC) in fixing crude price has
hitherto unknown source of oil or gas. The considerably weakened. OPEC in often
short answer is that the demand does not accused of operating as a cartel restricting
153
output, thus keeping prices artificially high. (b) Discovery of oil reserves within their own
It did succeed in setting the price of crude territories
during the 1970s and the first half of the (c) Demand for crude has fallen sharply.
‗80s. But, with increased futures trading and (d) There is no need for them to invest huge
contracts, the control of crude pricing has amounts of money in alternative sources of
moved from OPEC to banks and markets that energy.
deal with futures trading and contracts. It is (e) None of these
true that most oil exporting regions of the 2. Which of the following factors is
world have remained politically unstable, responsible for rise in speculation in crude oil
fuelling speculation over the price of crude. markets?
But there is little evidence that the (A) OPEC has not been able to restrict the oil
geopolitical uncertainties in west Asia have output and control prices.
improved to weaken the price of oil. (B) The supply of oil has been rising to
Threatened by the downward slide of oil match demand.
price, OPEC has, in fact, announced its (C) Existence of large number of oil futures
decision to curtail output. and oil contracts
However, most oil importers will heave a (a) Only A (b) Both A and B
sigh of relief as they find their oil import bills (c) Only C (d) All A, B and C
decline except for those who bought options (e) None of these
to import oil at prices higher than market 3. What does the phrase ―the price elasticity
prices. Exporting nations, on the other hand, of demand for crude oil is very low‖ imply?
will see their economic prosperity slip. (a) When the price rises the demand for
Relatively low price of crude is also bad news crude oil falls immediately.
for investments in alternative renewable (b) A small change in demand will result in a
energy that cannot compete with cheaper sharp change in the price of crude.
and non-renewable sources of energy. (c) Within a short span of time the price of
1. Why are oil-importing countries relieved? crude oil has fluctuated sharply.
(a) Price of crude reached $147, not $200, (d) Speculation in oil does not have much of
as was predicted. an impact on its price.
(e) None of these
4. Which of the following is/are TRUE in the (c) Expert predictions that the price of oil
context of the passage? would alternatively escalate and plunge
(A) The decline in oil prices has benefited all sharply
countries. (d) Evidence that no new sources of oil and
(B) Renewable energy sources are costlier gas are available
than non-renewable ones. (e) None of these
(C) Lack of availability of alternative 7. What does the author want to convey by
renewable energy resulted in rise in demand citing the statistics of 2005-07
for crude. (a) The prices of crude were rising gradually
(a) Only B (b) Both A and B so people were not alarmed.
(c) Both B and C (d) Only C (b) The dollar was a strong currency during
(e) None of these that period.
5. What has the impact of the drop in oil (c) Many people turned to alternative
prices been? renewable energy sources because of high
(a) Exploration for natural gas resources has oil prices.
risen. (d) If the price of oil is high for a short time
(b) The dollar has fallen sharply. it does not necessarily result in a drop in
(c) OPEC has decided to restrict its consumption.
production of oil. (e) People did not control their demand for
(d) Economic depression in oil-importing fuel then, which created the current
countries economic slowdown.
(e) Drastic fall in demand for crude oil 8. Which of the following factors is not
6. What led to alternative energy sources responsible for the current drop in oil prices?
being considered economically feasible? (a) Economic crisis in America, European and
(a) The price of oil rose by 70 per cent while Asian nations
renewable energy sources are cheap. (b) Speculation in oil markets
(b) Exorbitant crude oil prices made (c) Weakening of the dollar
alternative energy sources an attractive (d) Political stability in oil-exporting
option. countries
155
(e) All the above are not responsible for the (e) Instil
current drop in oil prices 12. FUELLING
9. Which of the following is NOT TURE in the (a) Incentive (b) Supplying
context of the passage? (c) Stimulating (d) Irritating
(A) Open was established in 1970 to protect (e) Rescoring
the interests of oil importing countries. 13. DENT
(B) When demand for oil exceeds supply (a) Reduction (b) Break
there is a sharp rise in price. (c) Tear (d) Breach
(C) Today futures trading markets set the oil (e) Split
prices to a large extent. Directions (Q. 14-15): Choose the word
(a) Only A (b) Only C which is most opposite in meaning of
(c) Both A and C (d) Only B the word printed in bold as used in the
10. Which of the following is the function of 14. CONVERSELY
OPEC? (a) Compatibly (b) Similarly
(a) Controlling speculation in oil. (c) Likely (d) Aligning
(b) Ensuring profits are equally distributed (e) Resembling
among all its members 15. WEAKEN
(c) Monitoring inflation in oil prices and (a) Powerful (b) Nourish
taking necessary steps to lower it. (c) Intense (d) Boost
(d) Guaranteeing political instability in oil- (e) Energise
exporting countries does not impact output Passage 2
(e) Determining prices of crude oil Crude oil has had a long history, and an
Directions (Q. 11-13): Choose the word interesting one. It is probably one single
which is most similar in meaning to the natural resource that has been
word printed in bold as used in the instrumental in producing maximum
passage. conflicts was during the last century. with
11. INCULCATE such a track record, it is surprising that in
(a) Modify (b) Construct the given environment, wherein oil prices are
(c) Initiate (d) Fix breaking all records, and has become the
biggest cause of concern across the globe, As and when the reserves deplete and
why is it that there is silence from some demand really grows, more than anyone
parts of the world? It is intriguing, especially else, it is OPEC that would be badly hit,
when some have been paying a much higher much to the glee of some nations having
price on fuel, as compared to their poorer unused reserves which have the most to
counterparts. It is surprising, more so, when gain by using blackmailing tactics.
one realizes that the number of oil-producing Eventually, the countries at the receiving
nations is only a handful as compared to the end would be forced to create an enabling
number of oil-consuming nations. While a environment for alternative energy. This
proactive action from the mighty and trend is already visible, with India showing
powerful can bring in a huge respite for the the way with its nuclear deal and other
world, why is it that they choose to be countries dangling the carrot of complete
silent? Also, keeping in mind the fact that a conversion to natural gas towards other
few nations-both powerful and weak-have countries in order to boost their own
some of the largest unused oil reserves, business. By doing so, they are creating a
their silence and lack of any serious action tactical pressure on countries. As they know
look all the more aberrant. Looking at the that the further the oil prices get pushed,
manner things are shaping up, it is just the more the globe would become attracted
cannot be ruled out that possibly these and ready for alternative and non-
nations have a definite interest in the conventional fuel. Moreover, for many of the
increasing prices of oil. The question then countries, it might become more expensive
is what could their underlying interest be? to invest in newer technologies to conform to
In all probability, what we are seeing right the emission norms than to shift to
now is just a precursor to the larger picture, alternative sources, making the market even
with rising prices, the OPEC them may be for more attractive. And it is then that the
the good. With rising prices, they are unable organization which have already invested
to see what is going to hit them. For, this billions of dollars in alternate fuels would
unprecedented rise in oil is creating a most mop up the global energy market
demanding environment for alternative fuels. completely.
157
The second possible reason why some (a) The stance is leading to war among the
nations of the world are not too enthusiastic nations for control over oil fields
to mitigate the price of oil price is perhaps (b) Powerful nations have been selling oil at
one of the major deterrents to growth of the a very inflated rate to underdeveloped
other countries. Perhaps they were hand in nations.
glove in the mechanism to raise the oil price (c) Many nations have shifted to alternate
and knowing well that this would make these forms of energy, boycotting the use of oil
nations feel the pinch. And now, the rising oil due to inflated prices.
prices have put these nations in a fix. As the (d) Even though oil has been a matter of
pressure of inflationary tendencies increases, conflict among the nations earlier, many
these countries cannot afford to sit back and nations have kept a silence on the current
remain entrapped in the larger conspiracy. crisis.
No wonder then that these are frantically (e) None of these
looking around the globe-especially Africa-for 3. Which nations does the author refer to in
newer reserves! As it is said, oil has long the words ―these nations have a definite
history and the legacy continues. interest in the increasing prices of oil‖?
1. What according to the passage, it is step (a) The mighty and powerful nations
that the nations are likely to take with an (b) The nations having unused oil reserves
intolerable rise in oil prices? (c) The nations which have exhausted their
(a) Shift to alternate forms of energy oil reserves
(b) Come to a state of war with other (d) The nations which have shifted to non-
nations conventional fuels
(c) Put tactical pressure on countries having (e) None of these
oil reserves 4. Which of the following Is not true in the
(d) Formulate more stringent emission context of the passage?
norms and apply these across the globe (a) Some nations have kept a silence upon
(e) None of these the rising oil prices in order to inhibit the
2. Why is the author surprised with the growth of the other nations.
stance which various nations have taken (b) It is more cost-effective to shift to
pertaining to the current global oil crisis? alternate forms of energy than to invest in
technology for conforming to the emission (c) To highlight the vested interest of some
norms. nations in maintaining the indifference to
(c) Some nations have unused oil reserves rising oil prices
which would earn these nations heavy profits (d) To urge to save the environment by
once the oil reserves elsewhere deplete. conforming to the emission norms and using
(d) India ha had a nuclear deal for its energy alternate energy
needs. (e) None of these
(e) All are true 7. Why, according to the author, OPEC,
5. What does the author mean by ‗dangling though delighted currently, would be in a
the carrot‘ in the passage? difficult situation later?
(a) Some countries are stringently opposing (a) All the oil reserves on the earth will soon
the conversion to alternate forms of fuel. be exhausted
(b) Some countries have been luring other (b) Powerful nations will try and dominate
countries to change over to alternate fuels in OPEC later on
order to boost their own business. (c) As the oil reserves which are being used
(c) Some countries are making the effort to currently deplete in the time to come,
save environment by using natural gas nations having unused oil reserves would
instead of oil as a fuel arm-twist OPEC
(d) Both (a) and (b) (d) Nations will lose faith in OPEC owing to
(e) None of these very high fuel prices
6. Which of the following is intended in the (e) None of these
given passage? 8. What, according to the author, makes the
(a) To highlight the plight of OPEC with rising market of alternate sources very attractive?
fuel prices (a) Many countries have already made a
(b) To urge to the government to shift form substantial profit in the industry of alternate
oil to natural gas since it is more fuel.
environment friendly (b) Such measures do not cause harm to the
environment
159
(c) Only a few countries of the world will 12. PUSHED

have the access to alternate forms of fuel (a) Dominated (b) Pressed
(d) The use of alternate sources has been (c) Diverted (d) Thrown
forced upon certain countries by the (e) Increased
powerful countries. Directions (Q.13-15):Choose the
(e) None of these word/group of words which is most
9. Which of the following can be the most OPPOSITE in meaning to the word
appropriate title for the given passage? printed in bold as used in the passage.
(a) reasons behind silence on increase in oil 13. PROACTIVE
prices (a) Quick (b) Overpowered
(b) Nuclear power as an alternate source of (c) Dormant (d) Delicate
energy (e) Brittle
(c) The monopoly of oil reserves by powerful 14. GLEE
countries. (a) Disappointment (b) Dishonour
(d) The repercussion of shifting to alternate (c) Appreciation (d) Disillution
forms of energy (e) Defeat
(e) Oil reserves as a deterrent to growth of 15. MITIGATE
the nations. (a) Fright (b) Decline
Directions(Q.10-12):Choose the (c) Degeneration (d) Worsen
word/group of words which is most (e) Deprivation
similar in meaning to the word printed Answer Key:
in bold as used in the passage. Passage 1
10. INSTRUMENTAL 1. (e) 2. (c) 3. (e) 4. (a) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (d)
(a) Non-Vocal (b) reasonable 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (e) 11. (e) 12. (c) 13. (a)
(c) Creditable (d) Responsible 14. (b) 15. (d)
(e) Liable Passage 2
11. ABERRANT 1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (b) 4. (e) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (c)
(a) Curious (b) Abnormal 8. (e) 9. (a) 10. (d) 11. (b) 12. (e) 13. (c)
(c) Spoilt (d) Inferior 14. (a) 15. (d)
(e) Nonfunctional
Passage 1 include implementing agencies taking more

Delays of several months in the National than fifteen days to issue payments orders,
rural Employment Guarantee Scheme viewing of work measurement as a
(NREGS) wage payments and worksites cumbersome process resulting in
where labourers have lost all hope of being procrastination by the engineering staff and
paid at all have become the norm in many non-maintenance of muster rolls and job
states. How are workers who exit on the cards, etc. But behind these delays lies a
margins of subsistence stopped to feed their deeper and deliberate ‗backlash‘ against
families? Under the scheme, workers must the NRGES. with bank payments making it
be paid within 15 days, failing which they are much harder to embezzle NREGS funds, the
entitled to compensation under the Payment programme is seen as a headache by many
of wages Act-up to rs.3, 000 per aggrieved government functionaries-the workload has
worker. In reality, compensation is received remained without the ―inducements‖.
in only a few isolated instances. Slowing down wage payments is a
It is often by officials that the main reason convenient way of sabotaging the scheme
for the delay is the inability of banks and because workers will desert NREGS
post offices to handle mass payments of worksites.
NRGES wages. Though there is a grain of The commonsense solution advocated by the
truth in this, as a diagnosis it is misleading. government is to adopt the business
The ‗jam‘ in the banking system has been correspondent model, Wherein bank agents
the result of the hasty switch to bank will go villages to make cash payments and
payments imposed by the central duly record them on handheld electronic
government against the recommendation of devices. This solution is based on the wrong
the central employment guarantee council, diagnosis that distance separating villages
which advocated a gradual transition starting from banks is the main issue. In order to
with village relatively close to the nearest accelerate payments, clear timelines for
bank. every step of the payments process should
However, delays are not confined solely to be incorporated into the system as
the banking system. Operational hurdles programme officers often have no data on
161
delays and cannot exert due pressure to (a) They cannot obtain employment till their
remedy the situation. Workers are both dues are cleared.
clueless and powerless with no provision for (b) They have benefited from the
them to air their grievances and seek compensation awarded to them
redress. in drought-affected areas, the (c) They have been unable to provide for
system of piece rate work can be dispensed their families.
with, where work measurement is not (d) They have been ostracized by their
completed within a week, and wages may be families, who depend on them for
paid on the basis of attendance. Buffer funds sustenance.
can be provided to gram panchayats and (e) None of these
post office to avoid bottlenecks in the flow of 3. Which of the following can be said about
funds. partial advances could also be the National rural Employment Guarantee
considered, provided wage payments are Scheme?
meticulously tracked. But failure to recognize (a) Skilled engineers are not compensated
problems and unwillingness to remedy them under this scheme.
will remain major threats to the NREGS. (b) The scheme should be implemented only
1. Which of the following factors has not in famine-prone areas.
been responsible for untimely payments of (c) Employers have not compiled with all the
NREGS wages? requirements of the scheme.
(a) Communication delays between agencies (a) Only (a) (b) only (c)
implementing the schemes. (c) Only (b) and (c)
(b)Improver record keeping (d) only (a) and (B)
(c) Behind-the –schedule release of (e) None of these
payments by banks. 4. What has the outcome of disbursing
(d) Drought conditions prevalent in the NREGS wages through banks seen?
country (a) Theft of funds by administration officials
(e) Delays in work measurement responsible for the scheme has reduced
2. What impact have late wage payments (b) Increased workload for local government
had on NREGS workers? officials
(c) Protests by workers who have to travel (d) Disbursing wages through banks instead
long distances to the nearest bank to claim of readily accessible post offices
their wages (e) The central employment guarantee
(d) Time-consuming formalities have to be council is reluctant to award compensation to
completed by workers workers
(e) None of these 7. What solution has the author suggested
5. Which of the following is/are NOT true in to expedite NREGS wage payments?
the context of the passage? (a) Empower the Central Employment
(a) Workers are reluctant to open bank Guarantee Council to monitor the NREGS
accounts as branches are not conveniently (b) Implement payment of wages in cash at
located all worksites
(b) Local officials often delay wage payments (c) Restrict the amount of funds to local
in drought-prone areas to benefit workers. government bodies in order to curb frauds
(c) The government has not implemented (d) Provide attendance records to workers so
every recommendation of the central they have proof to claim their wages.
Employment Guarantee Council (e) None of these
(a) Only (b) (b) Only (a) and (b) 8. What is the author‘s view about the
(c) Only (b) and (c) government‘s solution to the problem of
(d) All (a), (b) and (c) delayed wage payments?
(e) None of these (a) he agrees with it as workers will not have
6. Which of the following can be considered a to bear the expense of travelling long
deficiency in the NREGS? distances to claim their wages
(a) Lack of coordination among Programme (b) He is not in favour of it as funds can be
Officers. misappropriated by agents.
(b) Local officials are unaware of correct (c) He welcomes it as the time-consuming
operational procedures work measurements process will be done
(c) Workers have no means of obtaining away with.
redress for untimely wage payments (d) he feels it does not address the core
issues plaguing the scheme
163
(e) He feels it will ensure a flawless similar in meaning to the word printed
implementation of the scheme. in bold as used in the passage.
9. According to the passage, which of the 11. DESERT
following has/have been the consequence(s) (a) betray (b) escape
of delayed wage payments? (c) barren (d) abandon
(a) Compensation to victimized workers has (e) vacant
amounted to crores 12. ISOLATED
(b) Banks will no longer be entrusted with (a) lonely (b) separated
remitting wages (C) detached (d) hidden
(c) Regulations to ensure punctual wage (e) rare
payments have come into force 13. CONFINED
(a) None (b) Only (a) (a) locked (b) restricted
(c) Only (a) and (c) (c) detained (d) captured
(d) Only (a) and (b) (e) imprisoned
(e) Only (b) and (c) Directions(Q.1-153):Choose the
10. Which of the following has the author word/group of words which is most
attributed the delay in wage payments to? OPPOSITE in meaning to the word
(a) Embezzlement of funds by corrupt bank printed in bold as used in the passage.
staff 14. DELIBERATE
(b) Lack of monitoring by the central (a) unsteady (b) abrupt
Employment Guarantee Council (c) mistake (d) chosen
(c) An attempt to derail the NREGS by (e) accidental
vested interests 15. CONVINIENT
(d) Overworked bank staff deliberately delay (a) troublesome (b) annoying
payments to protest against extra work (c) appropriate (d) easy
(e) Engineers efforts to work the NREGS (e) distant
because of low wages Passage 2
Directions (Q.11-13): Choose the As the price of gasoline spiked to record
word/group of words which is most highs in 2007 and 2008, interest in
alternatives to fossil fuels, and electric
transportation in particular, also spiked. It greener ways of energy production are used.
raised, however, many questions about the But as of now the bulk of the electricity used
true environmental impact of electric cars. to charge the batteries of electric vehicles is
The electric car is being upheld as an ethical, generated by fossil fuel-burning power
green, nifty and cheap alternative to the stations and only 12% by the clean methods.
carbon dioxide emitting automobiles clogging Also, the amount of energy used by coal-
city roads around the world today. Though fired power stations to create the electricity
electric cars are not a popular choice, the to recharge electric vehicles makes them half
industry‘s future plans are riding high on the as efficient as diesel cars. Recent studies
hope that on improving certain factors indicate that carbon emissions may reduce
(which are currently deficient) such as, only by an insignificant level even if there is
effective marketing, a growing public a sudden surge in demand for electric cars.
awareness of the need for clean air and the Other factors making the rechargeable cars
increase in demand, the prices would less efficient include the amount of electricity
eventually by driven down. lost in the journey between the coal-fired
However, battery-powered vehicles may still power stations which generate it and the
fail to completely replace liquid fuel-fed ones point where it recharges the car, and the
but with more electric arid hybrid vehicles on energy lost by the faculty first-generation
the road, there is greater scope for a batteries and motors. The researchers
makeover in the way environment is calculated that of the energy burned in a
impacted by automobiles. However , if the power station, only a quarter reaches an
power to charge the battery-operated vehicle electric car after leakages and losses along
is to be sourced from grids using the supply chain, giving the vehicle an
conventional coal-fired power plants, the energy efficiency score of 24%. This
electric car wouldn‘t really be all that green. amounts to more than 75% energy loss
These would actually cause an increase in much before the car is even put on ignition.
demand on the power plant‘s energy A modern diesel engine, by contrast,
production causing them to produce more achieves 45% efficiency. This suggests that
power and thus more pollution, unless if fossil fuels are to be burned, it is much
165
more efficient to do it within the engine of a more power from renewable resources-as
vehicle rather than at a power station and per the objectives stated in the numerous
then try to send it via the National Grid, plans on climate change. And till this goal is
where a lot of energy is wasted, and finally achieved, the debate whether controlling
to store it in a battery which in itself might emission at a few power plants is more
leak power. convenient than controlling emission at
Electric cars may still survive since the car‘s millions of tailpipes is, would continue.
emissions would be far less polluting than 1. Why does the author fear that electric
those that run on fossil fuels. With very cars may eventually not be very eco-
minor emissions of sulphur caused when the friendly?
batteries charge and discharge, when (a) The exhaust of these cars emit as much
compared to current emissions standards, pollutants as the oil-fuelled cars.
electric cars are zero emissions. The gasoline (b) Electric cars though have lesser quantity
engine by comparison does not fare as well. of other emissions the sulphur emissions will
gasoline and diesel fuel burned in internal rise substantially, thus harming the
combustion engines for transportation environment
account for 54 per cent of nitrites of oxygen, (c) The electricity for charging the batteries
89 per cent of carbon monoxide and 28% of of these cars comes from power plants using
carbon dioxide pollution produced. pollution-causing fossil fuels.
Switching to electric vehicles drops those (d) Only (a) and (c)
percentages to zero, and only slightly (e) None of these
increases sulphur emissions. So even when 2. What according to the author , needs to
the power plants burn dirty fuel, the amount be done in order do make the electric cars
of pollution is less than an oil-burning car more eco-friendly?
would create. And this picture is improving (a) Encouraging power plants to generate
all the time, as clean energy sources are electricity using eco-friendly methods.
added to the grid. (b) Setting certain emission standards for
The goal should be to make more electric electric cars as is done for the oil-consuming
cars with greater incentives for consumers cars.
and producers, as well as feeding grids with
(c) Controlling sulphur emissions, which are 5. Why according to the author, may the
one of the major contributions to electric cars survive despite all their current
environmental pollution at present. deficiencies?
(d) Making provisions for easy availability of (A) Electric cars will be subsided and thus
recharging sockets at all the places. would prove to be cost-efficient to the
(e) None of these buyers.
3. Which of the following suggestions does (B) An increasing number of grids are
the author make in order to popularize the shifting to alternate forms of energy
electric cars? production
(a) Discontinue the use of fuel-s-powered (C) In the future, incentives would be
cars completely. provided to those driving electric cars.
(b) Optimise the benefits of using electric (D) Pollution caused by the electric cars is
cars to both consumers as well as producers. far less as compared to the fossil fuel-driven
(c) To supply grids with renewable sources cars.
of energy for the production of electricity (a) Only (A) (b) Only (c) and (D)
(e) None of these (c) Only (B) and (D)
4. Why according to the author are electric (d) Only (A) and (B)
cars not a popular option among the people? (e) None of these
(A) The recharging points are not easily 6. Which of the following can be the most
available everywhere appropriate title for the given passage?
(B) Effective marketing of the eco-friendly (a) The failure of the power grids
cars has been lacking (b) The rise and fall of cars using fossil fuels.
(C) Lack of appreciation among the people (c) The adverse effects of pollution caused
for the need of unpolluted air by the power grids.
(a) Only (a) and (c) (d) The growing popularity of the electric
(b) Only (b) and (c) cars.
(c) Only (a) and (b) (e) Why eco-friendliness of electric casr is a
(d) All A, B and C fiction at present.
(e) None of these
167
7. Which of the following can be inferred the (A) A lot of energy is lost during the transit
from the given passage? of electricity from the grid to the recharge
(a) Electric cars may completely replace the point.
fossil fuel-powered cars one day. (B) The manufacturing cost of the electric
(b) Electric cars have brought about a drastic cars is much higher than that of the other
improvement in the pollution levels at cars.
present (C) The batteries and the motors of the
(c) Electric cars have universally been electric cars are still relatively new and
accepted as environment-friendly cars. waste a lot of power.
(d) All (a), (b) and (c) are true (a) Only (A) and (C)
(e) None of these (b) Only (B) and (C)
8. Which of the following is NOT TRUE in the (c) Only (B)
context of the given passage? (d) Only (A) and (B)
(a) Nearly three-fourths of the total energy (e) None of these
generated for powering electric cars is Directions(Q.10-12):Choose the
wasted. word/group of words which is most
(b) The interest in electric cars increased similar in meaning to the word printed
during last year when most of the power in bold as used in the passage.
grids shifted to clean sources of fuel. 10. PICTURE
(c) Electric car engines do not produce any (a) Situation (b) Photograph
carbon emission (c) Representation (d) Art Work
(d) There would not be any noticeable (e) Idea
improvement in the pollution level if the oil- 11. FEEDING
burning cars are shifted to electric cars at (a) Eating (b) Supplying
present (c) Consuming (d) Encouraging
(e) None of these (e) Nourishing
9. Why, according to the author, is the 12. SURGE
efficiency of the electric cars low even before (a) Alteration (b) Modification
they actually hit the roads? (c) Intensification (d) Increase
(e) Evolution
Directions (Q.13-15): Choose the cement factories. While hundreds of millions

word/group of words which is most of farmers remain mired in poverty.
OPPOSITE in meaning to the word However, fears of food shortage, a
printed in bold as used in the passage. rethinking of anti-poverty priorities and the
13. SLIGHTLY crushing recession in 2008 are causing a
(a) Adequately (b) Miserly dramatic shift in world economic policy in
(c) Certainly (d) Remotely favour of greater support for agriculture.
(e) Substantially The last time when the world‘s framers felt
14. SWITCHING such love was in the 1970s. At the time, as
(a) Prolonging (b) Withdrawing food prices spiked, there was real concern
(c) Continuing (d) Exchanging that the world was facing a crisis in which
(e) Alternating the planet was simply unable to produce
15. INCENTIVES enough grain and meet for an expanding
(a)Deterrents (b) Preventions population. Governments across the
(c) Disadvantages (d) Prohibitions developing world and international aid
(e) Liability organizations plowed investment into
Answer key: agriculture in the early 1970s, while
Passage 1 technological breakthroughs, like high-yield
1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (e) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (c) 7. (d) strains of important food crops, boosted
8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (c) 11. (d) 12. (e) 13. (b) production. The result was the green
14. (e) 15. (a) Revolution and food production exploded.
Passage 2 But the Green Revolution become a victim of
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (e) 4. (b) 5. (e) 6. (e) 7. (e) its own success, Food prices plunged by
8. (b) 9. (e) 10. (a) 11. (b) 12. (d) 13. (e) some 60% by the late 1980s from their peak
14. (c) 15. (a) in the mid-1970s. Policy makers and aid
workers turned their attention to the poor‘s
Passage 1 other pressing needs, such as health care
Governments have traditionally equated and education. Farming got starved of
economic progress with steel mills and resources and investment. By 2004, aid
169
directed at agriculture sank to 3.5% and Africa, which missed out on the first Green
―Agriculture lost its glitter‖. Also, as Revolution due to poor policy and limited
consumers in high-growth giants such as resources, also witnessed a ―change‘
China and India became wealthier, they poverty-fighting method favoured by many
began eating more meat, so grain once used policy-makers in Africa was to get farmers
for human consumption got diverted to beef off their farms into modern jobs in factories
up livestock. By early 2008, panicked buying and urban centers. But that strategy proved
by importing countries and restrictions to be highly insufficient. Income levels in the
slapped on grain exports by some big countryside badly trailed those in cities while
producers helped drive prices upto heights the FAO estimated that the number of poor
not seen for three decades. Making matters going hungry in 2009 reached an all-time
worse, land and resources got reallocated to high at more than one billion.
produce cash crops such as biofuels and the In India, on other hand, with only 40% of its
result was that voluminous reserves of grain farmland irrigated, entire economic boom
evaporated. Protests broke out across the currently underway is held hostage by the
emerging world and fierce food riots toppled unpredictable monsoon. With much of India‘s
governments. farming areas suffering from drought this
This spurred global leaders into action. This year, the government will have tough time
made them aware that food security is one meeting its economic growth targets. in a
of the fundamental issues in the world that report, Goldman sachs predicted that if this
has to be dealt with in order to maintain year too receives weak rains, it could cause
administrative and political stability. This agriculture to contract by 2% this fiscal year,
also spurred the US, which traditionally making the government‘s 7% GDP growth
provisioned food aid from American grain target look ―a bit rich‖. Another green
surpluses to help needy nations, to move revolution is the need of the hour and to
towards investing in farm sectors around the make it a reality, the global community still
globe to boost productivity. This move has much backbreaking farm work to do.
helped countries become more productive for 1. What is the author‘s main objective in
themselves and be in a better position to writing the passage?
feed their own people.
(a) Criticising developed countries for not (b) Allocation of funds to agriculture has
bolstering economic growth in poor nations raised India‘s chances of having a high GDP
(b) Analysing the disadvantages of the Green (c) Agricultural growth has artificially inflated
Revolution India‘s GDP and such growth is not real
(c) Persuading experts that a strong (d) India is likely to have one of the highest
economy depends on industrialization and GDP growth rates.
not on agriculture (e) A large portion of India‘s GDP is
(d) Making a case for the international contributed by agriculture
society to engineer a second Green 4. Which of the following factors was/were
Revolution responsible for the neglect of the farming
(e) Rationalising the faculty agriculture sector after the Green Revolution?
policies of emerging countries (A) Steel and cement sectors generated
2. Which of the following in an adverse more revenue for the government as
impact of the Green Revolution? compared agriculture
(a) Unchecked crop yields resulted in large (B) large-scale protests against favouring
tracts of land becoming barren agriculture at the cost of other important
(b) Withdrawal of fiscal impetus from sectors such as education and health care
agriculture to other sectors. (C) Attention of policy-makers and aid
(c) Farmers began soliciting government organizations was diverted from the
subsidies for their produce agriculture to other sectors
(d) Farmers rioted as food prices fell so low (a) None (b) Only (C)
that they could not make ends meet (c) Only (B) and (C)
(e) None of these (d) Only (A) and (B)
3. What is the author trying to convey (e) All the (A),( B) and( C)
through the phrase ―making the 5. What promoted leaders throughout the
government‘s 7% GDP growth target look ‗a world to take action to boost the agriculture
bit rich‘? sector in 2008?
(a) India is unlikely to achieve the targeted (a) Coercive tactics by the US which
growth rate. restricted food aid to poor nations
171
(b) The realization of the link between food (b) lack of implementation of several
security and political stability innovative agriculture programmes owing to
(c) Awareness that performance in shortage of funds
agriculture is necessary in order to achieve (c) It promoted increased investment and
the targeted GDP interest in agriculture
(d) Reports that high-growth countries like (d) The GDP as targeted by India was never
China and India were boosting their achieved because of losses in agriculture
agriculture sectors to capture the (e) None of these
international markets 8. What encouraged African policy-makers to
(e) Their desire to influence developing focus on urban jobs?
nations to slow down their industrial (a) Misapprehension that it would alleviate
development poverty as it did in other countries
6. What motivated the US to focus on (b) Rural development outstripped urban
investing in agriculture across the globe? development in many parts of Africa
(a) To make developing countries become (c) Breaking out of protests in country and
more reliant on US aid the fear that the government would topple
(b) To ensure grain surpluses so that the US (d) Blind imitation of western models of
had to need to import food development
(c) To make those countries more self- (e) None of these
sufficient to whom it previously provided 9. Which of the following had contributed to
food exorbitant food prices in 2008?
(d) To establish itself in the market before (A) Hoarding of foods stocks by local
the high-growth giants such as India and wholesalers, which inadvertently created a
China could establish themselves food shortage
(e) None of these (B) Exports of foodgrains was reduce by
7. What impact did the economic recession large producers
of 2008 have on agriculture? (C) Diverting resources from cultivation of
(a) Governments equated economic stability foodgrains to that of more profitable crops.
with industrial development and shifted away (a) None (b) ONLY (C)
from agriculture (c) Only (B) (d) All (A), (B) and (C)
(e) Only (B) and (c) (a) cultivated (b) Bulldozed

10. Which of the following is true about the (c) Recovered (d) Instilled
state of agriculture in India at present? (e) Withdrew
(A) Of all the sectors, agriculture needs the Directions (Q.14-15):Choose the
highest allocation of funds word/group of words which is most
(B) Contribution of agriculture to India‘s GDP OPPOSITE in meaning to the word
this year would depend greatly upon the printed in bold as used in the passage.
monsoon rains 14. PRESSING
(c) As India is one of the high-growth (a) Unpopular (b) Undemanding
countries it has surplus food reserves export (c) Unobtrusive (d) unsuitable
to other nations (e) Unimportant
(a) Only (A) and (c) 15. EVAPORATED
(b) Only (c) (a) Absorbed (b) Accelerated
(c) Only (B) (c) Grew (d) Plunged
(d) Only (B) and (c) (e) Mismanaged
(e) None of these Passage 2
Directions(Q.11-13):Choose the Today, with a Nobel Prize to its credit,
word/group of words which is most Grameen is one of the largest microfinance
similar in meaning to the word printed organizations in the world. It started out
in bold as used in the passage. lending small sums to poor entrepreneurs in
11. STARVED Bangladesh to help them grow from a
(a) Deprived (b) Disadvantages subsistence living to a livelihood. The great
(c) Hungry (d) Fasting discovery its founders made was that even
(e) Emaciated with few assets, these entrepreneurs repaid
12. SLAPPED on time. Grameen and microfinance have
(a) Beaten (b) Imposed since ecome financial staples of the
(c) Withdrawn (d) Avoided developing world. Grameen‘s approach,
(e) Persuaded unlike other microfinancers, uses the group-
13. PLOWED lending model. Costs are kept down by
173
having borrowers vet one another, tying all, profit has long eluded US microfinanciers
together their financial fates and eliminating and if it is not lucrative, it is not
expensive loan officers entirely. The ultimate microlrending, but charity. when Grameen
promise of Grameen I sto use business first went to the US, in the late 1980s, it
lending as a way for people to lift themselves tripped up. Under Grameen‘s tutelage, banks
out of poverty. started micro loans to entrepreneurs with a
Recently, Grameen has taken on a different shocking 30% loss. But Grameen America
challenge-by setting up operations in the US says that this time results will be making
.money may be tight in the waning loans, not training an American bank to do
recession, but it is still a nation 1,00,000 it. More often than not, the borrowers,
bank branches. Globally, the working Grameen finds, in the US already have
microfinance equation consists of borrowing jobs(as factory workers for example) or side
funds cheaply and keeping loan defaults and business-selling toys, cleaning houses etc.
overhead expenses sufficiently low. Micro the loans from Grameen, by and large,
lenders, including Grameen, do this by provid ea steadier source of funding, but
charging colossal interest rates-as high as they don‘t create businesses out of nothing.
60% or 70%-which is necessary to But money isn‘t everything. More
compensate for the risk and attract bank importantly for many entrepreneurs, group
funding. but loans rates much above the members are tremendous sources of support
standard 15% would most likely be attacked to one another. So even if studies are yet to
as usurious in America. determine if Grameen is a clear-cut pathway
So, the question is whether there is a role out of poverty it still achieves something
for a Third World lender in the world‘s useful.
largest economy. Grameen America believes 1. What has adversely affected the success
that in a few years it will be successful and of microfinance institutions in the US?
turn a profit, thanks to 9 million US (a) The focus of these institutions is on
households untouched by mainstream banks making a profit at any cost instead of being
and 21 million using the likes of payday charitable to the needy
loans and pawn shops for financing. But
enticing the unbanked won‘t be easy. after
(b) American banks engaged in microlending (b) Microfinance makes individual borrowers
were the most severly hit during the dependent rather than independent
recession (c) America has the largest number of banks
(c) A widespread perception are better in the world
suited to developing countries (d) There is scope for microfinance
(d) Their failure to attract those outside the institutions to be profitable in developed
formal banking system as cutomers countries
(e) American‘s are too proud to accept aid (e) There are no informal sources of credit in
from Third World Countries developed countries
2. Why was Grameen made a second 4. According to the author, what was
attempt to launch itself in the US? enhanced the likelihood of success for
(a) The willingness of US banks to provide Grameen America at present?
the necessary staff and funds to facilitate the (a) Its success in Bangladesh and other
spread of microfinance developing countries
(b) The rates of interest on loans in the US (b) Absence of other microfinance
are exorbitant, making it easier to recover institutions for competition
capital. (c) The fact that America is currently in the
(c) The realization that a large percentage of midst of a recession
the American population not reached by (d) It provides loans at nominal rates of
mainstream banks can be tapped interest ie below 15 per cent
(d) Recognition of the fact that disbursing (e) None of these
credit in developing countries during the 5. Which of the following can be said about
recession is too risky Grameen?
(e) None of these (A) Its success in developing countries will
3. Which of the following can be inferred ensure its success in developed countries
from the passage? (B) It ensures that the poor in developing
(a) Microfinance has been successful only in countries enjoy a subsistence standard of
Asian countries living
175
(C) It has demonstrated that the poor are far (a) If a single member is unable to repay a
more likely to repay loans than the affluent loan, other group members will repay
(a) None (b) Only (A) (b) Dispensing with the expense of
(c) Only (A) and (C) (d) Only (B) technology networks to monitor advances
(e) Only (C) (c) It utilizes the vast bank network already
6. What is the central theme of the passage? existing in a country
(a) The conventional that Grameen is (d) Group members can sanction loans and
doomed to fail in developed countries verify if borrowers have sufficient collateral
(b) A comprehensive evaluation of the (e) Backing that borrowers receive from
current status of the American economy other group members
(c) A discussion about the prospects of 9. Which of the following is most similar in
Grameen an dmicrofinance in the US. meaning to the word ―ELUDED‖ as used in
(d) The role of banks in facilitating the passage?
microlending efforts in developed nations (a)Avoided (b) Duped
(e) Microfinance efforts are useful in (c) Abandoned (d) intangible
developing countries but are futile in (e) Betrayed
developed ones. 10. Which of the following is most opposite
7. Why was Grameen America‘s initial US in meaning to the word ―COLOSSAL‖ as
initiative of flop? used in the passage?
(A) Lack of proper training to Grameen (a) short (b) Lavish
America personnel (c) Minority (d) Frugal
(B) Grameen‘s refusal to adapt their system (e) Insignificant
to meet the needs of the American poor. Answer key:
(C) It ended up giving loans at half their Passage 1
customary rates of interest 1. (d) 2. (b) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (c) 7. (c)
(a) None (b) only (A) 8. (a) 9. (e) 10. (c) 11. (a) 12. (b) 13. (d)
(c) Only (A) and (C) (d) Only (B) 14. (e) 15. (c)
(e) Only (C) Passage 2
8. Which of the following is a benefit of the 1. (d) 2. (c) 3. (c) 4. (e) 5. (a) 6. (c) 7. (b)
Grameen system of microfinance? 8. (e) 9. (a) 10. (d)
recognising that it forms an ideal ―hands-on‖

Passage 1 method of orienting, educating and winning
Direction (1-12): Study the following the hearts and minds of the general public
passage and answer the question given over to conservation values and concepts.
below it. Certain words are italicized to This can only be achieved by communication
help you locate them easily for with tourists before and during their visits to
answering some of the question: wildlife refuge. The ―interpretation‖ as it is
This past decade has witnessed a surge in generally referred to, is properly done by
wildlife tourism that has doubled and tripled having an interpretation centre, consisting of
the tourist load in several of the more photographic, written and audio-visual
accessible national parks and reserves. But exhibits supplemented by free or priced
serious infrastructural shortcomings have literature and a person on hand to answer
brought us precariously close to a the queries of visitors. Tourists should
breakdown of the ecosystem‘s capacity to perforce be routed through this facility by
absorb this load. The result is an the simple expedient they have some time to
unsatisfactory tourist experience (and an see it while their entry permits are being
opportunity to impart conservation values prepared. The general message should be
lost), overworked, pressurized and confused the history of the wildlife refuge as a
wildlife staff, and occasional man-animal conservation microcosm, interesting facts of
confrontation crises such as man-killing by some of the species it supports, and an
tigers. explanation of the mechanics of an
Not to speak of ecosystem that are being ecosystem and its relevance to man, plus
battered by humans. A road area, which codes of conduct specific to the area and to
accommodated four vehicles a day, ten wildlife and jungles in general.
years ago, is now being used by 12 a day. This should be backed up by a cadre of
The road area the wildlife population of that trained naturalist guides, preferably from the
area has in many case gone up. A collision of local population, who should accompany the
interests is inevitable. An important function tourists in the refuge. In some of our wildlife
of wildlife refuges is to encourage tourism refuge very poor facilities for this sort of
177
thing exist. In most, none exist at all. The (a) to involve the general public in
result is tourist traffic, which is generally maintaining the ecosystem
quite ignorant of wildlife, ecology and (b) to educate the general public about
conservation values, who leave the refuge no wildlife and ecosystem
wiser than when they came in. leaving (c) to reduce the wildlife population
behind for good measure the detritus of their (d) to make them understand the codes of
presence: plastic bags, cigarette packets, conduct of the jungles
bottle, paper, a lot of which is non- 3. ―A collision of interests is inevitable‖-
biodegradable and toxic. Added to this is the which of the following best explain this
fact that wildlife guards and rangers are according to the passage?
often diverted from their normal work- (a) Unwillingness to build more road area
monitoring and managing wildlife and the vis-à-vis the load of vehicular traffic
ecosystem –and made to guide tourists and (b) Development of tourism vis-à-vis the
generally be at the back and call of people, conservation of the ecosystem
irrelevant to the priorities of the wildlife (c) Better tourist facility vis-à-vis lack of
refuge. founds
1. Which of the following is not true in the (d) Orienting people to ecosystem vis-à-vis
context of the passage? destruction of the ecosystem.
(a) The forest staff are diverted from their 4. What, according to the author, should be
normal work the step to improve the situation?
(b) The priorities of the wildlife are sometime (a) Tourists should be briefed about the
ignored by the forest staff. nature of wildlife and jungle
(c) The tourists are generally equipped with (b) Tourists should be briefed about the
the necessary knowledge of wildlife inter-relation between man and animals
(d) The tourists leave behind lots of toxic (c) Tourists should be briefed about the
disposals information before they enter the jungle
2. According to the passage the main (d) All of these.
purpose of bringing tourists in the forest 5. What according to the author, will win the
areas is hearts and minds of the general public?
(a) Providing them better facilities.
(b) Providing them with trained guides (b) Killing of animals by other animals
(c) Providing them with good food articles (c) Confusion of wildlife staff
(d) Providing them with better (d) Destruction of mutual bond
communication about the wildlife refuge 10. What, according to the author, is the
6. What, according to the passage, should main reason for the near collapse of the
the forest staff be engaged in? capacity of the ecosystem of wildlife
(a) They should look after the well-being of refugees?
wildlife (a) Increase in tourist inflow
(b) They should take care of the habitat of (b) Felling of trees indiscriminately
wildlife (c) Absence of adequate wildlife habitat
(c) They should provide tourists with (d) Absence of adequate infrastructural
necessary information about wildlife. 11. Which of the following words is most
(d) They should take help of the local people nearly the same in meaning as the word
to take care of the tourists. ―detritus‖ as used in the passage?
7. The main concern expresses by the author (a) useful (b) disposals
in the above passage is to (c) valuable (d) gravel
(a) improve facilities for tourists 12. Which of the following words is most
(b) build more road areas nearly same in meaning as the words
(c) restrict wildlife population ―hands-on‖ as used in the passage?
(d) balance the ecosystem by careful (a) Practical (b) handy
planning. (c) sufficient (d) easy
8. Which of the following words is most Passage 2
nearly the same in meaning as the words Direction: In this section, each passage
―on hand‖ as used in the passage? is followed by question based on its
(a) practical (b) available contents. Read the passage, choose the
(c) useful (d) knowledgeable best answer for each question based on
9. Man-animal confrontation, according to the contents of the passage and mark
the passage leads to the answer in he answering sheet.
(a) Killing of tigers by man
179
The work which Gandhiji had taken up was In the ultimate analysis it is difficult, if not
not only achievement of political freedom but impossible, to say that the instinct to
also the establishment of a social order possess has been rooted out or that, it will
based on truth and non-violence, unity and not reappear in an even worse form under s
peace, equality and universal brotherhood different guise. It may even be that, like a
and maximum freedom for all. This gas kept confined within containers under
unfinished part of his experiment was great pressure, or water held by a big dam,
perhaps even more difficult to achieve than once a barrier brakes, the reaction will one
the achievement of political freedom. In the day sweep back with a violence equal in
political struggle, the fight was against a extent and intensity to what was used to
foreign power and all one could do, was establish and maintain the outward
either join it or wish it success and give it egalitarian form. This enforced egalitarianism
their moral support. In establishing the contains in its bosom the seed of its own
social order of his pattern, there was a lively destruction.
possibility of a conflict arising between The root cause of class conflict is
groups and classes of our own people. possessiveness or the acquisitive instinct. So
Experience shows that man values his Long as the ideal that is to be achieved is
possessions even more than his life because one of securing the maximum material
in the former, he sees the means for satisfaction, possessiveness is neither
perpetuation and survival of his decendants suppresses nor eliminated but grows on
even after his body is reduced to ashes. A what it feeds. Nor does it cease to be such-
new order cannot be established without it is possessiveness, still whether it is
radically changing the mind and attitude of confined to only a few or is shared by many.
men towards property and, at some stage or If egalitarianism is to endure, it has to be
the other, the ―haves‖ have to yield place to based not on the possession of the
the ―have-nots‖. We have seen, in our time, maximum material goods by few or by all
attempts to achieve a kind of egalitarian but on voluntary, enlightened renunciation of
society and the picture of it after it was those goods which cannot be shared by
achieved. But this was done, by and large, others or can be enjoyed only at the expense
through the use of physical force. of others. This calls for substitution of
spiritual values for purely material ones. The (c) Only his possessions help him earn love
paradise of material satisfaction, that is and respect from his descendants.
sometimes equated with progress these days (d) Through his possessions he can preserve
neither spells peace nor progress. Mahatma his name even after his death.
Gandhi has shown us how the acquisitive (e) None of these.
instinct inherent in man could be transmuted 3. According to the passage, which was the
by the adoption of the ideals of trusteeship unfinished part of Gandhi‘s experiment?
by those who ― have‖ for the benefit of all (a) Educating people to avoid class conflict
those who ―have not‖ so, that instead of (b) Achieving total political freedom for the
leading to exploitation and conflict, it would country.
become a means and incentive for the (c) Establishment of an egalitarian society.
amelioration and progress of society (d) Radically changing the mind and attitude
respectively. of men towards truth and non-violence.
1. According to the passage, egalitarianism (e) None of these.
will not survive if 4. Which of the following statements is ―not
(a) It is based on voluntary renunciation. true‖ in the context of the passage?
(b) It is achieved by resorting to physical (a) True egalitarianism can be achieved by
forces. giving up one‘s possessions under
(c) Underprivileged people m earn love and compulsion.
are not involved in its establishment. (b) Man values his life more than his
(d) People‘s outlook towards it is not possessions.
radically changed (c) Possessive instinct is a natural part of
(e) None of these. human being.
2. According to the passage, why does man (d) In the political struggle, the fight was
value his possessions more than his life? against the alien rule.
(a) He has inherent desire to share his (e) The root cause of class conflict is
possessions with others. possessiveness.
(b) He is endowed with the possessive 5. According to the passage, true
instinct. egalitarianism will last if.
181
(a) It is thrust upon people. (a) A new order can be establishment by

(b) It is based on truth and non-violence. radically changing the outlook of people
(c) People inculcate spiritual values along towards it.
with material values. (b) Adoption of the ideal of trusteeship can
(d) ―Haves‖ and ―have-nots‖ live together minimize possessive instinct.
peacefully. (c) Enforced egalitarianism can be the cause
(e) None of these. of its own destruction.
6. According to the passage, people (d) Ideal of new order is to secure maximum
ultimately overturn the form of a social material satisfaction.
order. (e) None of these.
(a) Which is based on coercion and 9. According to the passage, which of the
oppression following statements is ―true‖?
(b) Which does not satisfy their basic needs. (a) A social order based on truth and non-
(c) Which is based upon conciliation and violence alone can help the achievement of
rapproachment. political freedom.
(d) Which is not congenial to the spiritual (b) In establishing the social order of
values of the people. Gandhiji‘s pattern, the possibility of a conflict
(e) None of these. between different classes of society hardly
7. According to the passage, the root cause exists.
of class conflict is. (c) It is difficult to change the mind and
(a) The paradise of material satisfaction attitude of men towards property
(b) Dominant inherent acquisitive instinct in (d) In an egalitarian society, material
man satisfaction can be enjoyed only at the
(c) Exploitation of the ―have-nots‖ by the expense of others
―haves‖ (e) None of these
(d) A social order where unprivileged are not 10. According to the passage, what does
part of the establishment ―adoption of the ideals of trusteeship‖ mean?
(e) None of these. (a) Equating peace and progress with
8. Which of the following statements is ―not material satisfaction
true‖ in the context of the passage?
(b) Adoption of the ideal by the ―haves‖ for

the benefit of the society
(c) Voluntary, enlightened renunciation of
the possessive instinct by the privileged
class.
(d) Substitution of spiritual values by
material one by those who live in the
paradise of material satisfaction.
Branches
(e) None of these. Chennai, Madurai, Trichy,
Answer key: Salem, Coimbatore,
Passage 1 Chandigarh& Bangalore
1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (d)
8. (b) 9. (d) 10. (d) 11. (b) 12. (a) Official Website:
Passage 2 www.raceinstitute.in
1. (d) 2. (e) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (b)
Official Blog:
8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (c)
www.bankersdaily.in
183

Comprehension 52 Sets Download PDF

Încărcat de

Informații document

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Comprehension 52 Sets Download PDF

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Is Now In CHENNAI | MADURAI | TRICHY | SALEM | COIMBATORE | CHANDIGARH |

H.O: 7601808080 / 9043303030 | www.raceinstitute.in

PASSAGE 1 has no reason to feel sinful, and then

(e) He should consult an expert to diagnose (c) explaining (d) providing

(e) Managerial training (c) Bureaucratic and inward-looking

(b) Making plan after plan creating a new world economic or

(b) surround completely the patient which could be misused. Till

(c) encourage the public to send in their (a) questioned severely

(c) Only A (d) A and B only (e) inevitable

3. What is the result of Japanese (d) unconvinced about its effectiveness.

9. Which of the following statements is TRUE (e) empowering

(c) demolishing (d) fostering regulatory orders of conduct are often

(b) enforcement of law by distant 11. Which of the following statements is

(a) reported (b) settled 20. RAMPANT

4. We are unhappy partly because ______ 8. Which of the following is SIMILAR in

(C) Increase in demand for final agricultural (A) Agriculture sector

(a) hindrance in the way to economic growth (e) None of these

(b) US citizens found it unaffordable and (c) Condoned (d) Overlooked

Answer key: early Friday amid India‘s continuing

(a) a healthy sign of growing world peace (e) sailing

8. Which of the following can be inferred 11. INHERENT

PASSAGE 2 education of a generation of students in half-

of national government in 2004 led to the 2. To facilitate social transformation, which

(c) 21st century (d) The loopholes in the educational system

(e) None of these (B) Sufficient funds

(B) Increase in foreign exchange (a) Emphasis (b) Rational

The Indian pharma industry is flourishing company wishing to market a drug is

10. The Indian pharma industry 14. FLOURISHING

Answer key: development in a low income setting. They

(e) None of these from playing the kind of active role in

PASSAGE 2 carrying small marks value encourage

conceal an enormous waste of infrastructure (c) Only C (d) All A, B and C

10. Why is the international Baccalaureate (c) Dejected (d) Repaired

1991. Entrepreneurs needed permission to competitive global market. Reliance built a

(c) Wipe out any infrastructure deficit by (e) progress

(b) a spontaneous reaction of excitement 9. Which of the following is FALSE in the

Directions (14-15): Choose the word especially in agriculture and infrastructure,

and force them to privatise basic as an enemy of private sector development.

shared prosperity that prompted its creation (e) None of these

(e) None of these Bank which needs to be modified to

development. (e) unsteady

massive climatic instability, the change in

(c) coerce middle-income countries into (c) Bring pressure on middle-income

(e) officious 1. (b) 2. (e) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (e) 6. (a) 7. (b)

(A) Increase in benchmark interest rate by a (e) None of these

(c) soothes (d) stormy Documents describing the Chinese

meaning as the word given in bold as Answer key:

(A) Importing up-to-date technology and (d)To develop indigenous technology to

(b) The Russia economy is being (a) Russia is a Communist country

Directions(11-13): Choose the word Passage 1

6. Why is there a lack of medical care at (C) It disburses funds to disaster

(e) escalated further As President-elect Barack Obama prepares to

(c) Only a few countries of the world will 12. PUSHED

Passage 1 include implementing agencies taking more

Directions (Q.13-15): Choose the cement factories. While hundreds of millions

(e) Only (B) and (c) (a) cultivated (b) Bulldozed

recognising that it forms an ideal ―hands-on‖

(a) It is thrust upon people. (a) A new order can be establishment by

(b) Adoption of the ideal by the ―haves‖ for

S-ar putea să vă placă și