I.

Title of Experiment : Hydrogen and Oxygen

II. Date of Experiment : Tuesday, 17th of September at 09.30-12.00
III. Purposes of Experiment
A. Hydrogen
1. To know how to make hydrogen gas
2. To know the characteristics of hydrogen and its compound
3. To identify hydrogen gas and its compund
B. Oxygen
1. To know how to make oxygen gas in the laboratory
2. To recognize the presence of the oxygen gas in the compound
IV. Basic Theory
A. Hydrogen
Hydrogen is a chemical element that is located in two groups of element at once,
which display opposite properties. It is a simple substance that is component of
many compound (Coursey, et al., 2015).
Most hydrogen is produced by heating natural gas with steam to form
syngas (a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide). The syngas is separated to
give hydrogen. Hydrogen can also be produced by the electrolysis of water
(Emsley, 2011).
Producing Laboratory Scale Hydrogen
Elemental hydrogen must be prepared from compounds by breaking
chemical bonds. Some of them could be conducted in laboratory scale. The most
common methods of preparing hydrogen as follows.
1. From steam and carbon or hydrocarbons
Water is the cheapest and most abundant source of hydrogen. Passing steam
over coke (an impure form of elemental carbon) at 1000oC produces a mixture
of carbon monoxide and hydrogen known as water gas.
C (s) + H2O (g) → CO (g) + H2(g)
2. Reaction of metals with acids
This is the most convenient laboratory method of producing hydrogen. Metals
with lower reduction potential reduce the hydrogen ion in dilute acids to
produce hydrogen gas and metal salts.
Fe (s) + 2H3O+ (aq) + 2Cl− (aq) → Fe2+ (aq) + 2Cl− (aq) + H2 (g) + 2H2O (l)
3. Reaction of ionic metal hydrides with water
It is possible to produce hydrogen from the reaction of hydrides of the
activemetlas, which contain the very strongly basic H − anion, with water.
CaH2 (s) + 2H2O (l) → Ca2+ (aq) + 2OH − (aq) +2H2 (g)
4. From water by reduction with metals
a. Preparation of dihydrogen by the action of cold water on active metals
Very active metals i.e alkali and certain alkaline earth metals like Na, K,
Ca react with water at room temperatureevolving dihydrogen
2 Na (s) + 2H2O (aq) → 2NaOH (aq) + H2 (g)
1
 2 K (s) + 2H2O (aq) → 2KOH (aq) + H2 (g)
2 Ca (s) + 2H2O (aq) → 2Ca(OH)2 (aq) + H2 (g)
b. Preparation of dihydrogen by the action of boiling water on active metals
Less active metals like Zn, Mg, Al decomposed boiling water liberating
dihydrogen.
Zn (s) + H2O (aq) → ZnO (aq) + H2 (g)
Mg (s) + H2O (aq) → MgO (aq) + H2 (g)
2Al (s) + H2O (aq) → Al2O3 (aq) + H2 (g)
Hydrogen is flammable at concentrations between 4% and 75% in the air.
Hydrogens burn with a pale blue flame that is almost invisible during daylight
hours, so fires are almost impossible to see with the naked eye
B. Oxygen
Oxygen in its common form (O2)is a colourless, odourless, and tastelss diatomic
gas. Oxygen is extremely reactive and forms oxides withe nearly all other elements
(Malcolm, 1965).
Here is some general methods for the preparation of oxygen gas.
1. From metallic oxides
Oxides of metals give oxygen when heated
2HgO → 2 Hg + O2↑
2. From metal peroxide
When sodium peroxides is terated with water, oxygen is liberated
2Na2O2 + 2H2O → 4NaOH + O2↑
3. By heating method
When potassium chlorate is heated in the presence of manganee dioxide in the
ratio of 3 : 1, it decompose into potassium chloride and oxygen
2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2↑
4. Without heating method
Oxygen gas could be prepared by hydrogen peroxide and manganese dioxide .
in this reaction, manganese dioxide is used as catalyst
2H2O2 → 2H2O + O2↑
To test whether the produced gas is oxygen or not, introduce a glowing match
stick in the jar cntaining gas. (Malcolm, 1965)

Oxygen can be made on a large scale in the industry and can also be on a small
scale in the laboratory. On a large scale in the industry, the manufacture of
oxygen is obtained from the distillation of liquid-level air. The process is first
filtered air to remove dust and then put into the compressor. In this
compression the air temperature will rise, then cooled in a cooler. Cold air
expands through the gap, and the result is air that is cooler, enough to cause it
to melt. Liquid air is filtered to separate CO2 (s) and water that has frozen.
Then the liquid air enters the top of the column where nitrogen, the most

2
 volatile component, comes out as a gas. In the middle of the column, argon gas
comes out and then liquid oxygen. The other components that are the most
difficult to evaporate will collect at the bottom. The normal boiling points of
nitrogen, argon and oxygen are -195.8, -185.7 and -183.0 ° C respectively
In oxygen gas production on a small scale in the laboratory can be conducted
by:
a. Heat the potassium chlorate KClO3 powder with a manganese oxide (kawi
stone) catalyst, MnO2 as a catalyst for the reaction:
2KClO3 (s) + MnO2 (s) → 2KCl (s) + O2 (g)
b. Describes hydrogen peroxide H2O2 with MnO2 as a catalyst
H2O2 (l) + MnO2 → H2O (l) + O2 (g)
c. Electrolysis of water treated with sulfuric acid H2SO4
2H2O (l) → 2H2 (g) + O2 (g)
d. Heats barium peroxide BaO2
BaO2 (s) → 2BaO (s) + O2 (g)
V. Tools and Materials
A. Hydrogen
1. Tools
a. Testtubes 5 pieces
b. Graduated Cylinder 1 piece
c. Pipettes
d. Spirtus 1 piece
e. Clamp (wood) 1 piece
f. Porcelain cup 1 piece
g. Porcelain spoon 1 piece
h. Rubber cover 1 piece
i. Wood 1 piece
j. Side-pipe test tubes 1 piece
2. Materials
a. Mg powder f. Barium peroxide
b. Zn Powder g. Glass cotton
c. H2O2 solution 3% h. Amylum solutin
d. KI solution 0.1 M i. Phenolphtalein
e. H2SO4 solution 0.1M j. HCl 4M
B. Oxygen
1. Tools
a. Side-pipe testtube 1 piece
b. Graduated cylinder 1 piece
c. Pipe 1 piece
d. Rubber cover 1 piece
e. Spirtus 1 piece
f. Wood 1 piece
3
 2. Materials
a. KClO3 crystal
b. KI 0.05 M
c. H2O2 4,5%
d. Pyrolusit
e. Litmus paper
VI. Lanes Work and Reaction
A. Hydrogen
1. Reaction from metal and water
¼ spatula of Calcium

− Entered into evaporating dish

− Watred with distilled water 3-5 ml
− Observed
Turbid solution Ca(OH)2 and formed H2 gas

− Checked by litmus paper (red and blue)

− Observed the litmus paper

The red litmus paper change into

blue
The blue litmus paper remain blue
but little bit change into purple

Reaction : Ca (s) + 2H2O (aq) → Ca(OH)2 (aq) + H2 (g)

2. Distilled water

− Put into porcelain cup

− Added ¼ spoon of Mg Powder
− Heated on the bunsen burner
Colourless solution and formed H2 (gas)
gas
− Added phenolphtalein
− Observed the solution
The solution’s colour changes into pink/red

Reaction : Mg (s) + 2H2O (aq) → Mg(OH)2 (aq) + H2 (g)

3. Wet glass cotton

− Entered into side-pipe testube
− Added dry-glass cotton
− Added 0.02 gr of Zn
− Closed the test tube with rubber that having hole
− Connected with the hose
− Hold the test tube by wooden-clamp horizontally
− Heated the Zn part on the bunsen (once at wet glass
cotton part) 4
 H2 gass formation

− Tested it on the flame

The flame off

Reaction : Zn (s) + 2H2O (aq) → Zn(OH)2 (aq) + H2 (g)

4. A piece of Zn metal
− Entered into side-pipe test tube
− Connected using pipe to graduated cylinder that has put
upside down in water (flipped-vertically)
− Added HCl 4M sufficiently
− Closed by rubber cover
H2 gass formation

− Tested it on the flame

The flame off

Reaction : Zn (s) + HCl (aq) → ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)

5. 1 ml of KI solution
− Entered into test tube
− Added a bit of amylum solution
Colourless solution

− Added some drops of H2O2 3%

− Observed the changes

The solution’s colour changes

into purple and H2 gass
formation

Reaction : 2KI (aq) + H2O2 (aq) → 2KOH (aq) + I2 (aq) + H2 (g)

B. Oxygen
1. Potassium Chlorate (KClO3) with Kawi stone
Potassium chlorate
− Entered into test tube ±0.5 cm from the bottom of the test
tube
− Added some MnO2
− Closed the test tube with sponge which has hole in the middle
− Connected the hole with pipe
− Heated by low heat
Oxygen gass
5
 − Collected the gas with pipe
− Entered the pipe into water ± 10 minutes
− Tested by a burning wood
Burning wood

𝑀𝑛𝑂2
Reaction : 2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2

2. Permanganate with hydrogen peroxide

KMnO4

− Entered into side-pipe test tube ±0,5 g

− Connected the side-pipe test tube with pipe and
connected into a place which there is water
− Added little by little hydrogen peroxide 4.5%
− Closed the tube with rubber cover
− Wait until 10 minutes
O2 gass formation
− Collected the gas
− Entered pipe into the water
− Tested by a burning wood
Burning wood
− Compare volume oxygen gas which obtained by
volume in the the previous experiment
Ratio

Reaction : 2KMnO4 (aq) + 3H2O2 (aq) → 3O2 (g) + 2MnO2 (s) + 2KOH (aq)
+2H2O (l)

6
VII. Observation Result
No Lanes work Observation Result Hypotheses/ reaction Conclusion
Hydrogen Experiment
1. − First is preparing the tools and materials Before Ca (s) + 2H2O (aq) → Ca(OH)2 (aq) Basedon the experiment, we
− ¼ spatula of Calsium is put into Ca = white powder + H2 (g) can conlcude that H2 gas
porcelain cup Distilled water = When Blue litmus paper is dipped can be formed, shown by
− Then, it is flushed by distilled water or transparent, colourless into the turbid solution, the litmus the buble gas formed.
aquades as much as 3 until 5 ml After paper will remain blue because the The product is base solution
− After that, we observe the change that Ca + distilled water = solution which is Ca(OH)2 is base which is Ca(OH)2 shown by
will happen when aquades is added into turbid solution the colour changing of
Turbid Solution + Red When red litmus paper is dipped into
Ca litmus paper from red to
the turbid solution, the litmus paper
− The solution that yielded from mixturing litmus paper blue
Turbid solution + blue will change into blue
Ca and water is tested by litmus paper
either blue litmus or red litmus litmus paper The solution will form gas
− Finally, we observe the change in litmus
paper

2. − First, preparing aquades and put it into Before : Mg (s) + 2H2O (aq) → Mg(OH)2 Based on the experiment we
porcelain cup Mg = grey grain (aq) + H2 (g) can conclude that H2 gas
− Second, aquades in the porcelain cup is Distilled water = When the obtained solution giiven can be formed by the
added ¼ spoon of Mg Powder colourless solution by phenolphtalein, it will change undergo reaction between
− Next, the mixturing between aquades and After into red/pink solution because it is Mg and water shown by
Mg is heated on the bunsen burner Distilled water + Mg grain base solution buble gas that formed.
− The solution that yielded from mixturing = grey solution The product hase base-
Mg and aquades after heated is added Solution + heated = grey solution characteristic
phenolphtalein solution, formed buble gas which is Mg(OH)2 shown
− Finally, we observe the solution’s colour The solution after heated + by the colour changing of
change pp = pink solution the solution after pp is
added from grey to pink
solution
7
No Lanes work Observation Result Hypotheses/ reaction Conclusion
3. − First, we take wet-glass cotton to be Before Zn (s) + 2H2O (aq) → Zn(OH)2 (aq) Based on the experiment,
entered into side-pipe test tube Glass cotton : White + H2 (g) we can conclude that H2
− Second, above it, we put dry-glass cotton thread When H2 is burned, the flame would gas can be obtained from
− Then, above dry glass-cotton we add Cotton = white fiber off heating Zn metal and it is
0.02 gr of Zn Zn metal = black powder proven by the burned wood
− Afterthat, we close the test tube with After
rubber that having hole Glass cotton + Zn powder
− Then, the test tube is connected with the + dry cotton + heated =
hose gas formation
− The next step is held the test tube by Burn wood test = wood
wooden-clamp horizontally burned is off
− Heated the Zn part on the bunsen (once
at wet glass cotton part)
− And observe the gas that formed
− Finally, we test the gas with flame and
observe the change in the flame
4. − A piece of zinc metal is entered into side- Before Zn (s) + HCl (aq) → ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 Based on the experiment,
pipe test tube Zn metal = black powder (g) we can conclude that H2 gas
− The test tube is connected using pipe to HCl 4 M = colourless could be obtainedby the
graduated cylinder that has put upside solution undergo reaction between
down in water (flipped-vertically) After Zn and HCl shown by
− Afterthat, it is added HCl 4M sufficiently Zn + HCl = black solution volume in the downyard
− Closed by rubber cover formed buble gas, dissolve graduated cylinder is 20 ml.
− Observe the gas that form Wood burn test : burned When tested with burned
− The gas which is formed is tested by wood wood the ember getting
flame and observe the change on flame V H2 = 20 ml bigger
5. − First, we take 1 ml of KI solution and Before 2KI (aq) + H2O2 (aq) → 2KOH (aq) Based on the experiment,
enter it into test tube KI solution = colourless + I2 (aq) + H2 (g) we can conclude that H2 gas
− Then, add a bit of amylum solution Amylum solution = I2 (aq) + I − (aq) → I3− (aq) could be obtained by the
− Afterthat, we add some drops of H2O2 colourless undergo reaction between
8
No Lanes work Observation Result Hypotheses/ reaction Conclusion
3% H2O2 solution = colourless I3−
(aq) + amylum (aq) → iod- KI and H2O2 and amylum as
− Finally, we observe the changes of the After amylum complex the indicator of the reaction.
solution and the gas formation KI solution + amylum = The formation gas is proven
colourless solution by the presence of the
KI + amylum + H2O2 3% bubble.
= purple solution
Oxygen Experiment
1. 𝑀𝑛𝑂2
− First, we take potassium chlorate and Before 2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2 Based on the experiment,
enter it into test tube ±0.5 cm from the KClO3 = white powder we can conclude that O2 gas
bottom of the test tube MnO2 = black powder MnO2 as Catalyst could be obtainedby the
− Second we add it by some MnO2 After Theoretically, the Volume of O2 undergo reaction between
− Next step, we close the test tube with KClO3 + MnO2 = grey which we will get is 137,76 ml
sponge which has hole in the middle powder
− Then, we connect the hole with pipe Then heated = grey dilute
− The test tube is heated by low heat VO2 = 39ml
− We collect the gas with pipe
− And the we entere the pipe into water ±
10 minutes
− The gas which has collected is tested by
a burning wood
− Finally, we observe the change in
burning wood
2. − First, we take potassium permangante Before 2KMnO4 (aq) + 3H2O2 (aq) → 3O2 Based on the experiment we
and enter it into side-pipe test tube ±0,5 KMnO4 = Purple, grain (g) + 2MnO2 (s) + 2KOH (aq) caould conclude that O2 gas
g H2O2 4.5% = colourless +2H2O (l) can be obtainedfrom the
− Then, we connect the side-pipe test tube solution Theoretically, the Volume of O2 undergo reaction of KMnO4
with pipe and connected into a place After which we will get is 107,52 ml and H2O2 shown by the
which there is water KMnO4 + H2O2 = purple buble which is formed.
− Then, we add to the potassium solution, form buble When the gas is tested by
permangante drop by drop by hydrogen Burned wood test = flame flame, the flame is off while
9
No Lanes work Observation Result Hypotheses/ reaction Conclusion
peroxide 4.5% off it should be flame on
− Afterthat, we close the tube with rubber V O2 = less than 1ml theoretically
cover and wait until 10 minutes
− Next, we collect the gas and enter the
pipe into the water
− The gas which has been collected is
tested by a burning wood and observe the
change of the burning wood
− The volume of oxygen which has been
we gotten will be comparing with the
previous experiment

10
VIII. Analysis and Explanation
The experiment that already started and done at Tuesday, September 17th 2019
at 9.30 – 12.00 have a title “Hydrogen and Oxygen” and have some purpose that are:
1. To know how to make hydrogen gas
2. To know the characteristics of hydrogen and its compound
3. To identify hydrogen gas and its compund
4. To know how to make oxygen gas in the laboratory
5. To recognize the presence of the oxygen gas in the compound
There are 7 experiment which are 5 experiment for hydrogen and the others for
oxygen test. Here are the explanation one by one of the experiment.
A. First experiment
The first step in this experiment is preparing a piece of calsium (Ca) to put in the
porcelain cup. Then, it is flushed by distilled water (aquades). Calsium is a white
powder substances. When aquades addition into Ca, some calsium dissolve and
water and it becomes turbid solution. When it becomes turbid and there is still a
white powder, i.e. calcium left over and insoluble in water. When water is added
into calsium, there is a little bit buble form. Calcium which is left over is caused by
its solubility. Solubility is the ability of a substance to dissolve. Ksp (Solubility
product constant) is the equilibrium between a solid and its respective ions in a
solution. The value of the constant identifies the degree of which the compound
can dissociate in water. Calsium belongs to group II metal. While group II metal
hydroxides become more soluble in water as we go down the column. This trend
can be explained by the decrease in the lattice energy of the hydroxide salt and by
the increase in the coordination number of the metal ion as we go down the
column.
Element Lattice energy (kJ/mol) Coordination Number
Be 3620 4
Mg 2998 6
Ca 2637 6
Sr 2474 8
Ba 2330 8

The larger the lattice energy the more energy it takes to break the lattice apart into
metal and hydroxide ions. Since the atomic radii increase down the group it makes
sense that the coordination numbers also increases because the larger the metal ion
11
 the more room there is for water molecules to coordinate to it. Ca is more soluble
than Mg in the next experiment.
Ca (s) + 2H2O (aq) → Ca(OH)2 (aq) + H2 (g)
In the above reaction disproportionation reaction occurs because Ca is a stronger
reducing agent than H. Ca has an oxidation potential of +2.87 while H has an
oxidation potential of 0. This greater oxidation potential causes Ca to reduce H to
bind to OH- to form Ca(OH)2 and H2 gas is formed. Then, the solution from the
reaction, Ca(OH)2, is examined with litmus paper. This examination aims to
determine whether Ca(OH)2 has formed. In our experiment, we used red litmus
and blue litmus. As a result, the red litmus turns blue and the blue litmus remains
blue. This indicates that the Ca(OH)2 solution is base and indicates that Ca(OH)2
has formed. If Ca(OH)2 has formed, hydrogen gas is formed. The formation of
hydrogen gas is characterized by the presence of gas bubbles in the resulting
solution
B. Second Experiment
In a porcelain cup we add a little distilled water afterthat we add a small spoonful
of magnesium powder, then heat it on a small bunsen flame.
Magnesium is mainly present as Mg2+ (aq) in water solutions, but also as MgOH+
(aq) and Mg(OH)2 (aq). Water solubility of magnesium hydroxide is 12 mg/L.
Mg (s) + 2H2O (aq) → Mg(OH)2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Like the previous experiment, in this second experiment the disproportionation
reaction also occurs because Mg is also a stronger reducing agent than H.
Magnesium has an oxidation potential of +2.73 while H has an oxidation potential
of 0. This greater oxidation potential causes Mg to reduce H to bind to OH- forms
Mg(OH)2 and H2 gas is formed. Then the solution is heated using bunsen burners.
The reaction will goes slowly without heating even doesn’t work at all. Heating
process is conducted so that magnesium can dissolve and form magnesium
hydroxide and hydrogen gas. The difficulty of magnesium to dissolve is influenced
by solubility and Ksp as well as energy lattice. Ksp of Mg(OH)2 is 1,8 x 10-11. As
we mention before in the previous experiment, Magnesium has greater lattice
energy and it makes harder to soluble. After the heating process, the solution is
examined using a PP indicator, the result is a color change to pink. This means that
this experiment also indicated that the resulting solution, Mg(OH)2, was base.
C. Third Experiment

12
The third experiment was to identify hydrogen gas and its compund. First, into a
test tube we insert successively slightly wet glass cotton, dry glass cotton, then
zinc powder about 0.02 grams, and finally dry cotton. After the materials have
been put into a test tube, the test tube is closed with a rubber cover.

Figure 1. Zinc and cotton composition in test tube

The hole in the rubber is connected by a short pipe. Then the test tube is heated
horizontally with zinc, sometimes on a wet glass cotton. Zinc powder will react
with H2O vapor to form hydrogen gas. The equation of reaction:
Zn (s) + H2O (g) → H2 (g) + ZnO (s)
We use wet glass cotton first is to get the water vapor from it when we heat. Dry
glass cotton putting after wet glass cotton has purpose to delay the reaction
between water and zinc. Because it belongs to inorganic reaction, so the reaction
will goes rapidly and couldn’t be observed. That’s why the dry glass cotton is
placed after wet glass cotton, then ffter wet glass cotton addition we put 0,02 Zn
and also dry cotton. Initially, zinc is grey powder and solid. Yet after heating it
turns to another solid (remain grey) but it is dissolved. In the reaction, heating
process make the water in glass cotton turns to be vapour and reacts with zinc. It
yield hydrogen gas and ZnO. In this reaction, Zn as limiting reagent which it will
leave water vapor that doesn't run out reacting. Hydrogen gas and the left over
water vapour should be separated so as not to come out together through the pipe
which will be tested later. Dry cotton which is placed after Zn has that purpose.
Dry cotton will absorb the water vapour and let the hydrogen gas out through the
pipe to be tested on flame test and ember test.
The gas that comes out through the hose is tested with a flame. After a lot of gas
had accumulated, we lit a match and brought it closer to the test tube. As a result,
the fire dims and when removed, the lighter flares up again.
Finally, we test the flame to prove the gas produced is H2 gas. Gas that has been
collected in the flame test with wood produced greater flame. This shows that
hydrogen gas is flammable can be proven from the following equation:
13
 H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (l)
When hydrogen gas reacts with oxygen in various proportions, hydrogen gas will
ignite and can even explode if ignited by a flame. But, in our experiment the flame
and the ember seems off because because of the rapid reaction that occurs.
D. Fourth experiment
The fourth experiment was conducted to find out the properties of hydrogen gas
and its compounds and to identify hydrogen gas and its compounds. At first, the
gray zinc powder is inserted into a side-piped test tube. The side-pipe test tube is
connected to the graduated cylinder which is upside down in the water. Then 5
drops of HCl 4M which is colorless are added into test tube. Quickly, the side-pipe
test tube is covered by rubber cover. The reactions that occur between zinc powder
and HCl, namely:
Zn (s) + HCl (aq) → ZnCl2 (aq) + H2 (g)
The resulting solution is a gray ZnCl2 solution and bubbles appear which indicate
the presence of hydrogen gas. The gas formed is flowed through the pipe into the
upside down graduated cylinder in water so that the height of the water in the
inverted graduated cylinder will decrease because it is replaced by hydrogen gas.
In this experiment the volume of water in the measuring cup was reduced. The
volume of H2 which is measured by graduated cylinder is 20ml. It shown by the
water it is shown by the water which initially fills the graduated cylinder then the
water gradually decreases so that the graduated cylinder is empty at a certain line
and the line shows the number 20 ml. The gas which has collected is tested by
flame test and ember test. The gas formed is flowed into a measuring cup filled
with water. Gas will push water in the measuring cup, so that the gas will meet the
measuring cup. The formation of the H2 gas was then tested by the flame. The gas
contained in the reaction is flame tested with wood resulting in greater flame. This
shows that hydrogen gas is flammable can be proven from the following equation:
H2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2H2O (l)
E. Fifth Experiment
Add a few drops of 3% hydrogen peroxide solution to a test tube containing about
1 ml of KI and a small amount of starch. When the KI hits the hydrogen peroxide,
it changes color to brown as the active catalytic form of the iodide is formed. The
brown region bubbles and spreads, and rapidly the entire volume of hydrogen
peroxide is releasing oxygen, and then boiling up to nearly filling the flask. The
overall reaction as follows:
14
 2KI (aq) + H2O2 (aq) → 2KOH (aq) + I2 (aq) + H2 (g)
I2 (aq) + I − (aq) → I3− (aq)
I3− (aq) + amylum (aq) → iod-amylum complex
KI solution is clear and colourless. A few drops of 1% starch addition doesn’t
cause the change of the colour. The solution remain colourless. In this reaction
starch does not react, but only as an indicator of the presence of I2 in solution.
Iodine is yielded from reaction between hydrogen peroxide and potassium iodide
will react with amylum and forms complex which has purple colour. Here,
hydrogen peroxide as and oxidizing agent and it is reduced by KI. In the other
hand, potassium iodides as reducing agent which reduce hydrogen peroxide into
hydrogen gas. The gas which is formed can be observed through the presence of
the buble in the reaction.
F. Sixth experiment
The sixth experiment is about oxygen. First, we add potassium chlorate (KClO3)
into the side-pipe test tube as high as ± 0.5 cm from the bottom of the tube and we
add a little manganese (MnO2). After that we close the side-pipe test tube with
rubber cover and connect it to the graduated cylinder which is upside down in the
water using pipe. Afterthat we heat it up with a small flame and collect the oxygen
gas for ± 10 minutes. Small quantities of molecular oxygen (O2) can be obtained
from the thermal decomposition of certain oxides, peroxides, and salts of oxoacids.
In this reaction belong to the later that is decomposition of salts of oxoacids.
Potassium chlorate is salts of oxoacids. The decomposition of potassium chlorate,
includes manganese(IV) oxide (MnO2) as a catalyst. A catalyst is a substance that
causes an increase in the rate of a chemical reaction without being used up in the
reaction. The 100mL graduated cylinder, which was initially filled with water, runs
out in under 10 minutes. This shows that the volume of O2 produced is 39 ml with
the following reaction.
𝑀𝑛𝑂2
2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2
Then the gas formed is tested with a flame. The gas contained in the reaction is
flame tested with wood resulting in greater flame. This shows that the formation of
combustible Oxygen gas. Theoretically, the volume which we should get is more
than 100 ml but in fact wes just get less than 50 ml. One of the reasons why the
lack of oxygen volume is that one of them is caused by a reaction which is thought
to have not been completed, the pipe has been stopped and taken for flame testing.

15
 G. Seventh experiment
The seventh experiment is also about oxygen. First, we should do is entering ± 0.5
gram potassium permanganate (KMnO4) in a side-tube test tube. The test tube has
been strung together with a tube which is connected to a container. Carefully,we
add (drop by drop) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) with concentration 4.5%. Cover the
tube with a rubber cover, leave it for about 10 minutes.
Potassium permanganate is purple grain and hydrogen peroxide is colourless
solution. After adding hydrogen peroxide to potassium permanganate, the colour
change into brown solution.
Potassium permanganate is used as an oxidizing agent. Hydrogen peroxide reduces
the permanganate to a colorless product.
2KMnO4 + 3H2SO4 + 5H2O2 → 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 5O2 + 8H2O
As long as you have hydrogen peroxide in your solution, the permanganate will
always be reduced to a brown solution. But as soon as the hydrogen peroxide is
gone the intense purple color of the permanganate will be visible. Hydrogen
peroxide breaks down into oxygen and water. When potassium permanganate
reacts with hydrogen peroxide then oxygen gas liberated because KMnO4 is a
strong oxidising agent.
The gas formed is Oxygen gas according to the reaction above. After the reaction,
the measuring cup which was originally filled with water, reduced with a little
buble. The volume is the O2 volume which is then tested with a flame. O2 gas
contained in the reaction is flame tested with wood resulting in greater flame. This
shows that the formation of combustible Oxygen gas. Unlike experiment about
oxygen in the pevious experiment which uses heating, this experiment does not use
heating. The volume of O2 produced is more by heating than by the absence of
heating. This is because Oxygen gas production will run slowly without the
catalyst and heating. In this experiment, it just form a litlle bubble of gas less than
1 ml. While when we test it with flame and ember, it makes the flame and the
ember is off. Theoretically, the glowing splint is re-ignite.
IX. Conclusion
Based on the analysis and explanation above, it can be concluded that:
1. Hydrogen gas can be made in laboratory by reacting metals with cold water,
metals with water through heating, water vapor metals, and metals with acids. As
follows:
− Reacting calsium (Ca) metal with water
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 − Reacting magnesium (Mg) metal with water by heating.
− Reacting zinc (Zn) metal with water vapor
− Reacting Zn metal with HCl
− Reacting potassium iodide (KI) with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)
This is based on the level of reactivity of each metal used and this reaction will
form hydrogen gas and base solution.
2. Hydrogen gas can cause explosions and cause a greater flame with a flame test
3. Oxygen gas can be made by reacting potassium chlorate with catalyst on heating.
Manganes (MnO2) acts as a catalyst.
4. Oxygen gas can be made by reacting permanganate with hydrogen peroxide
5. Oxygen gas testing can be done with a flame test, the flame will increase if the
hydrographic gas or oxygen gas is formed
X. References
Coursey, J., & Swachb, D. J. (2015). Atomic Weight and Isotopic Compoisition.
National Institute of Standard and Technology.
Emsley, J. (2011). Nature's Building Blocks : An A-Z Guide to The Elements. New
York: Oxford University Press.
Malcolm, D. (1965). The Natural Historty of Oxygen. The Journal of General
Psychology.
XI. Answering Question
1) Hydrogen
a. Explain what is explosion-gas and what is the function!
Answer : explosion-gas occurred because there are reaction between H2 and fire,
since H2 is reactive with fire because undergo reaction with O2 too.
That is why in this experiment this explosion shows the presence of
H2 gas.
b. Write down all the undergo reaction in the Hydrogen experiment above!
Experiment 1 : Ca (s) + 2H2O (l)  Ca(OH)2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Experiment 2 : Mg (s) + 2H2O (l)  Mg(OH)2 (aq) + H2 (g)
Experiment 3 : Zn (s) + 2H2O (l)  Zn(OH)2 + H2 (g)
Experiment 4 : Zn (s) + 2HCl (aq)  ZnCl2 + H2 (g)
Experiment 5 : 2KI (aq) + H2O2 (aq)  2KOH (aq) + I2 (aq) + H2 (g)
c. Why does hydrogen peroxide should be use in diluted solution?
Answer : Because hydrogen peroxide is a strong oxidizing agent, corrosive,
and harmful to the skin. If we using concentrated hydrogen peroxide
solution, the explosion will be greater and it can harm the people.

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 Since the reactivity of hydrogen peroxide is greater, it should be use
the diluted one.
2) Oxygen
a. Calculate the oxygen gas volume if mass of KClO3 is 1 gram!
Mol KClO3 = 1/122,5 = 0.008 mol
2KClO3 + MnO2  2KCl + 3O2 + MnO2
m: 0.008 - - - -
r: 0.008 0.004 0.008 0.012 0,004

s: - 0.004 0.008 0.012 0.004

V O2 = 0.012 x 22.4
= 0.2688 L ≈ 268.8 mL
b. Write down Lewis structure that shown the O2 molecule with 2 lone-pair valence
electrons!

c. Explain the experiment 1 and 2!

The first experiment aims to know the preparation of oxygen gas by expansion.
The first thing to do is entered white-powdered KClO3 into test tube as high as ±
0.5 cm from the bottom of the tube. Then a little MnO2 black-powdered-kawi
stone added then covered with rubber stop thus, KClO3 and MnO2 were mixed.
After that, connected the test tube using plastic hose to the graduated cylinder

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 downward in the water. Then the tube heated over the flame and left for 10
minutes. This results in a gas bubble forming and the solution changed color into
black. Did the flame test on the gas collected with a burned-wood, resulting of
the flame at the tip of the wood is greater and produced a volume of O2 gas as
much 39ml. The undergo reaction is as follows:
𝑀𝑛𝑂2
2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2
In the second experiment aims to find out laboratory preparation of oxygen gas
without heating and identify the presence of oxygen in its compound. The first
step is to added 0.5 gram of permanganate into a pipe-sided tube which has been
connected to a plastic-hose and to the graduated cylinder downward in the water.
Then, added H2O2 4.5% solution to the test tube. The addition of 4.5% H2O2
causes gas bubbles formed and the solution changed color into blackish-purple
solution. Then the tube is closed with a rubber stop and left for 10 minutes then
tested the flame with burned-wood and obtained a greater flame.
d. Write down the reaction in the experiment 1 and 2!
Answer:
Experiment 1:
𝑀𝑛𝑂2
2KClO3 → 2KCl + 3O2

Experiment 2:
2MnO4- + 5H2O2 + 6H+  2Mn2+ + 8H2O+ 5O2

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XII. Attachment

Prepare the tools of experiment Prepare the materials of experiment

¼ spatula of Ca put into porcelin cup Filled by aquadest 3 – 5 ml

After added by aquadest Checked the solution with red litmus

paper which changing become blue

¼ spatula of Mg powder Added aquadest

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Heated on the bunsen burner When heated

Checked by PP indicator and result

magenta color
XIII.

Wet glass-cotton entered into test tube Added dry glass cotton into test tube

Added 0,2 g of zinc powder Added dry cotton and closed by rubber
that having hole, heated the Zn part on
the bunsen burner once at the wet glass
cotton part

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Gas formation and do flamed test, the Wooden-burned tested
flame getting bigger

Take HCl concentrate in fume hood Measure about 3ml of HCl concentrate

HCl poured into test tube that already Zn and HCl occur reaction and look like
added ¼ spatula Zn many bubbles

The exist of hydrogen gas Hydrogen gas appear which symboled by

bubble in water and the volume in beaker
glass is decreased

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Gas formation and do flamed test, the Wooden-burned tested
flame getting bigger

Also result little light explosion

1 ml of KI is colorless solution KI solution added by amylum solution

When dropped H2O2 3%, become two After the mixture added by H2O2 3%
layer first and appear little bubble of H2
gas
XIV.

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KClO3 entered into test tube ± 0,5 cm from Added Kawi stone powder(MnO2)
bottom

Heated on the small flame and the mixture Oxygen gas appear symboled by bubble in
melting water in beaker glass

Wait until 10 minutes and volume water in Flame test, the flame getting bigger
beaker glass is decreased

Wooden-burned test

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Entered KMnO4 about 0,5 g Added H2O2 4%

Added H2O4 drop by drop, result gas and Wooden-burned test and flame test causing
little smoky, that is oxygen gas the flame off

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