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Introduction to biology

What is biology

Branches of biology

Importance of biology

Characteristics of living things

Collections of specimens

Comparisons between and animals

Classification

Magnifying lens

External features of plants and animals

Necessity and significance of classification

Historical background of classification

Taxonomic units of classification

Scientific naming of living organisms

Light microscope

Handling and care of a microscope

Using the light microscope

Margination

Cell structure as seen under light microscope

The electron microscope

Differences between the light and electron microscopes

Preparations of temporary slides

Estimation of cell size

Cell specialization-tissues, organs and organ systems

Cell physiology

Introduction

Membrane structure and properties

Physiological process

Diffusion

Osmosis

Water relations in in plants


Active transport

Nutrition on in plants and animals

Autotropism

External structure of a leaf

Internal structure of a leaf

Summary of the adaptations of the leaf to its photosynthetic function

The process of photosynthesis

Factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis

Chemical compounds which constitute living organisms

Carbohydrates

Lipids

Proteins

Enzymes

Nutrition in animals

Digestive system in animals

Digestion along the alimentary canal

Digestion in the stomach

Digestion in the duodenum

Digestion in the ileum

Absorption

Assimilation

The caecum and appendix

Importance of vitamins and salts

Mineral salts

Factors determining energy requirements in human beings


Form two work

Transport in plants and animals

Transport in plants

Internal structure of roots

The stem

Absorption of water and mineral salts

Transpiration

Structure and function of xylem tissues

Forces involved in water movements in plants

Factors affecting transpiration

Translocation

Transport in animals

Comparisons between open and closed circulatory systems

The mammalian circulatory system

The structure and function of the heart

Structure and functions of arteries, capillaries and veins

Diseases and defects of circulatory system

Structure and functions of the blood cells

The red blood cells

The white cells

The blood clotting process

Blood groups

Lymphatic system

Immune response

Gaseous exchange in plants

The mechanism of opening and closing of the stomata

Mechanisms of gaseous exchange in plants

Gaseous exchange in animals

Gaseous exchange in protozoa


Gaseous exchange in insects

Gaseous exchange in fish

Gaseous exchange in amphibians

Gaseous exchange in mammals

Factors affecting the rate of breathing in human beings

Diseases of the respiratory system

Respiration

Introduction

Significance of respiration

Types of respiration

Aerobic respirations

Anaerobic respiration in plants and animals

Applications of anaerobic respiration in industries at home

Respiratory substrates

Factors affecting rate of respiration

Excretion and homeostasis

Excretion in plants

Economic importance of plant excretory products

Excretion and homeostasis in unicellular organisms

Excretion in animals

Structure and function of mammalian skin

Structure and function of the kidney

Role of nephron in excretion

Kidney diseases and disorders

Structure of the liver and functions

Principles of homeostasis

Role of hypothalamus in thermo-regulation

Skin and thermo-regulation

Osmoregulation (water and salt balance)

Regulation of blood sugar level

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