REVIEWER IN UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
IMMORTAL
CHAPTER 1 : SELF FROM PHILOSOPHICAL
PERSPECTIVE
SOCRATES
 “AS FOR ME, ALL I KNOW IS THAT I KNOW
NOTHING”
 FATHER OF ETHICAL PHILOSOPHY
 OUR INTERIOR LIFE – OUR “PSYCHE” OR
“SOUL” – IS THE MOST IMPORTANT PART OF
LIFE. OUR PSYCHE IS HEALTHY WHEN IT
SEEKS GOODNESS, TRUTH, JUSTICE AND SELF
KNOWLEDGE. A SOUL IN SEARCH OF
WEALTH, FAME, AND POWER BECOMES
WEAK, SICKLY, IGNORANT.
 WE MAY NOT FIND WHAT WE SEEK, BUT THE
LIFE WE LIVE WILL BE THE ONE THAT
STRENGTHS OUR INNER SELVES.
PLATO
 POET, PLAYWRIGHT, AN OBSERVANT
TRAVELER, A PHILOSOPHER, AND MOST
IMPORTANT OF ALL, A LITERARY STYLIST OF
THE FIRST RANK.
 STUDIED UNDER THE PHILOSOPHER
CRATYLUS AND THE FOR EIGHT YEARS HE
WAS THE PUPIL OF SOCRATES
 BODY, MIND, AND SOUL
 BODY IS THE PHYSICAL PART OF THE BODY
THAT IS ONLY CONCERNED WITH THE
MATERIAL WORLD, AND THROUGH WHICH
WE ARE ABLE TO EXPERIENCE THE WORLD
WE LIVE IN. IT WANTS TO EXPERIENCE SELF
GRATIFICATION. IT IS MORTAL, AND WHEN
IT DIES, IT IS TRULY DEAD.
 THE MIND IS DIRECTED TOWARDS THE
HEAVENLY REALM OF IDEAS, AND IS
IMMORTAL. IT IS WITH OUR MINDS THAT WE
ARE ABLE TO UNDERSTAND THE ETERNAL
WORLD OF THE FORMS. WHEN IT DIES IT
RETURNS TO THE REALM OF IDEAS.
 THE SOUL IS THE DRIVING FORCE OF THE
BODY, THAT IT IS WHAT GIVES US OUR
IDENTITY. IT COULD AND WOULD EXIST
APART FROM THE BODYAND WOULD EXIST
AFTER THE DEATH OF THE BODY.
 PLATO ALSO HELD THAT HUMANS WERE
COMPOSED OF BODIES AND SOULS BUT THE
SOUL WAS MORE IMPORTANT AND
ARISTOTLE
 ARISTOTLE TAUGHT THAT THE SELF IS
THE SOUL. IT IS THE REALIZATION OF LIFE
AND IT IS ONE THING THAT ENABLES A
BODY TO ENGAGE IN THE NECESSARY
ACTIVITIES OF THE LIFE AND THEY BUILD
UPON ONE ANOTHER.
3 TYPES OF THE SELF (SOUL)
- VEGETATIVE SELF NUTRITIVE SOUL
- SENSITIVE SELF SENSIBLE SOUL
- RATIONAL SELF (SOUL)
 VEGETATIVE SELF NUTRITIVE SOUL –
FIRST AND MOST WIDELY SHARED
AMONG ALL LIVING THINGS. FOR IT CAN
BE SAID THAT ANYTHING THAT TAKES IN
NUTRITION GROWS FROM THIS
NUTRITION, AND EVENTUALLY DECAYS
OVER TIME HAS A SOUL
 SENSITIVE SELF SENSIBLE SOUL – THE
PART OF THE SOUL THAT ALLOWS US TO
PERCIEVE THE WORLD AROUND US. IT
ENCOMPASSES THE SENSE BUT ALSO
ALLOWS US TO REMEMBER THINGS
THAT HAPPENED TO US, EXPERIENCE
PAIN AND PLEASURE, AND HAVE
APPETITES AND DESIRES.
 RATIONAL SELF (SOUL) – ARRISTOTLE
DIVIDES RATIONAL THOUGHT INTO TWO
GROUPS: PASSIVE INTELLECT AND THE
ACTIVE INTELLECT.
 PASSIVE INTELLECT – IT IS THE PART OF
OUR MIND THAT COLLECTS
INFORMATION AND STORES IT FOR
LATER USE
 ACTIVE INTELLECT – IS THE PART THAT
ALLOWS US TO ENGAGE IN THE ACTUAL
PROCESS OF THINKING. IT ALLOWS US
TO TAKE OUR SENSORY INPUT, COMBINE
IT WITH OUR MEMORIES AND SKILLS
AND APPLY IT TO OUR BETTLEMENT.
ST. AUGUSTINE
 “I MAY HAVE THOUGHT THAT GOD’S GRACE
COULD WORK ON US THROUGH OUR
ENCOUNTER WITH HOLY SCRIPTURE, BUT
EVEN HERE SALVATION WAS NOT
AUTOMATIC: NO AMOUNT OF RECITING OR
 EVEN A STUDYING HOLY SCRIPTURE COULD
GUARANTEE THAT A PERSON WOULD
RECEIVED OR HAD RECEIVED GRACE”
 TOOK FROM PLATO THE VIEW THAT THE
HUMAN SELF IS AN IMMATERIAL SOUL THAT
CAN THINK.
 HE EMPHASIZED THE IMPORTANCE OF THE
WILL, THE ABILITY TO CHOOSE BETWEEN
GOOD AND EVIL.
 THE FUNDAMENTAL RELIGIOUS DUTY IS TO
LOVE AND SERVE GOD; IF WE CAN SUCCEED
IN THIS, WE WILL ALSO CHOOSE THE GOOD
AND AVOID THE EVIL
 ACCORDING TO AUGUSTINE, WE WERE
EQUALLY FREE TO CHOOSE GOOD OR EVIL.
BUT HUMANS ARE NOW CONSTANTLY
ATTRACTED TOWARDS EVIL, THAT IS,
TOWARD EXCESSIVE SATISFACTION OF OUR
LOWER DESIRES OF MATERIAL THINGS AND
PLEASURES AND THERE IS NO WAY WE CAN
EAM THE GRACE OF GOD, OR FORCE
HIMSELF TO GIVE IT TO US BY JUST BEING
GOOD.
 AUGUSTINE BELIEVES THAT THERE ARE
SAINTLY HUMANS, SUCH AS HUMANS LOVE
THE THINGS TAT THEY OUGHT TO LOVE
BRIEF SUMMARY OF VIEWS OF ST. AUGUSTINE
 NATURE (BEHIND WHICH, OF COURSE,
STANDS GOD) GIVES US A GENERAL SENSE
OF OUR DUTIES. SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS TO
PROMOTE " SOCIALLY USEFUL" HABITS SUCH
AS JUSTICE. BUT THESE EFFORTS DO NOT
TRULY SUFFICE TO MAKE US GOOD.
 HE MOST IMPORTANT PART OF A PERSON IS
THE INNER PERSON, I.E., THE MIND.
 - ETHICALLY, THE MOST IMPORTANT PART
OF THE MIND IS NOT THE INTELLECT (OR
REASON) BUT THE WILL.
 THE ORIENTATION OF THE WILL
DETERMINES WHETHER WE LOVE LOWER
GOODS (SUCH AS BODILY GOODS, WEALTH,
AND REPUTATION) OR HIGHER GOODS
(VIRTUE AND, ABOVE ALL, GOD).
 GOOD PERSONS ARE THOSE WHOSE WILL
AND REASON ARE SUBORDINATED TO FAITH
IN GOD AND DEVOTION TO GOD’S WILL (I.E.,
THAT WE SHOULD LIVE RIGHTEOUSLY).
 FAITH IS A GIFT OF GRACE THAT WE CANNOT
COMMAND BUT ONLY RECEIVE WHEN IT
COMES.
 THE SELF IS FREE, AND IT WILLS FREELY.
 FREEDOM IS SUBMISSION TO THE DIVINE
WILL
 FREEDOM IS THE POWER OF CHOICE
BETWEEN GOOD AND EVIL
RENE DESCARTES
 FENCH PHILOSOPHER AND PRINCE OF
ORANGE AND THE STADTHOLDER OF THE
UNITED PROVINCE
 DIVIDE EACH DIFFICULTY INTO AS MANY
PARTS AS IS FEASIBLE AND NECESSARY TO
RESOLVE IT.
 IT IS NOT ENOUGH TO HAVE A GOOD MIND;
THE MAIN THING IS TO USE IT WELL.
 COGITO ERGO SUM. (I THINK; THEREFORE, I
AM.)
 THE READING OF ALL GOOD BOOKS IS LIKE A
CONVERSATION WITH THE FINEST MINDS OF
PAST CENTURIES.
 IF YOU WOULD BE A REAL SEEKER AFTER
TRUTH, IT IS NECESSARY THAT AT LEAST
ONCE IN YOUR LIFE YOU DOUBT, AS FAR AS
POSSIBLE, ALL THINGS.
 EACH PROBLEM THAT I SOLVED BECAME A
RULE, WHICH SERVED AFTERWARDS TO
SOLVE OTHER PROBLEMS.
 THE GREATEST MINDS ARE CAPABLE OF THE
GREATEST VICES AS WELL AS OF THE
GREATEST VIRTUES.
 EXCEPT OUR OWN THOUGHTS, THERE IS
NOTHING ABSOLUTELY IN OUR POWER.
JOHN LOCKE
 “WHAT WORRIES YOU, MASTERS YOU”
 “ALL WEALTH IS THE PRODUCT OF LABOR”
 “THE ONLY FENCE AGAINST THE WORLD IS A
THOROUGH KNOWLEDGE OF IT”
 FATHER OF LIBERALISM
 LOCKE BELIEVED THAT HUMAN NATURE IS
CHARACTERIZED BY REASONS AND
TOLERANCE. LIKE HOBBES, LOCKE BELIEVED
THAT HUMAN NATURE ALLOWED PEOPLE
TO BE SELFISH. THIS IS APPARENT WITH THE
INTRODUCTION OF CURRENCY
DAVID HUME
 “A WISE MAN, THEREFORE, PROPORTIONS
HIS BELIEF TO THE EVIDENCE”
  EMPIRICISM – THEORY THAT SAYS ALL
KNOWLEDGE COMES FROM THE SENSES
 HE SUGGEST THAT THE SELF IS JUST A
BUNDLE OF PERCEPTIONS AND THE MIND IS
NOT SEPARATED FROM PERCEPTIONS
 BUNDLE THEORY – THEORY THAT THE
OBJECT IS MADE OF A SET OF BUNDLE
PROPERTIES, MENTAL STATE AND
PERCEPTIONS
 THE IDEA OF PERSONAL IDENTITY IS A
RESULT OF IMAGINATION
IMMANUEL KANT
 EMPIRICIST AND RATIONALIST.
 PASTERIORI – USED IN PHILOSOPHY TO
INDICATE DEDUCTIVE REASONING
 RATIONALISM – IS A FAIRLY STRAIGHT-
FORWARD WAY OF THINKING THAT
PROMOTES THE BELIEF THAT KNOWLEDGE
CAN BE GAINED OUTSIDE OF EXPERIENCE
 PRIORI – CONTRAST TO PASTERIORI –
INDUCTIVE REASONING
 KANT’S MAJOR CONTRIBUTION IN ETHICS
WAS THE THEORY OF CATEGORICAL
IMPERATIVE – AN ABSOLUTELY UNIVERSAL,
NON NEGOTIABLE MORTAL LAW WHICH
HOLDS UP REGARLESS OF CONTEXT. TO
MAKE IT
 SIMPLE CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE STATES
THAT ONE SHOULD ACT ONLY IN SUCH WAY
THAT YOU WOULD WANT YOUR ACTIONS TO
BECOME UNIVERSAL LAW, APPLICABLE TO
EVERYONE IN A SIMILAR SITUATION
SIGMUND FREUD
 AUSTRIAN NEUROLOGIST, FOUNDER OF
PSYCHOANALYTICS
 THEUNCONSCIOUS MIND – CONSCIOUS,
SUBCONSCIOUS AND THE UNCONSCIOUS
 CONSCIOUS – THE SMALL AMOUNT OF
MENTAL CTIVITY WE KNOW ABOUT
 SUBCONSCIOUS – THINGS WE COULD BE
AWARE OF IT WE WANTED OR TRIED
 UNCONSCIOUS – THINGS WE ARE
UNAWARE OF AND CAN NOT BECOME
AWARE OF
 ID – IS THE UNCONSCIOUS PART OF OUR
PSYCHE WHICH RESPONDS DIRECTLY AND
IMMEDIATELY TO THE INSTINCTS. A
RESERVIOR OF UNCONSCIOUS PSYCHIC
ENERGY THAT STRIVES TO SATISFY SEXUAL
AND AGGRESSIVE DRIVES
 EGO – DEVELOPS TO MEDIATE BETWEEN
THE UNREALISTIC ID AND THE EXTERNAL
REAL WORLD. IT IS THE DECISION-MAKING
COMPONENT OF PERSONALITY
 SUPEREGO – INCORPORATES THE VALUES
AND MORALS OF SOCIETY WHICH ARE
LEARNED FROM ONE’S PARENTS AND
OTHERS. PERSUADING THE EGO TO TURN TO
MORALISTICS GOALS RATHER THAT SIMPLY
REALISTIC ONES AND TO STRIVE FOR
PERFECTION
PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT
1. ORAL – THE MOUTH – SUCKING
SWALLOWING ETC
2. ANAL – THE ANUS – WITHHOLDING OR
EXPELLING FAECES
3. PHALLIC – THE PENIS OR CLITORIS –
MASTURBATION
4. LATENT – LITTLE OR NO SEXUAL
MOTIVATION PRESENT
5. GENITAL – THE PENIS OR VAGINA – SEXUAL
INTERCOURSE
GILBERT RYLE
 FAMOUS 20TH CENTURY ORDINARY
LANGUAGE PHILOSOPHER WHO AUTHORED
THE CONCEPT OF MIND.
 GHOST IN THE MACHINE – RYLE BELIEVED
THAT OUR CONSTANT USE OF THE WORD
“MIND” HAS CAUSED US TO BELIEVE THAT
“MINDS” ACTUALLY EXIST
 THE CONCEPT OF MIND – SHOWS HOW WE
CAN ELIMINATE THE MISLEADING
LANGUAGE EXPRESSIONS IN THE BROAD
SENSE (WORDS, DESCRIPTION,
STATEMENTS), THAT IS TO SAY THE WORDS
THAT CAN MAKE BELIEVE IN THE EXISTENCE
OF OBJECTS OR SPECIES
PAUL CHURCHLAND
 BEST KNOWN FOR WHAT IS CALLED
ELIMINATIVE MATERIALISM – HOLDS THAT
THERE IS NOTHING MENTAL STATES ARE
IDENTICAL TO BECAUSE THEY DON’T EXIST,
AND THERE IS NOTHING TO BE EXPLAINED,
OR RATHER, WHAT IS EXPLAINED IS HUMAN
BEHAVIOUR, NOT THE MENTAL STATES THAT
SUPPOSEDLY EXPLAIN HUMAN BEHAVIOUR.
HUMAN BEHAVIOUR IS TO BE EXPLAINED BY
 STATE OF THE BRAIN USING THEORIES IN 3. GAME STAGE
WAYS THAT DON’T MAP 2ON AT ALL TO  THE CHILD NOW BEGINS TO EE NOT
MENTAL STATE TALK ONLY HIS OWN PERSPECTIVE BUT AT
THE SAME TIME THE PERSPECTIVE OF
CHAPTER II – SOCIOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE OTHERS AROUND HIM
 THE TERM “GENERALIZED OTHER”
SOCIOLOGY – ONE OF THE DISCIPLINES IN THE WAS WHAT MEAD USED TO EXPLAIN
SOCIAL SCIENCES WHICH AIMS TO DISCOVER THE THE BEHAVIOR OF THE PERSON
WAYS BY WHICH THE SOCIAL WHEN HE SEES/CONSIDERS OTHER
SURROUNDING/ENVIRONMENT INFLUENCES PEOPLE IN THE COURSE OF HIS
PEOPLE’S THOUGHTS, FEELINGS, AND BEHAVIOUR. ACTION
AUGUSTE COMTE – RECOGNIZED FOR COINING THE STAGE EXISTENCE OF CHARACTERISTICS
TERM SOCIOLOGY SELF
PREPARATORY NONE IMITATES
GEORGE HERBERT MEAD ANOTHER
 MEAD’S SOCIAL SELF – SOCIAL PLAY DEVELOPING ROLE-TAKING
BEHAVIORISM; THE APPROACH OF GEORGE
MEAD USED TO DESCRIBE THE POWER OF GAME STAGE PRESENT GENERALIZED
THE ENVIRONMENT IN SHAPING HUMAN OTHER
BEHAVIOR
 HE DESCRIBE THE SELF AS A “DIMENSION OF THEORY OF THE SELF – THE SELF IS COMPOSEED OF
PERSONALITY THAT IS MADE-UP OF THE TWO PARTS, THE I SELF AND THE ME SELF
INDIVIDUALS SELF-AWARENESS AND SELF-
IMAGE” SELF CANNOT BE SEPERATED FROM I SELF – WHEN THE PERSON INITIATES OR PERFORM
SOCIETY A SOCIAL ACTION, THE SELF FUNCTIONS A SUBJECT
STAGES WHICH THE PERSON UNDERGOES IN THE
COURSE OF HIS DEVELOPMENT ME SELF – WHEN THE PERSON TAKES THE ROLE OF
THE OTHER, THE SELF FUNCTIONS AS OBJECT
1. PREPARATORY STAGE
 MEAD BELIEVE THAT A SELF DID NOT OTHER SOCIOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO
EXIST AT BIRTH, ITS DEVELOPMENT IS UNDERSTANDING THE SELF
DEPENDENT ON SOCIAL
INTERACTION AND SOCIAL CHARLES HORTON COOLEY
EXPERIENCE AND THE CHILDREN  USE OF THE SOCIOPSYCHOLOGICAL
BEHAVIOR ARE BASED ON APPROACH
IMMITATION  THE VIEW OF SELF IS ALSO SIGNIFICANTLY
2. PLAY STAGE INFLUENCED BY THE IMPRESSION AND
 SKILLS AT KNOWING AND PERCEPTION OF OTHERS
UNDERSTANDING THE SYMBOLS OF  LOOKING GLASS SELF – HOW WE BELIEVE
COMMUNICATION IS IMPORTANT OTHERS PERCEIVE US AFFECTS OUR SELF-
FOR THIS CONSTITUTES THE BASIS OF FEELING
SOCIALIZATION THREE PHASES OF DEVELOPING A SELF
 ROLE-TAKING IN THE PLAY STAGE, 1. PERCEPTION – WE IMAGINE HOW WE
ACCORDING TO MEAD, IS THE APPEAR TO OTHERS
PROCESS OF MENTALLY ASSUMING 2. INTERPRETATION – WE IMAGINE HOW
THE PERSPECTIVE OF ANOTHER OTHERS JUDGE US
PERSON TO SEE HOW THIS PERSON 3. RESPONSE – WE EXPERIENCE SELF
MIGHT BEHAVE OR RESPOND IN A AWARENESS BASED ON WHAT THINK
GIVEN SITUATION OTHERS THINK (OF US).
ERVING GOFFMAN
 HE OBSERVED THAT PEOPLE EARLY IN
THEIR SOCIAL INTERACTIONS LEARNED TO
SLANT THEIR PRESENTATIONS OF
THEMSELVES TO CREATE PREFERRED
APPEARANCES AND SATISFY PEOPLE
1. IMPRESSION MANAGEMENT – CREATE
SPECIFIC IMPRESSIONS IN THE MIND OF
OTHERS
2. DRAMATURGICAL APPROACH – LIFE IS A
PLAY AND PEOPLE ARE ACTORS, WE PUT ON
DIFFERENT PERFORMANCES BASED ON
WHO OUR AUDIENCE IS.
3. FACEWORK – WE BEHAVE BASED ON THE
IMAGE WE WANT TO UPHOLD
CHAPTER 3: ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
ANTROPOLOGY – THE STUDY OF HUMAN BEINGS,
HUMAN SOCIETY, CULTURES AND DEVELOPMENT
ANTHROPOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE – STORED IN THE UNCONSCIOUS.
UNDERSTANDING HUMANKIND IN TERMS OF THE
DYNAMIC RELATIONSHIPS OF ALL ASPECT OF
HUMAN EXISTENCE
CHAPTER 4: PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
BEHAVIORIST PERSPECTIVE
1. BEHAVIORISM
 CONCERNED WITH ENVIRONMENT
FACTORS (CALLED STIMULI) AFFECT
OBSERVABLE BEHAVIOR (RESPONSE)
 PROPOSES TWO MAIN PROCESSES:
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING AND OPERANT
CONDITIONING
CLASSICAL CONDITIONING
 STUDIED BY IVAN PAVLOV
 THE PROCESS OF CLASSICAL
CONDITIONING WAS ABLE TO
EXPLAIN ALL ASPECTS OF HUMAN
PSYCHOLOGY
OPERANT CONDITIONING
 A METHOD OF LEARNING THAT OCURS
THROUGH REWARDS AND PUNISHMENTS
FOR BEHAVIOR
 DISCOVERED BY BURRHUS FREDERIC
SKINNER – FATHER OF OPERANT
CONDITIONING AND HE INTRODUCED LAW
OF EFFECT – REINFORCEMENT
 POSITIVE REINFORCEMENT – STRENGHTENS
BEHAVIOR BY PROVIDING A CONSEQUENCE
AN INDIVIDUAL FINDS REWARDING.
NEGATIVE REINFORCEMENT –
STRENGHTENS BEHAVIOR BECAUSE IT STOPS
OR REMOVES AN UNPLEASANT EXPERIENCE.
PUNISHMENT – DESIGNED TO WEAKEN OR
ELIMINATE A RESPONSE RATHER THAN
INCREASE IT.
2. PSYCHODYNAMIC PERSPECTIVE
 BY SIGMUND FREUD – ACCORDING
TO HIM, THE UNCONSCIOUS MIND IS
THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF HUMAN
BEHAVIOR. OUR FEELINGS, MOTIVES,
ANS DESCISION ARE INFLUENCED BY
OUR PAST EXPERIENCES, AND
ALSO, ALL BEHAVIOR HAS A CAUSE
AND USUALLY UNCONSCIOUS
 ID, EGO AND SUPEREGO
3. HUMANISM
 A PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVE
THAT EMPHASIZES THE STUDY OF
THE WHOLE PERSON AS A WHOLE
 BELIEVES THAT AN INDIVIDUAL’S
BEHAVIOUR IS CONNECTED TO HIS
INNER FEELINGS AND SELF IMAGE
4. COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
 INSTITUTIONALIZED AS A SCIENCE IN
1879
 FOUNDED BY WILHELM WUNDT
 REVOLVES AROUND THE NOTION
THAT IF WE WANT TO KNOW WHAT
MAKES PEOPLE THINK THEN THE
EASY WAY TO DO IS TO FIGURE OUT
WHAT PROCESS ARE ACTUALLY
GOING ON IN THEIR MINDS
SELVES – IN FIELD OF PSYCHOLOGY IS RICH IN
CONCEPTS AND IDEAS ABOUT HUMAN BEHAVIOR
GLOBAL SELF – REPRESENTS THE OVERALL VALUE
THAT A PERSON PLACES UPON HIMSELF.
MURRAY BOWEN – AMERICAN PSYCHIATRIST AND
PROFESSOR OF PSYCHIATRY. BASED ON HIS
OBSERVATION OF HIS OWN FAMILY HE CAME UP
WITH THE CONCEPT OF A DIFFERENTIATED SELF.
ACCORDING TO HIS OBSERVATION THAT THERE ARE
TWO FORCES AFFECTING THE PERSON.
TWO FORCES AFFECT THE PERSON
1. TOGETHERNESS
2. INDIVIDUALITY
DIFFERENTIATED SELF – A PERSON RECOGNIZES
THAT HE HAS HIS OWN PERSONALITY AND
THEREFORE ENDOWED WITH UNIQUE
CHARACTERISTICS NOT FOUND IN OTHER MEMBERS
OF THE GROUP
CARL ROGERS – WAS AN AMERICAN PSYCHOLOGIST
WHO PROPOSED THE PERSONALITY THEORY
KNOWN AS THE PERSON – CENTERED THEORY. HE
STATED THAT THE SLEF CONCEPT IS REFER HOW A
PERSON THINK ABOUT AND PERCEIVES HIMSELF.
TWO TYPE OF SELF-CONCEPT:
1. REAL SELF CONCEPT – REFERS TO ALL
INFORMATION AND PERCEPTION THE
PERSON HAS ABOUT HIMSELF. THIS SELF
CONCEPT ANSWER THE QUESTION “WHO
AM I?”
2. IDEAL SELF CONCEPT – IS WHAT THE PERSON
AIMS FOR HIMSELF TO BE. THIS SELF-
CONCEPTS ANSWER THE QUESTION “WHAT
DO I WANT?”
MULTIPLE SELVES – THEORY SUGGEST THAT THERE
EXIST IN THE INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENT ASPECT OF THE
SELF
UNIFIED SELVES – IS ESSENTIALLY CONNECTED TO
CONSCIOUSNESS, AWARENESS, AND AGENCY. THIS
IS A PERSON WHO IS ABLE TO DEAL WITH ACCEPT
AND UNDERSTOOD.
D.W WINNICOTT – ENGLISH PEDIATRICIAN AND
PSYCHOANALYST WHO STUDIED CHILD
DEVELOPMENT. HE OBSERVED THAT
CHILDREN/PEOPLE AS HAVING TRUE AND FALSE
SELVES
TRUE SELF –IT IS INDIVIDUAL WHO RECOGNIZES HIS
STRENGTH AND ACCEPTS HIS LIMITATIONS, ENJOYS
WINNING AND SUCCESS AND LEARNS FROM
MISTAKE AND FAILURE
FALSE SELF – MAY BE MANIFESTED AS A FORM OF
DEFENSE. IT IS THE MASK THAT HIDES THE TRUE
PERSON FOR FEAR OF THE PAIN OF REJECTION AND
FAILURE
THE SELF AS PROACTIVE AND AGENTIC
SELF – A PERSON’S ESSENTIAL BEING THAT
DISTINGUISHES THEM FROM OTHERS
PROACTIVE – INVOLVES ACTING IN ADVANCE OF A
FUTURE SITUATION RATHER THAN IN REACTING
AGENTIC – DESCRIBED AN INDIVIDUAL’S POWER TO
CONTROL HIS/HER OWN GOALS ACTION AND
DESTINY
ALBERT BANDURA – RESPONSIBLE IN THE FIELD OF
EDUCATION AND SEVERAL FIELDS OF PSYCHOLOGY
INCLUDING SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY, THERAPHY
AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY AND AS ALSO OF
INFLUENCE IN THE TRANSITION BETWEEN
BEHAVIORISM AND COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY
SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY – IS A THEORY OF
LEARNING PROCESS AND SOCIAL BEHAVIOR WHICH
PROPOSES THAT NEW BEHAVIORS CAN BE
ACQUIRED BY OBSERVING AND IMITATING OTHERS.
THREE CONCEPTS OF SOCIAL COGNITIVE THEORY
1. PEOPLE CAN LEARN THROUGH
OBSERVATION
2. MENTAL STATES ARE IMPORTANT TO
LEARNING
3. LEARNING DOES NOT NECESSARILY LEAD TO
BEHAVIOR CHANGE
BOBO DOLL EXPERIMENT – EXPERIMENT BY
BANDURA IN WHICH ADULTS MODELLED
AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOUR TOWARDS A BOBO DOLL
TRIADIC RECIPROCAL CAUSATION
BEHAVIOR
  FOCUS ON SELF  ACCEPT WHAT
NEEDS IT IS
PERSONAL ENVIRONMENTAL  ATTEMPT TO  KNOW THE
FACTORS FACTORS GET MORE OF MEANING
EVERYTHING  FOCUS ON
 IDEAL LIFE IS OTHER’S
FEATURES OF HUMAN AGENCY BEING FEELINGS
1. INTENTIONALITY SUCCESSFUL  LEARN TO LIVE
 REFERS TO THE ACTIONS  SEARCH WITH LESS
PERFORMED BY A PERSON OUTSIDE ASSETS
INTENTIONALITY OR WITH FULL YOURSELF FOR  IDEAL LIFE IS A
AWARENESS OF HIS BEHAVIOR THRUTH: DATA LONG LIFE
2. FORETHOUGHT AND ANALYSIS  SEARCH INSIDE
 REFERS TO THE PERSON’S  EXISTENCE IS YOURSELF FOR
ANTICIPATION OF LIKELY OUTCOMES LINEAR IT WILL TRUTH:
OF HIS BEHAVIOR ONE DAY COME MEDITATION
3. SELF-REACTIVENESS TO END AND ETHICS
 REFERS TO THE PROCESS IN WHICH  IMPROVEMENT  EXISTENCE
THE PERSON IS MOTIVATED AND STOP WHEN MOVES FROM
REGULATES HIS PROGRESS IN YOU REACH ONE WORLD TO
ACHIEVING HIS GOALS YOUR GOAL THE NEXT:
4. SELF-REFLECTIVENESS  PARENT’S ETERNAL
 REFERS TO THE PERSONAL LOOKING WANT  IMPROVEMENT
INWARD AND EVALUATING HIS CHILDREN TO IS ON GOING
MOTIVATIONS MAKE  PARENTS ARE
DESCISION FOR CONSTANTLY
CHAPTER 5: WESTERN/EASTERN THOUGHT THEMSELVES INVOLVED IN
CHILD’S LIFE
SELVES IN PSYCHOLOGY
AND MAKE
 GLOBAL AND DIFFERENTIATED SELF
DESCISION FOR
 MURRAY BOWEN; TOGETHERNESS
THEM
AND INDIVIDUALITY
 REAL AND IDEAL SELF
THE SELF IN WESTERN THOUGHT
 MULTIPLE AND UNIFIES SELF
 WESTERN PEOPLE ARE KNOWN TO BE
 TRUE AND FALSE SELF
LIBERATED – MEANING THEY ARE CAPABLE
WEST EAST
OF SURELY FREEDOM FROM SOCIAL
CRITICS ARE TWO CRITICS ARE TOO CONVENTIONS OR TRADITIONAL IDEAS AS
EGOCENTRIC, LACKING VAGUE, FULL OPPOSED TO EAST
SPIRITUALITY, AND OFMUMBO-JUMBO  WESTERN PEOPLE PRIORITIZE
EMPHATY INDEPENDENCE AND UNIQUENESS IS
WE VALUE WE ARE ONE! IT’S ALL CULTURAL VALUES
INDIVIDUALISM ABOUT UNITY AND  TWO FAMOUS WESTERN THINKERS; RENE
HARMONY DESCARTES IMMANUEL KANT
 LIVE IN SPACE  LIVE IN TIME  RENE DESCARTES – BELIEVED THAT SELF IS
 VALUE ACTIVITY  VALUE REST CAPABLE OF THINKING AND RATIONAL
 SEEK CHANGE AND DECISIONS AND CHOICES
 KNOW HOW IT RELAXATION  IMMANUEL KANT – BELIEVED THAT SELF IS
WORKS CAPABLE OF ACTIONS THAT ENTITLES IT TO
 HAVE RIGHTS AS ANAUTONOMOUS AGENT
AND SELF IS COMPOSED OF 2 PARTS THE
INNER AND OUTERSELF
ECOLOGICAL SELF – SELF AS A PROCESS
UNDERGOING DEVELOPMENT (RACE, GENDER,
SOCIAL STATUS, EDUCATION, AND CULTURE
SELF IN EASTERN THOUGHT
CONFUCIUS
 HIS PHILOSOPHY IS KNOWN TO BE AS
HUMANISTIC SOCIAL PHILISOPHY
 “HUMAN BEINGS AND SOCIETY AND ITS
COMMUNITIES AS THE MAIN SOURCE OF
VALUES OF BOTH HUMAN BEINGS AND
SOCIETY IN GENERAL”
 TEACHING OF CONFUCIANISM; RITUAL
PROPERTY, FILIALITY AND RIGHTNESS
REN (BENEVOLENCE)
 THE FIRST KEY CHARACTERISTICS OR TRAIT
TO BE A CHUN TZU, FOR CONFUCIUS THIS
REFERS TO COMPASSION, AND LOVE FOR
OTHERS
 GOLDEN RULE – “DO NOT DO UNTO OTHERS
WHAT YOU WOULD NOT WANT OTHERS DO
UNTO YOU”
LI (RITUAL PROPERTY)
 THIS REFERS TO PROPER CONDUCT AND
PARTICIPATING CULTURAL PRACTICES.
EVERY RESPONSIBILITY AND AUTHORITY IN
EACH MEMBER HAS TO BE EARNED,
PRIMARY TO ALL OF THESE IS ESTABLISHING;
5 CONSTANT RELATIONSHIP
1. RULER – SUBJECT
2. PARENT – CHILD
3. HUSBAND – WIFE
4. ELDER BROTHER – YOUNGER BROTHER
5. ELDER FRIEND – YOUNGER FRIEND
 “IT WAS ESTABLISH TO PREVENT AMBIGUITY
ABOUT OUR RELATIONSHIP TO ONE
ANOTHER. CEREMONY IS IMPORTANT”
YI (RIGHTNESS)
 “THIS REFERS TO THE RIGHT WAY OF
BEHAVING, RIGHT IS RIGHT WHAT IS NOT
RIGHT IS WRONG
DOCTRINE OF THE MEAN
- LIVE IN MODERATION
- STRIVE NOT FOR EXCESS
- VALUE COMPROMISE
LESSON 1: PART 2. PHYSICAL SELF
SELF UNDERSTANDING
 IT IS THE COGNITIVE REPRESENTATION OF
THE SELF WHICH CONSISTS OF THE
SUBSTANCE AND THE CONTENT OF SELF-
CONCEPTIONS (SANTROCK, 2014)
GROWING UP
 ERIK ERIKSON BELIEVED IN THE
IMPORTANCE OF THE BODY FROM EARLY
DEVELOPMENT BECAUSE THE PHYSICAL SELF
AS WELL AS THE INTELLECTUAL SKILL WILL
SOMEHOW SERVE AS A BASIS TO WHETHER
A PERSON HAS ACHIEVED A SENSE OF
COMPETENCE AND BE ABLE TO MANAGE
AND FACE THE DEMANDS OF THE
COMPLEXITIES
 WILLIAM JAMES CONSIDERED THE BODY AS
THE INITIAL SOURCE OF SENSATION AND
NECESSARY FOR THE ORIGIN AND
MAINTENANCE OF PERSONALITY
AGE 10-12: CHILDREN ENTER THE
ADOLESCENT PERIOD. PUBERTY BEGINS
AGE 18-22: ADOLESCENT PERIOD LASTS THIS
LONG; AND SERVES AS TRANSITION PERIOD
THREE PERIODS OF ADOLESCENCE
1. EARLY ADOLESCENCE (11-14 YEARS OLD)
2. MIDDLE ADOLESCENCE (15-17 YEARS
OLD)
3. LATE ADOLESCENSE (18-21 YEARS OLD)
PUBERTY
 PERIOD OF RAPID PHYSICAL CHANGES
 SANTROCK – PUBERTY IS NOT THE SAME AS
ADOLESCENCE BECAUSE PUBERTY ENDS TO
THE PRIOR TO THE END OF THE ADOLESCENT
PERIOD. BUT HE RECOGNIZED PUBERTY AS
THE ESSENTIAL MARKER OF THE BEGINNING
OF THE ADOLESCENCE. HE ALSO EXPLAINED
THAT PUBERTY IS A BRAIN-
NEUROENDOCTRINE PROCESS ACCURING
PRIMARILY IN EARLY ADOLESCENCE THAT
TRIGGERS THE RAPID PHYSICAL CHANGES
THAT OCCUR IN THE ADOLESCENT STAGE OF
HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
  PITUITARY GLAND – MASTER ENDOCTRINE
GLAND THAT CONTROLS GROWTH AND
REGULATES THE FUNCTIONS OF ALL OTHER
ENDOCTRINE GLANDS, INCLUDING THE
GANADS
 SECONDARY SEXUAL CHANGES – PHYSICAL
CHANGES
 PRIMARY SEXUAL CHANGES – CHANGES IN
REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS
BODY IMAGE
 REFERS TO THE WAY ONE SEES
HIMSELF/HERSELF OR THE WAY HE/SHE
IMAGINES HOW HE/SHE LOOK
FACTORS THAT AFFECTPERCEPTION OF THE
PHYSICAL SELF
1. PERSONAL FACTORS
2. SOCIAL FACTORS
PERSONAL FACTORS
1. INTROSPECTION AND SELF-REFLECTIO
2. SELF-PERCEPTION THEORY
3. SELF-CONCEPT
4. PERSONAL IDENTITY
SOCIAL FACTORS
1. ATTACHMENT PROCESS AND SOCIAL
APPRAISAL
2. MAINTAINING, REGULATING, AND
EXPANDING THE SELF IN
INETRPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS
3. THE LOOKING-GLASS SELF THEORY
4. SOCIAL COMPARISON
5. SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY (COLLECTIVE
IDENTITY)
THE IMPACT OF CULTURE ON BODY IMAGE AND
SELF-ESTEEM (THE IMPORTANCE OF BEAUTY)
BEAUTY
 IS THE QUALITY OF BEING PHYSICALLY
ATTRACTIVE OR THE QUALITIES IN A PERSON
OR A THING THAT GIVE PLEASURE TO THE
SENSE OF THE MIND
 “BEAUTY LIES IN THE EYE OF THE BEHOLDER”
FILIPINO CONCEPT OF BEAUTY
 OUR PREOCCUPATION WITH BEAUTY IS AN
INTERNATIONAL OBSESSION, BUT HOW
FILIPINOS DEFINE BEAUTY. IN AN EFFORT TO
BREAK DOWN BEAUTY BARRIERS, WE'RE
TAKING A LOOK AT WHAT BEING
"BEAUTIFUL" MEANS IN PRE-CONIAL
PHILIPPINES UP TO MODERNDAY. THE
EXPECTATION OF BEAUTY IS PREVALENT
AND STRONG IN THE PHILIPPINES.
 TISOY AND TISAY
 MORENA AT MORENO
SELF-ESTEEM AND THE IDEAL BODY IMAGE
SELF-ESTEEM
 HEWSTONE DEFINES SELF-ESTEEM AS THE
OVERALL EVALUATION THAT A PERSON HAS
OF HIMSELF WHICH CAN BE POSITIVE
NEGATIVE, HIGH OR LOW.
 IS HOW VALUABLE HIMSELF AND OTHERS
THE PERSON PERCEIVES HIMSELF TO BE.
 HAVING A POSITIVE BODY IMAGE INVOLVES
UNDERSTANDING THAT HEALTHY
ATTRACTIVE BODIES COME IN MANY SHAPES
AND SIZE, AND THAT PHYSICAL APPEARANCE
SAYS LITTLE ABOUT A PERSON'S CHARACTER
OR HIS VALUE AS AN INDIVIDUAL.
SEXUAL SELF
PERSPECTIVE OF HUMAN SEXUALITY
BIOLOGICAL
 BRAIN IS THE REASON IN FORMING SEXUAL
BEHAVIOR. HUMAN BEINGS ARE CREATED
BY THE PROCESS OF REPRODUCTION. THERE
ARE CHANGES IN BOTH PRIMARY AND
SECONDARY SEXUAL CHANGES AT THE
START OF PUBERTY.
 CHROMOSOMES- THREADLIKE STRUCTURES
IN NUCLEUS.
 GENES- BASIC PHYSICAL AND FUNCTIONAL
UNIT OF HEREDITY.
SOCIOBIOLOGICAL/ EVOLUTIONARY
 PROCESS THAT ORGANISM ARE BEST SUITED
TO ENVIRONMENT ARE MOST LIKELY TO
SURVIVE IS CALLED NATURAL SELECTION
 BEAUTY IS MORE THAN JUST A CULTURAL
STANDARD
PSYCHOLOGICAL
 SEXUALITY ISN’T MERE PHYSICAL RESPONSE,
RATHER, IT INVOLVES EMOTIONS,
 THOUGHTS AND BELIEFS (ROSENTHAL,  ORGASM – CHARACTERIZED BY WAVES OF
2013) INTENSE PLEASURE (CLIMAX).
 SIGMUND FREUD EXPLAINED WE FACED  RESOLUTION – THE BODY RETURNS TO ITS
TWO FORCES NON-EXCITED STATE.
1. SEX INSTINCT OR LIBIDO (PLEASURE)
2. DEATH OR AGGRESSIVE INSTINCT (HARM THE CHEMISTRY OF LUST, LOVE AND ATTACHMENT
TOWARD ONESELF OR TOWARDS TOHERS)
RELIGIOUS ATTRACTION
 JUDAISM  IS A CHARACTERISTIC THAT CAUSES
 ISLAM PLEASURE OR INTEREST BY APPEALING TO A
 TAOISM PERSON’S DESIRES OR TASTES, AND CAUSES
 HINDUISM ONE BE DRAWN TO THE OTHER.
 ROMAN CATHOLIC
LOVE: EMOTION OR DRIVE?
CLARIFYING SEXUAL TERMINOLOGIES
STAGE CHARACTERISTICS HORMONES AND
SEX(SECARE) NEURAL
 MEANS ‘TO DIVIDE’ PATHWAYS
SEXUALITY INVOLVED
 MEANS ‘TO UNITE’ LUST THIS IS ANDROGEN AND
MASCULINE DESCRIBED AS AN ESTROGEN,
 THE QUALITY AND BEHAVIORS JUDGED BY A INTENSE PHEROMONES
PARTICULAR CULTURE TO BE IDEALLY CARVING FOR AND THE SENSES
ASSOCIATED TO MEN AND BOYS. SEXUAL CONTACT
FEMININE
 THE QUALITY AND BEHAVIORS JUDGED BY A ATTRACTION COUPLES ARE HIGH DOPAMINE
PARTICULAR CULTURE TO BE IDEALLY PHASE INFATUATED AND AND
ASSOCIATED TO WOMEN AND GIRLS. PURSUE A NOREPINEPHRINE;
ANDROGYNY RELATIONSHIP. LOW SEROTONIN
 THOSE WHO HAVE BOTH MASCULINE AND THE ENERGY AND
FEMININE TRAITS. ATTENTION IS
ASEXUAL FOCUSED ON
 PERSON WHO DO NOT EXPERIENCE SEXUAL ONE PARTICULAR
DRIVES OR ATTRACTION TO EITHER SEX. PERSON.
HYPERSEXUAL
 PERSON WITH AN EXCESSIVE INTEREST IN
SEX TO THE POINT WHERE IT CAN CAUSE ATTACHMENT IT IS A LONG- OXYTOCIN,
PROBLEMS IN ONE’S LIFE. PHASE TERM BOND VASOPRESSIN
BETWEEN
THE PHASES OF HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE PARTNERS. IT IS A
FEELING OF
HUMAN SEXUAL RESPONSE CYCLE( HSRC) SECURITY,
BY MASTERS AND JOHNSON COMFORT AND
STAGE EMOTIONAL
 EXCITEMENT – BODY’S INITIAL RESPONSE TO UNION
SEXUAL AROUSAL.
 PLATEAU – PERIOD OF SEXUAL EXCITEMENT
PRIOR TO ORGASM. JOHN LEE’S LOVE STYLES
 1. EROS TYPES OF SEXUAL ORIENTATION:
2. AGAPE  HOMOSEXUAL
3. STORGE a. LESBIAN
4. MANIA b. GAY
5. PRAGMA  HETEROSEXUAL
6. LUDUS  BISEXUAL
 PANSEXUAL
THE TRIANGULAR THEORY OF LOVE BY ROBERT  TRANSGENDER
STENBERG, 1986
1. INTIMACY STI’S (SEXAULLY TRANSMITTED INFECTION
2. PASSION  HIV/ AIDS
3. COMMITMENT  GENITAL HERPES
 GENITAL WARTS
LIKING (INTIMACY)  GONORRHEA
INFATUATION (PASSION)  SYPHILIS
EMPTY LOVE (COMMITMENT)  CHLAMYDIA (CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS)
ROMANTIC LOVE (INTIMACY AND PASSION)
COMPANIONATE LOVE (INTIMACY AND METHODS OF CONTRACEPTION (ARTIFICIAL AND
COMMITMENT) NATURAL)
FATUOUS LOVE (PASSION AND COMMITMENT) 1. HORMONAL METHOD OF CONTRACEPTION
CONSUMMATE LOVE (INTIMACY, PASSION AND A. ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
COMMITMENT) B. THE PATCH
C. THE RING
CHEMISTRY OF LOVE D. IMPLANTS
 CHEMICAL SUBSTANCE IN BODY HAVE E. INJECTABLE
FOUND TO NATURALLY INFLUENCE THE 2. BARRIER METHODS
EXPERIENCE OF LOVE. A. DIAPHRAGM
 DOPAMINE(DA) AND B. CERVICAL CAPS
NOREPINEPHRINE (NE) C. MALE AND FEMALE CONDOMS
 SEROTONIN OR SPERMICIDES
 PHENYLETHYLAMINE (PEA) 3. BEHAVIORAL METHODS
 OXYTOCIN AND VASOPRESSIN A. RHYTHM OR CALENDAR METHOD
 ENDORPHINS B. ABSTINENCE OR CELIBACY
PSYCHOLOGICAL THEORIES THAT WOULD EXPLAIN C. OUTERCOURSE
WHY WE FALL INLOVE D. WITHDRAWAL
 BEHAVIORAL REINFORMENT THEORY
 PHYSIOLOGICAL AROUSAL THEORY LESSON 3: MATERIAL/ECONOMIC SELF
 EVOLUTIONARY THEORIES
JOHN HESKETT
DIVERSITY OF SEXUAL BEHAVIOR  THERE IS A SIGNIFICANCE AND FUNCTION
BEHIND EVERYDAY THINGS
SEXUAL STIMULI- INCREASES WHEN PEOPLE
EXPOSED TO ADVERTISEMENTS WITH SEXUAL ROLAND BARTHES
THEMES. BUT, IT SHOULD BE REGULATED AND ACT  FIELD OF SEMOLOGY – THE STUDY OF
THE PROPER BEHAVIOR. IT INCLUDES: OBJECTS AS SIGN
 SOCIOSEXUAL BEHAVIOR  SIGN – ANUTHING THAT CONVEYS MEANING
 SOLITARY BEHAVIOR  SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS
SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS
  SEMIOTIC – STUDY OF SIGNS THAT BARTHES
INTRODUCED.
 2 ELEMENTS OF SIGN : SIGNIFIER AND
SIGNIFIED
 SIGNIFIER – REFERS TO ITS PHYSICAL FORM
 SIGNIFIED – THE MENTAL CONCEPTS IT
REFERS
THEORY OF THE MEANING OF MATERIAL
POSSESSIONS
SUGGESTS THAT MATERIAL GOODS CAN FULFILL
A RANGE OF INSTRUMENTAL, SOCIAL, SYMBOLIC
AND AFFECTIVE FUNCTIONS.
 INSTRUMENTAL FUNCTIONS RELATE TO
THE FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF A
PRODUCT.
 SOCIAL SYMBOLIC FUNCTIONS SIGNIFY
PERSONAL QUALITIES, SOCIAL STANDING,
GROUP AFFILIATION AND GENDER ROLE.
 CATEGORICAL FUNCTIONS REFER TO THE
EXTENT TO WHICH MATERIAL POSSESSIONS
MAY BE USED TO COMMUNICATE GROUP
MEMBERSHIP AND STATUS.
 SELF – EXPRESSIVE FUNCTIONS REFLECT A
PERSON’S UNIQUE QUALITIES, VALUES OR
ATTITUDES. THERE ARE PEOPLE WHO MAY
REPRESENT THEMSELVES BY COLLECTING
OBJECTS WITH A HELLO KITTY BRAND OR
MAY EXPRESS THEIR FAVORITE COLOR
THROUGH THE COLOR OF THEIR
ACCESSORIES.
ECONOMIC SELF PRESENTATION AND IDENTITY
 ECONOMICS – STUDY OF THINGS THAT A
PERSON IS LACKING, OF HOW PEOPLE MAKE
USE OF THE THINGS THAT THEY HAVE, AND
OF MAKING THE RIGHT DECISIONS
 ECONOMIC SELF – SUFFICIENCY – ABILITY
OF INDIVIDUALS AND FAMILIES TO
CONSISTENTLY MEET THEIR NEEDS.
 ECONOMIC CONSCIOUSNESS – RESULT OF
SOCIALIZATION AND PROFESSIONALIZATION
OF THE SUBJECT THAT ACQUIRES A
PARTICULAR SIGNIFICANCE IN HUMAN
AFFAIRS.
 ECONOMIC IDENTITY – IS A INNER FAITH, YOUR TRUE BEING. IT’S THE
PSYCHOLOGICAL PHENOMENON THAT
RESULTS FROM SOCIAL CATEGORIZATION.
SYMBOLIC MOTIVES
STATUS
 THE EXTENT TO WHICH PEOPLE BELIEVE
THEY CAN DERIVE A SENSE OF RECOGNITION
OR ACHIEVEMENT FROM OWNING AND
USING THE RIGHT KIND OF PRODUCT, CAN
BE AN IMPORTANT MOTIVATOR OF
BEHAVIOR.
 MATERIALISM – IS THE IMPORTANCE
ASCRIBED TO THE OWNERSHIP AND
ACQUISITION OF MATERIAL GOODS IN
ACHIEVING MAJOR LIFE GOALS.
AFFECTIVE MOTIVES
 CAN BE A BASIS OF THE BUYING BEHAVIOR.
USING THIS AFFECTIVE MOTIVES: PEOPLE
BUY THE GOODS NOT ONLY BECAUSE THEY
THINK THEY NEED IT BUT MORE SO BECAUSE
OF THE JOY/HAPPINESS BUYING THE GOODS
PROVIDE THROUGH THE MERE ACQUISITION
OF IT.
 ANTICIPATED AFFECT – IS WHEN A PERSON
IS EXPECTING TO FEEL GOOD OR GUILTY
WHEN DOING SOMETHING.
ROLE OF CONSUMER CULTURE ON THE SENSE OF
SELF AND IDENTITY
 CONSUMER IDENTITY – IS THE PATTERN OF
CONSUMPTION THAT DESCRIBES THE
CONSUMER.
 CONSUMERISM IS THE PREOCCUPATION
WITH AND AN INCLINATION TOWARDS THE
BUYING OF CONSUMER GOODS. IT IS ALSO
BASED ON THE THEORY THAT AN
INCREASING CONSUMPTION OF GOODS IS
ECONOMICALLY DESIRABLE.
LESSON 4: SPIRITUAL SELF
SPIRITUAL SELF
 SPIRITUAL SELF IS YOU IN YOUR MOST
BEAUTIFUL AND POWERFUL FORM. IT IS THE
AUTHENTIC SELF, THE UNCONDITIONED
PART, THE YOU WITHOUT PATTERNS. THIS IS
PERSONAL FOR EACH OF US, SO NO NEED TO
GET CAUGHT UP ON THE LANGUAGE. SOME
MAY IDENTIFY WITH HIGHER SELF, THE
UNIVERSE, GOD, HIGHER POWER, YOUR
PART OF YOU THAT IS CONNECTED TO
EVERYTHING, THE PART THAT IS LOVE.
  ACCORDING TO JAMES: IT IS THE MOST
INTIMATE SELF. IS OUR INNER SELF OR OUR
PSYCHOLOGICAL SELF? IT IS COMPRISED OF
OUR SELF PERCEIVED ABILITIES, ATTITUDES,
EMOTIONS, INTERESTS, VALUES, MOTIVES,
OPINIONS, TRAITS, AND WISHES.
 PAMELA DINTAMAN: THERE ARE
QUESTIONS AND PRACTICES THAT WE
NATURALLY GRAVITATE TOWARD IN OUR
OWN INDIVIDUAL SPIRITUALITY. PEOPLE
EXPRESS THEIR SPIRITUALITY, AND WHAT
THEY VALUE, IN A VARIETY OF WAYS”. “IF
YOU ACCEPT WHO YOU ARE—WHAT REALLY
RESONATES FOR YOU—AND LEARN TO
WORK WITHIN THAT NATURAL WISDOM, IT
CAN HELP GUIDE YOU TOWARD A SPIRITUAL
PRACTICE THAT MIGHT BE PARTICULARLY
SUITED FOR YOU. HAVING THAT SPIRITUAL
FOUNDATION OR ORIENTATION IS GOOD
FOR YOU BECAUSE IT REDUCES STRESS,
MAKES YOUR LIFE FEEL MORE FULFILLING,
AND IT PLAYS AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN YOUR
PHYSICAL HEALTH.

FIVE PERSONAL SPIRITUALITY TYPES

1. KINESTHETIC – THEIR WAY OF CONNECTING
SPIRITUALLY IS THROUGH THE BODY
2. THE SCHOLAR – THE SCHOLAR IS THE MIND;
THESE PEOPLE REALLY CONNCET WITH
THEIR OWN SPIRITUAL ESSENCE THROUGH
THEIR THOUGHTS
3. DEVOTIONAL – THE DEVOTIONAL WOULD
DEFINITELY BE THE HEART
4. SERVANT – THESE ARE THE PEOPLE WHO
NEED TO SERVE THEIR COMMUNITY TO
NURTURE THEIR SPIRIT
5. CONTEMPLATIVE – MORE SOLITARY AND
TEND TO BE SENSITIVE AND INTROVERTED.