BM: Biomedical Engineering

Section 1: Engineering Mathematics

Linear Algebra: Matrix algebra, systems of linear equations, Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors.
Calculus: Mean value theorems, theorems of integral calculus, partial derivatives, maxima and minima,
multiple integrals, Fourier series, vector identities, line, surface and volume integrals, Stokes, Gauss and
Green’s theorems.
Differential equations: First order equation (linear and nonlinear), higher order linear differential
equations with constant coefficients, method of variation of parameters, Cauchy’s and Euler’s equations,
initial and boundary value problems, solution of partial differential equations: variable separable method.
Analysis of complex variables: Analytic functions, Cauchy’s integral theorem and integral formula,
Taylor’s and Laurent’s series, residue theorem, solution of integrals.
Probability and Statistics: Sampling theorems, conditional probability, mean, median, mode and standard
deviation, random variables, discrete and continuous distributions: normal, Poisson and binomial
distributions. Tests of Significance, statistical power analysis, and sample size estimation. Regression
and correlation analysis.
Numerical Methods: Matrix inversion, solutions of nonlinear algebraic equations, iterative methods for
solving differential equations, numerical integration.
Section 2: Electrical Circuits:
Voltage and current sources: independent, dependent, ideal and practical; v-i relationships of resistor,
inductor, mutual inductor and capacitor; transient analysis of RLC circuits with dc excitation.
Kirchoff’s laws, mesh and nodal analysis, superposition, Thevenin, Norton, maximum power transfer
and reciprocity theorems.
Peak-, average- and rms values of ac quantities; apparent-, active- and reactive powers; phasor analysis,
impedance and admittance; series and parallel resonance, locus diagrams, realization of basic filters with
R, L and Celements.
Section 3: Signals and Systems
Continuous and Discrete Signal and Systems: Periodic, aperiodic and impulse signals; Sampling
theorem; Laplace, Fourier and z-transforms; transfer function, frequency response of first and second
order linear time invariant systems, impulse response of systems; convolution, correlation. Discrete time
system: impulse response, frequency response, pulse transfer function; DFT; basics of IIR and FIR
filters.
Section 4: Analog and Digital Electronics
Characteristics and applications of diode, Zenerdiode, BJT and MOSFET; small signal analysis of
transistor circuits, feedback amplifiers. Characteristics of operational amplifiers; applications of opamps:
difference amplifier, adder, subtractor, integrator, differentiator, instrumentation amplifier,buffer.
Combinational logic circuits, minimization of Boolean functions. IC families: TTL and CMOS.
Arithmetic circuits, comparators, Schmitt trigger, multi-vibrators, sequential circuits, flipflops, shift
registers, timers and counters; sample-and-hold circuit, multiplexer. Characteristics of ADC and DAC
(resolution, quantization, significant bits, conversion/settling time); basics of number systems,
microprocessor and microcontroller: applications, memory and input- output interfacing; elements of
data acquisition systems.
Section 5: Measurements and Control Systems
SI units, systematic and random errors in measurement, expression of uncertainty - accuracy and
precision index, propagation of errors. PMMC, MI and dynamometer type instruments; dc
potentiometer; bridges for measurement of R, L and C, Q-meter. Basics of control engineering –
modeling system: transfer function and state-space model, stability analysis:time domain and frequency
domain analysis.
Section 6: Sensors and Bioinstrumentation
Types of Instruments: Resistive-, capacitive-, inductive-, piezoelectric-, Hall Effect sensors and
associated signal conditioning circuits; Optical sources and detectors: LED, Photo-diode, p-i-
nandavalanchephotodiode (APD), light dependent resistor and their characteristics; basics of magnetic
sensing; Interferometer: applications in metrology; basics of fiber optic sensing. Basics of LASERs.
Origin, nature, and types of Biosignals, Principles of sensing physiological parameters, types of
transducers and their characteristics, Electrodes for bioelectric signals, Bioelectric signals and their
characteristics. Biopotential Amplifiers, Noiseandarte facts and their management, Electrical Isolation
(optical and electrical) and Safety of Biomedical Instruments. Generation, Acquisition, and signal
conditioning and analysis of biosignals: ECG, EMG, EEG, EOG, Blood ERG, PCG, GSR. Principles of
measuring blood pressure, Core temperature, volume & flow in arteries, veins and tissues – Lung
volumes, respiration and cardiacrate.
Section 7: Human Anatomy and Physiology
Basic elements of human body-muscloskeletal system, respiratory system, circulatory system, excretory
system, endocrine system, nervous system, digestive, nervous, immune, integumentary, and reproductive
systems, Basics of cell and molecularbiology.
Section 8: Biomechanics
Engineering Mechanics: Free-body diagrams and equilibrium; trusses and frames; virtual work;
kinematics and dynamics of particles and of rigid bodies in plane motion; impulse and momentum
(linear and angular) and energy formulations, collisions.
Hard Tissues: Definition of Stress and Strain; Deformation Mechanics. Bone structure & composition
mechanical properties of bone, cortical and cancellous bones, viscoelastic properties, Maxwell & Voight
models – anisotropy, Fatigue Analysis,
Soft Tissues: Structure, functions, material properties and modeling of Soft Tissues: Cartilage, Tendon,
Ligament, Muscle - Hodgkin-Huxley Model.
Human Joints and Movements: Skeletal joints, forces and stresses in human joints, types of joint,
biomechanical analysis joints, parameterization and analysis in Gait,
Biofluid mechanics: Flow properties of blood, Dynamics of fluid flow in the intact human cardiovascular
system - modeling and experimental approaches, Pulse wave velocities in arteries,
Measurement/Estimation of In-vivo elasticity of blood vessels,
Section 9: Medical Imaging Systems
Basic physics and Instrumentation of medical images in X-Ray, Ultrasound, CT, MRI, PET, FMRI,
SPECT, and their characteristics.
Section 10: Biomaterials
Basic properties of biomaterials, biocompatibility, bioactivity, biodegradable materials, Fundamentals of
implants and medical devices, drug delivery carriers, scaffolds for tissue engineering.