Steady Flow Part 1

1
Steady Flow through Pipes
Instructor’s Name:
Engr. Huzaifah Zahran
huzaifah.zahran@cust.edu.pk
Department of Civil Engineering
CUST Islamabad
Introduction
• Fluid flow in circular and noncircular pipes is commonly encountered in
practice.
• The hot and cold water that we use in our homes is pumped through
pipes.
• Water in a city is distributed by extensive piping networks.
• Oil and natural gas are transported hundreds of miles by large pipelines.
• Fluid flow is classified as external and internal, depending on whether the

fluid is forced to flow over a surface or in a conduit.
• Internal and external flows exhibit very different characteristics.
1. Pipe Flow | ADVANCED FLUID MECHANICS | Department of Civil Engineering | CUST Islamabad
Introduction
• In this chapter we consider internal flow where the conduit is completely
filled with the fluid, and flow is driven primarily by a pressure difference.
• This should not be confused with open-channel flow where the conduit is
partially filled by the fluid and thus the flow is partially bounded by solid
surfaces, as in an irrigation ditch, and flow is driven by gravity alone.
• We will discuss some aspects of steady flow in pressure conduits.

• We shall limit our discussion to incompressible fluids, that is, to those that
have 𝜌 ≈ constant.
A closed conduit is a pipe or duct through which the fluid flows
while completely filling the cross-section.
Introduction
• Liquid or gas flow through pipes is commonly used in fluid distribution
networks.
• The fluid in such application is usually forced to flow by pump through a
flow section.
• We pay particular attention to friction, which is directly related to the
pressure drop and head loss during flow through pipes and ducts.
• The pressure drop is then used to determine the pumping power
requirement.
• A typical piping system involves pipes of different diameters connected
to each other by various fittings or elbows to route the fluid, valves to
control the flow rate, and pumps to pressurize the fluid.
Pipe Flow vs Open Channel Flow
 Pipe flow: Flows completely filling the pipe.
 The pressure gradient along the pipe is main driving force.
 Open channel flow: Flows without completely filling the pipe.

 The gravity alone is the driving force.
Introduction
 The flow regime (laminar or turbulent) of internal flows is primarily a function
of the Reynolds number i.e., inertial force / viscous force.
 Laminar flow: Can be solved analytically.
 Turbulent flow: Rely heavily on semi-empirical theories and experimental
data.
Pipe System
 A pipe system includes the pipes
themselves (perhaps of more than
one diameter), various fittings, the
flowrate control devices, valves and
the pumps or turbines.
Laminar and Turbulent Flow
Laminar Flow Turbulent Flow
“If the liquid particles appear to move in “The flow in which liquid particles
definite smooth paths and flow appears move in irregular paths, which are not
to be as a movement of thin layers on fixed with respect to either time or
top of each other, then the flow is called space, is called turbulent flow.”
laminar (or streamline) flow.” o The highly disordered fluid motion that
typically occurs at high velocities and is
o The highly ordered fluid motion characterized by velocity fluctuations is
characterized by smooth layers of fluid is called turbulent.
called laminar. o The flow of low-viscosity fluids such as
air at high velocities is typically turbulent.
o The flow of high-viscosity fluids such as The flow regime greatly influences the
oils at low velocities is typically laminar. required power for pumping.
Laminar Flow
 Osborne Reynolds (11842–19122), a British scientist and mathematician, was
the first to distinguish the difference between these two classifications of flow
by using a simple apparatus as shown by the figure (given below), which is a
sketch of Reynolds’ dye experiment.
Laminar Flow
 For “small enough flowrate” the dye streak will remain as a

well-defined line as it flows along, with only slight blurring
due the molecular diffusion of the dye into the surrounding
water.
 For a somewhat larger “intermediate flowrate” the dye

fluctuates in time and space, and intermittent bursts of irregular
behavior appear along the streak.
 For “large enough flowrate” the dye streak almost

immediately become blurred and spreads across the entire pipe
in a random fashion. Laminar and turbulent flow
regimes of candle smoke
• If we measure the head loss in a given length of
uniform pipe at different velocities, we will find
that, as long as the velocity is low enough to
secure Laminar Flow, the head loss due to
friction is directly proportional to the velocity.
• But with the increasing velocity, at some point
B, there will be an abrupt increase in the rate at
which the head loss varies.
• Thus we see that for laminar flow the drop in
energy due to friction varies as V, while for
turbulent flow the friction varies as Vn, where n
ranges from 1.75 to 2.
Reynolds Number
• The point in Figure are plotted directly from measurements made by Osborne
Reynolds.
• If we gradually reduce the velocity from a high value, the points will not return
along the line BC. Instead, the point will lie along CA.
• We call point B the higher critical point, and A the lower critical point.
• However the velocity is not only factor that determines whether the flow is
laminar or turbulent. The criterion is Reynold number.
𝐷𝑉𝜌 𝐷𝑉
• Pipe flow 𝐑 = 𝑅𝑒 = =
𝜇 𝑣
Reynolds Number
• We call the lower value as the true critical Reynold number.
Critical Reynolds number, Recr:

• The Reynolds number at which the flow becomes turbulent.
• The value of the critical Reynolds number is different for different geometries
and flow conditions.
• Its value will be higher in a converging pipe and lower in diverging pipe than in
straight pipe.
• Also, it will be less for flow in a curved pipe than in straight one, and even for
a straight uniform pipe it may be as low as 1000 where there is excessive
roughness.
• However, for normal cases of flow in straight pipes of uniform diameter and
usual roughness, we take the critical value as:
𝐑 crit = 𝟐𝟎𝟎𝟎
• For water at 15oC, using both Equations, we find that:

• When D = 1 in. (25 mm), Vcrit = 0.3 fps (0.091 m/s)
• When V = 3 fps (0.91 m/s), Dcrit = 0.10 in (2.5 mm)
Numerical Problem
• In refinery oil (s = 0.85, v = 1.8 × 10-5 m2/sec) flows through a 100-mm-
diameter pipe at 0.50 l/sec. Is the flow laminar or turbulent?
• Oil with a kinematic viscosity of 0.185 St is flowing through a 150-mm-
diameter pipe. Below what velocity, the flow will be laminar?
• Oil with kinematic viscosity of 0.0035 ft2/sec flows through a 4-in-diameter
pipe with a velocity of 15 fps. Is the flow laminar or turbulent.
Hydraulic Radius
• What is the percentage difference between the hydraulic radii of 300-mm-
diameter duct and a 300-mm-square duct?
Friction Head Loss in Conduits of Constant Cross Section
 This discussion applies to either Laminar or Turbulent
flow and to any shape of cross section.
 Consider steady flow in a conduit of uniform cross

section A, not necessarily circular. The pressure at 
sections  and  are p1 and p2, respectively. The

distance between the section is L.
 For equilibrium in steady flow, the summation of forces acting on any fluid
element must be equal to zero (i.e., 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 = 0).
 Thus, in the direction of flow:
𝑝1 𝐴 − 𝑝2 𝐴 − 𝛾𝐿𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 − 𝜏𝑜 𝑃𝐿 = 0
where we define 𝜏𝑜 , the average shear stress at
the conduit wall, by
𝑃
0 𝑜
𝜏 𝑑𝑃
𝜏𝑜 =
𝑃
in which 𝜏𝑜 is the local shear stress acting over a
small incremental portion dP of the wetted perimeter.
 Noting that 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛼 = 𝑧2 − 𝑧1 𝐿 and dividing each term in Eq. (A) by 𝛾𝐴 gives
𝑝1 𝑝2 𝑃𝐿
− − 𝑧2 + 𝑧1 = 𝜏𝑜
𝛾 𝛾 𝛾𝐴
 From left hand sketch of Fig. we can see that the head loss due to friction at the
wetted perimeter is:
𝑝1 𝑝2
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑧1 + − 𝑧2 +
𝛾 𝛾
 This equation indicates that ℎ𝑓 depends only on the values of z and p on the
centerline, and so it is the same regardless of the size of the cross-sectional area A.
 Substituting ℎ𝑓 for the right-hand side of this expression and replacing A/P in Eq.
by Rh, we get:
𝑳
𝒉𝒇 = 𝝉𝒐 (𝟖. 𝟖)
𝑹𝒉 𝜸
 This equation is applicable to any shape of uniform cross section, regardless of
whether the flow is laminar or turbulent.
 For a smooth-walled conduit, where we can neglect wall roughness, we might
assume that the average shear stress 𝜏𝑜 at the wall is some function of 𝜌, 𝜇, and V
and some characteristics linear dimension i.e., hydraulic radius. Thus,
𝜏𝑜 = 𝑓 𝜌, 𝜇, 𝑉, 𝑅ℎ
 Using the Buckingham π (pi) theorem of dimensional analysis, we get
𝜏𝑜 = 𝜌𝑉 2 𝜙 𝑹
𝐿 𝑉2
ℎ𝑓 = 𝐶𝑓 (8.11)
𝑅ℎ 2𝑔
ℎ𝑓 𝐶𝑓 𝑉 2
=𝑆= (8.12)
𝐿 𝑅ℎ 2𝑔
which we also know as the energy gradient.
Friction in Circular Conduits
 Using both Equations (for both smooth-walled and rough-walled conduits), the
well-known equation for pipe-friction head loss (Circular pipe, flowing full with
laminar or turbulent flow)
𝐿 𝑉2
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓 (8.13) For circular pipe flowing full,
𝐷 2𝑔 𝑅ℎ = 𝐷 4
ℎ𝑓 𝑓 𝑉2
=𝑆= (8.14)
𝐿 𝐷 2𝑔
𝑓 = 4𝐶𝑓 = 8𝜙 𝑹 (8.15)
 Eq. (8.13) is know as the pipe-friction equation, and as the Darcy-Weisbach
equation.
 The pipe-friction equation states that the head lost in friction in a given pipe is
proportional to the velocity head.
Friction in Circular Conduits
 Like the coefficient Cf, the friction factor f (also sometimes called the Darcy
friction factor) is dimensionless and some function of Reynolds number.
𝑓 = 4𝐶𝑓 = 8𝜙 𝑹 (8.15)
 Much research has gone into determining how f varies with R and also with pipe
roughness.
 Exact form of ϕ 𝑅 and numerical values for Cf and f is determined by experiment

or other means.
Velocity Profile in Circular Conduits/Pipe
𝑟
𝜏 = 𝜏𝑜
𝑟𝑜
𝑟2
𝑢 = 𝑉𝑐 1 − 2
𝑟𝑜
ℎ𝑓 𝛾 2 ℎ𝑓 𝛾 2
𝑉𝑐 = 𝑢𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 𝑟𝑜 = 𝐷
4𝜇𝐿 16𝜇𝐿
Velocity profile in laminar flow, and distribution of shear stress
Shear Stress at Pipe Wall
 Using Eqs. (8.8) and (8.13)…
𝐿
ℎ𝑓 = 𝜏𝑜
𝑅ℎ 𝛾
𝐿 𝑉2
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓
𝐷 2𝑔
 Equating both
𝐿 𝐿 𝑉2
𝜏𝑜 =𝑓
𝑅ℎ 𝛾 𝐷 2𝑔
 Simplifying
𝑓 𝑉2 𝑓 𝑉2
𝜏𝑜 = 𝜌 = 𝛾
4 2 4 2𝑔
Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes
Hagen-Poiseuille law
 G. Hagen, a German engineer, and J. L. Poiseuille, a French scientist, both
contributed in the development of equation for laminar flow in tubes which is:
𝜇 𝐿 𝐿
ℎ𝑓 = 32 2
𝑉 = 32𝑣 2
V (8.28)
𝛾𝐷 𝑔𝐷
 From Eq. (8.28), we see that in laminar flow, the loss of head is proportional to the
first power of the velocity.
 It involves no empirical coefficients or experimental factors of any kind.
 It also appears that in laminar flow the friction is independent of the roughness of
the pipe wall.
Laminar Flow in Circular Pipes
Hagen-Poiseuille law
 Equating (8.13) and (8.28) and solving for the friction factor f, we obtain for
laminar flow under pressure in a circular pipe:
64𝑣 64
𝑓= =
𝐷𝑉 𝑹
 Thus if R is less than 2000, we may use above Eq. to find pipe friction head loss,
or we may use the pipe-friction equation (8.13) with the value of f as given by Eq.
(8.29).
Numerical Problem
• Stream with a specific weight of 0.32 lb/ft3 is flowing with a velocity of 94 fps
through a circular pipe with f = 0.0171. What is the shear stress at pipe wall?
• Oil (s = 0.93) of viscosity 0.004 ft2/sec flows in a 4-in-diameter pipe at a rate of

6.5 gpm. Find the head loss per unit length?

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1

Steady Flow through Pipes

Department of Civil Engineering

• Fluid flow is classified as external and internal, depending on whether the

• We will discuss some aspects of steady flow in pressure conduits.

 Open channel flow: Flows without completely filling the pipe.

 For “small enough flowrate” the dye streak will remain as a

 For a somewhat larger “intermediate flowrate” the dye

 For “large enough flowrate” the dye streak almost

Critical Reynolds number, Recr:

• For water at 15oC, using both Equations, we find that:

 Consider steady flow in a conduit of uniform cross

 Exact form of ϕ 𝑅 and numerical values for Cf and f is determined by experiment

 It involves no empirical coefficients or experimental factors of any kind.

• Oil (s = 0.93) of viscosity 0.004 ft2/sec flows in a 4-in-diameter pipe at a rate of

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