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CLASIFICACIÓN
DRENAJE
INTRODUCCIÓN
Relleno
Cuerpo
Base o cimentación
Pie de base
Talón de base
Llave
Inclinación de muro
Keys
(a)
Approach siab
Approach
fill
Optional
piles
(b) (e) (f)
Headers
Stretcher
Face of wall
Counterforts
Note : Cells to be
filled with soil
(c) (d)
Figure 12-1 Types of retaining walls. (a) gravity walls of stone masonry, brick or plain concrete. Weight provides
overturning and sliding stability; (b) cantilever wall; (c) counterfort, or buttressed wall. If backfill covers counterforts,
the wall is termed a counterfort; (d) crib wall; (e) semigravity wall (small amount of steel reinforcement is used); (f)
bridge abutment
Cut
Cut
Fill
Fill
(a)
Cut
Fill
(b)
Water
Water (e)
(c)l (d)
High water
level
(f) (g)
Figure 3.22 Common use of retaining wall : (a) Hill side roads
(b) Elevated and depressed roads, (c) Load scaping
(d) Canals and locks (e) Erosión protection (f) Flood walls
(g) Bridge abutment.
Backfill
Front
face
Backface
Batter
Key between successive
concrete pours for high
walls
Stem
Key
Heel
Toe
Muros Cantilever
Muros de Gravedad
200 mm minimum
(300 mm preferable)
Minimum batter
1
H
48
B/3
H/12 to H/10
48 min
H
H H
to
14 12
H
6
.
0
-
3
.
0
B =0.4–0.7H
200 mm minimum
D
May be 0.5 to 0.7 H
sloped
(a) (b)
Ko γ H
Figure 12-6 Pressure diagram for very rigid retaining walls. If some
lateral movement can take place the resultant R can be
placed at 1/3 point; with no movement place R at ½
point. Note use of Ko, not Ka.
ESTABILIDAD DE MUROS
W
s
Pv 1
’2
Wc
Pa = 2 γH K a
Ph
β
This soil may
be removed Ph = Pa cos β
H’
Pv = Pa cos β
b c W s = weight of abcd
H
2 p W c = weight of concrete of entire wall system
1 γ Hp Kp = Pp B
2 β
Fr
e
R = W s + W c + Pv
Fr
Fr = R tan φ’ + c’B + Pp F= ≥ 1.5
Ph
Possible passive
soil failure
Pp a Heel key
b located here
Possible slip along this
inclined plane
(c)
Figure 12-8 Stability against sliding using a base key . (a) Base key near
stem so that stem steel may be run into the key; but (b) the
sliding surface may develop as shown here where little aid is
gained from using the key; (c) heel key which presents two
possible modes of failure (passive and slip along the plane).
a, meters
0.61 1.22 1.83
Example: φ = 30° ka = 0.33
H = 6; take (a+b) = 0.5H = 3
Enter chart with H2kg = 132 and
400 read horizontally to b = 2.10 37.2
a= 0.9 These dimensions may
be used for the first trial.
2 2
H kg b 3 b
a= + –
4 (m+b) 2 4 (m+b)
m=1 )
m
m=2 6
7
) 27.9
3000 3 '
.
m
7
(
2
1 .6
= (
3
)
b 12
'
m
H2ka, m2
5
= .0
b 3 )
'
(
5m
0 0
1 .
= (
3
)
b '
0 m
200 =
1
.4
4
18.6
b 2
)
(
' m
8 4
= .
4
2
(
b '
8
= )
b m
3
.
8
1 )
'
(
m
6 3
= .
8
1
b '
(
6 )
= m
b 2
2
.
1
100 9.3
(
'
4
=
b m
)
2
2
.
1
(
'
4
=
b m
H
0
a b
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Fig. 3.29 Chart for determining approximate dimension ‘a’ and ‘b’ for the base
slab, so that the resultant will fall inside the middle third (Bowles, 1968)
12
Q=∑W
10 p
pp o
Depthof key = B t an e
8
B
Example: B = 3 m; Q = 2ρ = 7.25 ton; Q = 20°
.
. . Q/p = 2 and e = 18.5°
Depth of key 3.75 tan 18.5 = 1.25 m
6 Also check Pp which may yield a
lower SF and be critical.
φ
=
1
0
φ °
4
=
1
5
°
φ =2 0
φ °
=2
φ = 3 5°
2 φ = 0° 3
5 °
φ = 4 0°
0
1° 5° 10° 15° 20° 25° 30°
ANGLE OF HEEL KEY θ
Fig. 3.34 Chart to find the depth of heel key for a sliding factor of safety
of 1.5. Curves not valid for θ= 0 (Bowles, 1968)
FUERZAS EN EL MURO DE CONTENCIÓN
V = W c + Pv V = W c + W s + Pv
(a) b)
Figure 12-9 Forces on a gravity wall (a) Coulomb analysis; (b) Rankine analysis
β
Ws W
W c
c
H
H w
Pa
Pa
Pa cos β
Hw
H
3
3
V
M1
q q
heel
toe (b)
e
Sometimes omitted
V = W s + W c + Pa sin β
Included because
(a) it is in q
qs = (average height of soil) x γ
Omit γ c Df s + γc Df
soil (weight of concrete
D Neglect vertical
f M2 V D component of P
f a
V M3 q heel
(c) (d)
Figure 12-10 Forces on cantilever wall. (a) Entire unit; free bodies for; (b) stem;
(c) toe; (d) heel. Note that M1 + M2 + M3 ≅ 0.0.
β
h
q = γhKa cos β
h
Q= qdh
∫o M = ∫oh Qdh
V
M Q M
(a)
q γc Df
1 q’ = average height of
M 1 soil x γ +D (γ )
Df Df s f c
q q q’s q
t
b h
A
S 1 S x B
1
x q = qh + sx - q’1
q = qt - sx - q1 Heel: Q = ∫ox qdx
Toe:
Q = ∫ox qdx M = ∫ox Qdx
M = ∫o Qdx
x
(b)
Figure 12-11 Cantilever retaining wall. (a) Stem shear and moments; (b) toe
and heel shears and moments.
Treat the toe as a cantilever H
beam loaded with the indicated
pressure diagram. (Same
solution as for the cantilever
retaining wall).
trip
n
its q = γH
u
trip
n
its
u
l’ s
tr
i
Equivalent beam
p
Treat as a + 1/10 -1/10 +1/10 – 1/10 Top
cantilever + 1/12 -1/12 +1/12 – 1/12 Bottom
∼
Kl l l l
If it is desired that the Counterforts
ql2
cantilever moment equal
Use 10 for top strips of stem with an average “q” on a
interior counterfort unit strip
moments take kl= 0.41l ql2
Use 12 for strips near the bottom of stem because
of fixity of stem to base
ql2
H/4
H/2
H/4
H/4
H/4
H/4
q/2 q/2 q’
q’ q/2 q/2
Use this pressure diagram Use this diagram for
for positive moment negative moment
computations (a) computations
0.41 l 0.41 l
l l l l l
-1/20
- 1/20 -1/11 -1/11-1/11 -1/11 -1/12 -1/12 -1/12 -1/12 -1/12 -1/12
Equivalent beam strip Unit
Unit
+ 1/16 + 1/16 + 1/16 + 1/20 + 1/20
q’ l 2 q’ l 2 q’l 2 q’l 2
M = 11 M = 16 M = 12 M= 20
Use q’ from the shaded portions of the pressure diagrams in (a). Moment
coefficientes are shown. Compute moments for several strips near top,
midheight and near bottom.
(b)
Assume M = const.
+M = M
4
Inthiszone
H
H/4 H/2
H
-M = 0.03 qHl
V = 0.2 qH
q = γHKa
(a)
+M
Stem
-M
Counterfort Counterfort
(b)
W
s
1 2
Pa = 2 γH Ka
H’
H’/3
2
7 Pb = area of pressure diagram
(2-3-6-7)
6 P’b = area of pressure diagram
3
(3-4-5-6)
M 5
D t b
c 4
qf
Wcb = γc bDc
2.4 M 2
W +W 2
s cb q w' = b t W' = 3 w' b
qs = b Mt = toe moment value at front face of
wall
Pb sin β
q Note that w' is parabolic but may be
qb = b f approximated as a uniform pressure w"
P'b sin β b
q'b = b w" = W'/b
q
net Assume pressure q’b, qb, and q are
q = w” + qs + qb + q'b constant and uniformly distributed
across b.
Since w”, qb, and q’b are small the design will usually
be sufficiently accurate to neglect these pressures.
qult = cNc dc ic + q Nq dq iq + 1 γ B Nγ dγ iγ
2
q = V ± Vec ≤ qa (e ≤ L/6)
A I
ASENTAMIENTOS
Excessive toe
settlement
(a)
Underlying strata of compresible material as
clay or peat
(b)
Figure 12-16 Settlement failures. (a) Excessive forward tilt due to a high toe
pressure; (b) excesive settlement and tilt due to backfill. The
latter is a common potential problem at bridge abutments
caused by the approach fill
Wall tilts
back
Soil bulges here
Segment
rotates
h
Soft material with
low shear strength
Figure 12-17 Soil shear failure. May be analyzed by the Swedish-circle method. A
“shallow” failure occurs when base soil fails. A “deep” failure occurs
if the poor soil stratum is underlying a better soil as in the figure.
DISEÑO DE MUROS DE GRAVEDAD Y SEMIGRAVEDAD
FSs
Pc
β
H
b b'
Figure 12-18 Design of a gravity retaining wall with critical points indicated.
JUNTAS EN MUROS
Juntas de Construcción
Juntas de Contracción
Juntas de Expansión
Keys used to tie
two pours together
or to increase
shear between
base and stem
0.411 0.411
Lloraderos
Drenes longitudinales
Relleno granular
Backfill with free draining soil
M = Pww Lw
2
Beams
Joint
Seat
∝
Lw
wall Abutment
Wing Backfill
P
w
w Monolithic
P
ab
Figure 12-21 Brigde abutment and wing-wall earth pressure and methods of
construction.
DISEÑO DE UN MURO CON CONTRAFUERTES
Wa
Pressure diagram
ll
Counterfort
Qc
y
c.g.s.
qh arm Tension
Qc y = As fy φ (arm)
C
L
S /// fixed
X,Y rot = 0
rota
tion
s=
Y-
0
Counterfort
Wall X
Typical grid
Figure 12-23 Tipycal layout for using mat program to solve a plate fixed on
three edges. Note use of closer grid spacing at edges to better
develop plate curvature.
Counterfort
A Counterfort main
reinforcing
Face wall Horizontal const.
Joint for high wall
Counterfort
B B Face of
Main reinforcing in wall
face of wall U-ties.
Pipe sleave or
opening in counter
fort for drain pipe
Weep holes Dowls.
A
Main reinforcing in Main reinforcing in SECTION A-A SECTION B-B
toe slab. heel slab.
MONONOBE- PRAKASH-
RANKINE COULOMB CULMANN
OKABE SARAN
Dimensionamiento de Pantalla
Peralte minimo por corte
FSD = Sumh / Eh
NO
FSD ≤ 1.5
FSV = Mi/Me
NO
FSD ≤ 1.5
1 2 3
Esfuerzos en la base:
S ,S
max min
NO
qa ≥ Smax
Diseño de la pantalla
Refuerzo Principal y secun- Aumenta altura de la
dario gráfico para determinar zapata
Altura de corte de fierro
NO
V >V
max act
NO
V >V
max act
Pérdida
Variar
SI
de Presión Momentos
en talón
Refuerzo Principal y
Secundario
FIN
0.25 m
w = 2 Ton / m2
φ1 = 32°
H1 = 2.0 m.
c1 = 0
γ1 = 1.70 T /
m3 φ2 = 28°
6.0 m 2
H2 = 2.5 m. c2 = 1 T / m
γ2 = 1.80 T /
3
m φ2 = 20°
H3 = 1.5 m. cb = 2.5 T / m2
1.5 m
0.50 γ2 = 1.9 T / m3
13 m
φ2 = 20°
3.90 m
cb = 2.5 T / m2
γ2 = 1.9 T / m3
Figura 2
0.20 m
β=10°
φ2 = 28°
cb = 0
γ2 = 1.8 T / m3
5.0 m
δ= 10°
Csh = 0.10
1.20 Csv = 0
0.50
1.20 m
3.60 m φ2 = 30°
cb = 1 T / m 2
γb = 2 T / m 3
Figura 3