Paper 1: Mutations of the human interferon alpha-2b gene in brain tumor patients exposed to

different environmental conditions

Summary 1:

This paper is about the mutation in an immune response gene. The study was made under
different environmental conditions. It is evident that environmental factors influence human
health and some types of exposures affect human genes. The patients under environmental
stresses, belonging to the area where radioactive elements are present, the houses made of
radioactive materials, food and water where radioactive materials are part of the soil,
employees working in the fields where they have to face the radioactive materials were
studied. The radiations from the surroundings as x-rays and gamma rays are also responsible
for cancer and have been included in the study. From surveys analysis it has been found that
brain cancer rate is increasing from last 25 years. The proportion of brain cancer is found more
for the people involved in the certain occupations as electrical, petrochemical, agriculture and
nuclear etc.
The analysis was performed on brain biopsy DNAs from the cancer patients from different
occupations and areas. The gene then analyzed via Polymerase chain reaction a method used in
molecular biology. This specific method is used to make exponential copies of the DNA
sequence. Then these sequences generated from the PCR method were analyzed by
bioinformatics to determine any point mutations in human interferon alpha 2b gene in brain
tumor patients and in the control group of healthy people to draw useful conclusions on the
synthesizing protein by this gene. Histopathologically confirmed brain tumor grades (n = 50
samples) were considered for molecular analysis in this study for DNA isolations, as well as gene
amplification via PCR technique. Among 50 samples, most reported brain tumor grades were
glioblastoma multiforme (n = 18; 36%), anaplastic astrocytoma (n = 15; 30%), diffuse
astrocytoma (n = 9; 18%) and meningioma (n = 8; 16%). A total of 38% gene mutations were
identified among brain tumor patients. The highest percentage of (36%) frameshift mutations
was identified. Hematological analysis shows modulations in the ‘lymphocytes’ parameter in a
majority (64%) of the brain tumor patients.
Environmental factors have been reported as risks of brain cancer. Patients were found to be
under environmental stress from contaminated drinking water and from local gamma
radiations. Brain tumor patients were found to have various mutations in an
immunomodulating human interferon alpha-2b gene. These patients had immunosuppression
that was further affirmed from their hematological profiles. This analysis may be helpful to
develop certain biomarkers that may be used to develop novel immunotherapeutical drugs,
which enhance a better immune response.

Summary 2:

The authors of this study evaluated the gene in brain tumor patients exposed to
environmental stress. They have recorded the occurrence and divided the tumors into
different grades and forms The technique used was a molecular analysis done on the patients before
receiving any chemotherapy or radiation treatment. Different analysis was completed by using
Polymerase chain reaction - PCR technique. Blood and biopsy samples were collected from a
different age, sex, occupation, locality and those who have a family history of cancer. Total 38% of
gene mutations were found in such patients. Hematological analysis showed modulations in
lymphocytes to about 64%. Main causes found were environmental factors precisely contaminated
water and local gamma radiations. Most of the patients affected were farmers and laborers which
further tells that these were from suburban areas. Such patients were drinking
contaminated(nitrate, chlorinated byproducts) water. Second most affected patients
were from areas where there is a presence of uranium(ionizing radiation).
The results of the study conclude that mutational analysis may be helpful to develop
definite biomarkers that may be used to develop immunotherapeutic drugs that enhance
a better immune response to fight against brain tumors(both benign and malignant).
Authors have recommended regular checkups of people along with monitoring of all
blood parameters(CBC) in order to diagnose an early stage of the disease.
The treatment through immune system fights against the disease was also considered
for the research called clinical trial but since brain tumor directly affects the immune
system It is generally believed that brain tumors have low success in such trials and
CNS has disadvantage to augment immune response.
However, recent understanding of cytokine action and in gene delivery techniques
promoted a Mutations of the human interferon alpha-2b gene in brain tumor patients
interest in immune gene therapy by using a variety of cytokines that can increase tumor
immunogenicity or trigger the host immune response
Precautionary suggestions by the authors are that groundwater from various wells in
such areas should be analyzed for uranium. The building designs should be prepared to
reduce the radiation exposure and only crops should be grown which may build up
uranium in their roots.

Summary 3:

This research article is addressing multiple disciplines like Chemical, Bioinformatics and
Environmental sciences. Brain cancer is one of the fatal cancer, it is majorly caused by different
environmental conditions and radioactive effected food/water intake. Patients were reported
under environmental stress from contaminated drinking water and from local gamma
radiations are at high risk. 32% of patients are from areas near radioactive fields. Molecular
analysis evidently show that both low-grade and high grade tumor patients have high mutation
of gene (interferon alpha-2b). In total 38% gene mutation is identified in brain tumor patient
and the highest percentage of 36% frameshift mutation was also identified. In GBM patients
shows immunosuppression and GBM linked cancerous cells contributes towards it. In
hematological profile of 64% patients indicates depressed ‘lymphocytes’ signs and it highlight
that tumor patients have imbalance immune system. Brain tumor attack immune system
through mutation in antiviral and frontline defense gene. The type 1 interferons act as immune
surveillance and editing as it play role of interaction between tumor and immune system. Study
suggest to view other genes as well in case of drugs after effects. Grade of cancer also play vital
role in decision of use of immunotherapeutic drugs. This study suggest further mutational
analysis for biomarkers to understand it in further depth and develop an effective
immunotherapeutic drug that can help to increase immune response. Regular checkup of
health, water, agricultural are recommended near radioactive zones for early diagnosis and
preventive actions. Radon exposure accumulation should be reduced by designing
constructions effectively.

Summary 4:

This paper is about finding out mutations in interferon alpha-2b which is an immune response
gene, after performing a surgery in high and low grade brain tumor patients. And finding out
mutations of an anti cancerous and anti viral gene in patients and they also tried to find
relationship between patient of hematological background. Then many experiments were
performed to find out causes of mutations and the main cause is ionizing the radiations and this
cause is the main factor of brain tumor incidences. Some other causes include environmental
factors like drinking contaminated water and stress and intake of nitrated or chlorinated by
products. So for finding the mutations in interferon alpha-2b the patients were not treated with
chemiotherapeutical and radiotherapeutical for samples. Then for further findings they
performed a molecular analysis in which from brain biopsy samples of patients DNA were
extracted. Then PCR technique was used to increase gene volume and then genetic sequences
were analyzed by bioinformatics which shows how mutations will lead to changes in immune
response gene. They also focused on patients profile and biopsy samples. The samples were
collected from patients who were not undergoing through paraffin or formalin treatment. The
response of immune system is most important. Normal saline water was used to collect
samples. Classification of brain tumor was on the basis of molecular alteration in genes such as
classical (EGFR, PTEN, CDKN2A), proneural(PDGF, IDH-1, p53, PTEN, CDKN2A),
neural( EGFR, p53, PTEN, CDKN2A) and mesenchymal( NF1, p53, PTEN, CDKN2A). The
questionnaire where obtained from brain tumor patients which include their habitat, filtered or filthy
water drinking, occupation and family history etc. The people found more prone to mutations were
living in areas exposed to radiations and in people who had family history. So the findings are
that brain tumor patients have various mutations in an immunomodulating human interferon
alpha-2b gene 38% gene mutations were captured among patients. The most highest
percentage of mutation was identified is 36% of frameshift mutations and the hematological
analysis tells that 64% mutations were found in lymphocyte parameter of brain tumor patients.
And most of them had depressed lymphocytes which indicate that patients have an impaired
immune system response.

Summary 5:

In this article auther illustrated the enovirmental factor through which few peoples were affected
beause they belong to the area where natural worldly radioactive rays owing uranium is present and
their houses are made of radioactive contaminated material so they are being affected no matter they
taking healthy diet and filtered water due to this they were suffering from brain tumor; it develops
because of genetic alteration and destruction by immune system. Moreover brain tumor rate of
death have been increasing for the past 25 years. Primary brain tumors account for 2% of all the
human cancers, but brain cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in individual 35 years.
Moreover they have decribed that many studies reports that environmental factors and related work-
related exposures have been linked with primary or malignant brain tumor incidence. There is also a
concern that people involved in certain occupations, such as electrical, petrochemical, agriculture,
nuclear, airline and hospital radiation department can be at an high risk of brain cancer.
Besides genetic disorders, head injury and distress have been identified as risk factors.
Futher more its been observed that IR is the only well-established risk factor for brain tumor
incidence. According to 26, natural radon have the highest percentage (43%) of all types of
radiation exposures. Other radiation exposures are : natural external radiations (18%), natural
cosmic (14%), medical radiations (14%) and natural internal radiations (14%); miscellaneous
artificial sources (for example, fall out, consumer products, occupational exposures and
contaminants from nuclear industries and so on) constitute 1% of all the exposures. Also the
immune system is vital for body’s protection against disease for organisms. When the immune
system is involved in engaging with bacterial load, it reduces the body’s defense against cancers and
cancer to attack human. The role of interferons (IFNs) in cancer immunosurveillance in increasing
tumors is known and clear. Also modern this function is reported as cancer immunoediting. They
said it is clear that IFNs indeed protect the host against the tumor environment. IFNs have a positive
image as the most important antiproliferative cytokine in terms of tumor removal
For sample data they collect blood and biopsy collection and patient history and calculate the
perecentage prevalence. Data is from different ages, occupations, locality and family history of
cancer patients. Then they performed different analysis; hematological analysis molecular analysis,
amplification of human interferon alpha2b gen in sequence anaalysis It has been confirmed from
results that, brain tumor grades (n = 50) were considered for molecular analysis in this study for
DNA isolations,as well as gene amplification via PCR technique. Among 50 samples, most reported
(see Table 6) brain tumor grades were glioblastoma multiforme (n = 18; 36%), anaplastic
astrocytoma (n = 15; 30%), diffuse astrocytoma (n = 9; 18%) and meningioma (n = 8; 16%).
Finally they have concluded that environmental factors and neurological have been reported as risk
factors of brain cancer occurrence because human genes are affected from different environmental
conditions. Due to intake of unfiltered water it will cause brain tumor

Summary 6:

This article focuses primarily on the mutation in the alpha-2b gene in brain tumour
patients. Causes of tumour and cancer in patients mostly result from exposure to high
levels of radiation, weak immune system and radio active contamination from food.
For the analysis of this study several test cases(patients) were taken with their complete
medical history and previous exposures and techniques like PCR, CBC, Molecular
analysis etc to detect mutation of genes in patients. Intake of unfiltered water with
contaminants like nitrates and chlorinates was the most common cause for brain tumour
in patients. A huge population of the sample lived in regions with high background
radiations resulting from radio active minerals and particles like uranium in soil and rocks.
Most of the patients identified were farmers and labourers with heavy use of fertilizers.
In various test cases patients showed mutations in alpha 2b gene with significant frame
shift, immunosuppression and depressed lymphocytes. The suggested methods for
treatment included Chemotherapy and immunotherapeutic drugs but some patients were
also resistant to radiotherapy.
This study also suggests that mutational anlysis through various techniques and effects of
different treatment methods including drugs can be used for early diagnosis and
prevention into more critical stages.
In Pakistan drinking water has high contamination levels and thus it should analysed and
purified before used for drinking or agricultural processes so they don’t end up in the food
chain. Further prevention may include high shielding in radioactive areas, screening
fertilisers etc.

Summary 7:

In this article, the main focus is on the brain tumors that are caused by the harmful radiations
affecting the brain, heart and even the genes of humans causing mutation. The research on the
tumors was included in the clinical trials in 2014-15. Researches have revealed that the
environment has supervising effects on human health. The x-rays and gamma rays mainly
emitting from the radioactive materials are causing tumors in the human body that is not only
harmful to the part where it is produced but also can affect other body parts that cause genetic
damage.In addition to the radiation the polluted water and the nitrate contaminations from
agricultural activities.
The brain tumor is a collection of the intracranial and heterogeneous group of tumors. That can
be due to the uncontrolled cell divisions that in turn is the result of a mutation in human
genetic makeup. Primary brain tumors account for less than 2% of the total cancers and are the
leading cause of death of the children. There is a gradation of the tumors according to their
effects and points of attack. Grade-I tumors are mild and mostly attack the cerebellum.
Children are more at risk of this kind of tumor. While Grade -II tumors are more effective in
adults and mostly cover the forebrain, these tumors can be malignant. Grade-III tumors are the
most harmful among all affecting the brain, bones and various other parts of the body.
It is reported that environmental changes have drastic effects on the human body. The people
involved in certain occupations like electrical, agriculture, nuclear and hospital radiation
department are at an elevated risk. The radiation used in the radiology department of the
hospitals is mainly high-frequency rays that affect the genes. Moreover, recent studies have
revealed that the long term radon exposures in general populations can cause primary brain
tumors.Radon-222 gas arises from the decay of Radium-226 which is present in the building
materials. Point mutations in one part of the gene and deletion can affect the whole genome
of the human body. In response to these tumor productions in the body, The Immune System of the
body gets activated and produces antibodies to treat these tumors. The brain and the immune
system work together to maintain homeostasis. When immunity fails the tumors are formed. The
Interferons are a protein messenger that identifies the tumor and produce immune response
against them. These are classified on the basis of the receptors on which they attach. The
interferon-alpha-2b is composed of 165 amino acids and is aligned in the form of helical. Any
change in the sequence of these amino acids or in the structure can alter the gene. The patients'
record was set up according to their age, sex and past history of treatment. Their
occupations were also included on that list in order to check the radiation exposure to their
bodies. The hematological analysis was also done. The genetic sequencing data were analyzed
by using different available software to determine any point mutation in the brain tumor
patients by comparing them to the healthy control group.
In all this research the percentage of the different types of tumors and their sites of action were
discovered. These studies have revealed the main cause of the tumors i.e these are more
among those people who are exposed to radiations or the carcinogenic agents of any kind.
These have also helped the scientists to discover the treatment of these diseases and help
people avoid the agents causing them.

Summary 8:

Idea behind this research is to find out variations in DNA as a result of viral in low- and high-
grade brain tumor patients. Analysis was performed by bioinformatics, in which DNAs extracted
from brain biopsy samples of brain tumor patients, to determine how mutations lead to
changes in human interferon alpha 2b protein in patients. Its observed environmental factors are
risks of brain cancer. Patients found under environmental stress from contaminated drinking
water and from radiation. Purpose of this analysis is to help in the development of biomarkers
that may be used to develop drugs which enhance better immune response for patients. The
patients were not treated with any chemotherapeutic or radiotherapeutics treatments when sampling
was conducted. As brain tumor develops because of cellular genetic alterations that
allowed them to escape from normal regulatory mechanisms
and destruction by the immune system. There are various grades to brain tumor set by WHO
based on their severity and type of affect they create to patient brain. People involved in certain
occupations, such as electrical, petrochemical, agriculture, nuclear, airline and hospital radiation
department, may be at an elevated risk of brain cancer. Other factors include excessive use of
supplementation, tobacco smoking, alcohol consumption and Ionizing radiation (IR) are risk of
brain cancer incidence. Brain tumors are classified on the basis of molecular alterations in
genes, such as classical, proneural, neural and mesenchymal. The genetic alteration in the
gene located at chromosome has been identified in brain, breast, kidney and prostate cancer
cell lines. Immune system is vital for the body's defense against disease for organisms. When
the immune system is involved in engaging with bacterial load, it reduces the body’s defense
against cancer. The immunity is either cell mediated or humoral, and it efficiently keeps the
body safe and protected from invading organisms or unwanted cells or tumors. Brain and
immunity work together to maintain homeostasis. There is a two way traffic of signals passing
between the two, and if immunity gets suppressed or fails to identify and eliminate an unwanted
colony of cells it may lead to tumor growth. Interferons protect the host against the tumor
environment. Interferons were discovered in 1957 as drugs, and these were found to have
antitumor and antiviral activity effects. To execute this analysis, brain cancer tumor samples (n
= 50) without paraffin were obtained from collaborative hospital along with patient medical
history and then molecular and hematological analysis has been performed based on the
medical test taken. Amplification of human interferon alpha2b gene has been performed with the
help of PCR kit. The genetic sequencing data were analyzed by using different available
bioinformatics software such as Standard Nucleotide BLAST. Based on the Histopathologically
generated grades for the brain tumor, molecular analysis performed for DNA isolations, as well
as gene amplification via PCR technique. Mean value computation for the performed test has
been labeled in form of table for reference. DNA mutation analysis has been performed based
on the observation that all genetic variations emerge from changes in the DNA nucleotide
sequences. Protein alignments were performed also in the CLUSTALW software for those
samples in which DNA mutations were discovered. The brain tumor patients were reported to
have mutations in DNA
nucleotide sequences, and these mutations resulted in altered protein sequences with respect
to altered amino acid. Research has enlightened the factors which are cause of brain tumor
along with changes in DNA which was observed with molecular and amplification analysis.
Concluding the discussion, authors suggested to aquifers the drinking water, to reduce
Radon exposure accumulation based building design and uranium accumulation at root of crops
for cultivation.

Paper 2: Neuroanatomical Interpretation of the Painting Starry Night by Vincent van Gogh

Summary 1:

In this paper, author(s) state about a test subject which they studied in order to understand the
neurology of a subconscious person. The test subject taken was a famous painter named
Vincent Willem van Gogh, who was a Dutch painter and he painted top of the art paintings
while being challenged mentally and sitting in an asylum. He bear emotional liability throughout
his life. He was so much sensitive to loss and failure that he responded them with depression
which caused struggling relationships with everyone around him either it be family, friends,
colleagues or fellow citizens. He was untidy person and neglected his nutrition and hygiene. He
would experience moments when his emotions were dominant than his own mind and at that
time he forgot past events and found himself unaware of where he was or how he got there.
Eventually, he got too much afraid of his emotional condition and that he might hurt someone
he loved, he ended up leading himself towards mentally challenged situation and ended up in
an asylum named Saint-Paul-de-Mausole in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, France.
While still being mentally challenged, his hands had the capability of drawing his imaginations
and emotions on a canvas. But as he had lost his touch with the real world his mind got even
more unbalanced. Because of the ingestion of intoxicants, his delusions, illusions and
hallucinations increased speedily. Although he was facing these circumstances he painted his
world class painting “Starry Night” in 1889. This painting was an imaginative reconstruction of
an amalgam of naturalistic images which he saw through window of his room in the Saint-Paul-
de-Mausole asylum. He utilized an impasto technique with bold symbolic colors; inventive
perspectives, contours, and designs; and vigorous, dramatic, impulsive, and expressive
brushwork. The painting possesses a deliberate coarseness, an unfinished quality and a
telescoped compression of depth. He observed that colors possessed emotional, moral and
psychological weight. That is the reason that his painting contains a visionary and surreptitious
quality, inspired by his saintly and religious perspectives. Nature and cosmos shown were
supposed real, living and dynamic, with van Gogh standing there at the verge of infinity. The
painting Starry Night has endured as his mystical masterpiece.
Multiple authors conducted experiments of van Gogh’s affliction and they proposed the
diagnosis as Psychologic: narcissism, masochism, cyclothymia, dementia. Psychiatric:
schizophrenia, luetic meningoencephalitis, unipolar depression,bipolar affective disorder.
Toxicologic: acute inter mitten porphyria, terpene intoxication. Neurological: TLE,
Gastaut–Gesch wind syndrome. They guessed that StarryNight may be the subconscious
manifestation of the artist painting the very locus of his genius, but also the locus of his
affliction.

Summary 2:

Vincent Willem van Gogh is one of the most influential artists of Western art. Gogh had to go
through tough times in life. Van Gogh’s most famous paintings Starry Night was created when he
was going through his treatment of Temporal lobe epilepsy at Saint-Paul-de-Mausole in
France. The painting shows how beautifully Van Gogh painted subconsciously. The bright and
dreamy colors of stars and clouds correlated to the transverse section of the human hippocampal
formation and Para hippocampal gyrus.
Gogh was praised a lot during the latter stages of his artistic career. His paintings, sketching and
portraits valued due to the passion, emotions, creativity and beauty of his mind. He had life in
his paintings. One could feel the pain and beauty behind his paintings. There was a deep meaning
behind his painting the Starry Night. By looking at his painting the Starry Night one can get into
the mind of a person experiencing TLE.
He was emotionally unstable and sensitive to loss and rejection. This made him depressed and
eventually strained relationships with family, teachers, colleagues, and fellow citizens. He was
short tempered, quarrelsome, untidy and neglected his health and personal hygiene. He
experienced unpredictable mood swings during his adulthood leading to severe depression, deep
melancholy and severe anxiety. Due to his sever mood shifts, anxiety and adverse mental health
he experienced hallucinations, insomnia and mood shifts which led to hypomania.
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy is linked to neurology, psychiatry, and neurological surgery. Those
seizures were different compared to uncontrolled tonus and unconsciousness. Dr. John Hughlings
Jackson noted this in 19th century that those seizures caused illusions and hallucinations. This
shows how Van Gogh beautifully painted the dreamy Starry Night showing what exactly was
going through his mind.
By looking at the painting Starry Night one can easily correlate it with the transverse section of
the human hippocampal formation and Para hippocampal gyrus. It relates with the posterior
cerebral artery, the third cranial nerve, and the tentorium.
Van Gogh was never formally diagnosed with TLE, because the condition had not yet been
described. Dr. Hughlings Jackson examined a patient known as Dr. Z in 1877. At that time his
seminal paper regarding TLE was not published. The patient Dr. Z experienced similar symptoms
as Van Gogh. Van Gogh remained at the asylum until May, 1890. In July, 1890, he committed
suicide by a gunshot. Lives of both Dr. Z and van Gogh were quite relatable as both of them
suffered from TLE and both of them committed suicide.

Summary 3:

This research article is about a Dutch Postimpressionist painter, Vincent Willem van Gogh, who
was one of the most prolific and influential artists in the history of Western art. The authors
speculate that although mentally instable, his most famous painting shows a manifestation of his
intellectual and emotional auras in the brain. He created that painting while he was a patient in
the asylum. The stars and clouds in his painting correlate remarkably with a transverse section of
the human hippocampal formation. The article suggests that the artist painted the locus of his
creativity and his affliction. Although he had a mental breakdown, he still had the ability to
portray his emotions and imaginings by applying paint, however he had lost with reality and
rationality. His painting possesses coarseness, depth and quality inspired by his spiritual and
religious perspectives. The patient also experienced mood shifts, euphoria, melancholy and
severe anxiety. Multiple authors have conducted retrospective and pathographic analyses of the
painter and they have proposed differential diagnoses including psychologic narcissism,
masochism, cyclothymia, dementia, schizophrenia, bipolar affective disorder Toxicologic: acute
intermittent porphyria, terpene intoxication. He also experienced visual, auditory hallucinations
and paranoia. After observing his paintings, the authors have found out unique physiognomy of
the painter. Those mental states were described by doctors as intellectual or emotional auras. The
auras of sudden fear, dread and euphoria can be misdiagnosed as acute panic attacks, migraine
headaches, schizophrenia, bipolar mania, or personality disorders. The most common auras are
of sudden onset and range from fear, dread, and a sense of impending doom to euphoria, and
may be misdiagnosed as acute panic attacks, migraine headaches. The authors tell us about
hippocampus and its details that it lies deep in the medial temporal lobe and the medial surface
of the temporal lobe is composed of 3 longitudinal strips of neural tissue. The hippocampus
regulates behavior, emotion, and memory. As It is a paired structure and unilateral injury does
not seem to impair memory. In the later stages of painter’s life, his paintings were noted for a
passion, explosion of emotions towards the scenes. He did not paint the objects as they appeared,
but rather he painted them according to their properties and feeling. The authors think that the
outpouring of painter’s emotion through his brush strokes can be a manifestation of TLE disease.
The painter remained at asylum for sometime and functioned well and was artistically creative,
the authors think that was possible because of absence of intoxicants, therapy and supervision.
But when he was relocated to new place, his bromide therapy was discontinued and homeopathic
solutions where applied to him. Expected side effects of new treatment where indistinguishable
and central nervous system and visceral symptoms where being affected. Due to these factors he
committed suicide. The care of TLE patient occurred simultaneously along with suffering and
artistic productivity. After viewing a transverse section through the human hippocampal
formation and a section of the Starry Night painting, the authors observed that both correlate
dramatically. They have concluded that Starry Night may be the subconscious manifestation of
the artist’s locus of genius and his affliction.

Summary 4:

In this paper author describing the life of one of the most prolific and influential artists in
the history of Western art. He was going through mental instability and he painted one
of his most famous paintings, Starry Night (1889), while he was a patient at
Saint-Paul-de-Mausole Asylum in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, France. He was going
through mind deranged and his delusions, illusions, and hallucinations grew more vivid
daily. The author trying to find out under what circumstances he painted his paintings. Were
his masterful paintings a passionate appeal and an attempt to acknowledge the source
of both his genius and his affliction? Was his dramatic painting, Starry Night (1889),
which many art historians consider his work of art, a subconscious depiction of the locus
of his emotion, the locus of his imagination.
The author also tells about the latter stages of his artistic career, van Gogh's portraits,
paintings, and sketches were noted for a passion an explosion of emotion towards the
scenes and subjects he envisioned. He did not paint things as they appeared, but rather
he painted the light and warmth, exhaustion and pain experienced internally by humans.
Van Gogh was never formally diagnosed with TLE because the condition had not yet
been described. Dr. Hughlings Jackson examined a patient, historically known as Dr. Z,
in 1877, and his seminal paper regarding TLE was not published until 1898, 8 years
after van Gogh's death. However, the original patient with TLE, Dr. Z, manifested many
similar symptoms and signs, as had van Gogh. Dr. Z was cared for by Dr. Hughlings
Jackson beginning in 1877, as the former began his medical school studies.
Dr. Z was a neurologist, he realized that he had performed a physical examination upon
the patient, as he had documented his findings, although without any recollection of the
event. Occasionally he noted that some of his documentation was incomprehensible,
without grammatical or clinically relevant sense. Nothing in his published articles or
public presentations, however, suggested that he was experiencing cognitive
impairment. Although he was at the height of his career, Dr. Z recognized that his
condition could become unsettling and dangerous for his patients and he retired from
clinical practice in 1893, the same year that he was honored as a Fellow of the Royal
College of Physicians, England. He possessed multiple risk factors for suicide
unmarried, mentally ill, forced to retire from his chosen profession—and, indeed, 1 year
thereafter, he committed suicide. Van Gogh committed himself into an asylum, as noted vide supra.
While there he received potassium bromide therapy. Van Gogh remained at the asylum until May
1890, Consequently, he relocated to Auvers-sur-Oise, France, and was under the care of Dr
Paul-Ferdinand Gachet (1828-1909), a homeopathic physician. He bromide therapy
was discontinued and van Gogh was pronounced well. Expected side effects may be
indistinguishable from toxicity with the central nervous system and visceral symptoms
and signs virtually identical to the affliction itself. Those factors notwithstanding, in July
1890, he committed suicide by a gunshot wound to the thorax.
It is interesting that both Dr. Z and van Gogh were arguably at the height of their
respective careers, yet committed suicide, and it is interesting that the care of the index
TLE patient occurred simultaneously with the suffering and artistic productivity of van
Gogh and that they had experienced comparable symptoms and signs.

Summary 5:

This article is related to neuroscience, discussing the famous painting Starry Night of
Vincent van Gogh. This article focuses on the neuroanatomical interpretation of the said
painting. Vincent van Gogh was a Dutch Postimpressionist painter and one of the most prolific
and influential artists in the history of Western art. Van Gogh had a mental breakdown in 1889
and he was admitted to Saint-Paul-de-Mausole Asylum in Saint-Rémy-de-Provence, France.
Even during that time, he had power and ability to paint his imaginations and emotions. He was
distant from reality and rationality; his condition accelerated by daily ingestion of intoxicants
which caused his illusions to grow. During this time, he created one of the best paintings of all
time, Starry Night.
The authors suggest that subconsciously the artist painted the locus of his creativity and
his affliction. With the loss of his sense of reality and completely drenched into the world of his
emotions and the locus of his imagination, yet vibrant colours and the flowing wavy lines he
painted were expressions of his greatest artistic achievements. Van Gogh saw that colours had
emotional, psychological, and moral weight. He did not paint about what he saw but what he felt
about the object. Therefore, the paintings had qualities inspired by his spiritual and religious
perspectives. He was intensely sensitive to lose and rejection, responding with withdrawal and
depression, which strained relationships with almost everybody. He was quarrelsome, untidy,
and neglected his nutrition and hygiene. During adulthood, he experienced unpredictable mood
shifts, severe anxiety, and listlessness to the point of exhaustion. However, during his lucid
intervals his cognitive attributes were prodigious. He was a self-taught person and multilingual,
fluent in Dutch, German, French, and English.
The authors, Gastaut, Geschwind, and Blumer, have argued compellingly in favour of the
diagnosis of TLE. TLE stands for Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. It intersects with neurology,
psychiatry, and neurological surgery. TLE seizures are different from uncontrolled tonus/clonus
and unconsciousness associated with grand mal seizures. These seizures result in a “dreamy
state” involving vivid illusions and delusions. Dr Hughlings Jackson described these mental
states as “intellectual or emotional auras.” Patients with TLE often display obsessive and
compulsive traits such as outbursts of irritability and outbursts of violence, though it is less
common. A history of head trauma, aggression, impulsivity, temper tantrums, sudden mood
swings, and daydreaming, correlates with TLE. The author further explains “Hippocampal
Anatomy”. The hippocampus lies in the floor of the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle,
measuring approximately 5 cm in length. The hippocampus lies deep in the medial temporal
lobe. The medial surface of the temporal lobe is composed of three longitudinal strips of neural
tissue. The hippocampus, as part of the limbic system, regulates behaviour, emotion, and
memory. It is a paired structure and unilateral injury does not seem to impair memory.
In conclusion, the authors speculate that Starry Night may be the subconscious
manifestation of the artist painting the very locus of his genius, but also the locus of his
affliction.

Summary 6:

This essay is neuroanatomical interpretation of starry nights by Vincent Willem van

Gogh. He was a painter and had a mental illness named as temporal lobe epilepsy in
which patients suffer from hallucinations and illusions. He was admitted in mental
asylum when he painted one of his masterpieces named starry nights. The painter was
suffering from depression and he was very sensitive to his environment. His
surroundings affected him severely and when his relatives left him behind, he suffered
from mental breakdown so he became sensitive to people leaving him behind. This
condition led him to immense hallucinations and he painted those thoughts in his
paintings. He painted the locus of his genius and affliction the hippocampus. A
comparison was made and that was comparison of a schematic rendition of a
transverse section through the human hippocampal formation and parahippocampal
gyrus and a portion of van Gogh’s painting, Starry nights. In the comparison they find
that some of the structures in the former correlates exactly to the latter. Some findings
depict that posterior cerebaral artery, third cranial nerve and tentorium are almost same
as the painting. The point to be noted is that van Gogh was never formally diagnosed
with TLE because the condition was not yet marked.

Summary 7:

This article is about very influential and prolific painter’s magnum opus painting named as Starry
Night and his mental instability. Authors suggest that Van Gogh was suffering from many
psychological, psychiatric related and toxicological diseases. But his mental instability was due to
temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) as manifested by emotional and intellectual aspects which are
delusions, illusions and jamais vu, Deja vu. Vincent Van Gogh painted the Starry Night in 1890 at
the Saint-de-Mausole Asylum in Saint-Remy-de- Provence, France, after his mental breakdown
happen. Starry Night painting shows the bright stars, swirling clouds, and city and its surroundings
as seen by him from his room’s window at night. He used the impasto method with strong symbolic
colors; contours, inventive perspectives, and designs; and expressive, impulsive and dramatic
brushwork. Universe and nature were perceived as dynamic and living with Vincent van standing at
the end of infinity. This painting is seen as one of the biggest masterpieces now.
Van Gogh suffered emotionally and mentally all his life. He was sensitive to rejection and loss. So,
he responds with depression and withdrawal which results in strained relations with friends and
family. At last, he alienated everyone with whom he associated including himself. During his
manhood, he experienced unpredictable mood shifts ranging from, atrocious remorse, deep
melancholy, severe anxiety, the happiness of feverish creative activity to dysphoria of unspeakable
anguish and listlessness to the point of exhaustion. During his lucid intervals his mental attributes
were prodigious, as revealed by his voluminous, eloquent, and meaningful letters; He was
multilingual, fluent in Dutch, German, French, and English. His pain and suffering were most
evident during the last decade of his life. Van Gogh suffers from TLE which crosses neurological
surgery, psychiatry, and neurology. Van Gogh was never officially diagnosed with TLE because the
condition had not yet been discovered Van Gogh would experience moments when his emotions
took hold of him and he would find himself unaware of past events, unaware of how he got where
he was. Eventually, afraid he might hurt someone he loved during one of these “spells,” he
committed himself into an asylum. While confined to the asylum he was never violent, but rather
violently passionate. He painted what many art historians believe to be his best work while there.
Authors admit that Starry Night may have arisen from deeper within his subconscious. During that
time, he created a painting with a message of “where.” He painted the location of his genius and
affliction—the hippocampus. Authors suggest that Starry Night may be the subconscious
phenomenon of the artist painting the very locality of his genius, but also the place of his suffering.

Summary 8:

Starry Night by the Vincent Willem van Gogh was a painting that the western art knowns about
it. The Vincent Willem has a mental breakdown but still can apply paint to canvas. His vibrant
colors in the painting make his painting marvelous. He has used his imagination while making
the painting and came by with something different.
He took the vision from the window and see the outside world and imagine the stars and the
buildings around it and then paint what comes to his mind. The results that he painted was just
amazing and it will be liked everyone.
He has painted on the canvas from the past when the mental disease stood up. TLE intersects
neurology. Patients with TLE often display obsessive and compulsive traits, outbursts of
irritability.
The painting has the feature that the sun has not to display in the picture but the warmth of the
sun coming from it is displayed that was quite the interesting thing also he did not paint the
peasant in the field but rather he painted the exhaustion and pain experienced by the peasant
from his arduous labors.
What was happen to him that he is unaware of past events and committed himself to the
asylum? He continued his struggle and finally the painting that he creates contain everything
the sun, the moon, the stars, the clouds and they were vibrant and chaotic.
Van Gogh was never formally diagnosed with TLE because the condition had not yet been
described. After his death, the seminar paper regarding TLE was published. The research was
done by the Doctor Hughlings but the research continues by the Doctor Z.
The symptoms in the Van Gogh finally proves that he is having that disease and it is interesting
that both Doctor Z and Van Gogh were arguably at the pinnacle of their respective careers, yet
committed suicide and is fascinating that the case of the index TLE patient occurred
simultaneously with the suffering and artistic productivity of Van Gogh and that they had
experienced comparable symptoms and signs.
Viewing the schematic rendition of the transverse section through the human hippocampal
formation and the parahippocampal gyrus and a section of the painting. Starry Nights again
notice that the labeled components correlate dramatically. We speculate that Starry Nights
may be the subconscious manifestation of the artist painting the very locus of his genius but the
locus of his affliction.

Summary 9:

In this paper author describe the life of the Vincent van Gogh, Author describes that
Vincent Willem van Gogh is the most creative and influential artist in the history of
art. He created one of the famous painting, Starry Night, while he was mentally
instable. During 1888-1889, he created a painting of night scenes. He created Cafe
Terrace at Night and Starry Night Over the Rhone in 1888. After months, he created
another painting Starry Night in 1889. Starry Night is a creative reconstruction of
natural scenes from his window.
Van Gogh showed emotional instability throughout his entire life. He was very
sensitive to rejection and loss and always responded with depression and
withdrawal. He always experienced the feelings of isolation. During adulthood, he
experienced unusual and severe mood shifts. Multiple authors analyzed the affliction
of Van Gogh and collectively they proposed the diagnoses which include
psychologic, psychiatric, toxicologic and neurological.
His suffering was very prominent during the last decades of his life. He was suffering
from Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) which consists of neurology, psychiatry, and
neurological surgery. Hippocampal Anatomy was also one of the deceases he was
suffering from. Hippocampus is approximately 5 cm in size and resides in the floor of
the temporal horn of the lateral ventricle.
The author explains about the painting in the discussion section as painting capture
the night sky in blues, with a swirl of violent orange representing the moon, and
yellow are the stars. The author said that Van Gogh was not aware of where he was
and he might be thinking that he hurt someone that he was loved during of these
spells and later he dedicated himself for the retreatment.
During this time, he produces many great artworks which were acknowledged by art
historians. His condition was not very much clear yet Van Gogh was never examined
with TLE problem. In earlier Van Gogh was treated by Dr Hughlings as he was the
friend of the physician, Later Dr Z. examined Van Gogh in 1877, but his findings
were never published until 1898. Later Dr Z’s heath was not good and he felt that his
existence could cause his patient life and therefore he retired from clinical practice in
1893 and later committed suicide.
Interesting point is that both Dr and Van were conflicting at the highpoint of their
respective career and later both committed suicides. The author said that he
wonders that Starry Night may be the unconscious expression of the artist painting of
his genius, and also of his affliction.

Summary 10:

Van Gogh has been one of the most influential artists in Western history. His mental
illness, delusions and loss of reality made him think differently and thus produce one of
the most remarkable art works. The paintings especially the ones made in asylum give
possess colours which represent emotions, believes, spirituality and nature. Van Gogh ran into
mental problems like depression, anxiety and schizophrenic symptoms
from an early life. These problems led to behaviours like aggression, agitation, insomnia
and self mutilation. An abnormal brain resulted in an extraordinary thinking and thus
produced remarkable results. Analysis of paintings have generated a debate that he was
possibly suffering form Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Seizures in TLE result in symptoms like illusions,
delusions and hallucinations, panic
attacks and multiple disorders, the conditions which Van Gogh suffered and his paintings
portrayed the fact as they represented alternate expressions of his reality when he was in
the asylum. Although Van Gogh was never discovered with TLE but Dr Z a neurologist suffered
from the disease and even left his career as his patients were endangered from his condition.
Van Gogh and Dr Z both committed suicide at the peak of their careers despite multiple
treatments and medications. People whose names are written in the history books are not always the
bright side we see of them but deep down inside there is a person who is suffering and the art is
mere expression.
Summary 11:

Vincent Willem van Gogh was a Dutch Postimpressionist painter and one of the most creative
and powerful artists in the history of art. His mental instability was secondary to temporal lobe
epilepsy (TLE). One of his most famous paintings, Starry Night (1889), was created while he was a
patient at Saint-Paul-de-Mausole Asylum in France. The painting is brimming with
whirling clouds, shining stars, and a bright crescent moon. While he was in asylum, he created
many paintings, but starry night was his most memorable painting. The painting depicts a view he
saw from his window. Van Gogh had emotional mood swings throughout his life. He had strained
relationship with family and friends. He was very sensitive to loss and rejection, responding with
withdrawal and depression. He was quarrelsome, unkempt, untidy, and neglected his nutrition and
hygiene. All this resulted in isolation with his loved ones and himself. Eventually, he established
outbreaks of sudden terror, tremors of the hand, a blank stare, and lapse of consciousness. His
disease was pronounced during the last decade of his life, he suffered hallucination, severe mood
fluctuations, violence, insomnia and fever.
He was diagnosed with Temporal Lobe epilepsy. Those seizures differ from the uncontrolled
tonus/clonus and unconsciousness associated with grand mal seizures, rather manifesting as
disorders of thought and emotion. It was Noted in the late 19th century by Dr John Hughlings
Jackson, approximately the time of van Gogh’s most artistically productive years, those seizures
typically result in a “dreamy state” involving vivid delusions, illusions, and hallucinations, déjà vu
(the sensation of the unfamiliar as very familiar), or jamais vu (the sensation of the very familiar as
strange and unfamiliar). Those mental states were described by Dr Hughlings Jackson as
“intellectual or emotional auras.” A delusion or illusion is an altered perception of something that is
real, whereas a hallucination is something that is fabricated. The most common auras are of sudden
onset and range from fear,
dread, and a sense of approaching doom to euphoria, and may be misdiagnosed as acute panic
attacks, migraine headaches, schizophrenia, bipolar mania, or personality disorders. Patients
with TLE often display obsessive and compulsive traits, and outbursts of violence. A history of
head trauma, aggression, pyromania, impulsivity, temper tantrums, sudden mood swings, and
daydreaming, correlates with TLE. The hippocampus lies in the floor of the temporal horn of the
lateral ventricle, measuring approximately 5 cm in length. Etymologically, the term derives from the
Greek hippos meaning “horse” and kampos meaning “sea monster.”
During the latter stages of his artistic career, van Gogh’s portraits, paintings, and sketches, were
noted for a passion towards the scenes and subjects he envisioned. He did not paint the sun as it
appeared, but rather he painted the light and warmth that the sun emitted. He did not paint the
peasant in the field as he worked, but rather he painted the exhaustion and pain experienced by the
peasant from his arduous labors. It seemed Van Gogh confide himself to asylum as he was afraid, he
could hurt someone a he was never violent in asylum. His paintings depicted the utter most talents
which a person suffering from TLE could not paint. His painting has a message where. Research on
TLE was done many years after the death on Van Gogh but the study did have similar conditions as
Van Gogh. Van Gogh remained at the asylum until May 1890 n. Consequently, he relocated to
Auvers-sur-Oise. The bromide therapy was discontinued and van Gogh was pronounced well in
July, 1890, he committed suicide by a gunshot wound to the thorax.

Summary 12:

This essay is neuroanatomical interpretation of starry nights by Vincent Willem van

Gogh. He was a painter and had a mental illness named as temporal lobe epilepsy in
which patients suffer from hallucinations and illusions.TLE intersects neurology
psychiatry and neurological surgery. TLE is also related to delusion and illusion.
Dellusin and illusion is and altered perception of something that is real and hallucination
is something that is fabricated and artificial. He was admitted in mental asylum when he
painted one of his masterpieces named starry nights. The painter was suffering from
depression and he was very sensitive to his environment. His surroundings affected him
severely and when his relatives left him behind, he suffered from mental breakdown so
he became sensitive to people leaving him behind. This condition led him to immense
hallucinations and he painted those thoughts in his paintings. He painted the locus of
his genius and affliction the hippocampus. During later stages of his artistic career van
Gogh painting and sketches were noticed very passionate and emotional towards
subject and scenes. During his time in the asylum he was never aggressive rather he
was very passionate. He also painted a painting with the message of where. No one
can tell from his aura that he was suffering from TLE. It can be speculated from his
paintings that his work was the act of his subconscious. He did not paint the exact
object but he painted feelings and warmth he felt towards the objects. Like he never
painted the sun but rather he painted the light and warmth the sun emitted. His abstract
paintings influenced people very much. Latter a comparison was made of a schematic
interpretation of a transverse section through the human hippocampal formation and
parahippocampal gyrus and a portion of van Gogh’s painting, Starry nights. In the
comparison they find that some of the structures in the former correlates exactly to the
latter. Some findings depict that posterior cerebaral artery, third cranial nerve and
tentorium are almost same as the painting. The point to be noted is that van Gogh was
never formally diagnosed with TLE because the condition was not yet marked. So van
Gogh remained at asylum until 1890 and remained artistically creative and functioned
well. Then his bromide therapy is started and after some time the therapy was
discontinued and the artist pronounced well.

Summary 13:

Vincent Willem van Gogh was an artist known for his influential paintings. He was mentally
instable but that didn’t stop him to put colors on canvass in a brilliant way. In fact his mental
instability was considered secondary to temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) as manifested by
intellectual and emotional auras. During 1888-1889, he created painting of night scenes. He
created Cafe Terrace at Night and Starry Night Over the Rhone in 1888. After months, he
created another painting Starry Night in 1889. The painting possesses a deliberate
coarseness, an unfinished quality, and a telescoped compression of depth.
Van Gogh was much more sensitive to rejection and loss and always responded with
depression and withdrawal. He kept himself in isolation. Van Gogh remained at the asylum
until May, 1890. It is surprising that despite of his mental breakdown he was still able to
portray his emotions. His dramatic painting, Starry Night (1889), which many art historians
considered a subconscious depiction of the point of his emotion, imagination, genius and
affliction.
His suffering was very prominent during the last decades of his life. He was suffering from
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE) but he was never formally diagnosed with TLE, because the
condition had not yet been described. Later on paper was published by Dr Hughlings Jackson
who handled the first patient with TLE and was known as Dr Z.
However it can be concluded that the Starry Night may be the subconscious depiction of
the artist emotions and was also the very locus of his genius and affliction.
Paper 3: Color-Mood Analysis of Films Based on Syntactic and Psychological Models

Summary 1:

In this paper author purpose a compact set of features for color-mood analysis and subgenre
discrimination. To extract the essential moods from films author introduce two color
representations for scenes and full films that is a global measure for the color palette and a
discriminative measure for the transitions of the moods in the movie. Author propose an
automated, color content-based system to analyze the color distribution and related feelings
brought to viewers. Author derive a movie palette histogram and a mood dynamics histogram to
represent the dominant colors and mood transitions in the movie from all family histograms.
For mood and genre classification they proposed two method. The first method is to
deterministically map the final histograms of movie palette and mood transitions into a mood
type and film genres corresponding to the global dominant colors. The second method is to use
a sliding window over groups of shots in order to produce features and statistically determine
the correct movie classification. Support Vector Machine is used to classify the
multidimensional feature vectors and to detect mood types. The experiment is conducted in
two directions that is discriminatively map the color-related features, representing the whole
film, to a fine-genre and a primary mood typology. Author use the Support Vector Machine to
classify the feature vector of windows accompanying the labels of emotional tones. From
Histogram they extract the color which are most dominant and the weighted sum of the
dominant color(s) represents one “Representative Dominant Color (RDC)” for each shot and
compute the “Movie Palette Histogram (MPH)” by comparing the colors in “RDC Sequence”
against the colors in our pre-established database and identifying the closest matching colors.
In order to find the mapping to major mood tones author derive a global representation of
Movie Palette Histogram and makes features vectors. The observation vector contains 422
values from the features. Based on these feature author established a number of mood types.
For evaluation of our proposed color-mood approach we analyzed 15 full length feature films of
different genres. From these films author extracted all the needed features and author saw that
movie dynamics is a very discriminative measure for characterizing mood tones. Our
experiments with color mood association at a window (group of shots) level show about 80%
accuracy for mood tone classification. In this paper author focused on color as a primary source
for color-mood association. In our future work author plan to include aural elements for mood
classification.

Summary 2:

The authors composed a set of features which included color-mood analysis to maintain mood
consistency in scene. They proposed a color content-based system to analyze colors and related
feelings of a scene which uses two methods. One in which they map final histogram of movie
palette and mood transitions into film genre depending upon the major color in the complete
film. Second in which they used a sliding window over group of different shots from a movie to
produce features which can be used for statistical analysis of movie for classification of genre,
once they extracted features and mapped them into high level moods, they implemented
Support vector machine to detect mood types. They have associated colors with moods like,
black (Hatred, Mourning, Sorrow, Indefinite), white (Mourning, Grief, Depression) and red (Love,
Hatred, Life, Noble). And in the similar manner different moods for orange, green, yellow, blue
and purple. They have also implemented psychologist Plutchik theory for classification of mood
which identifies eight behavioral patterns as the foundation of eight primary mood types. For
example anger (Rage, wrath, annoyance, irritation, violence) and similarly fear, joy, sorrow,
acceptance, rejection, surprise and expectancy.
The movie shots were analyzed to generate five features Family histogram, Pace, Movie Palette
Histogram (MPH), Mood Dynamics Histogram (MDH) and Representative Dominant Color (RDC)
These five features are used for Support Vector Machine classification of shots into moods.
Those shots which had 40-60 ratio of emotions were categorized as mood type transition.
The two global features by authors (MDH and MPH) were used to compute bins for color mood
mappings. The main observation vector contains 422 values from the features. Authors have tried
different numbers of bins for mood classification and found that 12 bins are most suitable as they
yields best accuracy. For evaluation of their proposed color-mood approach they analyzed 15 full
length feature films of different genres. Training and testing sets were defined as
(i) Training and testing windows are from a single film, and
(ii) Cross-Training using Leave-One-Out strategy.
The movies were also categorized manually by a person who had no idea about the project goal.
He was given 16 moods and could also include an additional emotion description.
According to the authors their two main measures color palette and mood dynamics, applied
with statistical classification approach to classify the windows of shots into mood types reflecting
the nuances in the features, they have achieved about 80% accuracy for mood tone classification.

Summary 3:

This paper is a standard conference paper format. Given that the purpose of the paper being a
Position Paper, it does not have any impact factor. This paper discusses the psychological effect
of color mood dependency. This paper can be divided under two main branches such as Image
Processing and Movie/Motion Picture.
The authors in this paper have proposed a compact set of features for color-mood analysis and
subgenre discrimination. The main context of the paper is to extract the essential moods from
the films. This is in fact defined as the global metric for differentiating the different moods in
the film. Given the simplistic approach taken by the authors, they have still managed to obtain
a classification accuracy of almost 80%.
The main goal is to develop methods that can be used to approximate the moods of films using
computable content features to facilitate high-level tools for organizing films in personal
storage. For this, two methods were taken as the basis on which this context has been formed;
mapping of movie palette into mood types and genres & use of a sliding window to determine
features and statistically classify movies. Based on the above methods, they established an
association of different colors to different moods.
Furthermore, a proper and concise system overview, identifies how the approach has been
fulfilled. It carefully explains how an image is decode to extract the right color at any specific
point and compute the weighted value of each shot/frame. Afterwards, the whole movie is
evaluated in the same way by comparing the original color patterns and moods defined in the
database. They have extracted dominant color ratio, pace, and family histogram as the features
to be utilized. A full explanation of the features and there utilization is also represented.
Mood classification is done according to the color characterization and pace features using
SVM. The observation vector contains 422 values from the features. They established a number
of mood types and each video belongs to one of these.
As we know, emotions are to a great extent unconscious processes which cannot be classified
to show a logical plan that links various parts together. For this an insight is taken from
psychologist Plutchik, who identifies eight behavioral patterns as the foundation of eight
primary mood types.
Moving on to the experiments, the authors have implemented this on different genre movies,
with the data generated from the IMDB. Due to lack of resources, they were only able to show
the results of their proposed model on 5 films out of 15 in total. They generated the MPH and
MDH graphs for these five films. And provided an analysis of how the films selected having
similar graphical representations also had almost same genres.
Moreover, it has been speculated from the results of the experiments that directors compose
colors in a more novel way. Different color-combination may be used, with special associations
between color features and mood types.
Thus we can conclude from this paper that how to global measures reflecting color palette and
mood dynamics play a role. The authors have realized that movie dynamics is a very
discriminative measure for characterizing mood tones. They also captured the dominant color
ratio and the pace of the movie. In these experiments with color mood association at a window
level show about 80% accuracy for mood tone classification.
Though the focus of this paper was revolved around how color acts a primary source for color-
mood association. They plan on working to further include aural elements for mood
classification, and discuss how it further effects the readings and accuracy in a more positive
sense.

Summary 4:

In this article, Cheng-Yu Wei explains that color is a powerful communication tool and can be
used to signal action, influence mood, and even influence physiological reactions. Certain colors
have been associated with Love, Hatred, Life, Noble, Mourning, Grief, Depression etc. in a film
scene, most important is a color composition. To achieve this, filmmakers consider the colors in
each scene, ranging from the colors of the costumes to the background colors. Their main goal is
to propose an automated, color content-based system to analyze the color distribution and related
feelings brought to viewers. family histogram can represent each shot of film. To find dominant
color, the authors have driven movie palette histogram. There are two methods for using this
information for mood and genre classification. The first method is mapping the histograms of
movie palette. The second method is used to produce features and statistically classify the movie.
As color mood analysis, there are different studies about color and mood. Mood and emotion are
different concepts. Emotions are triggered by specific objects. Color is not associated with a
single emotion term. As system point of view decode each input into image matrices, in a chosen
color space the same distance between two different points makes equal perceived color
difference. The authors segmented these videos into shots, selected key-frames and computed the
Family Histogram. Emotions are not classified to show logical plan. A psychologist has
identified eight behavioral patterns as the foundation of eight primary mood types. In this article,
authors analyzed 15 full length feature films of different genres. There were eight mood types
established for all emotion terms. anger, fear, joy, sorrow, acceptance, rejection, surprise,
expectancy. the emotions of each shot were manually labeled by a person who had no idea about
the project goal. There was a list of 16 emotion terms to describe each shot. That person could
also include an additional emotion description. In the next step, each window consisting of 6
shots were mapped into a mood type. The authors designated a mood type as the representative
of the window if it exhibits prolonged, continuous shots of that type. If the window contains
emotions of half experiments or more mood types, then they would designate this window as
“mood type transition”. The authors have experimented with shrinking heuristics and kernel
functions of “linear,” “polynomial,” and “RBF”. They have adopted “polynomial” kernel for its
leading to best classification accuracy. The authors investigated color characterization of movies
at global and local level, i.e. a group of pictures, for mood analysis. They have introduced two
global measures reflecting color palette and mood dynamics. They also captured the dominant
color ratio along with the pace of the movie. With these measures, the authors applied a
statistical classification approach to classify the windows of shots into mood types. Their
experiments with color mood association at a group of shots, show about 80% accuracy for mood
tone classification. The authors think that color is a primary source for color-mood association.
In their future work, they plan to include aural elements.
Summary 5:

The purpose of the study was to check how the colour pallet effect on the mood and
discriminative measure for the transition of the moods in movie. It was experimental research to
check out the relation between the mood and emotions and what is the relation between them.
Moreover, they found that the emotions are for a short period while mood usually lasts for a
relatively long period of time. They also show the colour association are not necessarily made
with only single emotion term. The dependent variable is the Movie Pallet (MP) and Mood
Dynamics Histogram(MDH).
They classify the mood according to the colour characterization and pace features using
SVM and the vector contains 422 value features. Then they relate each mood type with that
corresponding movie scene. The SVM module with different types of kernel is establishing for
training the hyperplanes and classifying the associated moods. For the variable Movie pallet
(MP) they set the range of colour space 1-264 for the movie scene (M). it is also observed that in
MP that large number of reference colours may lead to sparse. The Mood Dynamics Histogram
(MDH) is calculating the histogram of the M shots in the movie and moreover to check that there
is transition exist between the two reference colour. To find the finest results they also include
the other features like dominant colour ratio, family histogram and pace so can identify the finer
category of mood tones.
To draw the conclusion from their study they perform experiment on the 15 movies and
they found that movies of the same genre have similar MPHs, e.g. FF and SK, RLR and BN,
while those of different genres have much dissimilar and their result is based on the SVM for
mood classification and determination they have experimented with shrinking heuristics and
kernel functions of “linear,” “polynomial,” “and RBF”. They adopted “polynomial” kernel for
it's leading to best classification accuracy and they performed two experiments one is Training
and testing windows are from a single film, and second one is Cross-Training using Leave-One-
Out strategy.
With these measures, they applied a statistical classification approach to classify the
windows of shots into mood types reflecting the nuances in the features. Their experiments with
colour mood association at a window (group of shots) level show about 80% accuracy for mood
tone classification. For the future work we plan to include aural elements for mood
classification.

Summary 6:

A Color-Mood Approach is proposed by the author in this paper which can be used in
filmmaking. The most important in film making is the use of appropriate colors as these can be
used to create particular surprising or artistic effects. Existing work in videos retrieval has
explored affective content analysis. For example, Motion Activity, Sound Energy, Density of
Shot Change, as well as the Color features are used for affective content analysis.
In psychological and cinematographic aspects of Color Mood analysis, there are different
studies about the association of color and Mood. Emotion has different concepts (although, of
course related). Emotions are aroused by specific objects or events (and usually only for a
relative short period of time), whereas mood has no such specific referent (and usually lasts for
a relatively longer period of time).
There is color-mood tones associations like Red Color is for Love, Hatred, Life and Nobel.
A movie can be divided into shots and each shots belongs to a family histogram. By Computing
a Family Histogram, by using a mathematical formula, for each shot. By doing so the color
distribution can be calculated for the whole film we can gather Color Statistics in MP for all
shots.
Filmmakers compose not only color-distribution in a scene, but also the transitions between
scenes, to affect human feelings. The transitions of colors between shots in the MP may lead to
mood dynamics.
Mood Dynamics Histogram (MDH) can be acquired from the statistics of color transitions in MP
other features such as the pace, dominant color ratio, family histogram, can help determine the
finer category of mood tones, as well as their corresponding genres.
Moods can be classified into 8 different types and many emotion terms are associated with
those mood types, which are the primary moods used in our ground truth labeling. Mood Types
include Anger, Fear, Joy, Sorrow, Acceptance, Rejection, Surprise and Expectancy.
As an experiment of the proposed methodology the author analyzed 15 full length feature films
of different genres. They extracted all the needed features from sliding windows and whole
films. They noticed that movies of the same genre have similar MPHs, e.g. FF and SK, RLR and
BN, while those of different genres have much dissimilar MPHs (Movies Palette Histogram).

Summary 7:

The authors of this article have conducted their research on the basis of syntactic and psychological
models related to the entertainment side with focus on films. The article deals with, how the film
theories and psychological models affect the mood of its viewer. For that they have picked color-
mood to be an important factor that how the viewers pick a movie based on their emotional
preferences. A complete elaboration of how the storytelling in form of filmmaking can change the
perspective of a scene and how it can affect the mood of a viewer is given in the article. The other
essential aspects of this can be sound effects, motion activity and shot selection etc. as well. A
classification of different colors is provided to show that how specific colors are associated with
their respective emotions. In association to this classification, the representation of film’s plot and
its different scenes in terms of how they are shot and presented is a way to determine the mood and
emotions of a viewer. Mood and emotions are linked but are different in regard of how they are
developed. Mood is normally not dependent on any specific factor and can last for a longer time
whereas emotions are derived by events and happenings around a person. This also includes colors
as different colors can represent different emotions. For example, Red is the color of Love and Life
and at the same time it can represent Hatred. Similarly White color shows Mourning, Grief and
Depression and a mixture of all these colors are used to set the tone of a film. A system has been
developed to measure the dominance of different colors in a movie which will eventually tell us
about the dominant emotion of that specific. This concept has been called as Movie Palette (MP).
The working of this system is based on color-mood analysis of specific scenes by decoding its
selected shots (MPEG-1) into a derived model i.e. CIELUV which has the advantage of Perceptual
Uniformity. This model is based on equivalent partition of different color points which can help in
determining the dominance of specific colors. This dominancy called “Representative Dominant
Color (RDC)” can be summed up into RDC Sequences for computation of Movie Palette and we
can determine “Movie Palette Histogram” by comparing the RDC for all the shots of a movie with
our pre-defined classification database. An addition to already derived Movie Palette Histogram,
another similar identifier based on the mood dynamics of a viewer is used to determine the mapping
of mood tones with our classification. Different factors like MPH, MDH, and DCR etc. are summed
up together by giving those values on the basis of their presence in the selected scene or sequences.
For the evaluation of this model, 15 full length feature films of different genres were chosen and
these factors given above were extracted from those which resulted in 8 different mood types. For
the films, similarity comparison was performed to measure the resemblance in features of the
movies which belong to similar genres. Also, at the emotional level, content was evaluated to see in
which emotional window a film falls. As a conclusion, we can say that the model and technique we
used helped us to measure mood tone classification with upto 80% accuracy which can be increased
in future by adding aural elements for model classification.
Summary 8:

This article is about the analysis of how movie color affects the viewer. How it changes the
viewer mood. The filmmaker should consider mood consistency in each scene. Based on film
theories and psychological models, color-mood is an important factor affecting user emotional
preferences.
They investigated the color characterization of movies at global (full) and local (a group of
shots) level for mood analysis for different types of movie (Action, Thriller, Comedy, Crime,
Romance). They captured the dominant color ratio and the pace of the movie and the
measurements applied are the statistical classification of the windows shots and the mood
types. They studied two methods for using this information for mood and genre classification. In the
first method, they mapped the final histograms of movie palette and mood transitions into a
mood type and film genres corresponding to the global dominant colors. They do the mood
analysis and make a table in which they classify the color with different mood tones like the red
color association with love. After getting the color histogram they can make family histogram.
In the second method, they use a sliding window over groups of shots to produce features and
statistically determine the correct movie classification. For getting the measurement data for
family histogram, they segmented the videos into shots and extract the three most dominant
colors values and the weighted sum of the dominant color represents one Representative
Dominant Color (RDC). They compute Movie Palette (MP) for the whole movie and compare the
colors in RDC Sequence against the colors with the pre-established database and identifying the
closest matching colors. A psychologist Plutchik has identified eight behavioral patterns as the
foundation of eight primary mood types. This data helps them in the experiment in which they
do extensive experiments on 15 full-length films and conclude that movie dynamics is a very
discriminative measure for characterizing mood tones. They applied a statistical classification
approach to classify the windows of shots into mood types reflecting the nuances in the
features using measures collected. They provide the dominant color ratio and the pace of the
movie.
They find the tremendous result that they stood up it shows that the windows shots show 80%
of the accuracy with the mood tone classification. The primary focus of this position paper on
color as a primary source for the color-mood association. They planned to include aural
elements for mood classification in future work.

Summary 9:

Advancement in computer networks and increased storage capacity of computers is the

necessity for efficient scalable methods for video clustering, recommending and browsing.
The colour mood is an important factor affecting user emotional preferences and this is
based on the psychological models and film theories. The author proposed a solid set of
features for colour-mood analysis and subgenre discrimination. They introduced two-colour
representations for individual scenes and entire films for extracting the important moods
from the films: One is a global measure for the colour palette and the other one is a
discriminative measure for the transitions of the moods in the movie. The accuracy of the
results of research is surprisingly 80%.
The film is an art of storytelling. The colour composition of the film scenes is an important
part of the production process. The author has proposed a colour mood approach in this
paper that can be used in film making. Use of appropriate colours in the film scenes is the
most important part of the production process. Effective content analysis has been
explored by the existing work in videos retrieval. Motion Activity, Sound Energy, Density of
Shot Change and the Color features are the examples.
There are different studies about the association of colour and Mood in psychological and
cinematographic aspects of colour mood analysis. Emotions are aroused by specific objects
or events. Emotions are produced by specific objects or events whereas mood has no such
precise referent. There are colour-mood tones relations like Red Color is for Love, Hatred,
Life and Nobel. Multiple shots can be made of a movie and each shot goes to a family
histogram.
In this process, they classify observed low-level feature sequences into high-level mood
tones. And then, c-SVC Support Vector Machine is adopted to classify the multidimensional
feature vectors and to detect mood types. The experiment is conducted in two directions: (i)
discriminatingly map the colour-related features, representing the whole film, to a fine-
genre and a primary mood typology. (ii) Use the c-SVC SVM to classify the feature vector of
windows accompanying the labels of emotional tones.
In their experiment on 15 full-length films, they observed those movie dynamics is a very
discriminative measure for characterizing mood tones. They also gathered the dominant
colour ratio and the pace of the movie. With these measures, they applied a statistical
classification approach to categorize the windows of shots into mood types reflecting the
subtle difference in the features and their experiments with colour mood association at a
window (group of shots) level show about 80% accuracy for mood tone classification. This is the
first system that explores formal, extensive psychophysical models of colour-mood
association and applies them to automatic film genre classification at a finer level.

Summary 10:

One of the narrating structures is Film entertainment. Film making is to transform a news
passage about a homicide story into an hour and a half spine chiller. One significant perspective
in the generation procedure has been the color composition. To keep up disposition consistency
in a scene, movie producers think about the color in every scene, running from the color of the
outfits to the background color. Color can likewise be utilized to make astounding or imaginative
artistic effects. The subsequent strategy is to utilize a sliding window over gatherings of shots so
as to deliver highlights and factually decide the right motion movie classification
In psychological and cinematographic parts of Color Mood investigation, author discovered
various examinations about the relationship of color and mood. State of mood and emotions are
distinctive yet related. The American psychologist Mahnke contemplated the relationship of
feeling terms with colors mentioned in the table.
Mood classification according to the color characterization and pace features using SVM. The
observation vector contains 422 values from the features the 5 features MPH, MDH, DCR,
Pace, FH. Author established several mood types and each video belongs to one of these.
Some genres of movies were picked. The related mood kinds of each movie are mapped from
MP/MPH according to the associations listed above. we list titles, genres, MPH, and MDH after
the experiments it was noticed that movies of the same genre have similar MPHs, e.g. Fast &
The Furious (FF) and Shanghai Knights (SK), Run Lola Run (RLR) and Boogie Nights (BN),
while different genres have much dissimilar Train/Test Film ones, e.g. When Harry Met Sally
(HS) and RLR, HS and FF. It is observed that dominant mood transitions happen at the largest
values in MDH. Although FF and SK have similar MPHs, but much different MDHs, for FF is a
thrilled/action movie while SK is an action/adventure comedy. However, BN and RLR have both
similar MPHs and similar MDHs, because they are of more similar genres: drama/Avant-garde.
So the combination of MPH and MDH can help in distinguishing sub-genres for movies with
common genre.
At the end author run experiment of the above mentioned 5 movies and tested the results of
these movies with the IMDB results. With these experiments they achieved 80% accuracy of
classifying color mood.
Summary 11:

This study is about the psychological effects of color grading on the human body in movies and
videos. This article specifically states the relationship of colors with the human mood and
emotion, and how a moviemaker uses this relationship in the making of a movie. It explains
how different colors affect our moods and emotions from time to time, for example, black color
is used to show mourning and sorrow and red color is used to show love as well as hatred, as
mood and emotion are two different concepts relating to each other. Emotions are for a short
period of time whereas moods are relatively long. A reference of a psychologist Plutchik has
also given in which he describes eight behavioral patterns on the basis of eight primary mood
types such as anger leads to wrath and violence and joy led to fun and happiness. Further, in
this article, qualitative research is done which describes that there are two methods for the
classification of mood and genre.
In the first method, a clear histogram is made from variables, movie genre and color palette in
which the rate of color palette moves according to the movie type either it is an action or
comedy or horror movie. This method, also explains an interesting fact that the movies of the
same genres somehow tend to have the same color palette rates. For instance, Run Lola Run
and Boogie Nights are the two movies sharing the same genre and as a result, have the same
color palette rates. The second method is window level in which different shots are taken from
the same movie and are given to a person who had no idea about our project and that person
judges the genre of a movie on the basis of 16 emotion terms given. From that shot, the mood
and color schemes are judged and it keeps on going if it is being correctly done. This method is
done in two ways either shot are taken from the same movie or cross-training method is used
in which shots from different movies are taken and then get judged by a person.
The authors of this article have discussed the color specifications for mood analysis from 15
full-length movies by taking either full movie or by taking shots from the movie. The author
discussed two methods to describe color rates and mood dynamics by making a histogram or by
analyzing different shots of movie. The author further analyzes that the shots of the movies
describe the mood tones exactly as well as the color ratio too. From which we learned that the
window level shows 80% of accuracy on the basis of color ratio and mood tones. The researcher
further plans to work on aural elements for mood classification.

Summary 12:

Clustering, recommendation rules/systems and for browsing of videos large no of efficient

methods exist due to fast growing existence of network and huge storage capacity of personal
computers at home act as a server. On the basis of discipline of films and cinema color scheme
consider to be an important factor on the emotional states of target audience. They introduce new
set of feature tool that analyses the color-mood as well as the subtype’s differences in films.
They use two different color schemes one for scenes of film and other for complete movie to get
important moods changes in the movie use standard mean to measure of color scheme in movies
.By getting the dominant color scenes and import scene from movie their proposed methods
classification accuracy was 80%.
In films industry main focus of director is to tell a story in minimum time but it is should be full
of interesting features for the audience that attracts as well as the acting ,dialogues through and
that is color schemes in each scene. Colors in scene is not just dresses they wear it’s all from
costumes to backgrounds all in one frame. Introduce automated compact feature tool that
automatically analyses the color schemes that fascinated to target audience. They use histogram
to represent shots of each scene and introduce new full movie palate histogram and mood
transaction histogram that show the dominant colors in scenes and movie. Studied two methods
for search in one methods they map the full movie histogram to the histogram they purpose only
for global dominant colors and for second methods they use multiple shoot window and get
mood features and classify low to high level features and use PCA or SVM (support vector
machine ) to figure out the clustering in multi-label features and mood types .In this paper
results conclusion was conducted in two directions first, just map the dominant color feature that
represent whole film or just key mood typology. Second, use supervised learning machine SVM
discriminative classifier for multi label feature vector for emotional tones in films. They use 15
full features movies on different categories extract all-important feature form shots or window
size form whole movie. Classify eight mood types e.g. anger, fear, happy etc. Classification
accuracy 78 to 85 % approx. on different test e.g. MR, WS etc. First system that explore both
sides of formal and psychophysical color schemes in movies and present automatic system that
classify films in clean and efficient manner . All study conduct on a primary color mood of color
–mood association so future is to introduce aural features in mood classification.