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Moment of Inertia –
Rectangular Cross section
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Moment of Inertia of
Different Geometric shapes
Moment of Inertia –
Importance in Architecture
The selection of structural elements is based on three
characteristics: strength, stiffness, and stability.
Strength :
Material properties (yield strength, ultimate strength etc.)
Stiffness :
EI (modulus of Elasticity , moment of inertia)
Stability :
Buckling
Faculty of Civil Engineering - Fall 2016 4 | Structure for Architects-I
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Importance in Architecture
Atomium, Brussels
Faculty of Civil Engineering - Fall 2016 5 | Structure for Architects-I
Importance in Architecture
Atomium, Brussels
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Importance in Architecture
Importance in Architecture
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Importance in Architecture
Flexural Stresses
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Introductory Concepts
1. Deflection
The lateral loads acting on a beam cause the beam to bend,
thereby deforming the axis of the beam into curve line, this is
known as the deflection.
Introductory Concepts
2. Curvature and radius of curvature of beam
1
defined as K =
ρ
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Introductory Concepts
1
K=
ρ
Since
ρ dθ = ds
If the deflection is small, then
dx ≌ ds
1 dθ dθ
K= = =
ρ ds dx
dθ
K=
dx
Introductory Concepts
Sign convention for curvature
+ : beam is bent concave upward (convex downward)
- : beam is bent concave downward (convex upward)
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Flexural Formula
Assumptions:
Flexural Formula
Consider a portion ab of a beam in pure bending produced by a
positive bending moment M, the cross section may be of any
shape provided it is symmetric about y-axis
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Flexural Formula
• Under the moment M, its axis is bent into a circular curve,
cross-section mn and pq remain plane and normal to
longitudinal lines.
• due to bending deformation, cross sections mn and pq rotate
w.r.t. each other about axes perpendicular to the xy plane
Flexural Formula
• Longitudinal lines on the convex (lower) side (nq) are
elongated, and on the concave (upper) side (mp) are shortened.
• The surface ss in which longitudinal lines do not change in
length is called the neutral surface, its intersection with the
cross-sectional plane is called neutral axis, for instance, the z
axis is the neutral axis of the cross-section.
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Flexural Formula
• In the deformed element, denote ρ the distance from O' to N.S.
(or N.A.), thus ρ dθ = dx
• Consider the longitudinal line ef, the length L1 after bending is
𝑦
L1 = (ρ − y) dθ = dx - dx
ρ
Δef = L1 – dx
the strain of line ef is
Δ 𝑦
εx = dxef = − ρ
Flexural Formula
the strain of line ef is
Δ 𝑦
εx = dxef = − ρ
1
Since K =
ρ
εx = −ky
• εx vary linear with y (the distance from N.S.)
• y > 0 (above N. S.) ε = - (Negative)
• y < 0 (below N. S.) ε = + (Positive)
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Flexural Formula
Since εx occurs due to bending, therefore the longitudinal line of
the beam is subjected only to tension or compression, if the
material is linear elastic then
σx = Eεx
σx = - E ky
Flexural Formula
Consider a positive bending moment M applied, stresses are
positive below N.S. and negative above N.S.
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Flexural Formula
Since no axial force acts on the cross section, the only resultant is
M, thus two equations must satisfy for static equilibrium
condition
𝐹𝑥 = න σ dA = − න E ky 𝑑𝐴 = 0
Flexural Formula
The moment resultant of stress σx is given by
𝑑𝑀 =−σx 𝑦𝑑𝐴
𝑀 = − න σx 𝑦𝑑𝐴
𝑀 = න E k y 2 𝑑𝐴
𝑀 = E k න y 2 𝑑𝐴
𝑀 =Ek𝐼
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Flexural Formula
𝑀 =Ek𝐼
1
Since K =
ρ
Therefore
𝑀
𝑘=
𝐸𝐼
Flexural Formula
𝑀
𝑘=
𝐸𝐼
+ M = + curvature
- M = - curvature
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Flexural Formula
Since the normal stress is
σx = - E ky
𝑀
σx = - E y 𝐸𝐼
𝑀𝑦
σx = - 𝐼
Problem 1
For a simple supported beam as shown in Figure, determine the
maximum tensile and compressive stresses in the beam due to
bending.
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Problem 1 - Solution
Flexural formula
𝑀𝑦
σx = - 𝐼
Problem 1 - Solution
Maximum stresses in a beam:
At top y = 13.5 in. and compressive stresses will be maximum,
151.6 x 12 x 13.5
Therefore σ = -
14352
σ = - 1.71 ksi
Similarly at bottom y = -13.5 in. and tensile stresses will be
maximum,
151.6 x 12 x −13.5
Therefore σ = -
14352
σ = 1.71 ksi
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Problem 2
Repeat problem 1 if the cross section of a beam is hollow box
and I section as shown in Figure.
Problem 3
The beam has a cross-sectional area in the shape of a channel as
shown Figures. Determine the maximum bending stress that
occurs in the beam at section a – a.
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Problem 3 - Solution
Moment of Inertia:
Problem 3 - Solution
Maximum moment:
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Problem 3 - Solution
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