Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 1

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

According to the DOH (Department of Health) diabetes is a chronic disease

characterized by high levels of sugar in the blood (hyperglycemia) because of inadequate

production and/or action of insulin, the hormone that regulates blood sugar levels.

Uncontrolled diabetes leads to serious complications such as stroke, heart attack, end-stage

kidney disease and diabetic retinopathy among others. Diabetic retinopathy accounted for

about 5% of world blindness in 2002.

In 2009, a cohort study derived from a larger population-based investigation in 1998

was revisited and demonstrated a 9-year incidence rate of T2D in the Philippines to be around

16.3(Gerry H,2015) . In the latest survey published by the Food and Nutrition Research

Institute in the Philippines (the Eighth National Nutrition Survey of 2013), the prevalence of

high fasting blood glucose based on the World Health Organization criteria of >125 mg/dL for

individuals >20 years old was 5.4%, an increase of 0.6%, compared with the same study in

2008. The highest prevalence rate was found among the richest in the wealth index, those

living in urban areas, and those in the 60- to 69-year age group in both sexes.

The prevalence of diabetes in the Philippines is increasing. Rapid urbanization with

increasing dependence on electronic gadgets and sedentary lifestyle contribute significantly

to this epidemic. Diabetes care in the Philippines is disadvantaged and challenged with respect

to resources, government support, and economics. The national insurance system does not

cover comprehensive diabetes care in a preventive model and private insurance companies

only offer limited diabetes coverage. Thus, most patients rely on “out-of-pocket” expenses,

namely, laboratory procedures and daily medications. Consequently, poor pharmacotherapy

adherence impairs prevention of complications. Moreover, behavioral modifications are

 Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 2

difficult due to cultural preferences for a traditional diet of refined sugar, including white rice

and bread.

Diabetes is the 6th leading cause of death among Filipinos based on the data from the

2013 Philippine Health Statistics, and over 6 million Filipinos are diagnosed to have diabetes,

as declared by the Philippine Center for Diabetes Education Foundation (2016)

Paragis (Eleuisine indica) is a widely invasive plant which is considered a weed or a

pest and is a verified and a notorious weed in the agricultural sector(Randall, 2012). But in

some cases, Paragis is almost seen everywhere in the locality and nobody commonly

overlooked, because it is only regarded as just a wild plant.

With this gathered information, the researcher is set to determine the potential Glucose

lowering effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) primarily using it on white mice (Mus musculus)

with the white mice serving as the test animals considering that white mice are the most

commonly used test animals in research because of their almost similar genes to human genes

(98% similarity) and is also a proven lab animal to be used in research.

Statement of the Problem

This study is aimed to answer the question: Can Eleusine indica lower Glucose levels of

White mice(Mus musculus)?

Specifically, this aims to answer the following questions:

1. Is there a significant difference in the lowering effect on blood Glucose level between

pre-treatment and post treatment?

2. Is there a significant difference on the lowering effects of glucose using paragis

decoction on white mice between the following concentrations:

a. 50 grams paragis + 100 ml distilled water

 Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 3

b. 75 grams paragis + 100 ml distilled water

c. 100 grams paragis + 10 ml distilled water

Hypothesis of the Study:

The following are the Null Hypotheses of the study:

1.)There is no significant difference in the lowering effect of glucose between the pre-

treatment and post treatment

2.)There is no significant difference on lowering effects of paragis decoction between the

following concentrations:

a. 50 grams paragis leaves extract + 100 ml distilled water

b. 75 grams paragis leaves extract + 100 ml distilled water

c. 100 grams paragis leaves extract + 100 ml distilled water

Significance of the study:

Paragis (Eleusine indica)is a very abundant plant in the community and is considered

as a seriously invasive weed here in the Philippines.

If this study would be scientifically proven viable in lowering the Blood Sugar/Glucose

Levels of white mice (Mus Musculus) then it would be beneficial to:

The People of the Community, especially the indigents who cannot readily afford

expensive medications, knowing the fact that the medication for different kidney diseases are

expensive such as diabetes, if proven viable for humans, this study will serve as a cheaper

alternative to those commercial medicines. This study would benefit the community as an

alternative for commercial medicine.

 Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 4

Other enthusiastic researchers, this study will be a starting point for other

researchers who are interested in studies such as this and to further advance this study so

that it can be a more effective, safe, and advantageous to the people if proven viable.

The medical world, this study would be of great means to the medical world because

of the fact that Paragis (Eleusine indica) is a very abundant plant in Asia and especially here

in the Philippines and also of numerous beneficial health contributions of Paragis.

Scope and Limitations:

The study made use of Paragis (Eleusine indica) in proving scientifically that it can be

a potential Lowering agent in Blood Sugar Levels using Glucometer as an identifier and a tool

to measure how much blood sugar level is reduced with the application of Paragis (Eleusine

indica) by intraperitoneal injection . This study is only limited in scientifically proving if Paragis

(Eleusine indica) can really lower the blood sugar levels of the white mice. This study ran from

June to August 2018 at Taft National High School, Taft Eastern Samar.

Conceptual Framework

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Decocted Paragis (Eleusine Indica) in The glucose levels of the white mice.
increasing amount of application

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework of the Study

 Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 5

Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

Paragis Plant (Eleusine indica)

Paragis(Eleusine indica) is a grass that has a life span of only one year(annual) and

has a maximum growth of 1 feet.The flowers of the grass is colored green and usually blooms

from July to September and only reproduces by seeds.

E.indica belongs to the Domain Eukaryota,Kingdom Plantae,the Phylum

Spermatophyta,the Subphylum Angiospermae,the Class Monocotyledonae,the order

Cyperales,the Family Poaceae,the Genus Eleusine,and that is the Taxonomic tree of the

Species,Eleusine indica.

E. indica is primarily listed as an agricultural and environmental weed (Randall, 2012)

and is considered a “serious weed” in at least 42 countries (Holm et al., 1979). This species

is described as a “dominant weed” especially in farming systems and annual row-crops where

it grows vigorously and produces abundant seedlings (Holm et al., 1979). A single plant may

produce more than 50,000 small seeds, which can be easily dispersed by wind and water,

attached to animal fur and machinery and as a contaminant in soil (Waterhouse, 1993). E.

indica invades disturbed habitats in natural areas and the margins of natural forests and

grasslands, marshes, stream banks and coastal areas. It is also a common weed along roads,

pavements, and powerline corridors (Queensland Department of Primary Industries and

Fisheries, 2011). Currently it is listed as invasive in several countries in Europe, Asia, Central

and South America, the Caribbean and on many islands in the Pacific Ocean. The geographical

origin of E. indica is uncertain but it is considered native to Africa and temperate and tropical

Asia (USDA-ARS, 2014). The risk of introduction of E. indica into new habitat is very high. This

species is one of the most common agricultural and environmental weeds in tropical and

subtropical regions of the world. It has ecophysiological and genetic traits that, coupled with
 Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 6

the high number of seeds produced for each individual plant, give it a high score for successful

invasion in almost any ecosystem (Holm et al., 1979; Waterhouse, 1994). Holm et al. (1977)

concluded that E. indica was one of the most serious weeds in cotton in 11 named countries,

in maize in 10 countries, in upland rice in 8 countries, in sweet potatoes in 4 countries and in

sugarcane in 3 countries; it also occurs in a wide range of other crops on a more local basis.

These include banana, cassava, pineapple, rape, jute, soyabeans, pawpaw, abaca, cowpea,

millet, mango, cacao, sorghum, tobacco, wheat and many vegetable crops. It was later listed

among the top seven weed species in a worldwide review of weeds in sugarcane (Cepero and

Rodriguez, 1983).

According to Adel S. Al-Zubairi ,Eleusine indica produces a higher number of naturally

occurring secondary metabolites, many of them with unique pharmacologic activities. These

metabolites include the flavonoids, phenols and phenolic glycosides, saponins, cyanogenic

glycosides, unsaturated lactones and glucosinolates. To date, few studies of Eleusine indica

have been reported; specially, its phytochemical content of sterol glucosides forms and C-

glycosylflavone having anti-inflammatory activity.

The whole plant, especially the root, is depurative, diuretic, febrifuge and laxative, and hence

is used for the treatment of influenza, hypertension, oliguria and urine retention. The plant

has been the component of “basic remedy” in Vietnamese traditional medicine and also used

for kidney problems in Trinidad and Tobago(Ahmed B. and Chew Y.,2011).

In the past, herbs often represented the original sources of most drugs and herbal

remedies, but nowadays, alternative medicines are used widely in all over the world. With

increasing recognition of herbal medicine as an alternative form of health care, screening of

medicinal plants for biologically active compounds has become an important source of

antibiotic prototypes and cancer-related drugs.

 Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 7

Medical Uses of Eleucine indica

Eleusine indica is used in the treatment of bladder disorders, liver complaints, relieve

pain caused by straining the abdominal muscles. The plant is applied externally to open

wounds to stop bleeding. The whole plant is boiled with black sage for use in a sitting bath to

treat fevers, colds, malaria, and for post-childbirth cleansing of a mother. The plant can be

used fresh or dried. The fresh leaf juice is used as an anthelmintic, and is also prescribed for

women after giving birth. A poultice of the leaves is applied to sprains and back pains. A

decoction of the macerated leaves is used to treat skin rashes. A decoction of the roots is

used to treat fevers and asthma (Tropical Plants Database,2018).

Also with a study conducted by the Bio Sciences Resences of De la Salle University, it

states that Eleusine indica proves to possess Antiurolithiatic properties which aid in dissolving

or preventing the formation of calculi in the kidneys, ureters, or bladder.

Blood Sugar Level/Glucose Level

Blood glucose is an essential parameter in the study of metabolism and diabetes

(Kyohara, 2016). Blood glucose levels measured by laboratory biochemical testing are used

for the diagnosis of diabetes and for therapeutic monitoring of diabetic patients. Glucometers

are used for strict self-monitoring of blood glucose levels (SMBG) by the patients themselves

in intensive diabetes treatment. Experiments in animal models are critical to investigate the

significances of the physiological and pathological findings in diabetic patients. Glucometers

have been commonly used for measuring the blood glucose levels in animal models, especially

rodents, because the measurements can be carried out easily with only a few μL of blood.

Andy Menke of global health research company Social & Scientific Systems, Catherine

Cowie of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and others

conducted a survey and found out that 12 percent to 14 percent of adults had diagnosed

diabetes in 2012, the latest data available. It’s almost all Type 2 diabetes, which is caused by
 Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 8

poor diet, obesity and a lack of exercise. The proportion of diabetes that’s undiagnosed is as

high as 50 percent in Asian-Americans and the Hispanic population. Diabetes prevalence

significantly increased over time in every age group, in both sexes, in every racial/ethnic

group, by all education levels, and in all poverty income.

Key findings from the National Diabetes Statistics Report(2014)based on health data

from 2012 showed that,29 million people in the United States (9.3 percent) have diabetes and

1.7 million people aged 20 years or older were newly diagnosed with diabetes in 2012.Non-

Hispanic black, Hispanic, and American Indian/Alaska Native adults are about twice as likely

to have diagnosed diabetes as non-Hispanic white adults.208,000 people younger than 20

years have been diagnosed with diabetes (type 1 or type 2) while 86 million adults aged 20

years and older have prediabetes. The percentage of U.S. adults with prediabetes is similar

for non-Hispanic whites (35 percent), non-Hispanic blacks (39 percent), and Hispanics (38

percent).

Diabetes directly kills more than 71,000 people a year, according to the American

Diabetes Association(2014). The results fits in with a different Center for Disease Control and

Prevention study that found out last year that 29 million Americans have diabetes and another

86 million – a third of the adult population – have pre-diabetes. The disease cost the country

an estimated $245 billion in 2012 due to increased use of health resources and lost

productivity, this figure is up from $174 billion in 2007.

Diabetes exerts a major impact in third-world countries, particularly in the Philippines.

It is said that Asia will see the greatest increase in the number of people with diabetes by

2025.1 This increase in the burden of chronic diseases in Asia will significantly affect nations'

respective health care systems, both acutely and chronically.

According to the National Kidney Transplant Institute of the Philippines(2015),chronic

glomerulonephritis was the most common cause of chronic renal failure but today, diabetes
 Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 9

mellitus and hypertension have taken center stage in the causation of ESRD which together

account for almost 60% of dialysis patients.The Philippines is considered one of the diabetes

“hot spots” in the Western Pacific region, where the disease is already reaching epidemic

proportions. Our government knows this too well, and the increased taxes on sugary drinks is

just one of the steps being taken to stem the tide.

Sufficient public education is needed to make everyone aware of the lifestyle changes

needed to prevent diabetes, or to detect it earlier, so it can be controlled before there is

serious damage to vital organs like the heart, kidneys, brain, eyes, nerves, liver—since

practically all organs and tissues of the body are affected.

White Mice(Mus musculus)

The word mouse in the English language can be traced back to the Latin mus , then

to the Greek mys , and finally to the ancient Sanskrit mush ( Silver 1995 ). Mush in ancient

Sanskrit means “to steal.” Well named, the house mouse, Mus sp.,has been an effective thief

of human food supplies since the beginnings of agriculture. The earliest association between

the house mouse and human habitation is in a neolithic community in Turkey c. 6500-5650

BC(Brothwell,1981).

Ninety Eight Percent of mouse genes have human counterparts. Mouse and its brethren,

rat, are relatively inexpensive to raise and to maintain. They can reproduce quickly, thus

enable researchers to study the function of particular genes through several generations of

offsprings during a reasonable period of time. Their physiology and genetics have been studied

extensively, and can be compared to humans.Duffy PH, et al. Chronobiol Int. 1990).
 Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 10

Inbred strains, congenic, and transgenic mice with inbred background are commonly

used. An inbred strain is defined as a strain that has been through sib-mating (or its

equivalent) over 20 generations, thus animals from the same inbred strain are considered as

genetically identical. Congenic strains are achieved through repeated backcrosses to an inbred

background strain to select a unique marker over a minimum of 10 generations. (Mary J,Mater

Methods,2013).White mice have the characteristics of easy breeding and minimal weight

variations between males and females.From formulating new cancer drugs to testing dietary

supplements, mice and rats play a critical role in developing new medical

wonders(Peggs,2015). In fact, 95 percent of all lab animals are mice and rats, according to

the Foundation for Biomedical Research (FBR). Scientists and researchers rely on mice and

rats for several reasons. One is convenience: rodents are small, easily housed and maintained,

and adapt well to new surroundings. They also reproduce quickly and have a short lifespan of

two to three years, so several generations of mice can be observed in a relatively short period

of time(Remy M.2010)

Mice is also relatively inexpensive and can be bought in large quantities from

commercial producers that breed rodents specifically for research. The rodents are also

generally mild-tempered and docile, making them easy for researchers to handle.(Remy

M.2010)

Mice and rats are commonly used in medical testing because their genetic, biological

and behavior characteristics closely resemble those of humans, and many symptoms of human

conditions can be replicated in mice and rats. Jenny Haliski said rats and mice are mammals

that share many processes with humans and are appropriate for use to answer many research

questions, a representative for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Laboratory

AnimalWelfare.

According to The Institute of Laboratory Animal Research, mice makes an excellent model

for human disease because the organization of their DNA and their gene expression is similar
 Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 11

to humans, with ninety-eight percent of human genes having a comparable gene in the

mouse. They have similar reproductive and nervous systems to humans, and suffer from many

of the same diseases such as cancer, diabetes and even anxiety. Manipulating their genes can

lead them to develop other diseases that do not naturally affect them, and as a result research

on mice has helped the understanding of both human physiology and the causes of disease.

Range Value of Glucose/Blood Sugar in white mice

According to Dr.Karen Rosenthal of the University of Pennsylvania School of Veterinary

Medicne, the normal Blood Ranges of the Glucose/Blood Sugar in white mice is 47-80 mg/dl.

Chapter III

METHODOLOGY
 Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 12

Research Design

This study utilizes the pretest pos-test experimental design to test if decoction of

Eleucine indica (Paragis) lowers glucose levels of White Mice.

This study used the following treatments out of Paragis (Eleusine indica) decoction:

1. T0- Controlled Set up ( no application of paragis)

2. T1-50 grams of paragis + 100 ml distilled water decoction

3. T2-75 grams of paragis + 100 ml distilled water decoction

4. T3-100 grams of paragis + 100 ml distilled water decoction

Research Materials

The researcher used the following materials such as weighing scale, beakers, chopping

board, knife, stirring rod, 15 white mice , 27 pieces of 10 ml syringe, 27 pieces needles and

45 lancet and a Glucometer. To sterilize the materials like knife, stirring rod and containers,

the researcher placed the materials in boiling water for 20 minutes in 120 ° Celsius. The

researchers also made used of gloves and mask for personal protection.

A. Collection and Preparation

1. Collection, Identification and Verification of Paragis

Paragis were collected from the campus ground of Taft National High School. To

identify the test plant, the researcher contained collected plant materials inside a clean zip

lock bag. A sample from the collected test plants was authenticated by a botanist or

taxonomist from the Eastern Samar State University. A total of 300g of paragis plant including

the stems and leaves were collected and weighed using a weighing scale. The plant material

was cleaned with running tap water to remove dirt and other contaminants. After cleaning,

it was allowed to drip dry for 3 hours.

 Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 13

2. Albino Mice

Fifteen (15) White Mice weighing 130 ± 5 grams were used. White mice were bought

from Leyte Gulf Petshop at Tacloban City. The white mice used were certified to be relatively

of the same parameters and valid for experimentation by the veterinarian of the said clinic.

They were maintained on standard mouse chow feed ( Normal pellet diet ) and distilled water

any time they want it. The mice were exposed to 12h: 12h light-dark cycle. A plastic

rectangular container was used as cage with a floor area of 250 sq cm and 12 cm height was

used as housing of every treatment. The cover of the cage was perforated with enough holes

for sufficient ventilation. Each cage was provided with shredded papers, used as bedding and

nesting material for the mice. White mice were brought to Taft National High School, stabilized

and observed for five days before the experimentation.

B. Decoction and Preparation of Test Concentrations

The test plant were cut into small pieces using a clean knife. From then on, the

researcher continued to the decoction process. First, 100 milliliter of distilled water was

placed into a pot made from non reactive metal (stainless) and 50 grams of paragis were

added for treatment 1. (Daswani,2011).The heat was turned on to medium and simmered the

decoction with the lid off until the volume of water is reduced by one-quarter(so three quarters

of a liter remained). The same manner was followed for T2, where 75 grams of paragis was

decocted using 100 ml distilled water. T3 was 100 grams paragis plant decocted in 100 ml

distilled water. Each decocted plant concentration were contained and labeled separately.

C. Application of Test Concentrations

The albino mice were purposively divided into five groups each consisting of three

albino mice for replication purposes. Test animals were stabilized in the school laboratory for

five days following the prescribed feeding, caging and 12h:12h day: dark experience. Prior to

the administering of different concentrations, test animals were fasted for 24 hours (Sullivan,
 Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 14

2013) then initial blood glucose levels were recorded and tabulated. The Blood Glucose/Sugar

levels were measured using a Glucometer.

1.)Induction of Prednisone to increase Blood Glucose/Sugar levels

To artificially induce the increase of blood sugar among test animals, the researcher

administered Prednisone to increase the blood glucose levels through intraperitoneal

injection to all white mice in all set ups (Sullivan, 2013). Considering that prednisone and

similar steroids have the most profound effect on glucose metabolism. Medications such as

prednisone can significantly increase glucose levels in patients with diabetes as well as

individuals with impaired glucose tolerance or pre-diabetes (Joslin, 2004),hence the use of

prednisone. Each test animal were induced with 10 mg Prednisone dissolved in water following

the 10 mg/kg amount-weight ratio for test mice (Singh, 2001).

2.)Pre-treatment Collection of blood samples from Albino Mice

Approximately 30-50 ųL of blood samples were obtained from the tail vein by tail-tip

amputation using lancet and were collected into strips of the digital glucometer (Burdett,

2008). Levels of blood glucose were measured to assess if the induction of Prednisone indeed

increased the blood glucose levels after an hour from the time it was induced(Singh, 2001).

Data were recorded and tabulated.

3.)Administration of Test Concentrations through Intraperitoneal Injection (Basic

Mouse Handling and Technique Guide,2017)

Each of the mice in groups 2,3, and 4 were administered with 1 ml out of the 50, 75

and 100 grams of paragis decoction respectively and each of the mice in group 1 (as controlled

set up) were not administered with any treatment as the negative control.
 Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 15

The process of administering was through the use of intraperitoneal injection which

allowed for gastric delivery of substances. A total of fifteen ten-ml 27 gauge needles were

used, one needle for every test animal. A registered veterinarian assisted the researcher in

administering the test concentration. All procedures followed the standards with the

veterinarian doing all the steps.

First, the mouse was restrained while tilting the mouse's head back, so that the neck

is in a straight line. The exact amount of concentration ( in body temperature) per treatment

was drawn out in the syringe through the needle. For all test animals, it was made a point

that the needles’ bevel were facing ”up” into the lower right quadrant of the abdomen towards

the head at a 30‐40ᵒ angle to horizontal. All these procedures were carried out by the

veterinarian which happened to be the qualified scientist in this scientific endeavor.

4.)Post-treatment Collection of Blood Samples from Albino Mice

Approximately 30–50 μL of blood samples were contained from the tail vein through

tail-tip amputation with minimal restraint using lancet (Mikkelsen, 2009). Levels of glucose

were measured to assess if the administration of treatments indeed lowered the glucose

levels. The Blood Sugar levels were expected to return to 47-80 mg/dl, normal level of blood

sugar in mice (September 1987 issue of the European Journal of Pharmacology).

Statistical Treatment

Statistical comparisons were performed by t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means to

see significant difference between lowering of glucose through paragis comparing the pre-

treatment glucose level against the post treatment glucose levels of test animals. This was

followed by Analysis of variance (ANOVA) to establish differences, if any, between the

concentrations of paragis. The level of significance was set at 0.05. The researchers seek

help from a statistician for an accurate interpretation of the data.

 Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 16

Disposal of Used Materials, Plants and Animals

All materials used, including the test plant but excluding the laboratory apparatuses

were buried in an inhabited area away from the bodies of water. The used organisms were

placed in a plastic container of soapy water and were disposed in a 3-feet deep, 2-feet wide

hole to ensure everything will be accommodated.

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

This study was aimed to prove the lowering effect of Paragis( Eleusine indica) decotion

on the glucose level of white mice. Through experimentation, the researcher was able to

achieve the objectives.

 Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 17

The study utilized four treatments (control set-up/negative control, 50 grams paragis

decocted in 100 ml distilled water, 75 grams + 100 ml distilled water and 100 grams in 100

ml distilled water) which were applied on Mus musculus to determine it’s lowering effects on

glucose level. A 3 trial experimental design was used in the study which led to the following

data gathered by the researcher.

Table 1. Initial, pre-treatment and post-treatment Glucose levels of white mice in

three trials
INITIAL GLUCOSE LEVEL PRE-TREATMENT POST-TREATMENT
Trial Trial Trial Mean Trial Trial Trial Mean Trial Trial Trial Mean
TREATMENTS 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3

TO (Controlled Setup) 53 54 51 52.667 97 94 92 94.333 94 96 94 94.667

T1 (50 g in 100 ml decoction) 54 50 50 52.333 98 92 91 93.667 56 59 54 56.333
T2 (75 g in 100 ml decoction) 52 56 56 53.666 94 90 97 93.667 60 54 53 55.667
T3 (100 g in 100 ml decoction) 53 54 54 52.667 95 96 90 93.333 54 53 53 53.333

As presented in Table 1, there is a decrease on the glucose level between pre-

treatment and post treatment except for TO which was not applied with paragis decoction. T1

registered a mean of 93.667 and 56.333 for the pre-treatment and post treatment

respectively. The same trend was evident in T2 where the pre-treatment recorded a mean of

93.667 and 55.667 for the post-treatment. Similarly, T3 had 93.333 for the pre-treatment and

53.333 for the post-treatment. The table also shows that the application of Prednisone in

inducing the increase of glucose was evident where there have an increase of glucose levels

in all treatment for all trials.

Table 2. Mean Glucose levels of white mice exposed to different treatments

Normal Glucose Initial Glucose Pre-treatment Post-Treatment
Level Level Glucose
TREATMENTS Glucose

in mg/dl in mg/dl in mg/dl in mg/dl

TO (Controlled Setup) 47-80 52.667 94.333 94.667

T1 (50 g in 100 ml 47-80 52.333 93.667 56.333

decoction)
 Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 18

T2 (75 g in 100 ml 47-80 53.667 93.667 55.667

decoction)

T3 (100 g in 100 ml 47-80 52.667 93.667 53.333

decoction)

The table above shows that the white mice exposed to 100 grams of paragis decoction

(T3) had the lowest measure of glucose level among the concentrations for three trials as

seen in the mean for glucose level in the Post-treatment.

To answer the first problem of the study which asks whether there is a significant

difference between pre-treatment and post-treatment of glucose level in white mice, the data

were subjected to statistical analysis using t-Test. The table below shows the result of analysis.

Table 3a. t- Test for Means of Glucose levels between Pre-treatment and post
treatment

Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 93.55555556 55.11111111
Variance 0.037037037 2.481481481
Observations 3 3
Pearson Correlation 0.977355555
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 2
t Stat 47.98156697
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.000217039
t Critical one-tail 2.91998558
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.000434079
t Critical two-tail 4.30265273
The t-value is 47.98156697. The p-value is < .000434079. The result is significant at p < .05.

The results shown in t-Test for means of glucose levels between pre-treatment and

post treatment illustrates that there is a significant difference between pre and post treatment.

Therefore, the results point out that Paragis decoction has indeed a lowering effects

on the glucose levels of white mice. These findings thereby rejects the first null hypothesis

stating that there is no significant difference between the pre-application of test concentration

to post concentration. This lowering effects of paragis can be associated to the presence of
 Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 19

flavanoids found in the paragis plant which can also be found in Poeacea plants (grass family),

Poeacea plants was proven to have lowering effects (Kumar, 2012).

To answer the second problem which asks if there is a significant difference between

concentrations in lowering glucose, Analysis of Variance(ANOVA) was utilized. The following

table shows the arrived statistical results of the study.

Table 3b. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the glucose levels of white mice among
the three concentrations of paragis decoction

SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Row 1 3 169 56.33333333 6.333333
Row 2 3 167 55.66666667 14.33333
Row 3 3 160 53.33333333 0.333333

ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 14.88888889 2 7.444444444 1.063492 0.402406991 5.143253
Within Groups 42 6 7

Total 56.88888889 8
The f-ratio value is 1.063492. The result is not significant at p > .05.

As indicated in Table 3b, the P value is greater than the alpha level set at .05, thereby

accepting the second hypothesis which states that there is no significant difference between

concentration of paragis decoction in lowering glucose in white mice. This also mean that

there is no stand out concentration among the three. Any of the three concentration can lower

glucose level among white mice. T1 concentration will work just as T2 and T3.

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

Summary
 Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 20

Blood glucose is an essential parameter in the study of metabolism and diabetes

(Kyohara, 2016). Blood glucose levels measured by laboratory biochemical testing are used

for the diagnosis of diabetes and for therapeutic monitoring of diabetic patients1,2.

The study was conducted to determine the lowering effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica)

decoction in the blood glucose level of white mice. Three concentrations of paragis decoction

were prepared (50 grams of paragis in 100 ml distilled water, 75 grams paragis in 100 ml

distilled water and 100 grams paragis in 100 ml water). Glucose levels were measured on pre-

treatment and post treatment basis using a Glucometer. Data were analyzed using t-Test and

ANOVA. To establish the difference between pre-treatment against post treatment, t-Test was

employed on the data. To determine which among the concentrations works best in lowering

glucose levels, the three concentrations differences were analyzed using analysis of variance.

Based on the results, this study showed that Paragis (Eleusine indica ) decoction can

lower the glucose level in white mice and could probably be used in preparing another

treatment for cases in the increase of glucose level in the blood since Paragis has a lowering

effect on glucose levels.

Conclusion

Based on the findings of this study, the following are the derived conclusions:

Paragis (Eleusine indica ) have a lowering effect in the glucose levels of white mice.

Specifically, a.) there is no significant difference between pre and post treatment which means

that paragis decoction can lower glucose level in white mice, b.) there is no significant

difference between the three concentrations which mean that there is no stand out

concentration among the three used by the researcher.

 Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 21

These findings then rejects the first hypothesis stating that there is no significant

difference between pre-post treatment and accepts the second hypothesis null hypotheses

of this study.

Recommendation

Based on the results that were gathered by the researcher, the following

recommendations are advanced:

1. Conduct more study on parts of paragis that can offer better results in lowering glucose

levels

2. Further study and additional researches must be conducted on glucose level of white mice

using other tools aside from glucometer

3. Conduct further study on pargis utilized in lowering glucose level aside from decoction.

Acknowledgement
 Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 22

The researcher would like to express his deepest gratitude to all of the people who

had helped him with his study and they had a made a big help in the progress and integrity

of the study. To his family, who supported and helped the researcher in his study, to the

research adviser, who guided and helped the researcher in every part of the study, to all the

people who sponsored, validated, helped, supported, strengthened, and taught the

researcher, the researcher expresses his deepest and utter most gratitude to all of them. More

importantly, to God who blessed the researcher with such a supportive and caring

environment and helped him in every part of the study.

Abstract(Old)
 Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 23

With the disturbing data posted by the Health Department on cases of diabetes accompanied

by the lack of diabetes care in the Philippines, the researcher was moved to conduct on a

possible solution. Paragis (Eleusine indica) decoction was investigated as a lowering agent for

the blood glucose levels of White Mice (Mus musculus). Using Three varying test

concentrations: T1( 50 grams paragis in 100 mL distilled water), T2 (75 grams paragis in 100

mL distilled water) and T3 (100 grams paragis in 100 mL distilled water), the researcher tested

the concentrations to fifteen white mice taking notes on the blood glucose levels for the initial,

pre and post treatments. As analyzed using t-Test, the results on glucose levels between pre-

treatment and post treatment showed that there was a lowering effects on the glucose level

of white mice. The t-value was 47.98156697. The p-value was < .000434079. The result was

significant at p < .05. To establish whether there was difference among test concentrations

of paragis decoction, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was utilized. From the analysis, there was

no significant difference between concentrations of paragis decoction which pointed that any

of the concentration will work as good as the others. The f-ratio value is 1.063492. The result

is not significant at p > .05. The data in the experimentation pointed to the obvious that

Paragis decoction can indeed lower glucose level in white mice. It is from these findings that

the researcher has advanced the recommendations that more studies be conducted on parts

of paragis plant that can offer better results in lowering glucose levels and on paragis plant

utilized in lowering glucose level aside from decoction.

Abstract(New)
 Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 24

Diabetes is a disease in which the body’s ability to produce or respond to the hormone

insulin is impaired, resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates and elevated levels of

glucose in the blood and urine. Diabetes care in the Philippines is disadvantaged and

challenged with respect to resources, government support, and economics.Hence,finding

possible medications is essential in solving the problem regarding diabetes.Paragis(Eleusine

indica) was investigated as a lowering agent of the glucose levels of a White Mice(Mus

musculus).Using three varying concentrations: T1( 50 grams paragis in 100 mL distilled

water), T2 (75 grams paragis in 100 mL distilled water) and T3 (100 grams paragis in 100 mL

distilled water), the researcher tested the concentrations to fifteen white mice taking notes

on the blood glucose levels for the initial, pre and post treatments. As analyzed using t-Test,

the results on glucose levels between pre-treatment and post treatment showed that there

was a lowering effects on the glucose level of white mice. The t-value was 47.98156697. The

p-value was < .000434079. The result was significant at p < .05. To establish whether there

was difference among test concentrations of paragis decoction, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)

was utilized. From the analysis, there was no significant difference between concentrations

of paragis decoction which pointed that any of the concentration will work as good as the

others. The f-ratio value is 1.063492. The result is not significant at p > .05. The data in the

experimentation pointed to the obvious that Paragis decoction can indeed lower glucose level

in white mice.It is from these findings that the researcher has concluded that Paragis

decoction indeed has a lowering effect on the blood glucose levels of the white mice.
Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 25