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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
production and/or action of insulin, the hormone that regulates blood sugar levels.
Uncontrolled diabetes leads to serious complications such as stroke, heart attack, end-stage
kidney disease and diabetic retinopathy among others. Diabetic retinopathy accounted for
was revisited and demonstrated a 9-year incidence rate of T2D in the Philippines to be around
16.3(Gerry H,2015) . In the latest survey published by the Food and Nutrition Research
Institute in the Philippines (the Eighth National Nutrition Survey of 2013), the prevalence of
high fasting blood glucose based on the World Health Organization criteria of >125 mg/dL for
individuals >20 years old was 5.4%, an increase of 0.6%, compared with the same study in
2008. The highest prevalence rate was found among the richest in the wealth index, those
living in urban areas, and those in the 60- to 69-year age group in both sexes.
to this epidemic. Diabetes care in the Philippines is disadvantaged and challenged with respect
to resources, government support, and economics. The national insurance system does not
cover comprehensive diabetes care in a preventive model and private insurance companies
only offer limited diabetes coverage. Thus, most patients rely on “out-of-pocket” expenses,
difficult due to cultural preferences for a traditional diet of refined sugar, including white rice
and bread.
Diabetes is the 6th leading cause of death among Filipinos based on the data from the
2013 Philippine Health Statistics, and over 6 million Filipinos are diagnosed to have diabetes,
pest and is a verified and a notorious weed in the agricultural sector(Randall, 2012). But in
some cases, Paragis is almost seen everywhere in the locality and nobody commonly
With this gathered information, the researcher is set to determine the potential Glucose
lowering effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) primarily using it on white mice (Mus musculus)
with the white mice serving as the test animals considering that white mice are the most
commonly used test animals in research because of their almost similar genes to human genes
This study is aimed to answer the question: Can Eleusine indica lower Glucose levels of
1. Is there a significant difference in the lowering effect on blood Glucose level between
1.)There is no significant difference in the lowering effect of glucose between the pre-
following concentrations:
Paragis (Eleusine indica)is a very abundant plant in the community and is considered
If this study would be scientifically proven viable in lowering the Blood Sugar/Glucose
The People of the Community, especially the indigents who cannot readily afford
expensive medications, knowing the fact that the medication for different kidney diseases are
expensive such as diabetes, if proven viable for humans, this study will serve as a cheaper
alternative to those commercial medicines. This study would benefit the community as an
Other enthusiastic researchers, this study will be a starting point for other
researchers who are interested in studies such as this and to further advance this study so
that it can be a more effective, safe, and advantageous to the people if proven viable.
The medical world, this study would be of great means to the medical world because
of the fact that Paragis (Eleusine indica) is a very abundant plant in Asia and especially here
The study made use of Paragis (Eleusine indica) in proving scientifically that it can be
a potential Lowering agent in Blood Sugar Levels using Glucometer as an identifier and a tool
to measure how much blood sugar level is reduced with the application of Paragis (Eleusine
indica) by intraperitoneal injection . This study is only limited in scientifically proving if Paragis
(Eleusine indica) can really lower the blood sugar levels of the white mice. This study ran from
June to August 2018 at Taft National High School, Taft Eastern Samar.
Conceptual Framework
Decocted Paragis (Eleusine Indica) in The glucose levels of the white mice.
increasing amount of application
Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Paragis(Eleusine indica) is a grass that has a life span of only one year(annual) and
has a maximum growth of 1 feet.The flowers of the grass is colored green and usually blooms
Cyperales,the Family Poaceae,the Genus Eleusine,and that is the Taxonomic tree of the
Species,Eleusine indica.
and is considered a “serious weed” in at least 42 countries (Holm et al., 1979). This species
is described as a “dominant weed” especially in farming systems and annual row-crops where
it grows vigorously and produces abundant seedlings (Holm et al., 1979). A single plant may
produce more than 50,000 small seeds, which can be easily dispersed by wind and water,
attached to animal fur and machinery and as a contaminant in soil (Waterhouse, 1993). E.
indica invades disturbed habitats in natural areas and the margins of natural forests and
grasslands, marshes, stream banks and coastal areas. It is also a common weed along roads,
Fisheries, 2011). Currently it is listed as invasive in several countries in Europe, Asia, Central
and South America, the Caribbean and on many islands in the Pacific Ocean. The geographical
origin of E. indica is uncertain but it is considered native to Africa and temperate and tropical
Asia (USDA-ARS, 2014). The risk of introduction of E. indica into new habitat is very high. This
species is one of the most common agricultural and environmental weeds in tropical and
subtropical regions of the world. It has ecophysiological and genetic traits that, coupled with
Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 6
the high number of seeds produced for each individual plant, give it a high score for successful
invasion in almost any ecosystem (Holm et al., 1979; Waterhouse, 1994). Holm et al. (1977)
concluded that E. indica was one of the most serious weeds in cotton in 11 named countries,
sugarcane in 3 countries; it also occurs in a wide range of other crops on a more local basis.
These include banana, cassava, pineapple, rape, jute, soyabeans, pawpaw, abaca, cowpea,
millet, mango, cacao, sorghum, tobacco, wheat and many vegetable crops. It was later listed
among the top seven weed species in a worldwide review of weeds in sugarcane (Cepero and
Rodriguez, 1983).
occurring secondary metabolites, many of them with unique pharmacologic activities. These
metabolites include the flavonoids, phenols and phenolic glycosides, saponins, cyanogenic
glycosides, unsaturated lactones and glucosinolates. To date, few studies of Eleusine indica
have been reported; specially, its phytochemical content of sterol glucosides forms and C-
The whole plant, especially the root, is depurative, diuretic, febrifuge and laxative, and hence
is used for the treatment of influenza, hypertension, oliguria and urine retention. The plant
has been the component of “basic remedy” in Vietnamese traditional medicine and also used
In the past, herbs often represented the original sources of most drugs and herbal
remedies, but nowadays, alternative medicines are used widely in all over the world. With
medicinal plants for biologically active compounds has become an important source of
Eleusine indica is used in the treatment of bladder disorders, liver complaints, relieve
pain caused by straining the abdominal muscles. The plant is applied externally to open
wounds to stop bleeding. The whole plant is boiled with black sage for use in a sitting bath to
treat fevers, colds, malaria, and for post-childbirth cleansing of a mother. The plant can be
used fresh or dried. The fresh leaf juice is used as an anthelmintic, and is also prescribed for
women after giving birth. A poultice of the leaves is applied to sprains and back pains. A
decoction of the macerated leaves is used to treat skin rashes. A decoction of the roots is
Also with a study conducted by the Bio Sciences Resences of De la Salle University, it
states that Eleusine indica proves to possess Antiurolithiatic properties which aid in dissolving
(Kyohara, 2016). Blood glucose levels measured by laboratory biochemical testing are used
for the diagnosis of diabetes and for therapeutic monitoring of diabetic patients. Glucometers
are used for strict self-monitoring of blood glucose levels (SMBG) by the patients themselves
in intensive diabetes treatment. Experiments in animal models are critical to investigate the
have been commonly used for measuring the blood glucose levels in animal models, especially
rodents, because the measurements can be carried out easily with only a few μL of blood.
Andy Menke of global health research company Social & Scientific Systems, Catherine
Cowie of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases and others
conducted a survey and found out that 12 percent to 14 percent of adults had diagnosed
diabetes in 2012, the latest data available. It’s almost all Type 2 diabetes, which is caused by
Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 8
poor diet, obesity and a lack of exercise. The proportion of diabetes that’s undiagnosed is as
significantly increased over time in every age group, in both sexes, in every racial/ethnic
Key findings from the National Diabetes Statistics Report(2014)based on health data
from 2012 showed that,29 million people in the United States (9.3 percent) have diabetes and
1.7 million people aged 20 years or older were newly diagnosed with diabetes in 2012.Non-
Hispanic black, Hispanic, and American Indian/Alaska Native adults are about twice as likely
years have been diagnosed with diabetes (type 1 or type 2) while 86 million adults aged 20
years and older have prediabetes. The percentage of U.S. adults with prediabetes is similar
for non-Hispanic whites (35 percent), non-Hispanic blacks (39 percent), and Hispanics (38
percent).
Diabetes directly kills more than 71,000 people a year, according to the American
Diabetes Association(2014). The results fits in with a different Center for Disease Control and
Prevention study that found out last year that 29 million Americans have diabetes and another
86 million – a third of the adult population – have pre-diabetes. The disease cost the country
an estimated $245 billion in 2012 due to increased use of health resources and lost
It is said that Asia will see the greatest increase in the number of people with diabetes by
2025.1 This increase in the burden of chronic diseases in Asia will significantly affect nations'
glomerulonephritis was the most common cause of chronic renal failure but today, diabetes
Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 9
mellitus and hypertension have taken center stage in the causation of ESRD which together
account for almost 60% of dialysis patients.The Philippines is considered one of the diabetes
“hot spots” in the Western Pacific region, where the disease is already reaching epidemic
proportions. Our government knows this too well, and the increased taxes on sugary drinks is
Sufficient public education is needed to make everyone aware of the lifestyle changes
serious damage to vital organs like the heart, kidneys, brain, eyes, nerves, liver—since
The word mouse in the English language can be traced back to the Latin mus , then
to the Greek mys , and finally to the ancient Sanskrit mush ( Silver 1995 ). Mush in ancient
Sanskrit means “to steal.” Well named, the house mouse, Mus sp.,has been an effective thief
of human food supplies since the beginnings of agriculture. The earliest association between
the house mouse and human habitation is in a neolithic community in Turkey c. 6500-5650
BC(Brothwell,1981).
Ninety Eight Percent of mouse genes have human counterparts. Mouse and its brethren,
rat, are relatively inexpensive to raise and to maintain. They can reproduce quickly, thus
enable researchers to study the function of particular genes through several generations of
offsprings during a reasonable period of time. Their physiology and genetics have been studied
extensively, and can be compared to humans.Duffy PH, et al. Chronobiol Int. 1990).
Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 10
Inbred strains, congenic, and transgenic mice with inbred background are commonly
used. An inbred strain is defined as a strain that has been through sib-mating (or its
equivalent) over 20 generations, thus animals from the same inbred strain are considered as
genetically identical. Congenic strains are achieved through repeated backcrosses to an inbred
background strain to select a unique marker over a minimum of 10 generations. (Mary J,Mater
Methods,2013).White mice have the characteristics of easy breeding and minimal weight
variations between males and females.From formulating new cancer drugs to testing dietary
supplements, mice and rats play a critical role in developing new medical
wonders(Peggs,2015). In fact, 95 percent of all lab animals are mice and rats, according to
the Foundation for Biomedical Research (FBR). Scientists and researchers rely on mice and
rats for several reasons. One is convenience: rodents are small, easily housed and maintained,
and adapt well to new surroundings. They also reproduce quickly and have a short lifespan of
two to three years, so several generations of mice can be observed in a relatively short period
of time(Remy M.2010)
Mice is also relatively inexpensive and can be bought in large quantities from
commercial producers that breed rodents specifically for research. The rodents are also
generally mild-tempered and docile, making them easy for researchers to handle.(Remy
M.2010)
Mice and rats are commonly used in medical testing because their genetic, biological
and behavior characteristics closely resemble those of humans, and many symptoms of human
conditions can be replicated in mice and rats. Jenny Haliski said rats and mice are mammals
that share many processes with humans and are appropriate for use to answer many research
questions, a representative for the National Institutes of Health (NIH) Office of Laboratory
AnimalWelfare.
According to The Institute of Laboratory Animal Research, mice makes an excellent model
for human disease because the organization of their DNA and their gene expression is similar
Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 11
to humans, with ninety-eight percent of human genes having a comparable gene in the
mouse. They have similar reproductive and nervous systems to humans, and suffer from many
of the same diseases such as cancer, diabetes and even anxiety. Manipulating their genes can
lead them to develop other diseases that do not naturally affect them, and as a result research
on mice has helped the understanding of both human physiology and the causes of disease.
Medicne, the normal Blood Ranges of the Glucose/Blood Sugar in white mice is 47-80 mg/dl.
Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 12
Research Design
This study utilizes the pretest pos-test experimental design to test if decoction of
This study used the following treatments out of Paragis (Eleusine indica) decoction:
Research Materials
The researcher used the following materials such as weighing scale, beakers, chopping
board, knife, stirring rod, 15 white mice , 27 pieces of 10 ml syringe, 27 pieces needles and
45 lancet and a Glucometer. To sterilize the materials like knife, stirring rod and containers,
the researcher placed the materials in boiling water for 20 minutes in 120 ° Celsius. The
researchers also made used of gloves and mask for personal protection.
Paragis were collected from the campus ground of Taft National High School. To
identify the test plant, the researcher contained collected plant materials inside a clean zip
lock bag. A sample from the collected test plants was authenticated by a botanist or
taxonomist from the Eastern Samar State University. A total of 300g of paragis plant including
the stems and leaves were collected and weighed using a weighing scale. The plant material
was cleaned with running tap water to remove dirt and other contaminants. After cleaning,
2. Albino Mice
Fifteen (15) White Mice weighing 130 ± 5 grams were used. White mice were bought
from Leyte Gulf Petshop at Tacloban City. The white mice used were certified to be relatively
of the same parameters and valid for experimentation by the veterinarian of the said clinic.
They were maintained on standard mouse chow feed ( Normal pellet diet ) and distilled water
any time they want it. The mice were exposed to 12h: 12h light-dark cycle. A plastic
rectangular container was used as cage with a floor area of 250 sq cm and 12 cm height was
used as housing of every treatment. The cover of the cage was perforated with enough holes
for sufficient ventilation. Each cage was provided with shredded papers, used as bedding and
nesting material for the mice. White mice were brought to Taft National High School, stabilized
The test plant were cut into small pieces using a clean knife. From then on, the
researcher continued to the decoction process. First, 100 milliliter of distilled water was
placed into a pot made from non reactive metal (stainless) and 50 grams of paragis were
added for treatment 1. (Daswani,2011).The heat was turned on to medium and simmered the
decoction with the lid off until the volume of water is reduced by one-quarter(so three quarters
of a liter remained). The same manner was followed for T2, where 75 grams of paragis was
decocted using 100 ml distilled water. T3 was 100 grams paragis plant decocted in 100 ml
distilled water. Each decocted plant concentration were contained and labeled separately.
The albino mice were purposively divided into five groups each consisting of three
albino mice for replication purposes. Test animals were stabilized in the school laboratory for
five days following the prescribed feeding, caging and 12h:12h day: dark experience. Prior to
the administering of different concentrations, test animals were fasted for 24 hours (Sullivan,
Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 14
2013) then initial blood glucose levels were recorded and tabulated. The Blood Glucose/Sugar
To artificially induce the increase of blood sugar among test animals, the researcher
injection to all white mice in all set ups (Sullivan, 2013). Considering that prednisone and
similar steroids have the most profound effect on glucose metabolism. Medications such as
prednisone can significantly increase glucose levels in patients with diabetes as well as
individuals with impaired glucose tolerance or pre-diabetes (Joslin, 2004),hence the use of
prednisone. Each test animal were induced with 10 mg Prednisone dissolved in water following
Approximately 30-50 ųL of blood samples were obtained from the tail vein by tail-tip
amputation using lancet and were collected into strips of the digital glucometer (Burdett,
2008). Levels of blood glucose were measured to assess if the induction of Prednisone indeed
increased the blood glucose levels after an hour from the time it was induced(Singh, 2001).
Each of the mice in groups 2,3, and 4 were administered with 1 ml out of the 50, 75
and 100 grams of paragis decoction respectively and each of the mice in group 1 (as controlled
set up) were not administered with any treatment as the negative control.
Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 15
The process of administering was through the use of intraperitoneal injection which
allowed for gastric delivery of substances. A total of fifteen ten-ml 27 gauge needles were
used, one needle for every test animal. A registered veterinarian assisted the researcher in
administering the test concentration. All procedures followed the standards with the
First, the mouse was restrained while tilting the mouse's head back, so that the neck
is in a straight line. The exact amount of concentration ( in body temperature) per treatment
was drawn out in the syringe through the needle. For all test animals, it was made a point
that the needles’ bevel were facing ”up” into the lower right quadrant of the abdomen towards
the head at a 30‐40ᵒ angle to horizontal. All these procedures were carried out by the
Approximately 30–50 μL of blood samples were contained from the tail vein through
tail-tip amputation with minimal restraint using lancet (Mikkelsen, 2009). Levels of glucose
were measured to assess if the administration of treatments indeed lowered the glucose
levels. The Blood Sugar levels were expected to return to 47-80 mg/dl, normal level of blood
Statistical Treatment
Statistical comparisons were performed by t-Test: Paired Two Sample for Means to
see significant difference between lowering of glucose through paragis comparing the pre-
treatment glucose level against the post treatment glucose levels of test animals. This was
concentrations of paragis. The level of significance was set at 0.05. The researchers seek
All materials used, including the test plant but excluding the laboratory apparatuses
were buried in an inhabited area away from the bodies of water. The used organisms were
placed in a plastic container of soapy water and were disposed in a 3-feet deep, 2-feet wide
CHAPTER IV
This study was aimed to prove the lowering effect of Paragis( Eleusine indica) decotion
on the glucose level of white mice. Through experimentation, the researcher was able to
The study utilized four treatments (control set-up/negative control, 50 grams paragis
decocted in 100 ml distilled water, 75 grams + 100 ml distilled water and 100 grams in 100
ml distilled water) which were applied on Mus musculus to determine it’s lowering effects on
glucose level. A 3 trial experimental design was used in the study which led to the following
treatment and post treatment except for TO which was not applied with paragis decoction. T1
registered a mean of 93.667 and 56.333 for the pre-treatment and post treatment
respectively. The same trend was evident in T2 where the pre-treatment recorded a mean of
93.667 and 55.667 for the post-treatment. Similarly, T3 had 93.333 for the pre-treatment and
53.333 for the post-treatment. The table also shows that the application of Prednisone in
inducing the increase of glucose was evident where there have an increase of glucose levels
The table above shows that the white mice exposed to 100 grams of paragis decoction
(T3) had the lowest measure of glucose level among the concentrations for three trials as
To answer the first problem of the study which asks whether there is a significant
difference between pre-treatment and post-treatment of glucose level in white mice, the data
were subjected to statistical analysis using t-Test. The table below shows the result of analysis.
Table 3a. t- Test for Means of Glucose levels between Pre-treatment and post
treatment
Variable 1 Variable 2
Mean 93.55555556 55.11111111
Variance 0.037037037 2.481481481
Observations 3 3
Pearson Correlation 0.977355555
Hypothesized Mean
Difference 0
df 2
t Stat 47.98156697
P(T<=t) one-tail 0.000217039
t Critical one-tail 2.91998558
P(T<=t) two-tail 0.000434079
t Critical two-tail 4.30265273
The t-value is 47.98156697. The p-value is < .000434079. The result is significant at p < .05.
The results shown in t-Test for means of glucose levels between pre-treatment and
post treatment illustrates that there is a significant difference between pre and post treatment.
Therefore, the results point out that Paragis decoction has indeed a lowering effects
on the glucose levels of white mice. These findings thereby rejects the first null hypothesis
stating that there is no significant difference between the pre-application of test concentration
to post concentration. This lowering effects of paragis can be associated to the presence of
Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 19
flavanoids found in the paragis plant which can also be found in Poeacea plants (grass family),
To answer the second problem which asks if there is a significant difference between
Table 3b. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) of the glucose levels of white mice among
the three concentrations of paragis decoction
SUMMARY
Groups Count Sum Average Variance
Row 1 3 169 56.33333333 6.333333
Row 2 3 167 55.66666667 14.33333
Row 3 3 160 53.33333333 0.333333
ANOVA
Source of Variation SS df MS F P-value F crit
Between Groups 14.88888889 2 7.444444444 1.063492 0.402406991 5.143253
Within Groups 42 6 7
Total 56.88888889 8
The f-ratio value is 1.063492. The result is not significant at p > .05.
As indicated in Table 3b, the P value is greater than the alpha level set at .05, thereby
accepting the second hypothesis which states that there is no significant difference between
concentration of paragis decoction in lowering glucose in white mice. This also mean that
there is no stand out concentration among the three. Any of the three concentration can lower
glucose level among white mice. T1 concentration will work just as T2 and T3.
CHAPTER V
Summary
Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 20
(Kyohara, 2016). Blood glucose levels measured by laboratory biochemical testing are used
for the diagnosis of diabetes and for therapeutic monitoring of diabetic patients1,2.
The study was conducted to determine the lowering effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica)
decoction in the blood glucose level of white mice. Three concentrations of paragis decoction
were prepared (50 grams of paragis in 100 ml distilled water, 75 grams paragis in 100 ml
distilled water and 100 grams paragis in 100 ml water). Glucose levels were measured on pre-
treatment and post treatment basis using a Glucometer. Data were analyzed using t-Test and
ANOVA. To establish the difference between pre-treatment against post treatment, t-Test was
employed on the data. To determine which among the concentrations works best in lowering
glucose levels, the three concentrations differences were analyzed using analysis of variance.
Based on the results, this study showed that Paragis (Eleusine indica ) decoction can
lower the glucose level in white mice and could probably be used in preparing another
treatment for cases in the increase of glucose level in the blood since Paragis has a lowering
Conclusion
Based on the findings of this study, the following are the derived conclusions:
Paragis (Eleusine indica ) have a lowering effect in the glucose levels of white mice.
Specifically, a.) there is no significant difference between pre and post treatment which means
that paragis decoction can lower glucose level in white mice, b.) there is no significant
difference between the three concentrations which mean that there is no stand out
These findings then rejects the first hypothesis stating that there is no significant
difference between pre-post treatment and accepts the second hypothesis null hypotheses
of this study.
Recommendation
Based on the results that were gathered by the researcher, the following
1. Conduct more study on parts of paragis that can offer better results in lowering glucose
levels
2. Further study and additional researches must be conducted on glucose level of white mice
3. Conduct further study on pargis utilized in lowering glucose level aside from decoction.
Acknowledgement
Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 22
The researcher would like to express his deepest gratitude to all of the people who
had helped him with his study and they had a made a big help in the progress and integrity
of the study. To his family, who supported and helped the researcher in his study, to the
research adviser, who guided and helped the researcher in every part of the study, to all the
people who sponsored, validated, helped, supported, strengthened, and taught the
researcher, the researcher expresses his deepest and utter most gratitude to all of them. More
importantly, to God who blessed the researcher with such a supportive and caring
Abstract(Old)
Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 23
With the disturbing data posted by the Health Department on cases of diabetes accompanied
by the lack of diabetes care in the Philippines, the researcher was moved to conduct on a
possible solution. Paragis (Eleusine indica) decoction was investigated as a lowering agent for
the blood glucose levels of White Mice (Mus musculus). Using Three varying test
concentrations: T1( 50 grams paragis in 100 mL distilled water), T2 (75 grams paragis in 100
mL distilled water) and T3 (100 grams paragis in 100 mL distilled water), the researcher tested
the concentrations to fifteen white mice taking notes on the blood glucose levels for the initial,
pre and post treatments. As analyzed using t-Test, the results on glucose levels between pre-
treatment and post treatment showed that there was a lowering effects on the glucose level
of white mice. The t-value was 47.98156697. The p-value was < .000434079. The result was
significant at p < .05. To establish whether there was difference among test concentrations
of paragis decoction, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) was utilized. From the analysis, there was
no significant difference between concentrations of paragis decoction which pointed that any
of the concentration will work as good as the others. The f-ratio value is 1.063492. The result
is not significant at p > .05. The data in the experimentation pointed to the obvious that
Paragis decoction can indeed lower glucose level in white mice. It is from these findings that
the researcher has advanced the recommendations that more studies be conducted on parts
of paragis plant that can offer better results in lowering glucose levels and on paragis plant
Abstract(New)
Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 24
Diabetes is a disease in which the body’s ability to produce or respond to the hormone
glucose in the blood and urine. Diabetes care in the Philippines is disadvantaged and
indica) was investigated as a lowering agent of the glucose levels of a White Mice(Mus
water), T2 (75 grams paragis in 100 mL distilled water) and T3 (100 grams paragis in 100 mL
distilled water), the researcher tested the concentrations to fifteen white mice taking notes
on the blood glucose levels for the initial, pre and post treatments. As analyzed using t-Test,
the results on glucose levels between pre-treatment and post treatment showed that there
was a lowering effects on the glucose level of white mice. The t-value was 47.98156697. The
p-value was < .000434079. The result was significant at p < .05. To establish whether there
was difference among test concentrations of paragis decoction, Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
was utilized. From the analysis, there was no significant difference between concentrations
of paragis decoction which pointed that any of the concentration will work as good as the
others. The f-ratio value is 1.063492. The result is not significant at p > .05. The data in the
experimentation pointed to the obvious that Paragis decoction can indeed lower glucose level
in white mice.It is from these findings that the researcher has concluded that Paragis
decoction indeed has a lowering effect on the blood glucose levels of the white mice.
Lowering Effect of Paragis (Eleusine indica) on the Glucose Levels of White Mice (Mus musculus) 25