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Introduction to

Mechvent

CPD Ventilasi Mekanis


Keseminatan Intensive Care
2017
Tujuan pembelajaran

Setelah mengikuti pembelajaran ini, peserta akan:


• Mengetahui sejarah ventilasi mekanis dan ICU
• Mengetahui gambaran umum perkembangan
tehnologi dalam ventilasi mekanik
• Mengetahui perkembangan tehnologi monitoring
dalam ventilasi mekanik
• Mengetahui apa yang akan didapat dalam
kursus CPD ventilasi mekanik ini
“And he went up, and lay upon the child, and put his mouth upon his
mouth, and his eyes upon his eyes, and his hands upon his hands; And
he stretched himself upon the child and the flesh waxed warm” (II Kings
4:34)
Perjalanan sejarah

• Hippocrates (ca. 400 BC) : intubasi pertama


• Paracelcus (1493-1541) : bellow dan oral
tube
• Pra 1900: macam-macam whole-body
respirators digunakan untuk tujuan riset
• ~1930 US poliomyelitis : Emerson membuat
“Iron Lung”
Intubasi pertama

Hippocrates (460-380 BC), wrote the first


directions for intubation in “Treatise on Air” by
placing a “cannula into the trachea along the jaw
bone so that air can be drawn into the lungs.”
Awal Penggunaan Ventilasi Mekanis

An image of a model of a resuscitation technique


used by Swiss physicianin 1530 AD, the Bellows
Method, a common fireside bellows was the first
used by Swiss physician Paracelsus to introduce
air into lungs of apparently dead persons
Ventilator-ventilator pertama
1864

JONES
Emerson’s Iron Lung
Chest Cuirass
Awal dimulainya ventilasi mekanis
Era intensive care medicine dimulai
dengan positive-pressure ventilation
• Negative-pressure ventilators (“iron
lungs”)
• Non-invasive ventilation pertaman kali
digunakan di Boston Children’s Hospital
pada 1928
• Digunakan secara ekstensif selama
wabah polio pada 1940s – 1950s
• Positive-pressure ventilators
• Ventilasi invasif pertama digunakan di
Massachusetts General Hospital di 1955
• Sekarang menjadi standard ventilasi
mekanis

Iron lung polio ward at Rancho Los Amigos Hospital in


Danish Polio Epidemic

Bag Ventilation

• ~1950 epidemi polio


Denmark (Bjørn Ibsen):
• Iron lung (mortalitas 90%)
➞ ventilasi manual
(mortalitas 40%)
• Merangsang > 20
perusahaan membuat
ventilator
Newcastle Ventilator (1948)

Brian Welsh Memorial Museum of Anesthesia


Forest Bird’s Pressure Cycled Ventilator
Thailand tahun 2009

Chonburi Hospital, 2009


Thailand tahun 2009

Chonburi Hospital, 2009


In a Tuesday, Feb. 14, 2007 file photo, Dianne Odell watches her favorite soap opera at home in
Jackson, Tenn. The family of 61-year-old Dianne Odell said she died early Wednesday, May 27, 2008,
after a power failure shut down the machine.
Odell spent her life in the iron lung, cared for by her parents and other family members. (AP Photo/
The Tennessean, John Partipilo)
Joan Headley of Post-Polio Health International in St. Louis said about 30 people in the United States
still rely on iron lungs but few users are confined to them all the time
Modern Negative Pressure Ventilation
Dasar-dasar (1): Oksigenasi
Tujuan ventilasi adalah mem-fasilitasi pelepasan CO2 dan mempertahankan PaO2 normal

• Alveolar-arterial O2 gradient (PAO2 – PaO2)


• Equilibrium antara oxygen didarah dan alveoli
• A-a gradient mengukur efisiensi oksigenasi
• PaO2 sebagian tergantung dari ventilasi tetapi lebih banyak pada V/Q
matching
• Oksigenasi dalam konteks ICU
• V/Q mismatching
• Posisi pasien (telentang)
• Tekanan pada jalan napas, penyakit parenchym paru, penyakit pada jalan
napas yang kecil
• Pengaturan: FiO2 dan PEEP
Dasar-dasar (2): Ventilasi
Tujuan ventilasi adalah mem-fasilitasi pelepasan CO2 dan mempertahankan PaO2 normal

• Minute ventilation (VE)


• Jumlah total gas yang di ekshalasi/min.
• VE = (RR) x (TV)
• VE terdiri dari 2 faktor
• VA = alveolar ventilation
• VD = dead space ventilation
• VD/VT = 0.33
• VE dikontrol stem, be-respons terhadap pH dan PaCO2
• Ventilasi pada konteks ICU
• Peningkatan produksi CO2
• demam, sepsis, injury, overfeeding
• Peningkatan VD
• atelectasis, cedera paru, ARDS, pulmonary embolism
• Pengaturan: RR dan TV
Aspek macroscopik paru tikus setelah ventilasi
mekanis bertekanan 45 cmH2O

Normal 5 minutes 45 cm H2O 20 minutes 45 cm H2O

Dreyfuss d, Saumon G. AJRCCM 1998;157:294-323


Biotrauma postulated mechanisms

Slutsky AS, Tremblay LN. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998;157:1721-1725


Ventilator-Induced Lung Injury

Zona Overdistensi
• Terdapat 2 zona cedera
selama ventilasi mekanis
• Low Lung Volume Ventilation
akan menyebabkan atelektasis
Volume

Cendela “Aman”
• High Lung Volume Ventilation
menyebabkan overdistensi ➞
“Volutrauma”
Zona
Derecruitment • Kesulitannya adalah mencari
dan Atelectasis
“Safe Window”
Pressure

Froese AB, Crit Care Med 1997; 25:906


Epidemiologi HAP-VAP
• Hospital Acquired Pneumonia (HAP)
• 13-19% of Hospital Acquired Infection (HAI)
• Kedua terbanyak HAI (setelah ISK)
• Penyebab terbesar mortalitas
• Meningkatkan masa rawat RS 4-9 hari
• Biaya langsung pemanjangan masa rawat inap : $1.2 milyard/tahun
• ICU
• NNIS: 8-20% dari seluruh infeksi di ICU
• VAP 7-41% pasien dengan ventilasi mekanis
• Mortalitas 25-50%, dapat mencapai 75%
• Crude rate VAP ↑ 1-3% per hari ventilasi mekanis
• Resiko kematian ↑ 2-10 kali
• Patogen “Resiko tinggi” meningkatkan mortalitas
NIV
Antar muka (interface) pada NIV

Pentingnya interface
Electric Impedance Tomography
(EIT)
Bedside technique untuk pemantauan ventilasi dan perfusi regional dan mencegah kerusakan
Kontrol ventilasi dengan EMG diafragma
NAVA (Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assist)
Ideal
Central Nervous System
Technology

Phrenic Nerve

Diaphragm Excitation

New
Diaphragm Contraction Ventil
Technology
Unit

Chest Wall and Lung


Expansion

Current
Airway Pressure, Flow
Technology
and Volume
Sinderby et al. Nat Med 1999 Dec;5(12):1433-6
Extra Corporeal Membrane Oxygenation
(ECMO)
Selamat mengikuti kursus

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