FLUID MECHANICS: THIRD EXAM 2011

Uppsala Universitet
Fluid Mechanics 1TV024 and Hydromechanics 1HY125
Inst. för Geovetenskaper
Christoph Hieronymus
2011-05-30, 14:00-19:00
Allianshallen

Please put your code number (alternatively your name if you were not given a number) on each page you
hand in.
You may use a calculator, the included list of equations, as well as one page of equations you prepared
in advance (as explained in class). Show all your work; that is, which equation do you start with, how do you
solve it, what are the values you plug in, ...? It often helps to draw a figure. You may answer in English or
Swedish. Good luck!
Instructor will be at exam around 16:00.

Problem 1: (10 points) The gate shown is hinged at H. The gate is 3 m wide normal to the plane of the diagram.
The gate itself has a mass of 100 kg. Calculate the force F required to hold the gate closed.
The moment of a rectangular area is
ba3
I¯ = (1)
12
where a is the size in the sloping direction, and b is the dimension of the rectangle into the plane of the
diagram.

1m F
H
Water

2m

30o

F IGURE 1: Problem 1. Tank with a rectangular gate which can rotate about hinge H.

Problem 2: (10 points) Water is to be siphoned out of a lake (siphoned = drawn out via a pipe by the action of
gravity alone). The pipe needs to clear an obstacle of height d = 6 m above the lake surface. In order
for the design to function, the water pressure in the pipe must be above the vapor pressure everywhere.
The vapor pressure of water is pvapor = 2340 Pa at the given temperature (atmospheric pressure is
1.0 × 105 Pa). The flow is turbulent. Neglect all losses.

(a) What is the range of allowed heights H if the end of the pipe (at point A) has a constant diameter
as shown for Case a?
(b) What is the range of allowed heights H if the end of the pipe narrows to half of the original
diameter (Case b)?

page 1 of 5
 Case a:
Air at 1 atm = 105 Pa d

Water
D1

H Case b:
outflow

D1

Outflow into air

at 1 atm. D2 = 1/2 D1
A
outflow

F IGURE 2: Problem 2. Water is siphoned out of a lake through a frictionless pipe. Find allowed
values of height H.

Problem 3: (10 points) Water flows out of a round funnel as shown.

(a) Neglecting friction and other losses, what is the discharge Q? The water level is at h = 3.0 m,
with h as indicated in the figure, and the pipe diameter is D = 20 cm.
(b) Within the cone-shaped part of the funnel, the velocity can be written as
√
~ = −R̂ Q z2 + r2
V (2)
A z

where A is the cross-sectional are of the funnel at any given value of z. The unit vector R̂ is given
by
1
R̂ = √ (xx̂ + y ŷ + zẑ) (3)
r + z2
2

and coordinate r is the cylindrical coordinate given by

p
r = x2 + y 2 (4)
~ (x, y, z) and show that the flow field is valid for an incompressible fluid.
Find an expression for V
(c) If the water level h is held constant, find the total acceleration (the acceleration experienced by a
fluid particle) at location x = 0.5 m, y = 0.5 m, z = 0.8 m

a) b)

P
r

45o z
h

z=0

F IGURE 3: Problem 3. Two sketches of the same funnel. a) Streamlines, b) Sketch showing
coordinates and lengths.

page 2 of 5
Problem 4: (10 points) Water flows through a vertical pipe bend and contraction as shown. Neglecting all losses,
find the vertical force required to hold the pipe in place (also specify whether it is upward or downward).
The mass of the pipe section plus the water is 2000 kg. The flow is turbulent. Further information:

p1 = 4.0 × 105 Pa (5)

D1 = 40 cm (6)
D2 = 15 cm (7)
z1 = 0 m (8)
z2 = 1.0 m (9)
3
Q = 0.4 m /s (10)
mtotal = 2000 kg (11)

p2, D2 z2 = 1 m

V2
p1, D1 z1 = 0 m

V1

F IGURE 4: Problem 4: Find the force required to hold the pipe bend in place (pipe bend between z1
and z2 ). The pipe bend connects to other pipes at both ends so that neither p1 nor p2 are atmospheric.

page 3 of 5
Problem 5: (10 points) Water drains from an elevated reservoir via a pipe and a turbine, and then exits from the
pipe directly into air at 1 atm. What power is delivered from the water to the turbine if the discharge is
Q = 0.2 m3 /s? Both sections of the pipe have equal properties. Further information:

zout = 0 m (12)
ztop = 25 m (13)
L1 = 90 m (14)
L2 = 10 m (15)
D = 30 cm (16)
Ks = 0.25 mm (17)
µ = 0.0010 Pa·s (viscosity of water) (18)
Kinlet = 0.1 (loss coefficient of inlet) (19)
Koutlet = 1.0 (loss coefficient of outlet) (20)

ztop = 25 m

Water

D
=3
0c
m,
L
1 =9
0m

zout = 0 m
T
D = 30 cm
L2 = 10 m

F IGURE 5: Problem 5: Find the power delivered by the water to the turbine T .

Problem 6: (10 points) An arrangement of pipes and tanks is shown in Fig. 6. All fluids are static.

(a) What is the force acting on area A-B which has a size of 2 m3 ?
(b) What is ρ5 ?

Problem 7: (10 points) Water flows through a venturi (narrowing pipe) as shown. Find the velocity of the water
at the entrance to the venturi (point A). The loss coefficient for the pipe expansion is K = 0.5 (the
velocity to be used with K is that in the 10cm-pipe); all other losses can be neglected. The thin tube
is a type of Pitot-tube: one end is a stagnation tube pointing into the flow in the narrow pipe, the other
end is a simple manometer. The water and the mercury in the Pitot-tube are stationary.

page 4 of 5
 open to
atmosphere open to
z=9m atmosphere
ρ3 = 800 kg/m 3 A B
z = 8.5 m
z=7m Air
z = 7.5 m

ρ1 = 1000 kg/m3 z=5m

z = 3.5 m ρ5 = ?

z = 1.5 m
z=1m
z=0m
ρ2 = 2200 kg/m3 ρ4 = 1000 kg/m3

F IGURE 6: Problem 6: Find the force acting on area A-B which is 2 m2 in size. The patterns (dots)
are only to help distinguish the different fluids.

D1 = 20 cm D3 = 20 cm

D2 = 10 cm
Water
z = 60 cm
A

z = 32.4 cm

z = 20 cm

Mercury: ρHg = 13530 kg/m3

F IGURE 7: Problem 7: Find the velocity of the water in the venturi. The loss coefficient of the
expansion is K = 0.5 and the corresponding velocity is that in the 10cm-pipe. All other relevant
information is given in the figure.

page 5 of 5