Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Based WECS To Support Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) For A Weak Grid

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator based WECS to
Support Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) for a Weak Grid

Akrama khan*, Dr. Muhammad Majid Guljar, Hasnain Ahmd
Abstract
The selection of a PCC does not only depend on the voltage level alone but also on the grid strength at any
particular point. This grid strength is usually represented as short circuit ratio (SCR). Nowadays, tendency
of low SCR grid connections has become an important consideration when it comes to integrating wind
power plants (WPP). Since quality of wind resources is an important factor, therefore these plants are
generally located in remote areas with high wind potential. These remote areas are usually less populated
where the grid does not always have to be strong. Furthermore, high wind penetration and exceeded
loading affect the utility and equipment by allowing the flow of unbalanced currents and voltages.
Consequently, power quality is becoming an important aspect of distributed energy generation that needs
to be taken care of by consumers as well as distributors. In this research paper a permanent magnet
synchronous generator (PMSG) based wind energy conversion system (WECS) integrated is presented. It
discusses a solution to provide low voltage ride through (LVRT) support by the suppression of DC link
overvoltage and active power limitation during asymmetrical grid faults. With an improved back to back
converters control, the machine side converter (MSC) was used to regulate the DC link voltage and the
grid side converter (GSC) was implement the active/reactive current injection according to the grid code.
By implementing this solution, the need of external hardware can be avoided which is usually needed to
dissipate the extra energy generated during a grid fault. Hence, proves it to be an inexpensive solution.
Simulations were performed for the entire system to show the validity and efficiency of the proposed control
approach.
Index Terms— Weak AC grid, LVRT support, symmetrical and asymmetrical faults, suppression of DC-
link voltages. Active / reactive current injection, Positive and negative sequence current control.
INTRODUCTION
Greenhouse emission commencing from the ignition of fossil fuels to harvest electrical energy
contributes a foremost factor in global warming and climate change. In the new era of consumers
and power quality, there is a need to install renewable energy resources based power plants.
1. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Minhaj University, Lahore, Pakistan, (e-mail:

akrama.khan@hotmail.com)*.
2. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, University of Central Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan (e-mail:
majidguzar3@gmail.com)
3. Faculty of Computer Science, Qarshi University, Lahore, Pakistan (e-mail: Hasnain.ahmad@qu.edu.pk).
According to the survey of NEPRA 2017 installed capacity of power generation in Pakistan is
25100MW. The total consumer average demand is 22000MW [1]. The major shortfall in peak
times is 5000MW to 6000MW. Pakistan is producing 62% of energy requirement by conventional
resources. For reducing the greenhouse emission effect there is need to invest in renewable energy
resources such as solar, biomass, fuel cell and wind farm. Wind farms are getting popular among
other renewable energy resources. It is a pollution-free, ecologically pleasant required slightest
maintenance. According to Betz’s coefficient, we can convert 59% of wind energy into electrical
energy with the help of wind turbines [2]. But due to wind nonlinearity and consumer demand,
there are many coefficients essential to control for transmitting power supply to PCC (Point of
common coupling).
According to WECS (wind energy conversion system) different type of generators are used to
fulfill these governing criteria, frequently used generators for wind turbines are WRIG (wound
rotor induction generator), SCIG (squirrel cage induction generator), DFIG (double fed induction
generator) and PMSG (permanent magnet synchronous generator) [3]. Most efficient and
appropriate generator to be installed with a wind turbine is the permanent magnet synchronous
generator. PMSG has many benefits over other type of generators such as it is gearbox free, having
high power density, better precision and required modest control technique for governing. But
PMSG is very expensive and the availability of PMSG in larger size (More than 1.5MW) is not
available [4-5].
Grid faults trigger many complications to the power generation and distribution systems. So there
is a need to install two back to back convertors between PMSG based wind turbine and grid. These
converters regulate/maintain the voltages during unbalanced conditions (symmetrical and
asymmetrical faults). As the load increases from generation capacity or faults occur, the negative
and positive sequences flux are induced in the PMSG rotor. Where-as the output rated voltages are
increased, and cause surge in DC link Voltages. This may lead to devastation of the PMSG, MSC
(machine side controller) and GSC (grid side controller).
Generally, a wind farm is a nonlinear energy resource. This is why a control strategy is required
to maintain constant DC link voltage and to transmit active/reactive power to the grid system
during balanced and unbalanced (symmetrical and asymmetrical Faults) conditions to support
LVRT.

In PMSG based wind farms DC link voltages which are further directed to grid through PCC.
Consistency of voltage is required. There are many techniques to maintain DC link voltages which

e
I qs ref Vq s
 2m



4
P I qs
k o p tim a l 3 p
 
I qs
ds
i re f Vd s e Ls id s

 PI ds 

i ds  e Ls iq s
Fig. 1. Conventional machine side controller
consists of additional external devices (e.g. STATCAOM, reactive power compensator, Crowbar,
ESS and SDBR). Which increases the initial installation cost of WPP. [4].
In this thesis, the main focus is on advanced control of back to back converters avoiding additional
external devices attached to transmission/distribution systems to maintain constant DC link
voltages. In this technique, the DC link voltages are controlled directly through MSC. During
unbalanced conditions (symmetrical and asymmetrical faults) positive and negative sequence
fluxes are created in PMSG which will be controlled by pitch angle control with the help of suitable
optimal controller. This method is a substitution to controlling DC link voltages with the help of
GSC as in conventional techniques using an external device to trigger the VDC link [6-7].
The proposed technique is valid for symmetrical fault and also valid for asymmetrical faults using
proportional-integral controller. In this research main focus is on improving the control strategy
using suitable optimal controller on MSC to work under symmetrical and asymmetrical faults. In
this research, a weak AC grid is observed connected with wind energy system. Suitable control
algorithms are designed for both MSC and GSC to support LVRT during grid faults (symmetrical
and asymmetrical faults). Moreover, in this research coupling phenomenon is observed between
positive and negative sequence currents, where-as boosting the positive sequence voltages the
negative sequence voltages are also boosted.
PROPOSED FRAME WORK
In fig. 1, a conventional controller is shown where MPPT is achieving by machine side

controller. In this research a new technique is proposed. By this technique controlling the DC-link
voltages with the help of machine side controller. Proposed work block diagram for MSC is shown
in fig. 2.
w
Ls
X
Iq
d
I ref  0 PI 
 Vd 

Controller Vdq to
Vαb
d
I Grid
PWM
ref
V
dc  link PI 
 Controller
 Vq 
  G MSC
dc w
q
V
converted I Grid Ls
X
Id
Fig. 2. Proposed new technique for MSC
M P P T C o n tro l
d  axis controller Vd f
I ds ref
 2m Ed f


 

2
k o p tim a l PI df


3Vd f
P lo s s I df
 f L f iq s
Vd f i q s re f
PI ds  P I qf 
Vq f
i qf  f Lf id s
q  a x is c o n tr o lle r
Fig. 3. Proposed grid side controller
In “fig. 3”, a new control is designed for grid side controller for maximum power point tracking
and for to balance grid voltages during grid faults.

BACK GROUND INFORMATION
Due to different environmental operating conditions in WECS and several properties different
type of generators are installed in WECS to harvest electrical energy from wind energy. Most four
frequently used wind turbines generators are
• Squirrel cage induction generator
• Wound rotor induction generator
• Double fed induction generator
• Permanent magnet synchronous generator
Since quality of wind resources is an important factor, therefore these plants are generally
located in remote areas with high wind potential. These remote areas are usually less populated
where the grid does not always have to be strong. Furthermore, high wind penetration and exceeded
loading affect the utility and equipment by allowing the flow of unbalanced currents and voltages.
So the selection of power generator would be a difficult task. In table 1, comparison between
different generators are given for suitable selection for wind turbine.
According to table 1 Most efficient and appropriate generator attached with wind turbine is
permanent magnet synchronous generator. PMSG has many benefits over other type of generators
such as it is gearbox free, having high power density, better precision and modest control
techniques are required.
TABLE 1. COMPARISON BETWEEN GENERATORS
SCIG WRIG DFIG PMSG

Required less time to Excellent starting Reduced losses High Cost
build its nominal speed torque
High current Low starting current Good efficiency High Efficiency
Less maintenance High maintenance Less mechanical Reliable structure
complexity
Explosion proof Variable speed Variable speed High speed
Less starting toque More cost Required increased Heat dissipation
gearbox

Impossible speed control Low power factor Sensitive to grid Change of
faults magnetic factors
More energy loss Speed adjustable Good for specific Heat generation
range of Power
Sensitive to supply Sensitive to supply Less maintenance
changes changes
Wind Turbine
Emulator
MSC GSC
Weak Grid Emulator
Fig. 4. Proposed PMSG based wind farm configuration
In fig. 4, permanent magnet synchronous based wind farm configuration is shown. This
configuration has four major parts.
a. PMSG
b. Back to back converters
c. AC grid
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator
A generator in which the excitation field is allotted by the permanent magnet. The magnetic field
of rotor is produced by permanent magnets and hence the name is satisfied. The design of such
generators is very simple. The speed of rotor is nearly same as the frequency of the supply.
As compared to conventional generators permanent magnet can have more number of poles, less
cost and high efficiency. This gives it a suitable application in wind turbines. Reduction of
maintenance makes PMSG a best choice in application of wind turbines. As there is less facilitation
at sites of wind turbines.

D-Q model of the PMSG
The dq modeling of PMSG describes the mathematical model of generator in the dq

reference frame. Considering interior permanent magnet synchronous generator (IPMSG) for
developing the generic mathematical model and control techniques. This is because a surface
mounted permanent magnet machine is a special scenario model of the IPMSG. In fig. 5 and fig.
6 respectively d-axis and q-axis equivalent mathematical models are shown [12]
Rs l sd is

Vsd  e q 
Fig. 5. D axis PMSG mathematical model

q
Rs ls q
is

Vs
q
e  d 
Fig. 6. Q axis PMSG mathematical model
Total flux linkage for D_axis PMSG model is expressed in equation (1)
 d  Lsd ids (1)
Total flux linkage for Q_axis PMSG model is expressed in equation (2)
q  Lsqiqs   pm
(2)
In DQ axis coil, two types of voltage component are induced. Transformer emfs and rotational
emfs respectively. The transformer emfs is induced due to the rate of change of the total flux
linkage in their respective coils. The d and q axis circuit transformer emfs are in equation (3), (4).
 d
 daxis 
t (3)
 q
 qaxis 
t (4)

Rotational emfs for dq coils are induces with the result of relative moment between the stationary
stator winding and the total dq flux in PMSG. These rotational emfs are represented by equations
(5), (6).
Εdaxis  q
(5)
 qaxis   d
(6)
The equations (5) and (6) defining a cross coupling effect in dq axis voltages which are shown in
equation below
disd
Vsd  Rs isd  ls  wels isq
dt (7)
disq
Vsq  Rs isq  ls  welsisd  wed
dt (8)
The developed electromagnetic torque developed can be expressed as following equation (9).
3
Te  p[ pmiq  (ld  lq )id iq ]
2 (9)
Simplified further we can get electrical torque by equation (10).
3
Te  p pmiq
2 (10)
The torque balance equation and including the load torque can be expressed as equation (11).
J dw
Te  Tload   Bw
p dt (11)
Where Rs and Ls are donating respectively resistance and inductance of stator winding and Vsd ,
Vsq , isd and isq are the dq components of stator voltage and currents respectively.  is the magnetic
flux and we is the electrical angular speed. The power output of the PMSG is given by equation
(12).
3p 3 2
PMSC    isq  m  Rs (isd  isq )
2
22 2 (12)

Where p is expressing number of poles of PMSG and m donating shaft speed. The voltages
transferred from PMSG to dc-link can be calculated by given equation can be written as in equation
(13).
d CVdc2
( )  PMSC  P(t )
dt 2 (13)
Where P(t) is the injected power to the grid [4] [12]. PMSG parameter are written in TABLE 2.
TABLE 2. PERMANENT MAGNET SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR PARAMETERS
Sr. No Parameter Unit value

1 Rotational losses P rotational(ω)=0.033144. ω2+13.75 ω-23.5W
2 PM excitation (λ pm) 0.743 Weber

3 d-axis stator inductance (𝐿𝑑) 6.55 mH
4 q-axis stator inductance (𝐿𝑞) 6.54 mH
5 Stator Resistance 0.763 Ohm

6 Core Loss Constant (𝐾𝑐(𝑓)) 𝐾𝑐 𝑓 = 0.013463 · 𝜔 2 + 1.5852 · 𝜔
MSC
Encoder
ω ɵ PWM
I abc V* dq
Idq V* ? ß
VDC
Control
Fig. 7. Machine side controller block diagram
Back To Back Converters
Two back to back convertor (machine side and grid side converters) are used in PMSG based wind
farm configuration as shown in fig. 4.
In “fig. 7”, machine side controller is proposed for machine side converter. In this technique “ɵ”
is feed for conversion of generated currents in to their direct and quadrature axis currents. These
currents are feed to controller for to obtain optimized Vdq. Then this optimized / compensated
Vdq is converted into V_alpha and V_beta, because these two parameters are required to produce
PWM. Which will further feed to controller gate for controlling the DC link voltages
In this research, dual current controller is used to eliminate second order components fluctuations
of grid active power and to decrease over DC link voltages for positive and negative sequences.
Two components Ps2 and Pc2 are set to zero for elimination of second order component fluctuation
of grid active power. in order to determine q and d axis components of negative and positive
sequence of current references solving the matrix in equation (14) [4]. In fig. 8, block diagram of
proposed grid side controller is illustrated. During grid faults grid side controller is compensating
the grid voltages with the help of power reactive power injection. With the help of Eq. (14) positive
and negative current sequences references are obtained for GSC.
 I d   ref  Vdf  Vqf  Vdf  Vqf    P 0 ref 

      
 I q  ref   2 Vqf Vdf  Vqf  Vdf   Q 0 ref 
 I d   ref  3 Vqf  Vdf  Vqf  Vdf    0 
      
 I q  ref  Vdf Vqf  Vdf  Vqf    0 
(14)
The extraction of maximum power from wind is achieved by active power reference P0ref . For
grid requirements the reactive power reference Q 0 ref is set according by requirement of grid. the
expression in equation (15) is giving the active power reference P0ref .
P0ref  koptm3 1.5Rs (ids 2  iqs 2 ) 1.5R f ( I df 2  I qf 2 )

(15)
Where kopt  0.5 R5C pmax /  3opt
Weak Grid
Any significant change in operation of power system which lead to deviation in frequency and
changes in voltages consistency. Strong AC grids have high short circuit ratio (SCR) which is low
in weak AC grids. The short circuit ratio is invers in relation to the impedance of the system, and
it is a complex number which accounts the reactive power generations. The ratio of short circuit
MVA of AC grid to the rated DC power is defined as short circuit ratio. Power consumer are
normally a highly inductive so the short circuit ratio is inverse in relation to the inductive
impedances. According to standard values if the value of SCR is less than two, it is considered to
be very weak AC grid in High voltage direct current configuration. If the value of SCR is greater
than three, it is known as strong and healthy AC grid. While if the value of SCR lies in between
two and three it is considering as weak AC grid [17]. The value of short circuit ratio above 20 in
Fig. 8. Grid Side Control Simulation
medium voltages case is considered strong AC grid and if the value of SCR is less or equal to 10
its will consider as weak grid [18] - [19].
SIMULATIONS AND RESULTS
Grid Side Control Simulation And Results
In fig. 9 grid side controller is implemented for to balance grid voltages during symmetrical and
asymmetrical faults. The extraction of positive and negative sequence direct axis and quadrature
axis current are extracted with the help of equation (16), (17), (18) and (19) [4] [12].
 2  2

2[( Vdqf    Vdqf  ) PlimVdf  ( Vdqf
 2  2
   Vdqf  )Qref
0
Vqf ]
I   2  2  2  2
3( Vdqf    Vdqf  )( Vdqf    Vdqf  )
d
(16)
 2  2

2[( Vdqf    Vdqf  ) PlimVqf  ( Vdqf
 2  2
0
Vdf ]
I   2  2  2  2
q
(17)
 2  2

2[( Vdqf    Vdqf  ) PlimVdf  ( Vdqf
 2  2
0
Vqf ]
I   2  2  2  2
d
(18)

 2  2

2[( Vdqf    Vdqf  ) PlimVqf  ( Vdqf
 2  2
0
Vdf ]
I   2  2  2  2
q
(19)
Where
 2  2
0
Qref  1.5  Vdqf    Vdqf  I max k (20)
and Plim is obtained from equation (20) is
3  1 k 22
Plim  I max  Vdqf  [1  (  dq     dq  2 ] 
2 [1  (  dq     dq ]2 [1  (  dq     dq  2 ]
(21)
Where  is taken as equation (22)
0 
I q   
  
 2.5Vdq  pu  2.25
  dq     dq   
1  (22)
1 
 
K   1  (  dq     dq ) 2  (23)
   
1  (  dq     dq ) 
Whereas the values of direct axis current and voltages are
  dq    d 2    q 2
(24)
  dq    d 2    q 2
(25)

 Vdqf   Vdf 2   Vqf 2
(26)

 Vdqf   Vdf 2   Vqf 2
(27)
Machine Side Controller
Matlab 2018a based Simulink model for MSC control code is shown in fig. 10. Where the
control code is according to fig. 7. Expended view of controller box and code is shown in fig. 11.

Fig. 9. Machine side controller simulations Fig. 10. Expended subsystem, machine side control box
Results
in fig. 12 with the help of crowbar a technique is implemented in [21] to regulated DC link voltage. Where-as in figure
compensated GSC output voltages are shown in part (A) and the unbalances during single line to ground fault are also
showed in zoom section. in part (b) zoom section the compensated GSC current unbalances are shown. It is clearly
observed that the current is reducing during unbalance condition. after removal of asymmetrical fault then it is taking
time to reaches it nominal value. In zoom section (C) of fig. 12 harmonics are shown in direct and quadrature axis
voltages. regulation of DC link voltage is shown in zoom section (D).
proposed technique simulation based results are shown in fig. 13. Where are the proposed technique results are similar
to results shown in fig. 12 which are achieved with the help of crow bar. the crow bar is expensive device which makes
the system more expensive and also the crow requires and additional controller to regulated the DC link voltages
during any of unbalanced condition. more-over the compensated current regulation is better than the conventional
technique in research paper [21]. Where the current is reducing during asymmetrical fault but in the proposed
technique current were remained in safety limits. Comparing DC link voltage of both techniques both results are good
enough to regulate the voltage in safety limits. Hence the proposed technique makes the system more stable and cost
efficient without using any of installing the additional hardware to regulated the DC link voltage.

A B
C D
Fig. 12. Simulations results regulating Vdc using crowbar [20]

Fig. 13. Simulations results regulating Vdc using proposed technique without any additional hardware.
CONCLUSIONS
In this research, a new technique was implemented to enhance capability of low voltage ride
through for permanent magnet synchronous generator based WPP integrated to a weak AC grid.
Bundle of control techniques were implemented in literature survey. In conventional techniques
GSC was implemented to regulate DC link over voltages and MSC was implemented to achieve
MPPT in PMSG based WPP. There were many challenges to deals with these conventional
techniques. By swapping the MSC and GSC control functions in this technique, now MSC is
implemented to regulate DC link over voltages without any external hardware support and GSC is
implemented to control balanced power supply to a weak AC grid. Three major contributions of
this research are: DC link over voltage was regulated without any additional hardware.
Active/reactive power limitations were implemented during grid faults. Grid current magnitudes
were also kept in the safety limits.
The enhanced back to back converter controllers and reactive / active power limiter allowing the
negative sequence currents can be injected to weak AC grid during unbalanced conditions.
Moreover, there were no need to install an additional external hardware to dissipate extra electrical
energy coming from wind turbine. Requirements of grid code reference to current injection was
also performed in this thesis. An LCL filter is analyzed to eliminate 2nd order harmonics and
switching frequency current harmonics.
FUTURE WORK
In this thesis wind scenario was taken constant. In future this control technique could be applied
on nonlinear wind scenarios. Same method could be updated by having information of actual grid
and weak AC grid impedances then the currents could be injected with certain angles to increase
efficiency. More-over with upgradation in proposed technique MPPT and balance power supply
could be ensured during unbalanced conditions simultaneously. Major concern was with
symmetrical and asymmetrical faults in this research so in future loss of synchronous could be
analyzed during phase shifts and frequency disturbances.
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Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Based WECS To Support Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) For A Weak Grid

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Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator Based WECS To Support Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) For A Weak Grid

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Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator based WECS to

Support Low Voltage Ride Through (LVRT) for a Weak Grid

1. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Minhaj University, Lahore, Pakistan, (e-mail:

1. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Minhaj University, Lahore, Pakistan, (e-mail:

Fig. 1. Conventional machine side controller

PROPOSED FRAME WORK

In fig. 1, a conventional controller is shown where MPPT is achieving by machine side

Fig. 2. Proposed new technique for MSC

1. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Minhaj University, Lahore, Pakistan, (e-mail:

TABLE 1. COMPARISON BETWEEN GENERATORS

SCIG WRIG DFIG PMSG

1. Faculty of Electrical Engineering, Minhaj University, Lahore, Pakistan, (e-mail:

Fig. 4. Proposed PMSG based wind farm configuration