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TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING – 2
UNIT – 1
5. Enumerate the various factors that govern the selection of various types
of gauges.
Cost of construction
Volume and nature of traffic
Development of the areas
Physical features of the country
Speed of movement
6. Define formation.
Formation is the prepared sub – grade ready to receive the ballast.
Detailed survey
22.What is EDM?
Electro-magnetic Distance measurement is a general term used
collectively in the Measurement of distances applying electronic methods.
DEMERITS:
They require additional cost of iron chairs
They have less strength and stiffness
They require heavy maintenance cost
CAUSES:
Loose packing at joints
Defect in gauge and alignment
Defect in cross level at joints
Uneven wear of rail head, where kinks are formed at joints.
EFFECTS:
These kinks cause unpleasant jerks in vehicles passing over them
Due to uneven wear of rail heads, these kinks appear at places other
than the joints and obstruct the smooth running of trains
A series of kinks are seen at curves due to which defect in gauge,
alignment and camber may occur. This involves, sometimes, a
serious risk in turning operations of trains.
30.Define sleepers.
Sleepers are members generally laid transverse to the rails on which
the rails are supported and fixed, to transfer the loads from rails to the ballast
and sub-grade below.
UNIT – 2
If any rails is removed from the track for any purpose, it becomes
difficult to fix it again at proper position because by the time gap
becomes too short or too long due to creep
Transverse fissures
Flowing metal in heads
Horizontal cracks
25.What do you understand by the term “Fish Plates” and what are its
uses?
Fish plates are used in rail joints to maintain the continuity of the rails
and to allow for any expansion or contraction of the rail caused by
temperature variations. They maintain the correct alignment of the line both
horizontally and vertically.
UNIT – 3
uniform speed and passes over them summit of a curve, acceleration begins
to act up on it and makes the train to move faster.
Where,
B = rigid wheel base in metres
For B.G track, B = 6m
For M.G track, B = 4.88m
R = radius of the curve in metres
L = lap of flange in metres
𝑑 = 0.02 √ℎ2 + 𝐷. ℎ Metres
Where,
h = depth of wheel flange below rail top level in cm
D = diameter of wheel in cm.
22.Define gradient.
Any departure of the track from the level is known as grade or
gradient, an up or rising gradient is one when the track rises in the direction
of movement, and a down or falling gradient is one when the track fails in
the direction of movement.
To counteract the effect of centrifugal force, the level of the outer rail is
raised above the inner rail by a certain amount to introduce the centripetal
force. This raised elevation of outer rail above the inner rail at a horizontal
curve is called super elevation.
27.Define crossing.
A crossing is a device, inserted at a location, where two rails cross
each other. Purpose of the introduction is to enable the wheel flanges of rail
vehicles to pass from one track to another. Flanged wheels jump over the
gap provided from the throat to the nose of a crossing. Checkrails guide
wheels on the other side of the train vehicles in order to ensure that wheels
negotiate the gap properly and do not strike the nose.
44.Define switch.
A switch consists of a stock rail and a tongue rail. Switches are
tapered rails with the thicker end known as the heels, fixed to the main track
while thinner end known as the toe is kept movable.
47.Define Platform.
A raised level surface from where passengers board and alight from
trains at the station is called platform.
61.What are the data’s to be collected for the site selection of railway
station?
Acquisition of land
Proximity to town or village
Nature of land area
Approach roads to station site
Station site alignment
Site drainage
Station amenities
Type of station and yard
Role of authorities
73.What are the functions of marshalling yards and explain any one.
Reception
Sorting
Departure
UNIT – 4
Joint
Private venture
o Size
Smaller
Medium
Larger
o Area of operation
Domestic
International
ICAO classification
o Letter code : A , B, C, D, E
o Number code : 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
Intermediate landing port
DEMERITS:
Flight rules
Operating expenses
Safety
Weather conditions
7. What are the three aspects considered for the airport planning?
Adequate access to the metropolitan area
Securing sufficient airspace for access to the air
Sufficient land for carrying out ground operations
opt for landing immediately after taking over, aircrafts have to come in line
with runways before landing. Normally, area of an airport other than an
approach zone is used for turning.
13.Define apron.
It indicates a defined area of the airport to accommodate aircrafts for
loading and Unloading of cargo and passengers, parking, refueling, etc. It is
usually paved and is located in front of the building or adjacent to hangers.
14.What are the three factors which affect the size of an apron?
Gate position
Number of gates
Systems of aircraft parking
18.Define runway.
A defined rectangular area prepared for landing and take-off of
aircrafts and over which aircrafts runs on ground.
26.Define taxiway.
A defined path on a land aerodrome selected or paved for the use of
taxiing aircraft to and from the runway and loading apron is known as
taxiway.
Wind
Frost and fog
Temperature
Noise nuisance
On – site and off – site infrastructures
Shape and dimensions of site
Future development
Comprehensive evaluation
39.Define Hangar.
The large shed erected at the airport for the purpose of housing,
servicing, and repairing of aircrafts is known as hangar.
UNIT – 5
Sight distance
Transverse gradient
Turning radius
Width of safety area
8. What are the factors considered for the location of exit taxiways?
Air traffic control
Exit speed
Location of runways
Prepared by R.Vijayakumar, B.Tech (CIVIL), CCET, Puducherry
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Number of exists
Pilot variability
Topographical features
Types of aircraft
Weather conditions
Where,
R = radius of curve in m
13.What are the guidance and information required by the pilots during
landing operation?
Alignment guidance
Height information
Visual parameters
14.What are the factors, which affect the type and intensity of airport
lighting?
Airport classification
Amount of traffic
Availability of power
Nature of aircraft using the airport
Type of night operations planned
Type of the landing surfaces provided
Weather conditions
16.Define heliport.
The area for landing and taking off of helicopter is known as heliport.
19.Define ceiling.
The meteorological visibility is also generally associated with the
height of the underside of a dense cloud above the airport surface. The
height is referred to as the ceiling.
20.What are the broad principles that are to be observed in the design of a
terminal building?
Arrival and departure areas
Baggage delivery
Information
Movement
21.What are the basic requirements to be kept in mind while deciding the
site for a terminal building?
It should be centrally located with respect to the runways
It should have convenient and easy access to the highway
It should have enough provision for future expansion
It should have favorable orientation with respect to wind,
topographical features of the area, etc.
There should be adequate space available for the parking of the
vehicles
Prepared by R.Vijayakumar, B.Tech (CIVIL), CCET, Puducherry
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