Papaya

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(Redirected from Carica papaya)

This article is about Carica papaya, the widely cultivated papaya (also called papaw or pawpaw), a
tropical fruit tree. For the mountain papaya (Vasconcellea pubescens) of South America,
see Mountain papaya. For the Eastern North American tree (and fruit) called "pawpaw", see Asimina
triloba. For other uses, see Papaya (disambiguation).
Not to be confused with Chaenomeles speciosa (flowering quince) or Pseudocydonia
chinensis (Chinese quince), which like Carica papaya are sometimes called mugua.

Papaya

Papaya tree and fruit, from

Koehler'sMedicinal-Plants (1887)
 Papaya cross section

Scientific classification

Kingdom: Plantae

(unranked): Angiosperms

(unranked): Eudicots

(unranked): Rosids

Order: Brassicales

Family: Caricaceae

Genus: Carica

Species: C. papaya

Binomial name

Carica papaya
L.[1]

Papaya output in 2005, shown as a percentage of the top producer, Brazil (1.7 megatonnes)

The papaya (/pəˈpaɪə/ or US: /pəˈpɑːjə/) (from Carib via Spanish), papaw, (/pəˈpɔː/[2])
or pawpaw (/ˈpɔːˌpɔː/[2]) [3] is the plant Carica papaya, one of the 22 accepted species in
the genus Carica of the family Caricaceae.[4]
It is native to the tropics of the Americas, perhaps from southern Mexico and neighboring Central
America.[5] It was first cultivated in Mexico[citation needed] several centuries before the emergence of
the Mesoamerican classical civilizations.
 Contents
[hide]

 1Description
 2Origin and distribution
 3Cultivation and production
o 3.1Diseases and pests
 3.1.1Viruses
 3.1.2Fungi
 3.1.3Pests
o 3.2Cultivars
 3.2.1Genetically engineered cultivars
 4Nutrition
 5Culinary uses
o 5.1Meat tenderizing
 6Phytochemicals
 7Traditional medicine
 8Allergies and side effects
 9Gallery
 10See also
 11References
 12External links

Description[edit]
The papaya is a small, sparsely branched tree, usually with a single stem growing from 5 to 10 m
(16 to 33 ft) tall, with spirally arrangedleaves confined to the top of the trunk. The lower trunk is
conspicuously scarred where leaves and fruit were borne. The leaves are large, 50–70 cm (20–
28 in) in diameter, deeply palmately lobed, with seven lobes. All parts of the plant contain latex in
articulated laticifers.[6] Unusually for such large plants, the trees are dioecious. The flowers are 5-
parted and highly dimorphic, the male flowers with the stamens fused to the petals. The female
flowers have a superior ovary and five contorted petals loosely connected at the base.[7]:235Male and
female flowers are borne in the leaf axils, the males in multiflowered dichasia, the female flowers is
few-flowered dichasia. The flowers are sweet-scented, open at night and are moth-pollinated.[6] The
fruit is a large berry about 15–45 cm (5.9–17.7 in) long and 10–30 cm (3.9–11.8 in) in diameter.[6]:88 It
is ripe when it feels soft (as soft as a ripe avocado or a bit softer) and its skin has attained an amber
to orange hue.

Origin and distribution[edit]

Papaya is native to Mexico and extends to South America[6][1][5] and has
become naturalized throughout the Caribbean Islands, Floridaand several countries of Africa.
Additional crops are grown in India, Australia, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Thailand and the
U.S. state of Hawaii.[1]

Cultivation and production[edit]

Papaya plants grow in three sexes: male, female, hermaphrodite. The male produces only pollen,
never fruit. The female will produce small, inedible fruits unless pollinated. The hermaphrodite can
self-pollinate since its flowers contain both male stamens and femaleovaries. Almost all commercial
papaya orchards contain only hermaphrodites.[8]
Originally from southern Mexico (particularly Chiapas and Veracruz), Central America, and
northern South America,[5] the papaya is now cultivated in most tropical countries. In cultivation, it
grows rapidly, fruiting within three years. It is, however, highly frost-sensitive, limiting its production
to tropical climates. Temperatures below −2 °C (29 °F) are greatly harmful if not fatal. In Florida and
California, growth is generally limited to southern parts of the states. It prefers sandy, well-drained
soil, as standing water will kill the plant within 24 hours.[9]
For cultivation, however, only female plants are used, since they give off a single flower each time,
and close to the base of the plant, while the male gives off multiple flowers in long stems, which
result in poorer quality fruit.[clarification needed][5]

Top producers of papayas, 2013

Production in millions of
Country/State
tons

India 5.5

Brazil 1.6

Indonesia 0.9

Nigeria 0.8

Mexico 0.8

World 12.4

Source: United Nations Food and Agricultural

Organization, FAOSTAT [10]

India and Brazil are the major producers of papaya, together providing 57% of the world total of 12.4
million tons in 2013 (FAOSTAT chart).
Gaining in popularity among tropical fruits worldwide, papaya is now ranked fourth in total tropical
fruit production after bananas, oranges, and mango. Global papaya production has grown
significantly over the last few years, mainly as a result of increased production in India.[11] Papaya
has become an important agricultural export for developing countries, where export revenues of the
fruit provide a livelihood for thousands of people, especially in Asia and Latin America.
Carica papaya was the first transgenic fruit tree to have its genome sequenced.[12]
Diseases and pests[edit]
Viruses[edit]
Papaya ringspot virus is a well-known virus within plants in Florida.[5] The first signs of the virus are
yellowing and vein-clearing of younger leaves, as well as mottling yellow leaves. Infected leaves
may obtain blisters, roughen or narrow, with blades sticking upwards from the middle of the leaves.
The petioles and stems may develop dark green greasy streaks and in time become shorter. The
ringspots are circular, C-shaped markings that are darker green than the fruit itself. In the later
stages of the virus, the markings may become gray and crusty. Viral infections impact growth and
reduce the fruit's quality. One of the biggest effects that viral infections have on papaya is the taste.
As of 2010, the only way to protect papaya from this virus is genetic modification.[13]
The papaya mosaic virus destroys the plant until only a small tuft of leaves are left. The virus affects
both the leaves of the plant and the fruit. Leaves show thin, irregular, dark-green lines around the
borders and clear areas around the veins. The more severely affected leaves are irregular and linear
in shape. The virus can infect the fruit at any stage of its maturity. Fruits as young as 2 weeks old
have been spotted with dark-green ringspots about 1 inch in diameter. Rings on the fruit are most
likely seen on either the stem end or the blossom end. In the early stages of the ringspots, the rings
tend to be many closed circles, but as the disease develops, the rings will increase in diameter
consisting of one large ring. The difference between the ringspot and the mosaic viruses is the ripe
fruit in the ringspot has mottling of colors and mosaic does not.[14]
Fungi[edit]
The fungus anthracnose is known to specifically attack papaya, especially the mature fruits. The
disease starts out small with very few signs, such as water-soaked spots on ripening fruits. The
spots become sunken, turn brown or black, and may get bigger. In some of the older spots, the
fungus may produce pink spores. The fruit ends up being soft and having an off flavor because the
fungus grows into the fruit.[15]
The fungus powdery mildew occurs as a superficial white presence on the surface of the leaf in
which it is easily recognized. Tiny, light yellow spots begin on the lower surfaces of the leaf as the
disease starts to make its way. The spots enlarge and white powdery growth appears on the leaves.
The infection usually appears at the upper leaf surface as white fungal growth. Powdery mildew is
not as severe as other diseases.[16]
The fungus phytophthora blight causes damping-off, root rot, stem rot, stem girdling, and fruit rot.
Damping-off happens in young plants by wilting and death. The spots on established plants start out
as white, water-soaked lesions at the fruit and branch scars. These spots enlarge and eventually
cause death. The most dangerous feature of the disease is the infection of the fruit which may be
toxic to consumers.[15] The roots can also be severely and rapidly infected, causing the plant to brown
and wilt away, collapsing within days.
Pests[edit]
The papaya fruit fly is mainly yellow with black marks.[5] The female papaya fruit fly has a very long,
slender abdomen with an extended ovipositor that exceeds the length of its body. The male papaya
fruit fly looks like the female with the differences of a hairy abdomen and no ovipositor. Long, slender
eggs are laid inside of the fruit by the female papaya fruit fly. The larvae are white and look very
much like the regular fruit fly larvae. The female is capable of laying 100 or more eggs, and they are
laid during the evening or early morning in groups of ten inside young fruit. They usually hatch within
12 days of being in the fruit where they feed on the seeds and interior parts of the fruit. When the
larvae mature (usually 16 days after being hatched) they eat their way out of the fruit, drop to the
ground, and pupate just below the soil and emerge within one to two weeks as mature flies. The
flesh of the papaya must be ripe for the fly to migrate towards the surface of the fruit because unripe
papaya juice is fatal to them. The papaya will turn yellow and drop to the ground if it is infected by
the papaya fruit fly.[15]
The two-spotted spider mite is a 0.5-mm-long brown or orange-red or a green, greenish yellow
translucent oval pest. They all have needle-like piercing-sucking mouthparts and feed by piercing the
plant tissue with their mouthparts, usually on the underside of the plant. The spider mites spin fine
threads of webbing on the host plant, and when they remove the sap, the mesophyll tissue collapses
and a small chlorotic spot forms at the feeding sites. The leaves of the papaya fruit turn yellow, gray,
or bronze. If the spider mites are not controlled, they can cause the death of the fruit.[15]
The papaya whitefly lays yellow, oval eggs that appear dusted on the undersides of the leaves. They
eat papaya leaves, therefore damaging the fruit. There, the eggs developed into flies in three stages
called instars. The first instar has well-developed legs and is the only mobile immature life stage.
The crawlers insert their mouthparts in the lower surfaces of the leaf when they find it suitable and
usually do not move again in this stage. The next instars are flattened, oval, and scale-like. In the
final stage, the pupal whiteflies are more convex, with large, conspicuously red eyes.[15]
Cultivars[edit]

Papayas with yellow flesh

Two kinds of papayas are commonly grown. One has sweet, red or orange flesh, and the other has
yellow flesh; in Australia, these are called "red papaya" and "yellow papaw", respectively.[17] Either
kind, picked green, is called a "green papaya".
The large-fruited, red-fleshed 'Maradol', 'Sunrise', and 'Caribbean Red' papayas often sold in U.S.
markets are commonly grown in Mexico and Belize.[5][18]
In 2011, Philippine researchers reported that by hybridizing papaya with Vasconcellea quercifolia,
they had developed conventionally bred, nongenetically engineered papaya resistant to PRV.[19]
Genetically engineered cultivars[edit]
Carica papaya was the first transgenic fruit tree to have its genome sequenced.[12] In response to
the papaya ringspot virus (PRV) outbreak in Hawaii, in 1998, genetically altered papaya were
approved and brought to market (including 'SunUp' and 'Rainbow' varieties.) Varieties resistant to
PRV have some DNA of this virus incorporated into the DNA of the plant.[20][21] As of 2010, 80% of
Hawaiian papaya plants were genetically modified. The modifications were made by University of
Hawaii scientists who made the modified seeds available to farmers without charge.[22][23]
Papaya flower bud cooked as vegetable in Manado cuisine

Nutrition[edit]

Papayas, raw

Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz)

Energy 179 kJ (43 kcal)

Carbohydrates 10.82 g

Sugars 7.82 g

Dietary fiber 1.7 g

Fat 0.26 g

Protein 0.47 g

Vitamins

Vitamin A equiv. (6%)

beta-carotene 47 μg

lutein zeaxanthin (3%)

274 μg

89 μg

Thiamine (B1) (2%)

 0.023 mg

Riboflavin (B2) (2%)

0.027 mg

Niacin (B3) (2%)

0.357 mg

Pantothenic acid (B5) (4%)

0.191 mg

Folate (B9) (10%)

38 μg

Vitamin C (75%)

62 mg

Vitamin E (2%)

0.3 mg

Vitamin K (2%)

2.6 μg

Minerals

Calcium (2%)

20 mg

Iron (2%)

0.25 mg

Magnesium (6%)

21 mg

Manganese (2%)

0.04 mg
 Phosphorus (1%)

10 mg

Potassium (4%)

182 mg

Sodium (1%)

8 mg

Zinc (1%)

0.08 mg

Other constituents

Lycopene 1828 µg

Link to USDA Database entry

 Units
 μg = micrograms • mg = milligrams
 IU = International units

Percentages are roughly approximated usingUS recommendations for

adults.

Source: USDA Nutrient Database

In a 100 gram serving, papaya fruit provides 43 calories and is a significant source of vitamin
C (75% of the Daily Value, DV) and a moderate source of folate (10% DV), but otherwise has
negligible content of nutrients (see table).

Culinary uses[edit]
The ripe fruit of the papaya is usually eaten raw, without skin or seeds. The unripe green fruit can be
eaten cooked, usually in curries,salads, and stews. Green papaya is used in Southeast
Asian cooking, both raw and cooked.[24] In Thai cuisine, papaya is used to makeThai salads such
as som tam and Thai curries such as kaeng som when still not fully ripe. In Indonesian cuisine, the
unripe green fruits and young leaves are boiled for use as part of lalab salad, while the flower buds
are sautéed and stir-fried with chillies and green tomatoes asMinahasan papaya flower vegetable
dish. Papayas have a relatively high amount of pectin, which can be used to make jellies. The smell
of ripe, fresh papaya flesh can strike some people as unpleasant. In Brazil, the unripe fruits are often
used to make sweets orpreserves.
The black seeds of the papaya are edible and have a sharp, spicy taste.[5] They are sometimes
ground and used as a substitute forblack pepper.
In some parts of Asia, the young leaves of the papaya are steamed and eaten like spinach.
Meat tenderizing[edit]
Both green papaya fruit and the tree's latex are rich in papain,[5] a protease used
for tenderizing meat and other proteins, as practiced currently by indigenous Americans and people
of the Caribbean region.[5] It is now included as a component in some powdered meat tenderizers.[5]

Phytochemicals[edit]
Papaya skin, pulp and seeds contain a variety of phytochemicals,
including carotenoids and polyphenols,[25] as well as benzyl isothiocyanates and benzyl glucosinates,
with skin and pulp levels that increase during ripening.[26] Papaya seeds also contain
thecyanogenic substance prunasin.[27]

Traditional medicine[edit]
In some parts of the world, papaya leaves are made into tea as a treatment for malaria, but the
mechanism is not understood and no treatment method based on these results has been
scientifically proven.[28]

Allergies and side effects[edit]

Papaya releases a latex fluid when not ripe, possibly causing irritation and an allergic reaction in
some people.[5]
Consumption of very large amounts of papaya may cause carotenemia, harmless yellowing of soles
and palms. A very large dose would need to be consumed; papaya contains about 6% of the level
of beta carotene found in carrots (the most common cause of carotenemia).[29]

Gallery[edit]


Seedlings

Buds
 

Female flowers

Male flowers

Leaf

Mature tree with unripe fruit in Kinshasa


 Unripe fruit

Ripe fruit

Octastichous Phyllotaxyof Papaya leaves

See also[edit]

 Food portal

 Green papaya salad

References[edit]
1. ^ Jump up to:a b c Carica papaya was originally described and
published in Species Plantarum2:1036. 1753. GRIN (9 May
2011). "Carica papaya information from NPGS/GRIN".Taxonomy
for Plants. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville,
Maryland:USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program.
Retrieved 10 December 2010.
2. ^ Jump up to:a b "Papaw". Collins Dictionary. n.d. Retrieved 2014-
09-25.
3. Jump up^ In North America, papaw or pawpaw usually means the
plant belonging to theAnnonaceae family or its fruit. Ref.: Merriam-
Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (2009), published in United States.
4. Jump up^ "Carica". 2013.
5. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f g h i j k l Morton JF (1987). "Papaya".
NewCROP, the New Crop Resource Online Program, Center for
New Crops & Plant Products, Purdue University; from p. 336–346.
In: Fruits of warm climates, JF Morton, Miami, FL. Retrieved 23
May 2015.
6. ^ Jump up to:a b c d Heywood, VH; Brummitt, RK; Culham, A;
Seberg, O (2007). Flowering plant families of the world. Firefly
Books. ISBN 9781554072064.
7. Jump up^ Ronse De Craene, L.P. (2010). Floral diagrams: an aid
to understanding flower morphology and evolution. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-49346-8.
8. Jump up^ C. L. Chia and Richard M. Manshardt, (2001). "Why
Some Papaya Plants Fail to Fruit" (PDF). Department of Tropical
Plant and Soil Sciences. Retrieved 1 April 2015.
9. Jump up^ Boning, Charles R. (2006). Florida's Best Fruiting
Plants: Native and Exotic Trees, Shrubs, and Vines. Sarasota,
Florida: Pineapple Press, Inc. pp. 166–167.
10. Jump up^ "Papaya production statistics from Food And
Agricultural Organization of United Nations: Economic And Social
Department: The Statistical Division". UN Food and Agriculture
Organization Corporate Statistical Database. 2013.
11. Jump up^ "An Overview of Global Papaya Production, Trade, and
Consumption". Electronic Data Information Source, University of
Florida. Retrieved 2014-02-07.
12. ^ Jump up to:a b "Scientists decipher fruit tree genome for the first
time". ugr.es.
13. Jump up^ Gonsalves, D., S. Tripathi, J. B. Carr, and J. Y. Suzuki
(2010). "Papaya ringspot virus".
14. Jump up^ Hine, B.R.; Holtsmann, O.V.; Raabe, R.D. (July
1965). "Disease of papaya in Hawaii" (PDF).
15. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e Mossler, M.A.; Crane, J. (September
2002). "Florida crop/pest management profile: papaya" (PDF).
16. Jump up^ Cunningham, B. & Nelson, S. (2012, June). "Powdery
mildew of papaya in Hawaii"(PDF).
17. Jump up^ "Papaya Varieties". Papaya Australia. 2015.
Retrieved 9 December 2015.
18. Jump up^ Sagon, Candy (13 October 2004). "Maradol
Papaya". Market Watch (13 Oct 2004). The Washington Post.
Retrieved 21 July 2011.
19. Jump up^ Siar, S. V.; Beligan, G. A.; Sajise, A. J. C.; Villegas, V.
N.; Drew, R. A. (2011)."Euphytica, Volume 181, Number
2". Euphytica. SpringerLink. 181 (2): 159–168.doi:10.1007/s10681-
011-0388-z. Retrieved 2012-06-29.
20. Jump up^ "Genetically Altered Papayas Save the
Harvest". mhhe.com.
21. Jump up^ "Hawaiipapaya.com". Hawaiipapaya.com.
Retrieved 2013-06-15.
22. Jump up^ Ronald, Pamela and McWilliams, James (14 May
2010) Genetically Engineered Distortions The New York Times,
accessed 1 October 2012
23. Jump up^ [1] Archived March 31, 2012, at the Wayback Machine.
24. Jump up^ Natty Netsuwan. "Green Papaya Salad Recipe".
ThaiTable.com. Retrieved2013-06-15.
25. Jump up^ Rivera-Pastrana DM, Yahia EM, González-Aguilar GA
(2010). "Phenolic and carotenoid profiles of papaya fruit (Carica
papaya L.) and their contents under low temperature storage". J
Sci Food Agric. 90 (14): 2358–
65. PMID 20632382.doi:10.1002/jsfa.4092.
 26. Jump up^ Rossetto MR, Oliveira do Nascimento JR, Purgatto E,
Fabi JP, Lajolo FM, Cordenunsi BR (2008). "Benzylglucosinolate,
benzylisothiocyanate, and myrosinase activity in papaya fruit
during development and ripening". J Agric Food Chem. 56 (20):
9592–9.PMID 18826320. doi:10.1021/jf801934x.
27. Jump up^ Seigler DS, Pauli GF, Nahrstedt A, Leen R (2002).
"Cyanogenic allosides and glucosides from Passiflora edulis and
Carica papaya". Phytochemistry. 60 (8): 873–
82.PMID 12150815. doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(02)00170-x.
28. Jump up^ Titanji, V.P.; Zofou, D.; Ngemenya, M.N. (2008). "The
Antimalarial Potential of Medicinal Plants Used for the Treatment of
Malaria in Cameroonian Folk Medicine".African Journal of
Traditional, Complementary and Alternative Medicines. 5 (3): 302–
321.PMC 2816552  . PMID 20161952.
29. Jump up^ "Search the USDA National Nutrient Database for
Standard Reference". Nal.usda.gov. Retrieved 2010-08-18.

External links[edit]
Wikibooks Cookbook has
a recipe/module on

 Papaya

Wikimedia Commons has

media related to:

Carica papaya (category)

 California Rare Fruit Growers: Papaya Fruit Facts

[hide]

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